5

, ,
,
.
.
:
. ( ,
, ..)
.
.
. .
. .
,
, .

( ) ,
, ,
( ), , ..
,
.

,
,
, DDT.
100
( ) .

.

. ,
, ,

(, ...) :
Pesticide Manual, British Crop Protection Council The
Agrochemicals Handbook, Royal Society of Chemistry ,
.

5.1.
5.1.1.

. .
DDT . DDT
MUELLER (1933).
. DDT
,
,
,
. , 4
DDT, DDD, methoxychlor perthane,
,
. Y : ()
chlorobenzilate
Eriophyidae
(
, () dicofol, DDT
.
. dicofol
.
.
,
(HCH)
lindane (-)
, 40
, .
. .
(chlordane,
heptachlor, aldrin dieldrin).
. endosulfan
( ) , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , . .
.

. DDT
.
.

. -
,


.
5.1.2.
, ,
.
.
Schrader
. 1944 parathion
.

, .
.
.

, .
,
,
500 Angstrom , .

. ,
.

,
.


... (
), .
,
,
. ,

.
.
.
. :
. .. dichlorvos (DDVP),
trichlorfon, phosphamidon, tetrachlorvinphos.
. - - .. parathion
parathion methyl, bromophos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos chlorpyrifos methyl.

. . .. thiometon, trithion,
phorate, disulfoton, malathion, azinphos ethyl methyl, phosalone, phosmet.
. . .. dimethoate, formothion,
vamidothion, monocrotophos.
. . .. ethion (
diethion).

:

DEMETON-S-METHYL

FENITROTHION

AZINPHOS

DICHLORVOS (DDVP)

FENTHION

CHLORPYRIFOS

DIMETHOATE

DIAZINON

MALATHION

METHIDATHION

MONOCROTOPHOS
PHORATE
PHOSPHAMIDON

.

( cross
resistance),
.

2003.

, ,
/ ,
. ,
,
.
.

,
.
ACEPHATE. . ,
, ,
, , , , , , .

AZINPHOS ETHYL. , ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
CHLORMEPHOS. , , ,
. ,
, .
CHLORPYRIFOS. , , ,
. .
. , ,
, .
, ,
, , , .
CHLORPYRIFOS METHYL. , ,
, . .
, ,
, , , , , ,
. ,
, .
DEMETON-S-METHYL.
. , , ,
, .
, , . ,
.
DIAZINON. ,
. , ,
. , , ,
, .

. .
DICHLORVOS (DDVP). .
. . , , ,

. , , .
.
, , .. ,
.
DIMETHOATE.
. , , , ,
. , , , ,
, , , , ..
.

DISULFOTON. .
, , , , , , , ,
. .
ETHION ( DIETHION). . .
.
.
, .
.
FENAMIFOS. .
( ),
.
FENITROTHION. ,
. , , ,
, .
.
.
FENTHION. , .
.
.
FORMOTHION. , ,
. , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
.
, , , , .
, .
HEPTENOFOS. ,
. .
, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
.
.
MALATHION.
.
, , ,
. , ,
, .
.
.
.
METHAIDOPHOS. ,
. . ,

, , , ,
, , , , .
METHIDATHION. .
.
, , .
MONOCROTOPHOS.
. . ,
, , .
, , , , , ,
, , .
.
OMETHOATE. .
, . , .
OXYDEMETON METHYL. , ,
.
, , , .
PARATHION METHYL. ,
. , ,
.
PHORATE. . .
, ,
, , , , , , ,
, , . , ,
,
() .
PHOSALONE. , .
, , ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
PHOSMET. . . .
, , , , ,
, , , , .
PHOSPHAMIDON. .

. ,
, , .
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , .
, .

PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL. ,
. ,
, , ,
. , .

. , , .

