KristumataNirupanam SriChattamp Amma

http://hinduebooks.blogspot.
com
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
cixV]mikL
E-book Published By
http://hinduebooks.blogspot.com
January 2011
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\Th
pURv{pIik ................................................................................... 4
1. zkix[tumtx]>h ..................................................................... 7
ptizpk>fh .................................................................................8
eedvie >Uph....................................................................... 9
jIvfh ................................................................................ 12
p]sni>Upfh ............................................................................. 13
jIvkZtYh .................................................................................... 14
jIvEB]gh ..................................................................................... 15
muix]Dnh .............................................................................. 16
nItiviDi....................................................................................... 19
pvizt]kZtYh ........................................................................ 19
nizgH]nuzgHh......................................................................... 20
mui............................................................................................... 21
2. zkix[tumtEdnh ............................................................... 22
kZtYnimih ............................................................................. 23
\p]d]nh ...................................................................................... 32
AdixZi ................................................................................... 37
duRgufh....................................................................................... 45
zkix[tuc>ith............................................................................ 50
2
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
nizgH]nuzgHh.......................................................................... 91
pvizt]c>izth ...................................................................... 97
EztYktVh ..................................................................................... 99
psuzpk>fh..............................................................................115
\t[pi .......................................................................................116
mZg]di ...........................................................................................124
p]szpk>fh ............................................................................ 138
jMp]ph ..................................................................................... 139
gtizpk>fh ............................................................................. 141
muix]Dnh ............................................................................142
ni>yh ........................................................................................... 148
mui.............................................................................................154
zkix[tumth vReten?............................................ 156
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pURv{pIik
a}Ey] mH]jne! è |o \pzkmh
zkix[tumt ie ttVe ~<k]yi>iu jnueT
HZdyil D>iiutin]kuu. zkix[tumtM]
>]y p]ti>im]R mut]y O]E>]E>] kuihB>ikL nueT
HiumtEyuh |osV>Enyuh zsuti, x[mZti mut]y
Ap[tv]kYEyuh nY]yh kUT]et duSic{uh a]n
ku]>h, ztimURifh, ku>uuv<i, murujMh, xlgu>u
]Bh, xtY]En]dyh, xmyp>I, s]x[zth, puE}i
kuhcu
mut]y
dUSfpux[tke
ac{Tiic{[
zpxihecy[tuek][
x]Duuh
aM]>um]y
puyR c]]R pryR mut]y HiuueT mnien
et]i, ku]yh mut]ytuke ek]Tuu myi
EBdiic{[ xVmtm]Ril ~ReTui n>kinu
p]ztIBviiutien n]h kuh Ekumi>uuek][
|o mH]p]tkien tTy]N y]et]>u k<ivuh
x]di]et aTiyi>ut[ a[pvuh \citme}u
m]ztm}, |o \d]xIntyilevc{[ Hiuil |tuve>
aWie]>u B]gE]h jnL |o apkTil
epuEp]kutinuh, Emuh |o kt zpc]>eTuu
tinuh atunimih nmuuh nueT xtikLuh
e`Hik]muztik]y
aEnkPL[
tTh
xhBviutinuh xhgtiy]yi tIRi>iuu. |o
iti[ nueT Hiuiu pitM]R `}]Ep>uh
xVk]>Yile vYzgic{[ k]Eph ecy{]et
aniRv{]cYmHimyueT atYpufYieyuh sZhg]Tk
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
m]yi>iu |o pE>]pk]>iluTi xV[ph dZi
vc{i>ueil |o jEn]pzdvh `ztEy] ùil
dU>IBviutinuh
atunimih
aEnkjIvM]R
|oE]kp>E]kil xuKIBviutinuh xhgtiy]
kuemut[ w]N pryfemi}E}]. EB]! EB]!
mH]M]e>, |tiEn]L mH>m]yi Ever y]et]>u
pufYvumie}]f[ è \mvisV]xh. è]l
zvth, d]nh, jph, yjnh aYynh mut]y pufYL
t]]ueT xuKinum]ztem}]et anYM]R[
aztte Pzpdm]ef[ vic]>iuuE]? "aen
y}]" |o pufYh tniuh te x]n Luh
anYM]Ruh visiSY] zkix[tumte]Tuh ku<iyile[
keTu ep>u]pikLuEp]uh xhbiut]
kuu. viEsSic{[ my]ik]y HiuL |o xhgtiey
aEsSh AE]ci]et, av>ueT p]T[ avR[, nueT
k]>Yh nmu[, ìen vic]>ic{[ jIvk]>ufYh kUT]et
aTiyi>iut[ |osV>Ek]pin[ muKYm]y k]>f
m}Ey]? Hiu]y mH]M]e>! niL |nieyiuh
aTiyi>i]et av>v>ueT siu tvh
vidYek]E] Dnhek]E] k<iyutuh \X]Hic{[ |o
zkix[tumt
du>]c]>e
nivZiiu
v]N
tuniyuem[ w]N visVxiuu. aEsSh Dnpuiyuh
mumu]yi}
è
|o
\pzkmh.
pieEy]
a]rnuh t]]yt[ ` p<em]<iEyyuh,
\X]Hinh pu>uSxihHmueepti [mI 1 ` xn
vcnEyuh anux>ic{[ |o k]>Yil `]l
1
zpyiuvn[ e`sV>Yh ([mI) zp]p[tm]kuu `Rh.
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
k<iyutuh
\X]Hi]N
ty{]r]yt]f[.
A
\X]Hie pURv{pIiky]yi]f[ w]N zkix[tumt
Ednem |o pux[tke `<uti |zpk]>h zpxih
ecy{um]r]iyt[.
|o
\pnY]xil
yuinY]y
LE] mE] v} Bhgvuh viueil atien
p>iS[k>iutu
te
mH]M]>]y
niueT
anuzgHemu visVxic{[ |o pux[tke niueT
divYxiDiyil xmRic{u ek]uu.
- SFmuKd]xN (cixV]mikL) 2
zkix[tumtni>Upfie O]h ptiin[ zsI cixV]mikL `<utiy

muKvu>y]fit[.
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
1. zkix[tumtx]>h
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ptizpk>fh
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
eedvie >Uph.
an]dYnnitYn]yi, vY]pkn]yi, xVtzn]yi,
a>Upn]yi, avik]>iy]yi, xtYh, ]nh, aTh,
nY]yh, kZp,nNm, EmNm, nirv[, mut]y divYguf
E]TukUTiyvn]yi,pit]v[, puztN, pvizt]]v[ ù
mUu Ep>]y O>uvn]ku eedvh. av>il pit]viu
yEH]v] ùh puztu zkix[tu ùh Eysu ùh
pvizt]viu p>isuAvi ùh kUTi n]mL \[.
(xIRnh 90-2, yrmi 23-24, mRE]x[ 10-27, 1
tiem]eyux[ 6-15, xIRfh 102-27, evip]T[ 1-8, 1
n]]gmh 145-17, pur]T[ 34-6, m]yi 28-19,
AvRnpux[tkh 32-4, Ti. 33-27) 3 xZi, iti,
xhH]>h, nizgHh, anuzgHh |vk]kuu eedvkZtY
L. an]dYn]y eedvh AdYhte kZtYh ecy{uv]N
|ic{u. p>mil eedvdUtM]e> xZiukyuh
av>il tni[ viE>]Dik]y cie> pis]cu]i
n>kil |>ivh niymiyuh ecy[tu.
(yHUd]. 6, evip]T[. 12-9) piIT[ BUmieyyuh Ak]s
eyuh
O]h
divxh
Oieyyuh
>]hdivxh
evieyyuh j>Up]y EmGeyuh mU]hdivxh
milniu
]v>jIvM]e>yuh
n]]h
divxh
mH]zpk]sk]y
nzteyuh
aW]hdivxh
jil jc>eyuh Ar]h divxh n]n]viD
3
xIRnh 90-2 `til xIRnh eebbiie O>u pux[tk

ie Ep>uh, 90 aY]yie xhKYyuh, 2 v]kYie xhKYyum]
kuu. eebbiL v]kYueT rPrNxin]yi |o pux[tkiuTnIh
|o >Itiy]f[ xVIk>ic{i>iut[.
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mZgeyuh xZic{u. an>h A divxh te te
xV>Upm]yiu mnuSYen xZifemu xlic{u
ek][ mnuSYen \]i. mUie dV]>hv<iy]yiu
jIvsV]xe \otiyi aven jIv]]Ev]Tu
kUTiyvn]i. piIT[ A mnuSYe s>I>uril ni[
O>u x[ztIeyUTi \]ukyuh A AdimnuSYe>
~SYKie tuu Edsu ~den u
niRie Et]il |>ui xZik]ute
mnuSYE>]T[ niL xtiEy]TukUTi pvhs]>]yi
BUmiyil nir[
atiu xkvx[tueyuh
p>i]iiN `[ AsIRvdiukyuh mnuSYRu
]v>jIvM]e> EB]jnm]yi[ niymiukyuh ~dniu
Et]il k]uniu Evecy{utinuh Et]iu
xkviD vZueT p<e Bic{uek]uv]nuh
A]piyuh Et]ie nTuu gufEd]Se
ariviu
vZie
kniey
Bi>uetu
viukyuh Biuu ìl A divxil te
m>iuem si prkyuh ecy[tu. eedve \pc>i,
sniv]>niymh,
xZikLupc>i,
viDic{tien
ecy{uk, viiy kniey tYji; |v |ztyum]kuu
Adi mnuSYRu niymie mth. avR avieT
azpk]>mi>iuE]L pis]c]Diptiy]y xRh vu
vie vZie kniey Bic{]l m>i |}]
ùh nynzpk]svuh gufEd]S]nvuh \]ku
emuh A x[ztIEy]Tu pru. an>h A p<h tIiu
>xvuh k]<[cy[u Bhgiyumutuh buiey etiyiu
tum]kuu ù k A x[ztIyuh avL ek]Tui[
A mnuSYnuh Bic{u. atuek][ avRu nynEs]B
10
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\]kukyuh aE]Le avR ng[n >]yi[
|>iuky]efri[ ai |ke tc{[ aryil
ekie]ukyuh ecy[tu. an>h pkl avx]nic{
E]L Et]il xW>ic{uv>u yEH]v yueT
se Ek avR eedvxiD]nilniu m]ri
m>ueTyiTyil Oic{i>iukyuh aE]L yEH]v
mnuSYen
viic{[
"nIeyvieT?'ùEc]diyuh
ativN "w]N ng[nn]kek][ Bye[ Oic{i>i
uu" `[ mrupTi prkyuh aE]L yEH]v "nie
ng[nen[
A>riyic{u?