.
PROFENOFOS.
. ,
(translaminar
action) .
, . a
.
QUINALPHOS. .
(translaminar action). , , ,
.. .. ,
, , ,
.
TERBUFOS. . .
,
.
THIOMETON. .
. ( ) ,
, , , , ,
. , , , .
TRIAZOPHOS. ,
. ,
, , .
, , , , , , .
5.1.3.
50

.
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
.
, ,

, .
.

.
,
. .
.

.

.
.

. l-
d-.

.

. , ,
.

2003.
, ,
/
, . ,
,
.
.

,
.
ALDICARB. , ,
. .
, .
, .
,
.
.
BENDIOCARB. . ,
, , , , ,

, , , ..
.
CARBARYL. .
.
. 100
, , ,
, , , , , ..
.
CARBOFURAN. , , ,
.
, ,
.
. CARBOFURAN
.
CARBOSULFAN. , .
, .
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
.. , , , .. ,
, .. ,
, Eriophyidae,
.
MECARBAM. .
, ..
METHOMYL. .
, Heliothis spp., Spodoptera spp. ..
, , , , .
.
OXAMYL. , ,
. ,
.
, , .
PIRIMICARB. , ,
. .

. . , ,
, , , ..
THIOFANOX. .

. , , ,

10

. , .
.
5.1.4.
.
Jumtikoff 1820

Chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum. 1828
, 1850
.
Chrysanthemum roseum C. carneum, C.
cinerariaefolium, 1840.

.., 160 .
.
, ,
.

. , .. piperonyl butoxide,
, .

. 10 20
.
0,1 0,2% ,
.

Staudinger Ruzicka, 1924
Chrysanthemum roseum C. cinerariaefolium. Fujitani
(1909) Yamamoto (1923)
, . pyrethrin I
II, cinerin I II jasmolin I II,
. 71:22:7 20-25%.
,
(knock down), .
( ) ,
.

.

.

11

 .

( ), , Schechter ..
1949 allethrin bioallethrin, ,
, .
,
.
.
, Elliot Rothamsted
.

,
:
-

knock down

.
:

Elliot,
,

1967 resmethrin,
bioresmethrin.
.
.
1973 Elliot
permethrin :
-

permethrin
. ,
.

12

, g/

fenvalerate

10-20

permethrin

10-20

cypermethrin

2,5-10

flucithrinate

2,5-10

fenpropathrin

5-10

fluvalinate

5-10

cyfluthrin

5-10

bifenthrin

3-5

tralomethrin

1,3-1,6

-cyhalothrin

deltamethrin

1X

2-4X

10X

,
, ,
, .

.
. fenpropathrin
. deltamethrin, cypermethrin fenvalerate
.
. ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
.. 1982 30%
25%
,
.
.
.
(knock down) ( 10 )
. ,
.
.
Heliothis armigera, , ,
, , ,

13

 ..
Phytoseiidae.

(.. piperonyl
butoxide) .
,
.
,
.

.

.
. .
,
deltamethrine, , ,
.

, .

.
()
. o
deltamethrine, ,
.

(LD50)

LD50

g/g

mg/kg ..

DDT

10,0

113

11,3

parathion

0,9

3,6-13

4-11

malathion

56,0

2800

50

fenitrothion

5,6

250-500

45-89

dimethoate

0,9

320-380

356-422

10,0

584-900

58-90

deltamethrin

0,025

67-139

2680-5560

14

=-------


,
. ,
, ,
.
. .

.

.

(LD50)

(g/)

()

(mg/kg ..)

230

50-300

1-10

67

60

45

70

700

1-20

0,1

:
CYPERMETHRIN. .
, , , , ,
.. , , , ..
.
DELTAMETHRIN. .
, , ,
, . ,
, , .
FENVALERATE. . .
, , , , -, ,
.., .
.

15

 (
):
FENPROPATHRIN

(DANITOL)

BIPHENTHRIN

(TALSTAR)

CYFLUTHRIN

(BAYTHROID)

- CYHALOTHRIN

(KARATE)

FLUVALINATE

(MAVRI)

ALPHA-CYPERMETHRIN

(FASTAC)

5.1.5. .
(, , , , , fumigants)
.