nI
viiy
kniey
tiE]"eyu Ec]diyuh "È]Tu kUTi |>uiy
x[ztI tu w]N atien Bic{u" `[ avN
pryukyuh yEH]v x[ztIEy]T[ " nI `]f[ |en
ecy[tt[" ù Ec]diyuh avL "xRie vWn
EHtuv]yiu w]N tiuEp]yt]f[" ù prkyuh
yEH]v xRe En]i, "nI |zpk]>h ecy[ttu
ek][ `}] mZgjue]uh ~vuh spie[
jIvp>Yh
vyruek]i<[
mutiuEp]kuh.
atukUT]etyuh
ninuh
|o
x[ztIuh
nie
xtiuh til sztutyu]kuh. atuek][ atu
nie tey cty[uh. nI atie kutik]ien
cty[uh." ùh piITu x[ztIey En]i "nI
aDikEvdnEy]TukUTi kUike zpxviukyuh nie
BR]vie
kI<il
|>iukyuh
avN
nie
p>ip]iyuh ecy{u" emuh piIT[ mnuSYen En]i
"nI nimih BUmi spieu. atu nin[ |ni
muuecTikeyuh muum>eyuh muiu" emuh "nI
jIvp>Yh Ek}seu BUmiyiu xxYe viyRu
11
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
muKE]TukUTi
tiu
m]y
nI
mile
Ec>uemuh" pryukyuh ecy[tu. (AdYpux[tkh 2 & 3).
yEH]v]
pieyuh
A
AdimnuSY>ueT
x]n>Upm] yiute A]e xZiuu.
atuek][ vi etien ecy[t A AdimnuSY>uh
av>ueT
suk}
Es]fitil
niu
jniu
xkmnuSY>uh p]pi k]yi tIRu. p]ph EHtuv]yiu
duKmu]yi. (Er]m. 5-12 mutl 19, xI. a 51-5).
yEH]v
|zpk]>h
A]e
xZic{[
t]n]zgHic{
k]hve>yuh
s>I>E]TukUTi
jIvic{i>ivh
iti
ecy[t[
itiyueT
avx]n[
xhH>iuu.
av>il
tniu
viE>]Dik]y asuM]e> nizgHiu kyuh te
visVxic{u
v<ieTu
BM]>]y
suM]e>
anuzgHiukyuh ecy{uh. (xI.103-19, pEzt]x[ 3-10,
m]yi 25-46).
jIvfh
\lpik][ yEH]vy]l suxV>Upm]yiu
xZiev>]yi AdYnnitYM]>]yi avY]pkM]
>]yi xV]vDip>Yh xVtzM]>]yi a>UpM]>]yi
mn]ku xhbx]DnE]TukUTiyv>]yi ci,
ariv[, x[EnHh, EdVSh, yt[nh, xuKh, duKh `
gufL \v>]yi>iu EctnM]>Ezt jIvM]>]ku
t[. A jIvM]>il xZimutl p]ph ecy{]ti>i
uv>]y EdvdUtM]>uh p]pilniu EvRepv>]y
12
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
muM]>uh sujIvM]e>uh, t]uh tueT
pURv{ikM]>]uh x]die[ p]pE]Tu kUTiyvR
asujIvM]e>uh pryeTuh.
(AdYpux[tkh 27,
Ey]b[ 33-4, 32-8, m]yi 10-28, UE]x[ 24-39, Ey]b[
35-10, zpxhg]>N 12-7).
jIvM]R tueT p]pkRh EHtuv]yiu nizgH
Pe zp]piek][ xVtzM]>]kuu ìuh
xVkIypufYkRhek][ anuzgHPe zp]pi]
tin]l p>tzM]>um]kuu.
p]sni>Upfh
AdYmut]yuh
anitYm]yuh
Edvniymh
\E]L
annitYm]kut]yuh
avY]pkm]yuh
p>tzm]yuh
|ziyviSym]yuh
vik]>iy]yuh
aEctnm]yuh |>iu jQvx[tuv]kuu p]sh. atu
k]>Yp]s
emuh
duS[kRp]semuh
>u
viDm]yi>iuh. avyil eedvin]l \p]d]nk]>fh
kUT]et xZie jQpd]Rh k]>Yp]sh. at]ke
pZivi, jh, v]yu, Etj[ ` BUtv]cY]ku
zdvYuh gufuh kRum]kuu. A k]>Yp]sh
te suemuh, asuemuh >[ viDm]yi>iuh.
avyil sup]semt[ xZie m]ti>iyile
|>iu xVRmh mut]]yvyuh, asup]s
emt[
xZic{tie
EsSh
jIvM]>ueT
p]ph
EHtuv]yi[ Ed]Se BUmi mut]yvyuh Akuu. |ni
duS[kRp]semt[ jIvM]Ru viDie kRe
13
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ecy{]y[kek]uh
vietien
ecy[kek]uh
\]y v]xn]>Upvuh suk}Es]fitv<iyueT xtiyil
ec}utuh p>isuiey ekTuutuh mye
ecy{utuh Byh, Ek}sh, vY]Di, mU[, m>fh ìvke
\]utuh duKx]Dnvuh bid]n]l p>iHi
eTutuh p>iH>ieT] iti[ nitYn>kEvdn
y[[ k]>fvuh jQgufvuh Ayi>iu p]pkRm]
kuu. atuh jNmp]pemuh kRp]pemuh >u
viDh. |ni p]pm]kut[ Edvv]kYe visVxi]
t]efuh EdvviDiey hGiut]efuh zpEtYkh
zpEtYkh aBizp]yeTu p]>uh \[. eebbiL
s]x[ztil x[pm]yi pryeT] viSyLuh
vY]KY]t]M]R O]E>]E>] xlpzpk]>h avnve
Ep]inutvh aBizp]ye[ aEnY]nYh my[u
kyuh ecy{uu[.
jIvkZtYh
s>I>ik]yi jnic{ A]L jMp]pv]xn]
EHtuv]yiu du>iEy]TukUTi EmluEml p]pe
ecy{uh. ciR ci pufYeyuh ecy[et[ vEy[uh.
ìuh |osVE>]zpk]snm]y eebbiL Eb]D
mu]yi bmvR m]ztEm mui x]DnxM]>]yuh
pufYkZu]yuh BviU.
14
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
jIvEB]gh
A]L |E]L zpyt[nic{[ Edvcizpk]>h
xuKduKe
anuBviuh.
|Hil
p]ph
ecy[tv>uh mui x]DEn]p]yx]dYh kUT]et pufYh
ecy[tv>uh p>il nitYn>ke zp]pic{[ avx]n
mi}] duKe anuBviuh.
xZi[ piNp[ 4005 vlx>EsSh, pit]v[,
puztN, pvizt]]v[ `v>il puztn]y zkix[tu
BUmiyil ~SY]Kil tuuEds[ k]n]en
n]il Ey]Ex[ `vnu B]>Yy]yiu niymie
m>Y]L
`vueT
vyil
pvizt]]vin]l
\]e gRBpiil vke[, mnuSYtVvuh
eedvtVvuh \vn]yi jnic{u vR[, pitM]E>]T[
zpxhgic{u
nT[,
30-]h
vyil
Ey]v]En]T[
(Ey]H]En]T[) x[n]nEm[, pvizt]]vie AEvsvuh
xiic{[, 40 divxh ve>yuh k]il Bfh kUT]et
|>u[, vis]cin]l p>Iie[, mnuSYe> vWic{
pis]cien t]N jyic{[, aute ecy[t[ mnuSYR
hGic{
k[pnke
t]N
anuS[ic{uk]fic{[,
mtEb]DkM]>]y
aE]x[Et]M]e>
A]pic{[
~ReTui, ]n ]pk xhx[k]>e niymic{[,
mnuSY>ueT xk p]pEyuh t]N ~uek][,
av>nuBviEt]y Evdnke t]Nte anuBvic{u
ek][, ku>isil try[eu xRv{p]pbiy]yi m>ic{u
mU]h divxh \yiRe<uE[, xVRmil kyri
pit]v]y yEH]vyueT vuvsi>iuu.
15
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
zkix[tuvin]l ecy{e bid]nm]y EdvpufYh
m]ztEm
muix]Dnm]yuh,
zkix[tuvienuric{u
p>ipURvisV]xh Ou m]ztEm jIvM]R[ EdvpufY
Ph
xiiutiEy[u
\p]ym]yuh
BviU.
muix]DEn]p]ym]y visV]xmuTu xtYh, nIti,
dy mut]y jIvpufYL niytk]>Yh m]ztm]yi>iuh.
avkL kTmy]kek][ biy]kyi}t]nuh.
EdvpufYzpx]d, P, ]pkiEy[uEvi
zkix[tuvin]l >uvk xhx[]>L niymieu.
av x[n]nvuh, nlk>ufyuh Akuu. x[n]nemt[
mnien ti>iutiEy[uh, p]psuiuh EHtuv]y
zkix[tuvie kZpeyuric{u O]Ry[[ aTy]mi[
ztiEdvn]mE]TukUTiy jhek]u x[n]nm]kuu.
|tien a[ph EBdeTui xVIk>iu aBizp]y]>u
mu[. nlk>ufeyt[ p]pbiy]y zkix[tuvie
m]hx>euric{u O]Ry[uEvi aTy]miu
Biu avuh zd]]>xvuh Akuu. x[n]nh
ihg]zgcREdninu pk>vuh nlk>uf nix[k]E>]
lxvinu pk>vum]yiezt vc{i>iut[. |zpk]>h
prye[ mtm]f[ yUdmtie ]pYvx[tu v]y
suzkix[tumth. |tu]yE]L ]pk]y yUdmt
zkiykL teu.
muix]Dnh
|en nY]yzpk]>h yEH]v] spic{tuek][,
A]L[ `}]vRuh p]pkRh \]iytien
16
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
k[, av>ueT Eml Et]iy dy EHtuv]yi[ anuzgHh
ecy[v]N |ic{u muix]DEn]p]yh \]uti
Ey[[ niyic{u.
p]pp>iH]>m]yiu p>isu]ne \]u
x]Dnm]kuu muix]Dnm]kut[. p]pnIin
nukUm]y kRh bid]nm]kuu. bi `t[ \pH]>
pd]Rm]kuu. Ed]SnivZi]yiek][ jIvM]>]l
ek]Tuevy]y AT[, m]T[ mut]y \pH]>pd]R
L Edve \Tmkuh, av>]l ecy{eTu pufYkR
e}]h Edvnu ec}uv]nu kTmkuh Akuu.
atuek][ jIvM]R bid]ninu xVtzkR]
M]>}, AT[, m]T[ mut]yv xVtzbikum}. jIv
pufYL xVtzpufYkR um}. atuek][
p>tz]y |vke}]h Edv]nuzgHniym]}]et
Piuvy}. bid]ninu xVtzkR]vu EdvN
tey]kuu. Edvn]y zkix[tuvEzt avt]>dV]>]
xVtzbiy]kutiEy[[ xtic{vN. zkix[tuvie
s>I>Evdnh, m>fh mut]y EdvpufYzkiykL m]ztEm
xVtzpufYkR
]yiu
BviU.
atuek][
yEH]v te puztn]y zkix[tuvien A mnuSY>ueT
xtiyil O>u mnuSY n]yi[ avt>ic{[, pis]cien
jyic{[, p>m]RE]pEdsh ecy[t[, te p]pbiy]yiu
ek]Tu[ jIvM]e> anuzgHivh ~ReTuu
kyuh zkix[tu atiEy[[ xtic{u mYn]kyuh
ecy[tu. |tien xUciic{]f[ x[ztIyueT xti
xRie tey aruuem[ EdvN s]pk]il
te aTy]m]yi priut[. at]f[ kZp]niymh.