.
. .

. ,
. .

, , ..

, .
.
(ACRYLONITRILE).
.
. (
),
, .
(METHYL BROMIDE). , ,
, , , . ,
. 1 C.
, .

.
.

. 2%
.
. , ,
, , . ,
.
.

16

. .
.

( ..),

(ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE, EDB). ,
. ,
.., , , , ,

.
5-10%.
.

(DIBROMOCHLOROPROPANE,
DBCP).
.
.
, ,
, ..
.
(CS2). 46,2 C. .
1-50% .
,
.
.
,
.
(ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE, EDC). .
,
.
.
.
(D-D).
.
. .
, .
Meloidogyne Platylenchus, Heterodera schachtii ..
14
.
, ,
.
,
. .
METHAM SODIUM. , , .
. .

17

 .
.
(ETHYLENE OXIDE, ETO). ,
.
. CO2
1:9, ,
.
.
(PDB). ,

.
.

(CARBON
TETRACHLORIDE).

, .

. ,
.. , .
( , HC). , , .
5,6-40% .
, .
. ,
.
. HCN
, , .. 2KCN+H2SO4>>
>>2HCN+K2SO4. ,
, .. .
(PHOSPHINE, H3, ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE).
.
.
.
, , , ,
, , ..
(containers), .
55%
.
, 3g 1-3 1 (PH3)
, (CO2) .

, 10%.
3-10 .
. ,
, .

18

. , , ,
.
(METHYL ISOCYANATE). ,
, , .
.
.
, 5 20 C,
6 5 C.
metham sodium dazomet .
. , , , .
112C.
.
.
.
.
, -
, , .
.
.
.
DAZOMET. , ,
. (methyl isocyanate).
. , .
,
8-24 , ,
.
(Epidum sativum).


.
5.1.6.
.


.

.
.
( ),
. ,
, .

19


diflubenzuron. DDT:
.
diflubenzuron : LD50
( ) 10.000 mg/kg .
.
. , ,
cuticula
. ,
. .
.
diflubenzuron.

() .
(, ), (Phyllocoptruta oleivora),
(, , ) ..
, . ,
,
diflubenzuron.
.
, ,
.
.
. ,
(juvenile hormone, JH) .
,
(larva) .
,
(pupa) .

. 1967 ,
.
methoprene. ,
(insect growth regulator) ,
,
.
methoprene (
LD50>34.600 mg/kg).
(), , ,
, ,
(, ),
, ..
. methoprene,

20

. ,
.
5.1.7.

, , ..
30
.
,
.
,
,
.
.

,

, ,
, ,
,
..


(.U.).

.
,
, .
, , ,
.

Bacillus thuringiensis. ,
,
().

.
,


, ,
, , .

21


. .
. thuringiensis ,
, , mg 160
16.000 .
() 6
5 . . thuringiensis
, , .
captafol, dinocap,
.

. B. thuringiensis
.
.
B. thuringiensis
. ( )
,
, .

, ... . ,
, . .
B. thuringiensis

,
.
,

. ,
, , , . israelensis
( ..)
.
.

.
,
.

. ,

,
.
, .

22

5.2.
5.2.1.

,
, .

, ,
.

,
.
, , ,
, , thiram,
,
.

:
enzyl benzoate. .
Deet. .
Dimethyl phthalate. .
citronella.
Andropogon nardus. , ,
.
.
. ( coils)
.

.
5.2.2.
:
,
.
,
.
, .
,

23

 , .

, .

.
(, , , ),
.

.
.
. :
,
, ,
,
.
: ( ).
: , ,
, .
, ,
.
.
( ,
), (
), .

:
.
(monitoring)
.
. .
,
.
:
.
.
. , ,
.

24

.
,
.

,
,

.

.
5.2.2.1.
(, , ,
..), , ,
..
Tephritidae (Trypetidae)
. ,
, (
, Dacus bait, Entomosyl, Dacona ..)
.

. ,
, ,
, , , , , , ..
5.2.2.2.
,


( )
( 1980).
( )
, , , ,
.
.
, ,
Tetranychus urticae, , Neoseiulus fallacis,
.

. Shorey 1973

25

 (1980) ,
:
. ( / ),
.
. ( )
. () ,
. ,
. ()
. .
. ,
.
,
, ,
, ..
(
)
, .
, ,
.

.

.
( Codlure, Dispalure,
Gyplure, Hexalure, Codlemone, Orfamone, Ostramone, Gossypmone, Dispamone
) ,
( ).
.
.
.
.
, , ..
.

,
.

,
.

26


, .
,
.

.
.

.
, .
, ,
, ,
, , , , ,
, , , , ,
( ) ..
:
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
. .
5.2.2.3.

.

,
( ).
, ,
.
:
. ,
. ,
.
.
,
. -
.

27

 . , ,
.
,
, , ..

.
:
, , (. ),
, , -,
, ..
.
.

.
.
. , 3-10
.
,
(, ) , ,
.. , ,

( ).
,
,
( , , ),
, , , , ..

. , ,
.
,
. .
.
, ,
,
.
.

.

,
, .

28

 ,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
, ,
, , , ..
.


( ..).
.


.
,
.

,
.

.
,
.
.
,
, .

, .
,
,
.

( )
.
, , .
.

. ,
,
.

29

 .
. .
,
,
.

.
Scolytidae
.
.

.

.
.

.
, , ,
, .., .

, ,

.
,
,
.
,
,

.

, , ,
.

.
5.3.
.
( , , ,
). , ..
,
.

30

 .
.
.
, .. ,
,

.

( ) (translaminar action) ,


. , ,
.
, ,
.
.
5.3.1.
, (
),
( )
.
(S2)
.
. ( Eriophyidae,
Tetranychidae) .
.


.
(, , ) .
() .
.
, , ,
..
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
.

31


,
DDT, tetradifon, ,
, fenson, chlorfenson,
.
,
( ),


.
5.3.2

( 5.4)
.
()
().

Panonychus ulmi .

,
( parathion, phosalone).
, .
5.3.3.

, endosulfan, (DDT,
aldrin, dieldrin ..) . DDT
.
dicofol ( Kelthane) 1955
Rohm and Haas.
. .
Tetranychidae Eriophyidae ,
, , , , .
.

DDT, .
tetradifon ( ).
, chlorobenzilate,
riophyidae (Aculus pelekassi, Aceria
sheldoni). 20
. (.. )

32


.
5.3.4.

.
(fenson, chlorfenson, tetrasul) teradifon.
tetradifon .
.
. .
tetradifon .
Eriophyidae,

. , ,
, , , , , , ,
,
. dicofol.
5.3.5.
DINOCAP. .
.
. Panonyhus ulmi ,
.
DNOC (), dinoseb
(: DNBP) binapacryl.
5.3.6.
QUINOMETHIONATE ( CHINOMETHIONATE).
.
, .
, ,
. .
5.3.7.
AMITRAZ. , .
() ,
. .
, Bemisia tabacci,
, , ..

33

 .
.
AZOCYCLOTIN. .
.
, .
.
BENZOXIMATE. : BENZOATE.
. , Panonychus ulmi P.citri
. , , .
CYHEXATIN. ,
, .
. , ,
, , , .
,
( , ),
.
DIENOCHLOR. .
,
.
.
FENBUTATIN OXIDE. ,
,
12-18 .
, ,
.
PROPARGITE. ,
.
, , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
.
, 25 cm.
5.3.8.
5.1.2 ,
,

.
,
ethion .
Tetranychidae

34

Eriophyidae Tarsonemidae.
, demeton-s-methyl, disulfoton, phorate, thiometon, ..