17
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
atuek][ zkix[tuvie bid]nie ]pk
cim]yi]kuu AiNkuiey bid]niEy[u
niymic{t[. pURv{ik M]>uh azpk]>hte zkix[tuvie
bid]nm]y ]pYeuric{[ visVxic{[ EmSbid]n
m]y ]pke ecy[tuvu.
A xlvuh visV]xvuh nTpTiyuh te Adi
zkix[tumth. xZiu piNp[ 1657 xhvX>h kil azbH]
mil ihg]zgcREdneyuh niymic{u. xZiyueT
2513-]h xhvX>ie EsSh yEH]v] Em]s `vnu
zptYn]yiu pURv{niymie vix[t]>m]y mUuvk
viDike \pEdsic{u. av xM]RviDi, zkiy]viDi,
nItiviDi ù pryeTuh.
1. OE> eedvete vffh.
2. anYeedve vf>ut[.
3. eedvn]me vZ] \c{>i>ut[.
4. snipufYv]>niymh (` |o Edv]Rk]>YL
n]uh)
5. anm]e> \pc>i.
6. ek]}]y[k
7. vYBic>i]y[k.
8. Em]i]y[k.
9. kx]i pry]y[k.
10. anYmutien AzgHi]y[k.
18
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
(` mnuSY]Rk]>Yh ArUhkUTi). |en puviD
m]y niymh. pufYe viDiu 10 k[pn k]kuu
xM]R viDikL. atiu EdvnY]yzpm]f emuh
Ep>u[.
s>I>sui,
zdvYsui,
Asoch,
\pv]xh,
pufYh, pufYk]h, pufYzdvYh, gu>utVh, Ay
Exv, pUj, nix[E>]Xvh mut]y niympufYe
ariviut[ zkiy]viDi.
nItiviDi
yuh, xm]D]nh, m]t]v[, kuikL, \TyvN,
aTiyvN, ah, vx[zth, vIT[, nih, D]nYh, zpButVh,
pfh, AT[, m]T[, pi, mZgh, kTiUl, EvY]jIvnh,
mnuSYs>I>h, jIvN ìvkeuric{u O<uv<
eyuh deyuh ariyiut]kuu.
|vkil zkiy]viDi `t[, |xiiuh,
Biuh
k]>fm]yuh
BM]e>
EvRepTuu
muzdy]yuh zkix[tu kZtY]pkcim]yuh |>iuu.
|t[ Adi zkix[tumtie pi>iv]y yUdzkix[tumth
ù pryeTuh.
pvizt]kZtYh
mUuEp>il
O>uvn]y
pvizt]]v[
xZi
mut]y kZtYil xH]yiuu. (xIRnh. 10430)
p>isuBM]e>
\fRi
av>e]u
19
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
eebbiien \]ic{u. (tIem]eyux[ 3-16, pEzt]x[ 112) zkix[tuvien Ed]S>HitmnuSYn]yiu jniic{[
aEHinu
pUR
]neyuh
kZpeyyuh
ek]Tuupk>ic{[ ~tu k]uh zkix[tuvien Bjiu
BM]R[ eebbiL ariyutin]yi[ av>ueT
mnien zpk]siic{u zpRivm]i. zkix[tu
Edvpuztn]kuu
ùtien
av>il
k]fic{u
duKilniuh >ic{u b]HY]>]yi xk
p]peyuh nIi suIk>ic{[ Edven p>ipuRm]yiu
ExviutiEy[u tt]y ARzdteyyuh ek]Tu[,
pie Evvy]y xk xlguf p>mpufYe
e]u ave> a>ic{uv>uu.
pvizt]]vie
xiiu
zp]Rny]kuu
muKYx]Dnh. |en prye
zkix[tumtien
ari[ xkmnuSY>uh te p]peuric{[ \fRu
p]]pe[, eebbiLviDizpk]>h Eysu zkix[tuvil
visV]xmu]yi
zkix[tuBxmUHm]y
zsIxByil
EcR[ x[n]nh, nlk>uf Ì xhx[]>e
ecy[t[, Edven zp]Ric{[ dZvisV]xE]TukUTi
eedvpufYh
x]dic{uek][,
eebbiien
O]ti
\fR[ `}]vE>]Tu zpxhgic{uek][ niyilniuh
et]et |>iEt]kuu.
nizgH]nuzgHh.
zkix[tun]N E]k]vx]nk][ vic]>f
ae}il nY]ytIRu ecy{utiEy[u mHimEy]TukUTi
20
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
v[ aE]L jIvic{i>iuve> m]ztm} m>ic{ve>yuh
s>I>E]TukUTi `<uElic{[ `}]ve>yuh te
xiDiyil
v>ui
xM]Rike
vtuvsuh
duR]Rike |Ttuvsuh Ayiu niRi av>ueT
pufYp]pe
vic]>fecy[t[
av>il
te
visVxi] duR]Rike gkvuh ag[niyuhkUTi
`>iyu nitYn>kil ti nizgHiukyuh te
visVxic{ xM]Rike m]zth p]pvuh duKvuh m>fvuh
afy] sum]y xVRmil |>ui
anuzgHiukyuh ecy{uh.
mui
p]ph nIi p>isu]nil zpEvsic{[ mui
]n[ sus>I>ik]yi>u[ Edven x[tutic{up]Ti
EdvmHimey vRiic{[ EdvxiD]nxuKe nitYvuh
anuBvic{u ek]i>iuh.
|en zkix[tumtx]>h xm]p[th.
21
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
2. zkix[tumtEdnh
22
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
kZtYnimih
a}Ey] zkix[tIyzpxhgikE!
yEH]v], cidcizdUpm]y |o E]ke xZic{uvE}].
k]>Yh k]>fE]TukUTiyt[ `}Ey] nY]yh. A
iti[ |o E]kh k]>Ym]ky]l |tiuh nimi
k]>fm]y zpEy]jnh aEpYm]kuu. è]l
Ae>iuh èiuh O>u k]>Ye O>u nimivuh
kUT]et ecy[kyi}. "zpEy]jnmnuisY n mE]pi
zpvREt" zpEy]jne aEpi]et mn]yuvN Ep]uh Ouhte zpvRiukyi}]. `]l A
zpEy]jnh xV]REm] p>]REm] ù En]uE]L
(ys]y] 43-7) w]N aven è mHtVin]yiu
xZic{u ù niueT eebbiL zpm]fil
pri>iek][
yEH]vyueT
|o
E]kxZi
xV]Rm]yiuteey[
tIRc{y]kuu.
aztyum}
xZiumuE jIvM]>i}]yi>uu ùt[ niueT
mtie p>m xi]m]ky]l anYM]R nimiem[
k]fiutinu v<iyuh k]fui}. p]>iEsSY yui 4
y]l yEH]v] te nimim]yiute E]ke
xZic{u ù x[pm]kuu.
yEH]v]
AdYh
su]nmi}]et
a]n
bmuv>]yiute >u mnuSYe> xZiukyuh
4
O>u k]>Yinu et]y k]>feey}]h tiyuE]L

avEsSiuet]ef] at]yi>iuh atie s>iy]y k]>fh
|t]f[ p]>iEsSYyui.
23
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
av>ueT xmIpil \pEy]gmi}] O>u vZe
vc{u]ukyuh atie kniey tiuEp]k>uetu
nY]yhkUT]et O>u k[pn avRu ek]Tuukyuh
pis]cien nsiic{ukyukEy] viiniRukEy]
ecy{]et
BUmiyil
jIvM]e>
p>Iiutin]yi
~ReTui viTukyuh A AdimmnuSYR buiEm]H
]uh viSEyy]uh pis]cie duREb{]Dny]uh
klpney hGic{u p]pik]yiE]kyuh ecy[tu.
an>h Ever y]et]>u m]Rvuh En]]et A
p]pikueT x]n>Upm]yiute pieyuh xZi
etuek][ `}] jIvM]>uh p]pik]yi tIRu.
p]piku]ytuek][ anuzgHvuh aEpitm]yi.
aen p]piku]ytinu EHtuv]ky]l |o xZi
anuzgHinu
nimim]yuh
Bvic{u.
p]pikLu
p>I]>Upm]yi[ muYup]yL ariyieu. A
\p]yE]Tu EcRve> Edven anux>iukey
gufmu suM]e>uh a}]ve> eedvviE>]D
gufmu asuM]e>uh ariyutinuh suM]R[
p>E]k k]>Ye \fRutinum]f[ a<iEv]Tu
kUTiy BUmiyil p]pikLu aDiv]xh niymiet[.
atuek][ |o viDmu iti (>yuh itiyueT
an>h xhH]>vuh anuzgHnimi]kuh). mui
yil |>iu suM]e> EdEv]pc]>vZiyil niuh
m]riy]ti>ivh dByh ek]Tuuti
n]f[ asuM]e> a<ic{uviT]et diiut]y
nizgHh. atuek][ nizgHh anuzgHh ninilu
tiEy[u nimim]kuh. |zpk]>h xZiitixhH]>
24
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
nizgHL ek][ nirEve anuzgHm]f[ zpD]n
kZtYh, A anuzgHvuh EdEv]pc]>inu nimi
m]kuu. atuek][ EdvmHim zpk]siuh. Ak]eT
`}] kZtYLek]uh xhBviu p>mzpEy]jnh
yEH]vyueT An]nuBvhte. |zpk]>h anuBve
e]u En]uE]L xZiyueT xV]RktVh x[pt
eye zp]piuu.
jIvM]R te mHimey ariu Bye[ te
x[tutic{uvfutinuh
timih
te
mHim
xhzpk]siutinuh Eviy]f[ yEH]v E]ke
xZic{t[. Aky]l xZik]inu muE te mHim
zpk]si]etyuh atu tniu O>u kurv]yiu
teyi>uu ùh A kurvien nIutiEy[u
k]hic{]fu xZi]N tuTiyetuh niym]kuu.
at}, te mHim muEte kurvukUT]et
xVyh zpk]sic{i>uu ìl A mHimEy vIu
zpk]siiutinuEvi ecy{u zpvZi niS[P
m]kuu. A mHimey jIvM]>il zpk]siiuti
Ey[[ zpEvsic{i>uu ìl atuh te nimi
m]y]l muNprye Ed]Sh puh.
jIvM]R nimih te jIvM]>il zpk]sii]N
tuTi ìl xZiumuE jIvM]>i}]ti>utu
ek][ atuh vi>uh te.
t]l xZieTuv]N Ep]ku jIvM]>il
te mHimey zpk]siifem]yi>uu ìl
25
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
xZiu
zpk]siiuh
zpk]siu
xZiiuh
nimiemuv>iky]l aEnY]nY]zsyem Ed]Sinu 5
xhgtiy]kuh.
muin]e zpk]sic{u teyi>uu ìuh
teynuBviutiEy[[
A>umi}]etyi>utu
ek][ \pEy]geT]et vZ] kiTu ùt[
yum]kui}. jIvM]>i}]ti>utuek][ t]N te
mHimey ave> anuBviiyuh Ev. Evfemil
anuBviifemut[
xZifemutiuh
nimiemu v>iky]l |vieTyuh aEnY]nY]zsyem
Ed]Sh anuvRiuh.
Aky]l ~tuzpk]>h
pr]uh mHim zpk]si]et |>ut[ ènyuh
yEH]v]y[[ O>u kurc{il te Ayi>uu. ae}il
zpk]siiutiEy[u Evi zpyt[nifemi}]
yi>uu. A kurc{il mui}]ti>u jIvM]e> a}]
muE \]yi>u yEH]veyte xhbiuh.
Aky]l yEH]v te mHim zpk]si]ti>utien
i kurvuvn]yi tIRu ù vuEp]ytin]l
kurEv]TukUTiyvenuh aE]L atin[ `ti>]yi
nirvi}]venuh
A
kurc{ilek]u
atien
nivRiifemuh zpyt[niek]uh, vYkuei
>uvn]ky]l p>m]nh |}]venuh tni[
Anzp]p[tiuEvi
xZi]N
tuTi
ù
k]futuek][ xuKe ecy{uveyuric{[ k]mvuh
duKe ecy{uveyuric{u Ezk]Dvuh A >ieyuh
5
>u vx[tuL p>x[p>h k]>femu v>ut]f[ aEnY]nY]zsyh

` Ed]Sh. |t[ yuiu ni>]t]f[.
26
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mUm]y Em]Hvuh \venuh an]diy]yi[ |o
kurvien
nIutiEy[up]yh
ariy]ti>utu
ek][ an]di]nh |}]venuh an]diy]yiu
kZtYh ecy{]tuek][ an]dikRtZtVh |}]
venuh
an]diEy
kRtZtVh
|}]ti>u
ci
k]Lu muNep kRtZtVe zp]pic{u kZtYh
tuTiytuek][ yEH]v zp]pic{kRZtVh muNEp
|}]ti>uu
piITu]yt]yi
k]>YfE]Tu
kUTiyt]kek]uh
atinu
Everey]>u
kR]v[
aEpieTuky]uh atu nimih yEH]v] atien
Ever]>u
kR]vil
niu
x]dic{t]efuh
etiv]kek]uh xVtztVh |}]venuh an]di
y]yi}]et |Tyil kurEv]TukUTiy kiWilkRtZtV
e zp]pic{u xVB]vh EvRepTuky]l avik]>itVh 6
|}]venuh, vik]>E]TukUTiytu ek]uh kurvu
tuek]uh an]dinitYvY]pktVh 7 |}]venuh
te xuKin]yiu t]Nte p]ph viyuti
Ey[u EHtu \]i p jIvM]e>yuh nitYk]h
di]r]iytuek][ nY]yvuh, kZpyuh, nNmyuh
|}]venuh jIvM]>il te nitYvuh \pc>i
vR |]e>}]mkuueyutien ]nh
ek][ ariy]et ave> p]pik]i BUmiyii>ui
viDike ek]Tu[ p>Iic{iu m]zth ariyutuek][
xRv{tVh |}]venuh jIvM]Ru p]pvuh
duKvuh v>u]et ave>e]u te \pc>iiyuh
6
7
m]h v>]ti>iuk
Adiyuh avuh |}]ti>iuk
27
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
tniu
xuKe
\]ukyuh
ecy{uv]N
k<iy]ti>utuek][
xRv{siyi}]
venuh
etiv]kuu. pieyuh p]ph \]kuem tien
muNEpkUiyriy]tuek]u pUR]nh |}]
venuh ariiuh atien tTu]N k<iy]et O<iu
ùv>ukil pURsiyi}]venuhkUTi x[p
m]kuh. jIvM]>ueT xuK]nuBvinu duK]nuBvvuh
duK]nuBvinu p]pvuh niytk]>f emritu
ek][ xuKe jniiutiEy[]f[ p]pe
yu]iyetuv>ikil p]ph |}] EdvdUtM]Ruh
xuKh \]iyi>iy]l avieT xuK]nuBvinu
p]ph k]>fm]k]tu ek][ Aytu tIe> Ey]jiu
i}. |zpk]>h, kurv[, vY]kut, k]mh, Ezk]Dh, Adi
]nh 8, Em]Hh, AdikZtYh 9, p>tztVh, vik]>tVh,
avY]pktVh,
anY]yh,
atikint,
dut,
kiWitVh, kiWii mut]y Ed]SL \v
n]ky]l yEH]v |osV>tVh \vn}. p]piS[N
ùte nY]yhek]u xiiuu. |o Ed]S
e}]h aH, kRh, m]y ` p]s]u]ku
vy]kuu ù eedvs]x[zth EG]Siutuek][
yEH]vy]ke p]sbN tey]f[. Aky]l
an]diy]yi[ aH]p]s]l bie te
p>ip]kyi]siu vYi |}]tuek][ p>tz
n]yi>u yEH]v] an]dinitYvY]pkxVtzxRv{
n]yuh an]dixib]nimih an]dikZtYkR]
8
an]diy}] ]nh; èuh nini[] ]nh `Rh.

an]diy}] kZtYh; èuh nini[] kZtYh (kRh)
`Rh.
28
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
v]yuh >it]v]yuh |>iu p>msive divYzpx]d
>UpxtYxlpk]>f]l
te
pURv{
k]In
kR]nux>fm]yiu niRie m]y]k]>Y m]y
s>I>vuh k]>fvuh `Tu[ kiWitVh a[pkZtYh
mut]y
niytBuvnii>u[
niyt
EB]ge
anuBvic{u te aDik]>]vx]nil m>ic{u Ep]ku
O>u psuv]kuu 10 ù eesvxi]h 11.
|ni ci zkix[tYM]R |k]il |
il | zpk]>h O>u nimivuh kUT]et
xZikZtYh ecy{femu O>u x[ph yEH]v]yueT
HZdyil an]diy]yi[ aTiiTu ùh A
an]di xix[pzpk]>h niytk]il Ever O>u
nimivuh kUT]et yEH]v] xZic{u ùh pryuu.
A vcnh eebbiil |}]tuek]uh tniuEvi
xZic{u
`riyiu
Ti
zpm]fee][
tTueTuky]uh azpm]fm]kuu.
Emuh |k]il | il |
zpk]>h xZi ecy{fem x[ph yEH]vyueT
HZdyil an]diy]yi[ aTiiTu ùv>ikil
azpk]>hte |k][ |yizpk]>h iti,
xhH]>,
nizgHL
`
kZtYeyuh
ecEy{t]efu xlpvuhkUTi
xRv{n]y
yEH]vyueT HZdyil an]diy]yi[ aTiiTu
10
jIvN (jIv]]v[).
eesvxi]h O>u pu>]tnB]>tIydRsnm]f[. atnux>ic{[ sivN
xRv{nuh,
xRv{vY]piyuh
xVtznum]y
p>mttVm]f[.
|o
dRsnil sivN "psupti" ùh jIvN "psu" ùh ariyeTuu.
11
29
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ù prEyiv>uh. Aky]l xZikZtYinu Ever
O>u nimivuh aEpieT]tu Ep]e te
mu kZtYLuh Ever y]et]>u nimivuh
aEpieTukyi}. Aytuek]u yEH]v] jIvM]
>ueT p]ppufY]y nimi k]>fe AvsY
eTuk |e}uh an]dixixlpzpk]>h av>vRu
n>kmuike ek]Tuuemuh A itiu jIvM]R
Em]xii]yi[ y]et]>u k]>Yeyuh ni>Upiyuh
ecy{ukyuh Eveuh aen Evei>iuE]L
jIvM]R
Em]iEy[uEvi
visV]xeyuh
zpyt[neyuh eeke]uecy{femu niymiu
eebbiL evruetyut]efuh A eebbiien
klic{ yEH]v arivi}]venuh vuEp]kuh.
atin]l an]dixixlpnimixVIk]>h x]Duv]
kut}.
|ni Edve kZtYnimih `]kuu ù
vic]>iut[ jIvM]Ru tt} ùh EdvN te
|]zpk]>h ecy{ut}]et jIvM]>ueT yui[
Ec>vh ecy{uvn} ù ci>u pryutu[.
A v]uek][ anizpxhgh 12 \]kuh. è]l
xk mtv]dikuh avnve mts]x[ztete
Edvv]kYh
ù
EG]Sium]er]u.
avyil
axu]y mts]x[zte Edvv]kY}]eyu
Es]Dnecy[tu tutiEy[[ at]tu s]x[zti
u etuke k]fic{[ AEph ecy{uE]L
EdvniRits]x[ztm]efuh Aytu kiWiM]>]
12
\Esic{tinu vi>um]y Pmu]vuh `Rh.
30
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
yi>iu jIvM]>ueT yui[ anux]>iy]yi>iyi
e}uh EdvN ExVzpk]>h ecy{uemuh avkeuric{u
jIvM]R vic]>ic{u kUT]eyuh at]t[ mt]>]l
xm]D]nh pryeTuh. A iti[ xk mtuh
xtYm]yiuvte `[ vuEp]kyuh aE]L
zkix[tumth Oum]ztEm xtYm]yiuu ` v]dh dUe>
etric{uEp]kyuh ecy{umE}].
a}]etyuh
tniuEvi
xZic{u
ù
yEH]v]y]l
eebbiil
pryetuek]uh,
ariviu viSym]k]tu zpm]fil pryeTuk
yi}]tuhek]uh, xZiyueT nimih avEy 13
m]yiut]ky]l
atie
Eb]Dh
jIvM]R[
anRHemu pryut[ eebbiinu vi>um]kuu.
|niyuh
EdvkZtYnimih
av]cYm]yiuetu
pryuuevil
BvbE]TukUTiy
jIvM]R[
azg]HYvuh atin]l zsutiyil pryeT]tuh Ay
p>m>HxYm}E}] av]cYh. |vieT aeny}E}].
kZtYnimih EdvmHimzpk]sem[ yEH]v] pri>i
uE}], ìuh atien av]cYemu pryut[
amc{i
ù
puztM]R
pryutuEp]ete
vic]>i]h.
|en eedvkZtYnimieuric{uh vic]>ic{
tiuh eedvfmie}u x]Dic{i>iuu.