, 2003, :
Aldicarb, azinphos methyl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon,
dichlorvos, dimethoate, disulfoton, endosulfan, ethion, fenitrothion, formothion,
heptenophos, malathion, methamidophos, methidathion, methomyl, methyl bromide,
monocrotophos, omethoate, oxamyl, oxydemeton methyl, parathion methyl, petroleum oil,
phorate, phosalone, phosmet, quinalphos, thiofanox, thiometon, triazophos.
5.3.9.

: , dichlofluanid, dinocap, mancozeb, metiram, propineb thiophanate-methyl.
5.4.
5.4.1.
()
.
()
.
.
( )
.
,
(++)
, ,
.

.
5.4.2.
, ,
()
, ,
().
,
,
, .
,

35

 , ,
, . ,
, , ,
, ,
, , .

, , ,
, . ,
,
, ,
.
(UNSULFONATED RESIDUE, U.R.).
, ,
.

.
,
, ,

. U.R. % .
,
U.R., U.R.
U.R. 90%, 65-85%.
U.R. = 80-90%
,
. U.R.
95%.
U.R. 90%,
, 80%.
U.R. , ,
.

, ,
.


. ,

, .

.

, ,
( ..) .

36


. , ,
.

. .
,
.
,
, .
Saybolt, 37,5 C.
:
45 - 60 Saybolt

60 - 85 Saybolt

85 - 105 Saybolt.

.
,
.
65 75 Saybolt.

minimum.
.
.
( ) ,
U.R., .
,
. ,
,
, ,
. , 240-300C,
, 100 Saybolt,
. ,
, ,

.
. .

. ,
.
(Psyllidae,
Aleurodidae, Aphididae), () Tetranychidae.

37


.



.
, ,
.

, .
,
. .

, , .

. ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
, .
.
minimum
.
Aphididae Psyllidae. (. )
Aphididae
Psyllidae, .
, ,

.
,

,

.

. Diaspididae,
,
.
.
.
.

38

 (. )
,
.

,
, ,
.

:

, (
) . 24-
.

4-5
, .
, .

, ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
.

,
.
,
, :
, . ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
, (DNOC),
. 25
.
. /
.

39

.
.
.
,
.

.

, .

, ,
.
.
()

.
, .
,
. :
,
, .
. ,
, .
5.4.3.
,
, , , .

Aphididae, Psyllidae,
,
, , ..
.
( )
250 - 270 C, ( )
270 400 C. U.R.

.
carbolineum , coal tar oils tar
oils A, huiles d anthracene .

,
, .. ( , ..), ,

40

 , .
.
,
.


.
(tar oils) (mineral oils, parafinic
oils, petroleum oils) .
5.4.4.
:
. , (oil emulsions ). 50-90 %
.
.
.
.
( )
().
(
). .
. (emulsifiable oils, stock emulsions). 9599 % .
.
.
.
. (quick breaking oils).
,
(, )
.
.

,

,
.


.
.

41


,
,
.
. - .
Aphididae Psyllidae,
, ,
.
. - .
.
: phosalone, mecarbam, carbophenothion, methidathion.
,
,
.
5.4.5.

, ,
, .
( ) ,
, .
,
,

.

.
:


, .
.

.

.
(WHO)

.

.
.

42

 ,
,
,
, .

.

.

,
.
( , , summer oils,
winter oils).
, :

.
, .
,
.

,
.
.
.
5.4.6. ,

,
.
.
,

.
.
.
,
. ,
,
35 C, , 4 C,
20 C.
.

43

 ,
.
,
,
.

. ,

( ).
,
,
.
(.. ) ,
, .
,
,
. 15
, , ,
,
. .
,
.


.

, , .

,

. ,
,
25 .

carbaryl, cyhexatin popargite
captan, dinocap, dodine folpet.

44