13
ariiut[
31
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\p]d]nh
a}Ey] zkix[tIy zpxhgikE!
yEH]v] \p]d]nk]>fh 14 kUT]et sUnYil ni]fu
E]ke xZic{etu niL pryuE}]. `]l
xlk]>filniu xlk]>YEm jniU. k]>fil
si>Upm]yi>utute pie k]>k]l 15 vYi
>Upm]yiu k]>Ym]kuh. viilniu m>h ènEy]
atuEp]e k]>fh kuT]et k]E>Y]lpi O>iTumi}.
axlk]>fil axlk]>Yh a}]et xlk]>Yh
jniukyumi}.
mfilni[
`
\]kyi}.
ep]ilni[ |>uu]kut}. kuTe aEpic{u
mienyuh, eet>ien aEpic{u p]ienyuh xVIk>iu
tuEp]e at]tu k]>Ye aEpic{u k]>fe
xVIk>i ùtuh k]>Yil k]>ftVh |>iuu
ùtuh
nY]yxim]ky]l
xl]>Yv]dh 16
x]Di eu, Aky]l GTh mut]y k]>YL[
ku]N mut]y kRtZk]>fvuh mu mut]y
\p]d]n k]>fvuh m]mi}]et niytm]yi>iy]l
k]>Ym]y E]kinu kR]vuh \p]d]nk]>fvuh,
AvsYkm]yi uet[ anumieTuh. E]km]y O>u
14
O>u vx[tu ù pd]Ril niu]kuuEv] at]f[ atie

\p]d]nk]>fh. kuTie \p]d]nk]>fh muh, vx[ztie \p]d]n
k]>fh nUum]kuu.
15
kR]v[, kRh, \pk>fh mut]yv
16
k]>Yh k]>fil aTiyi>iuu ` v]dm]f[ xt[k]>Yv]dh. \d].
kuTie \t[piumuute at[ mil aRInm]yi>uu
`]f[ |o v]dh pryut[.
32
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pil 17
k]>YtVm]y
O>u
anum]n]l
anumieTu kR]vuh \pd]nk]>fvuh Ay >u
x]Yil
Ou
xim]kuemuh
mEt[
axim]kuemuh
klpiut[
O>u
viDiuh
yum]kui}E}].
at}
azpk]>h
xti
ùv]l
anum]nzpm]fe}]h a<iuEp]kut]f[.
aen ìl k]>YtVEHtuvin]l dZ]
xiGT]di kR]il Èp]e d]R]ik
xiE]kkR]viuh
alp]nh,
alpsi,
p>vst
mut]y
gufL
\]yi>iuemu
vuEp]kumE}]. `]l dZ]il GTkR]v]y
jIv]]v]ke GTe nivZiut]y te
k]>Yeuric{u mu<uvnuh ariyuvnuh mu<uvnuh
ecy{uvnuh
xVtznuh
te
k]>YnivZiu
tt]y s>I>]vDi
niyuvnuh Ayi>iuh.
azpk]>hte |osnuh te k]>Yil pUR]nh
mut]yvEy]Tu kUTiyvn]yi>iuem[ tIRc{y]kuh.
aen ìl GTkR]vu te k]>Ym}]
pTh mut]yvey ecy{]tuEp]e |osnuh te
k]>Ym}] Ever]ien ecy{]vn]kumE}]. `]l,
|ose k]>Ym}]et anYk]>Ymi}]tuek][ |o
18
17
x]DYh \E] |}Ey] ù xhsymu m]fu ph. \d].

"pRv{til tIyu[; pukyutuek][" ` anum]nv]kYil "tI"
x]DYvuh, "pukyutuek][" `tu EHtuvuh, "pRv{th" pvum]f[.
18
vx[zth
33
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
xhsyiEy[[ avx>Em |}, atin]l k]>YtV
EHtuvin]l \p]d]nk]>fh x]DieTuu. `]l
eedvh xRvx]mRYhek][ k]>fh kUT]et k]>Ye
jniiuh ùv>ikil, atu Ec>ukyi}. xRv{
x]mRYemt[ s>iy]yi `}]veyuh tTvukUT]et
nTuu siy]kuu. A si \euvc{[
s>iy]ytien
a}]et
s>iy}]tien
ecy[k
ùt[
O>u
viDiuh
xRv{x]mRYe
t]ut}. kZstyuh Utyuh m]r]et |>iEv
kTukink[ mey kTut[ tt}, aen
ecy{]tuek][
xRv{x]mRYhBhgh
O>iuh
\]kyi}.
\]kuemuv>ikil
eedvh
tniu
tuYn]y Ever O>u an]di eedve \]utinuh
te |}]t]iyutinuh k<iy]vn]ky]l
axmRenu
vE>t]f[.
atu
niLu
xtm}]ek][ \p]d]nk]>fe aEpiy]l
xRv{x]mRYBhgh O>iuh \]kut}.
|niyuh eedvh t]Nte \p]d]nk]>fvuh
nimik]>fvum]yiu ni[ E]ke jniic{u ù
niyi]mE}]. ìl,
atu Ec>ukyi}. k]>Yh k]>f]kh `]f[
nY]yh. Aky]l evu vx[ztie \p]d]nk]>f
m]y tuvuh evu nirE]TukUTi |>iutuEp]e
Ectnvuh aEctnvum]y E]kin[ \p]d]nk]>f
m]yi>iek][ eedvvuh EctntVvuh aEctntVvuh
\venu prEyiv>uh. aE]L aEnY]nYh vi>u
34
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
]y ectntV]EctntVe >u DRuhkUTi
O>u DRiyil |>iukyumi}E}].
O>hshek]u
EctntVvuh
aEctntVvuh \venu v>ikil,
O>hshek]u
x]vyvtVh \]yi GTpT]dikL[ Èp]e

k]>YtVh vu p>mk]>ftVBhgh Bviuh. "ydYd[
x]vyvh tl k]>Yh y] GTpT]di" - ~et}]h
avyvE]Tu kUTiyEt] aet}]h k]>Ym]kuu. GTh,
pTh mut]yv ènEy] azpk]>h |t}Ey] nY]yh.
|niyuh
eedvh
xVtztVmuvn]ky]l
Ever]ien aEpi]et ExV]zpk]>h E]ke
niRic{uevu anuvdi]emil,
atu
nY]ye
ecy{ut[?
Ec>ukyi}. xVtztVh \tuek][

En]]etEy]
En]iEy]
kZtYe
En]]et ecy{uemil jIvM]>ueT pufYp]p

]ku k]>fL Eveuh Et]iyEp]e niymh
kUT]et xuKduKe ek]Tuuemuh k]>Yinu
tt]y k]h, Edsh mut]y x]m]nYk]>feyuh
En]]et yEh kZtYh ecy{uemuh DRiDRB]v
xhbnY]yh 19 En]]et k]inYmut]y BUmiey
zdvtVmut]ukyuh zdvtVmu je k]inYvuh
19
BUmiy[u k]inYvuh, gvuh DR]kuu. jie "DRh"

>xvuh, zdvtVvum]f[. BUmiyuh, jvuh "DRi" `riyeTuu. |v
tiu xhbm]f[ DRiDRB]vxhbh.
35
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
gvuh \t]ukyuh ag[niey >xmut]ukyuh
v]yuvien
>Upmut]ukyuh
|niyuh
Et]iy
zpk]>em}]h ecy{uemuh nY]yh En]iey]ef
il k]>Yk]>fxVB]vxhbnY]yeyuh 20 xlk]>Y
v]dnY]yeyuh anux>ic{[ \pd]nk]>fe aEp
ic{[ kZtYh ecy{uh `}Ey] xtiEt[.
aeny]efil \p]d]nk]>fh mut]yvey
aEpic{[ kZtYh ecy{utuek][ eedvh xVtztVh
|}]vn]kumE}]. `]l aen a}. eedvie
xV]tzYm]yt[
xVtzm]y
Ever
Oin]l
Ezp>Ym]fm}]et |>u[ x]Dnh mut]yvey niymic{u
nTu siy]kuu. a}]et jIvkRh mut]y
vey aEpi]et |>iut}. B]g]>h mut]y
vey aEpic{u d]nh mut]y kZtYe ecy{u
>]j]vinu xV]vDi xVtztVh kury]tuEp]e
nimih, \p]d]nk]>fh, jIvkRh mut]yvey
aEpic{u kZtYh ecy{u eedvinuh xV]tzYinu
y]et]>u kurvuh |}.
|en \p]d]nk]>feuric{u vic]>ic{tiuh
eedvfmie}u ki>iuu.
20
k]>fie xVB]vh
k]>Yk]>fxVB]vxhbh.
k]>Yil
36
anuvRiuh
`t]f[
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
AdixZi
yEH]v AdimnuSYe> viEvkmi}]v>]yiu xZic{t[
ìn[? aen a} avR viEvkmuvRte
Ayi>uu ìl vieTutien ecy{ut]f[
cI, ecy{]ti>iut]f[ n}t[ ù ti>ic{riy]et
viiy kniey Bic{t[ ùek][? A kniey
Bic{tie EsSh \]y gufEd]S]nh muE
|}]ti>utuh
ùek][?
azpk]>h
xZic{
yEH]v] ave> |>uiy Et]il \pEy]gmi}]
O>u vZeyuh kUTi \]ivc{t[ ìn[?O>u
pit]v]ke k]<[cy[u n}t]y O>u viSniey
ek]uecu viEvkmi}] kuikL |>iu te
vIil evc{[ |tien Bi>uet[ viiEyc{u
Ep]ytie
EsSh
avR
atien
Bic{u
apjyeuevil A kuh A pit]vie Ep>i}]et
kuikueT Ep>i]kuEm]? atuEp]e AdimnuSYR
p]pik]y kuh A yEH]v] ` eedvi}]et
av>il |>iuEm]?
|niyuh A eedvh t]N przpk]>h viiy
p<e
Bic{
Aien
aute
m>fsi
ek]Tu]et viukt[ nItiEy]? at[ kZpek]e
uv>ikil xRv{n]y t]N piITu v>uv]N
Ep]ku `}]veyuh ariyuvn]yi>ie atien
muilkUi ni>Upi]et viuEp]yt[ ùek][?
37
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
Emuh A kniey ti]l gufEd]S]nh
\]kuemut[ v]x[tvm]fe}]. A iti[
atien
viiytute
vWkm}Ey]?
`]l
aen a}, A vZinu xVyEm gufEd]S]nh
ariyiu O>u si |}],yEH]v] viDic{ zpk]>h
ecy{utu n}etuh, viiytien ecy{ut]f[
cI ùh ariyutiEy[[ O>u arikuriy]yi
nilek][ atien gufEd]Se \fRu
vZemu pru ùv>ikil, |o aRe
xtiutiEy[u
zpm]fem]umi}]etyuh
A
kniey Bic{uE]L av>ueT kukL tureu
ù pru |>iek][ Ayt[ tIe> Ec>uki}.
|niyuh èium]ke, vZe avieT
vy[ukyuh
|tie
p<e
Bi>uetu
viukyuh ecy[tt[ ìn]yi[? te viDi[ aTu
t[ gufh, aT]t[ Ed]Sh ùtien A m>h
v<iy]yi avR[ arivuek]Tufemu ni>Upic{i]
kuu ìl tniuh p>M]Ruh \pk]>eTt]y
Ever v} klpnkeyuh klpi]m]yi>uE}], O>u
Pvuh |}]t]y |o vZ]klpney klpic{t[
ìn[?
atuh A]Lu viEvke ek]Tut]f[
ìl eedvm]kuu xRvk]>fenuh atuek][
ave viDiey anux>iut]fu gufm]yiu
etuh. a}]t[ Ed]Sm]efuh avR n}tiNvh
ariyum]yi>uu.
aE]L
atiEy[]yi[
|o
38
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
viSvZh Evfemi}E}]? Evfemil muM]>]y
vRuh |enyu klpn ek]TuEt]f[.
a}]etyuh te Ayil \LeTuEm] |}Ey] ù
p>Iiutinu
viSvZevc{u
viiEn]i
ù
v>uE]L
muilUi
ariy]tuek][
xRv{ne}u vuEp]kumE}].
eedvh mnuSYRu xV]DIntVe ek]Tui>uu.
atuek][ av>ueT Ep>il a}]et eedvie
Ep>il kumi}. ìl,
O>u
pit]v[
viEvkmi}]
kuikLu
xV]DIntey ek]Tuukyuh atu EHtuv]yi[ avR
viy Ed]Se ecy{ukyuh ecy[t]l A Ed]SL
A>ueT
Ep>il
|>iuh?
viEvkmi}]vRu
xV]DIntey ek]Tutu nItiEy]? atuh |>ie.
eedvh te >Upm]yiu xZic{ mnuSYe> vWic{u
ekTutl ecy{utin[ O>u pis]c[ sn]kuEm]?
azpk]>h pis]cu vu Ed]SeTuiyE]L eedvh
avieT |}]yi>uu ìl xRv{vY]pkne}uh
atien ariie}il xRvne}uh
atien
ariiuh A pis]cien Ki]N k<iy]et
|>uuEp]yi
ìl
ansiyuvne}uh
atiEy[[ xtic{i>uu ìl k>ufyi}]v
enuh tIRc{y]]h.
O>u dumZgh vu te kuiey ek]}utinu
tuTuE]L
atien
viuv]N
k<iyutuh
39
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
zpy]xeT]et vZ] En]ie]i>iuven pit]v[
ù pryuEm]? O>iuh prukUT]. A itiu
niueT
eedve
xRv{E]k
pit]v]efu
ni>Upiutuh pryutuh s>iy]Ef]?
pis]cien siiukyuh mnuSYe> muiyil
EcRuek]ukyuh ecy{]h ù aBizp]yE]Tu
kUTi Ayi>uu. ìl vY]DiEyyuh OoSDEyuh
x]diut[ buiEkT]ky]l at[ O>u zB]kZtY
m]yi]yi>iuh ùm]zth prEyiv>uh.
|niyuh
mnuSY>ueT
suiey
nsiic{t[
pis]c]efu pryuE}]. A itiu muEte
EdvdUtNmu>ueT suiey nsiic{[ |o pis]c]k
vh AiIRt[ Ever O>u pis]c[ ù
niyiEt]f[. atiEy[u a[ avieT azpk]>h
O>u
pis]c[
|}]yi>utuek][
yEH]v]te
`}]ve>yuh ekTu pis]c[ ù pryeTfh.
atukUT]etyuh pis]c[ xREvSh eki vu
mnuSYe> Ed]SeTuiytuek][ A pis]cien
spi]et xRe `}]h spic{t[ ìn[?
p]ph \]kutin[ O>uviDiuh k]>f]
k] xRL `}]h s]pEm iti[ A
p]Ep]lpiu
Ene>
k]>fm]yi>u
pis]cuh
vZvuh atuke xZic{ eedvvuh s]pEml]et
O<itu nItiy]yiututeEy]?
40
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|niyuh AdimnuSYR Ed]Sh ecy[ttuek][
avRu ek]Tu s]ph av>ueT xtiyil jniu
`}] mnuSYRuh pvh niyic{tie k]>f
em]f[?
(Adipux[tkh 6-6,7)
t]N BUmiyil mnuSYe>
xZic{tienuric{[ p>itpic{u.
at[ yEH]v]yueT
HZdyil Evdny]yi>uu. n]h mnuSYe> xZic{t[
nmuu p>it]pm]yi>iuu.
yEH]v], |zpk]>h |Ey]TukUTi
xZic{i[ pie p>itpic{t[ ìn[?
mnuSYe>
t]N xZic{ mnuSYR suM]>]yi>i]et

p]pik]yiEp]ytuek]u p>itpic{u ìl,
atu nY]yhte. A mnuSYR p]pik]eyu
m]ztmE} \u. Ever anY]yem]uh ecy[ti}E}]. A
ave> xZic{tienuric{[ p>itpic{[ yEH]v] t]N
xZic{ eedvdUtN p]piy]yuh pis]c]yuh tIRu
ùm]ztm},
te
aTimk]y
mnuSYe>yuh
Ed]SeTui te Ep>il apkIRiyuh \]i
IRu te klpneyyuh hGic{[ t]N jnic{[
keu m>iutiEy[u |Ty]i jnnm>fmi}]
venu Ep>ienyuh anRv]i. |en `}]h
tniu mH]n]se ecy[ttuek][ A, ave>
xZic{tien vic]>ic{[ atYh p>itpi]nut]
yi>ie a[phEp]uh atieni p>itpi]et
|>ut[ è]ek]E]? xZic{utuTiy]l |zpk]>
41
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mu Ed]Se}]h xhBviuemutien muilUi
arii>uie}il xRvn} ùh ariu
ek]ute Ayi>uuevil kZp |}]venuh
piITu p>itpic{tu kemuh niyiEt]f[.
a}]etyuh
E]k[
|t[
|Ep]e
Akuem[ arii>u]l |t[ |vh nTE
t]efu niytniyvuhkUTi aE]L ecy[tu
ek]ukyi}Ey]? A itiu yEH]v] niyic{
zpk]>hte `}]h nTuh `}]et |Ty[u
etiEp]kuEm]?
etiEp]kuemil
xRvtVvuh
xRvkRZtVvuh |}]t]kumE}]. aen Ouh eti
E]yie}il xmx[tvuh yEH]v]yueT niymzpk]>h
te xhBvic{iuetu prEyt]f[. atuek][
xk p]puh vI<[ckuh yEH]vyueT Ep>il
a}]et mnuSY>ueTEml |>iutiEy[u tIe>
nY]yh |}.
AdYEmte
xkeyuh
niyic{i>u
ùtinu zpm]fh (~ePxiy]R 1-4) n]h
suiyuv>]yuh
x[EnHie
te
mu]ek
kumi}]v>]yuh |>iEutin[ avN E]kie
aTi]ninu
mue
ne
|vl
ti>eTui>iu zpk]>hte Ti 11v] te
mnie
AE]cn
Ep]ete
xkeyuh
zpvRiutie
niRyzpk]>h
n]h
muN
niymiei[ |vl nmu[ O>vk]sh Bic{i>iuu.
Er]m]]R
828
viEsSic{uh
eedve
42
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
x[EnHiuv>uh
ave
muN
niyzpk]>h
viiev>uh
AyuvRu
`}]
k]>Yuh
nNmy[]yi[ O>umic{u vY]p>iuu ù n]h
ariyuu.
(Er]m]. 8-29) ùek]e]l avN muN
arive> te puztN aEnk xEH]d>M]>il AdY
j]tn]yi>iEutin[ ave xV>UpE]T[ anu>Up
eTuuv]n]yiu muN niyic{u. (Ti. 30) avN ~ve>
muN niyic{uEv] ave>e avN nItIk>ic{u.
~ve>
avN
nItIk>ic{uEv]
ave>
avN
mHtVeTui. (ae]x[Et]: nTukL 2-22) v] eedv
ie niy AE]cny]uh muN arivin]uh
~[ieTukek]u
niL
avenpiTic{[
du
eekkLek][
aven
ku>isil
trc{uek]u.
(Er]m]]R 9-22,23)
pie eedvh te Ezk]De
k]fi]nuh te siey ariyi]nuh |e[
n]sinu
Ey]gYm]yu
Ezk]Dp]zte
ve>
dIRGs]tEy]Tu
xHic{u
ìl
`[?
t]N
mHtVinumuil O>uiy k]>ufYp]ztil te
mHtVie e`sV>Ye ariyi]nuh |euevil
`[? (2 etE]niy]R 2-13) `]l kR]vin]l
Exvie xEH]d>M]e>, nie eedvh Adi tuTi
A]vin]u
suIk>f]uh
xtYiu
visV]x]uh >y[u ti>eTui>iek][,
|o v]kY]l |t[ |vh nTfemu
xZik][ AdYhte yEH]v] niyic{i>uu ù
43
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
Et]uu. atuek][ yEH]vyueT niymzpk]>h
tey]f[
xk
Ed]Suh
xhBc{t[
ù
etiv]yi>iuu. Aky]l A eedvh t]N ecy[t
p]piEy[uEvi A]e diiutu mH]
anY]ym]kuu.
|en AdixZi ni>Upfhek][ eedvf
mie}[ x]DieTuu.
44
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
duRgufh
niueT yEH]v] ` eedvil |}]v
y]y xRv{]tV]di gufL A eedvil \t]
yiu viy kh pru ùteyum} aEHi
nuvk]y eev>]gYh, Ek]ph, axUy, jIvEzd]Hh,
x[tutizpIti, vY]kutVh, dutVh, axtYh mut]y
viy duRgufe Oienyuh eviu pry]et
mrc{uevc{ukyukyuh ecy[tE}]?
`]l wL muNpr duRufL `}]h
yEH]v]y[u \eutien niL xtYemu
eeke]i>iu
eebbiL
zpm]fhem]ute
x]Di]h.
(pur]Tupux[tkh 20-5)
w]N eev>]gYmu
eedvh. (Ti 34-14) eev>]gYem n]mmu yEH]v]
eev>]gYmu eedvh; (Ey]suv] 24-19) avN eev>]gY
mu eedvh ìen pri>iek]u eev>]gY
muvenuh, (xhKY]pux[tkh 16-46)
atiEk]ph
yEH]v]yueT xiDiyil niuh pureu b]D
tuTiyiuu. (purT[ 32-10) è Ek]ph avRu
viE>]Dm]yi ki w]N nsiiEutin[ è
viTuk. |en pri>iek][ Ek]pmuvenuh
(AdYpux[tkh 3-22,23) an>h eedvh |t] mnuSYN
gufEd]Se ariyvn]yi nil O>uven
E]e Ayi |<uh avN te ky{u nIi
45
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
jIvvZie knieyyuh pric{u Bic{u xd]k]vuh
jIvic{i>i]vh niymifemu pr ~dN `
Et]ilniuh |riviu. (AdYpux[tkh 11) jnL
O>u viy \tm]y Ek]vil ekuv]N tuTiytien
k[ atin]l avR mH]kIRi aTy]N Ep]kuu
ù k>uti yEH]v] ave> Biiic{u ktin]l
axUy \venuh, (pur]Tupux[tkh 12) mizxyih
Edsu `}] kTiUl kuikeyuh p]ti>]ztiyil
ek]u. prEv]vie HZdye kineTui te
klpney eeke]]et viie][ avenyuh
aveyuh Exnkeyuh te mHim zpk]siutinu
Evi xmuzdil muie]u. (eviy]pux[tkh 16-1)
te xiDiyil v aHE>]e puztM]e> >uEpe>
ek]u. (1 smueyl 25-38) n]b]N `ven aTic{u
ek]u. piuh |zxEyl jnueTyuh mu p>ueTyuh
|Tyil aEnk kHe \]i ve> ek]
ecy[tu ù pri>iek][ jIvEzd]Hi ùh,
te mHim zpk]siutinuEvi zpyt[nic{u ti>iyu
venuh eebbiil p uh pri>iek][
x[tutizpiyenuh, xZic{E]L xE]Siukyuh
piIT[ p>itpiukyuh vY]kutVmuvenuh (pur]T[
1) vy]ik]y xizp]yuh pUy]yuh kh prtu
ek][ ave> anuzgHic{u, (1 >]j]M]R 22) O>u
A]vien ayc{u kh pryic{ AH]b[ `venyuh
ave Exnkeyuh ek]u ù pri>iek][
axtYv]enuh, (pur]T[ 11) |zxEyM]e> ayl
]E>]T[ AB>fe |>vl v]ie][ Oic{[
O]TiE]kvh ek]ui viu. (2 smuEvl 12)
46
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
d]vId[ `vN \riy]vie B]>Yey ayl]>En]Tu
syi]N k[pic{u. (AdYpux[tkh 20,26) azbH]vuh
|xH]uh
kh
prtie
EsSh
ave>
sii]et anuzgHic{u. (eH]sy] 1-2) nI ecu
ninu EvsY]vZiyu O>u B]>YEyyuh EvsY]vZi
kie eepteyuh `Tuuek]Lk ìen
ey}]h pri>iek][ mH] dutyuvN ùh
k]fuu.
|niyuh
eebbiL
pux[tkil
k]fu
yEH]v]yueT
duRufeyuh
du>]p]>eyuh
duRv]ukeyuh prk ùvc{]l aDik vix[t]>m]yi
Ep]kuemu |ztyuhek][ mtiy]kuemuh k>uti
|vieT avx]niiuu.
|ni (Adipux[tkh 1-26,27) eedvh te >Upm]
yiu mnuSYen xZic{u ù k]fuu. aE]L
yEH]v] a>UpiEy] xV>UpiEy]? O>iuh xV>Upiy}].
a>Upitey]f[. ìl a>Upm]y xV>Upi}Ey]
xZic{i>iU. |E]L mnuSYe>u pryeuv>u
mnuSYe>ey]fu
xZic{i>ut[
ùv>ukil
xZic{ eedvh a>Upiy}] xV>Upi aEzt.
eH! aen a} te xV>Upemu pr
tinRh s>I>em] A]v[ `]f[ ìl
yEH]v xZic{tu s>I>eEy] A]vienEy]
>iEnyuh kUTiEy]? (Adipux[tkh 2-7) yEH]v
mnuSYen muek]u xZic{u jIvsVxe mUilkUTi
\oti mnuSYen jIv]]v]i ù k]fuky]l
47
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
xZic{t[ te >Upiei>iek]uh A]v[
eedvie jIvsV]xm]ky]l atu xZie
te}[ |>iy]uh A]vieny} s>I>ey]f[
xZic{t[. ]nie vTivil xZic{u ù
pryutin]l |niyuh viy Ed]Sh |>iuu.
at]yt[ AdimnuSYen ]nie >Upm]yi]fu
xZic{etil
avnu
xV]B]vikm]yiu
]nh
zpk]si]et
|>iuEm]?
zpk]sic{i>uu
ìl
gufEd]Se ti>ic{riy]et |>iuEm]? arii>uu
ìl
te
x[ztI
pis]c]y
xRie
eekvseuEp]kuEm]?
avL
vseuEp]y]uh
avueT v]ien |vN EkLum]yi>uE]? |}E}].
atuek][ xV>Upemt[ ariv} s>I>hte Af[.
|niyuh xV>Upemutin[ aRh ariv[ `]efil
mnuSYnu kni tiutinu muiu]yi>u ]nEm
eedvinuU ùh aE]L kni titie EsSh
mnuSYnu]y gufEd]S]nh Ep]uh eedvini
e}uh O>u Ev \eu pryuph yEH]vyuh |o
kniey è]E<] O>il tii]f[ gufEd]S]nh
viuetuh xV]B]vikm]yi[ |o ]nh |e}uh
tIRc{y]kuh `]kuu.
pieyuh muek]u]iyetuh mUil \oti
ùh k[pn ek]Tuu ùh k]fuE}]. |tiE
y[[ ky{[, v]y[, mU[ |vkuh eedvh v>u se
Eku
ù
k]fuky]l
sh
EkLum]r[
nTutiEy[[ k]ukuh k]yN, En]v] mut]y
48
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
vRu k]feu ì>iy]l >Upvuh kUT]et
èn Af[? |niyuh Adh ng[nn]kek][ ic{[
Oic{i>uu
ù
k]fuu. aE]L a>Upiey
k]futiEn] k]f]et iutiEn] ARe
iuh |Tv>uEm]? |}E}]. |et}]hek]uh En]u
E]L yEH]v] xV>Upieyute niyieTuu.
(Adipux[tkh 3-8) pkl tfuu xmyu
Et]il
xW>iu
yEH]v]
ì>iy]l
\c{]e evyiien Bye[ èvyiil xuK
inu Evi ]uvenuh atuek]u sIEt]S[f
xuKduK]dike}]h \venuh \r]kuu.
|niyuh ptumu[. avke}]h |>ie.
|en `}]hek]uh yEH]v]y[u eedvf
mie}uh Aytin]l vfvenuh mHtVmu
venuh aRmut]yi pryeTu "È]Hih",
xRvv}Benu
aRmut]yi
pryeTu
"~iEy]N", t]l t]n]yi jIvnuvN, nitYN,
y]v]N,
AdYmi}]vN,
m]mi}]vN
|o
aRut]yi pryeTu "yEH]v]", `}]v>ueT
Emuh eedvm]ky]l xktinuh nY]y]Dipti `[
aRut]yi pryeTu "sd]yi", `zb]y
B]Syiu
|o
n]muh
eedvemRmu
"etey]i",
kR]evRmu
"kUriEy]i"
zgIuB]Syiu
|o n]muh
|o yEH]v]
eedvinu Ec>]vy]kuu ùh x[pm]kuu.
49
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
zkix[tuc>ith
Eysuzkix[tuvuh a[ph Ep]uh eedvtVmi}]
A]efu k]fi]h.
yUEr]uKiu
pURv{c>iztil
Eysuvie k]u xhBvic{iu xhgtike \
zpk]>h k] Edse niRyic{[ `<utivc{t[
ey]xiEm][ 21 ` A]kuu. Eysuv]ke y]Rm]
yi[ a]u]yi>iyuh m>ic{ve> jIviil
mut]y autL ek][ jne zBmiiukyuh
ecy[ti>uu ìl ey]iEm][ `<utiy c>iztil
pry]et viukyu m]yi>uE]? O>u Ev avkL
aEHie
ecviyil
kT]etyi>u]yi>i]h.
ìuh Eysu ku>isieE]L pklxmyh >]zti
xmyh Ep]e ak]>m]yi>uu ù viEsSxhBv
ekUTi aEHh ariy] ti>uuEp]Ey]? O>uxmyh
aenyumi>ie. au]yt]yi prye BUk
euric{u O]Ryuh aEHie mnilni[
tIe> nIiE]Ey]? aztyum} Eysu jnic{ A[,
m]xh, tIyti |vke eebbiil pry]et viu
ketuek][? jnic{ divxE]uh m>ic{
divxh avsYh gfieETt]yi>uiuh Aytien
yuh prii}E}]. nUtnm]yi[ O>u nzth \dic{[
atiene]u jnnn]ien gfi]mE}]. `]l
21
Josephus (37 c.100 CE)
50
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
1890 xhvX>LumuE 22 azpk]>h \dic{iu t]yi
|Y, cIn, EpRSY, yUEr][ |o iu
Ak]sgfits]x[ztim]R Ae>iuh xtiuuE]?
atumi}.
Aky]l
Eysu
è]>]u]yi>uu
ùtute xEHi]yi>iuu.
ati>ie, v]x[tvm]yiu]yi>ueu vic]>i
]h `]uh Eysuvie jnnh mutlE muve>
E]e a}]et Ever èiuh viEsSmu]
yi>uE]? gRBikeT]etEy] Ey]nIxhbh kUT]
etEy] jniEc{]? jnic{E]L te E]kzpxi ]y
autL èiumu]Ey]? x]D]>f zpxi
]y autL èiumu]Ey]? x]D]>f
mnuSY>UpeE]ey}]et n]ut, ùeek |en
v} viDvumu]yi>uE]? jnic{E]L te `fI[
nT[ \pEdsi]N tuTiEy]? vis[, d]Hh, nizd, jh,
mh |o vk \p]DikE]Tu kUT]et vRE]? |}E}].
pie aEHh jnic{ muHUR viEsSh ek][ AdYh
te
m]t]vil
p]tizvtYs
AE>]pieu.
>]mt[ A diil aE divxh >uvyinkh
zp]ymu mUv]yi>h kuikL ek]}eTu kyuh timih
jnLu]y vYxn]DikYh EHtu v]yi[ A diu
mu<uvnuh sUnYmTuEp]kukyuh ecy[tu. eedvpuzt
n]f[ jnic{etil atunimih xE]SeTuv]nu
diumu<uvnuh
|en
vYxnh
ek]]TuEm]?
O>iumi}. Aytuek][ zkix[tute an]diy]yiu
bic{[ mUmk]>f]l pURv{k]InkR]nux]>
22
1890-]h Ai]f[ |o pux[tkh >ciet[.
51
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
m]yi[ m]y] k]>Ym]y cRh, >h, m]hxh, Emd[,
ai, m, suk[h ` xp[tD]tuee]u
]y s>I>e `Tuu gREB]t[pi Ay E]L
m]t]vie mU]g[niek]u tpic{ gRBxWiyil nir
nI>il mu<uki v]yuvin]l en>ui tic{[ 23
m]t]vinu]y vis[, d]Hh mut]y Evdnk]l
keu Ey]ni dV]>il ew>ui jnnEvdn
mu<uvnuh anuBvic{u jnic{u vR[ jnEzd]Hh,
eedvdUSfh
mut]y
kinp]tke
ecy[t[
auti>i[ 33-]h vyil t]N ecy[t mH]
Ed]SL nimih ku>isil try[ eu niviic{u
prvx]nii]N k<iy] Evdnk E]TukUTi
m>ic{tuek]uh mu k]>f]uh aEHh x]D]>f
jIvM]e>]uh dujIvn]efutu etiv]yi>i
uu.
(mRE]x[ 13-32) `]l A n]ienyuh n]<ik
eyyuh kuric{u pit]v}]et O>unuh ariyui}.
xVRiu dUtM]>]ke puztN (Eysu) Ake
ariyui}.
|o
v]kYh
ek][
xRv{n]y
(`}]mri) eedvh (pit]v[) O>uni>iuuevuh
Eysuvin[ azpk]>mu si |e}uh etiv]ky]l
zkix[tu xRv{n}.
Eysu te eedvxVB]vE]TukUTi neE]e
psid]Huh bHIntkumut]y O>u mnuSYxVB]v
Eyuh D>ic{i>uu ùh zkix[tuvien eebbiil
23
|ki
52
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
eedvpuztenuh
mnuSYpuztenuh
pryut]yuh
xVRu dUt>uh puztnuhkUeT ariyuie}}]et
eedvpuztnuh kUeT ù pri}E}] atuek][
mnuSYpuzten]f[ atin[ aRh EcREetuh
pryuu ìl |tiu zpm]fEm |}. atukUT]etyuh
niL Eysuvin[ ariukUeTuh ep]tuEvyu
nY]ym]y aRey}]et |zpk]>h axhbe
vY]KY]nic{uek]uv>utu tIe> abm]yiu Bviuh.
èn `]l,
|vieT eedvpuztenu prii}]tuek][
arik
yie}u
v]ien
eedvxVB]vE]Tu
EcRukUT] ìl mnuSYpuztenu prii}]tu
ek][ mnuSYxVB]vE]Tuh EcRukUT] ùh eedv
ùh mnuSY ùh kUT]et evruh puztenum]zth
pri>iek]u evruh xVB]vE]TukUeT te
EcR]vU
ùh
aE]L
Eysuvin[
eedvtVh,
mnuSYtVh |tukL kUT]et >uh a}] O>u evruh
tVh |en mUu "tV"L \euh Aytu eebbii
nu viE>]Demuh vuEp]kuh.
Emlpr n]iEnyuh n]<ikEyyuh mnuSYn]f[
ariy]N p]Ti}]t[. atuek][ arikyi} `
v]ien mnuSYtVE]Tute EcREt]f[ ìl
mnuSY>il EjY]ti]x[ztpitM]R E]k]vx]n
k]h mut]y k]e n}Ep]e ariuek]u
E}]. eedvtVin]l m]ztEm ariyeTuU ù
ni]l prye E]k]vx]nxmyeuric{u
53
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
]nh EjY]ti]x[ztpitM]>iuh |>iEk][
av>iuh zpEtYkh zpEtYkh eedvtVh \eu
prEyt]yiu En>iTuh. pie mUM]R |tien
arikyie}[ AEph kUT]et pry]h. atuek][
arikyi} ù v]ien mnuSYtVE]Tuh EcR]N
p]Ti}
mUtVE]Tu EcREt]yie |>iU. A
iti[ |o v]ien Eysuvie mUtVE]Tu
EcREt]yiuh aE]L Eysuvinu mUtVh è]>u
tVh kUeT EcRfemuh niyiEiv>uh. O>uEv
Eysu v>uh k]>Yeuric{u v}tuh priut]yi
niyic{uek]]uh |E]L x]D]>f kfiy]M]>uh
ci
kRyiExvkM]>uh
ci
Ek]T]ikuh
atuEp]ete v>uhk]>Yeuric{u pru v>ut[
zptYm]yi>iek][
Ayt[
O>u
viEsSm]yi
k>utiUT].
EjY]ti]x[zth
axtYvuh
EjY]XYM]R
mut]yvR kM]>uh Akuu ìl zgHfh
mutyvey
|E]L
`}]em[
muNkUi
kupiTiek]uh mnuSYR[ v>]N Ep]ku xk
anuBveyuhkuric{u j]tkh niRil tuTiyv
zptYm]yi>iek]uh A v][ a[phEp]uh
x]Duv]kyi}.
EjY]XYM]R
|E]L
ù
ariyeiu
xmyutey]f[
E]kh
avx]ni]N
Ep]kuetutu zptY]nuBvh a}]tuek][
Aytien visVxiyi} ìl zgHi< xmyL,
54
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
m>fn]L,
]mk]h,
zgHfL
mut]yv
EjY]XYM]R |e]e<}]emu pr]l atiNvh
Ouv>utuek][ E]k]vx]nxmyvuh av>ueT
kfuh
zpk]>h
Out]efu
visVxi]N
m]Rmi>ie Aytien visVxiyie}uh eebbiil
pryu E]k]vx]nk]Eyuh nY]yvic]>fEyyuh
kuric{u pviDm]y tRuh tk>]rukuh En>iuh
visVxikt]y y]et]>u k]>fvuh zptY]nuBv
vuh |}]etyuh |>uiuh Aytien visVxiuu ù
pryut[ `[ anY]ym]f[? a}]etyuh EdvdUtM]>uh
puztnuh kUeT arikyie}u tuYm]yiu pri>ie
niL puzten m]zth viEsSeTui `Tuupryut[
A v]kYinuhkUTi vi>um]kuu. |niyuh arikyie}
utin[ ariyi |e}uh kUTi aRmi>iuh ù
pruek]]uh atuh niym]yi[ EdvdUtRuh kUTi
puh. pieyuh ku<]yiutI>uh. èney}]h \p]yh
En]iy]uh xRv{tVh |e}utin[ \r}]et
|h a[phEp]uh v>ut}]. |tiEy[u |t]
OukUTi k]fic{uEp]kuu. mRE]x[ 11 -13 (|ku
O>u aim>e dU>uni[k[ atil v}tuh
kiuEm] ùvc{[ ec[ atin>iek ìyE]L
|kL a}]et Ouh ki}], ai<ueT xmyh
aE]<}]u). |o v]kYhek]uh x]D]>f mnuSYen
E]ete Eysuvinuh aTuuecu En]utinu
mu[ ariuek]utinu xRv{]nh |e}u
niym]kuu.
55
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
EH
aeny}];
Eysu
|et]>upmy]yiu
prt]f[. èney]l |ku O>u aim>
e dU>uniu kt[ dU>m]ku xVRil niuh
puiy]yi>iu jruxmien ktinuh atil v}tuh
kukiuh ùvc{[ atin>iek ectu jrux]mY>il
nY]yh, kniv[, visV]xh mut]y n} PL
\]yi>iuEm] `[ aTu[ aEnVSic{tuh |kL
a}]et Ouh k]f]t[ |zx]EyY>il m]Rie
puremyu
Ac]>]y
evruh
EvSm}]et
visV]xie PL y]et]uh |}]tinuh
ai<ueT k]h aE]}]u `t[ jruxEh,
te
xRsnk]e
ariy]ti>utinuh
|ni
nilni[ Èuh A>uh Ph ti>uet[ Eysu
spic{tu niil k}iEMl k}u EsSi]ti>iuh
n]ukL v>uemtinuh \Ten ai \fiE]ytu
jruxEmie
n]sinuh
aTy]m]kuu
ù
pr]uh xRv{]nmie}utin[ aDiki>t
}]et kurv[ a[phEp]uh k]fui}. èn `]l
evruh EvSm}]et kniv[, visV]xh mut]yv |}]
jruxEmYe> xVRuniuh k]futinumuile
av>ueT v]x[tve ariyut]f[ xRv{]n
ie fh. atuEp]yi[ xVRuniuh kE]
e<iumriE]? atuh |}. aTuuec[ aEnVSic{
tie EsSmE} arie]U. Aytuek][ |t[ xRv{
]nfm]efil `}]ve>yuh xRv{M]e>u
te pry]h. a}]etyuh jruxEmien spic{tu viy
anY]ym}Ey]? visV]xh mut]yvey \]ut[
p>isu]]vie et]<i]yi>ie azpk]>h ecy[tu
56
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
n]]ti>utin[ aEHe a}Ey] spi]nut[?
aztyum}, aim>e spic{t]f[ atiuh viEsS
m]yiut[. |ete]>u zB][? kh! kh! x]]l
xVRii>uE]L |}] xRv{]nvuh vkti>ivu
m]Ef] Eysuvinu BUmiyil vi>uE]L \]yi>uu
ù pryut[? |niyuh,
(UE]x[ 22-43) Ak]suni[ O>u EdvdUtN
v[ aven beTui (Ey]H]N 11-58) Eysu
yHUd M]e> Byeu Oic{unTu ù k]fukek][
xRv{
kRtZtVvuh
xV]tzYvumuvn}]
(Byvn]kuu).
(m]yi 26-37) Eysun]N duKe[ ativYxn
eutuTi. è A]vum>fhve>yuh mH]duKei
>iuu ùk]fuky]l Eysu xmbuiyuvn
e}uh duKeuric{u EpTiyuh xuKeuric{[
k]mvuh \vn]efuh vuEp]ky]l nitY]nn},
(m]yi 12-17)
k]uh, w]N ti>eTuiu
è BZtYN, è x[EnHitN, è A]v[ avl
|eTuu.
ù
Eysuvienuric{[
yEH]v
prt]yiuh, UE]x[ 13- 35 kR]vie n]mil
v>uvN anuzgHievN ùh k]fuky]l
Eysu eedvie |vuh anuzgHvuh xiic{ O>u
BZtYenum]zth etiv]kuu.
(m]yi 23-46) viEsSic{uh Eysu, pit]Ev! nie
eekkil w]N è A]vien ~[piuu.
(m]yi 26-39) è pit]Ev! w]niiuhEp]ey}
57
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
nI |iuE]eyezt. ù Eysu prt]yi
k]f[kek]u te A]vin[ \Tyvnuh >it]vu
m]yi[ pit]v[ (eedvh) O>unueuh t]N eedvm
e}uh te | Ep]e Ouh Piyie}uh Pi
femil eedvE]TEpifemuh xiiuu.
aEHh tnic{[ jpY]nh ecy[v]N O>u myueT mukil
kyri ùh (m]yi 27-26) "~I ~I]m]sb]ni"
(aRh: è eedvEm! è eedvEm! ùek]u nI
è eekvit[?) ù Eysu \c{il niviic{u
prt]yuh k]fuu. |tin]l Eysu O>u x]D]>f
mnuSYenE]ete m>feuric{[ Byvuh zBmvuh
\vn]yuh niviic{tuek][ Evdney xHi]N
eeD>Yvuh siyuh |}]vn]yuh xRv{sn}]
a[pEdvtey
Exvic{tuek][
avx]nk]u
ni>]D]>n]yuh te visV]xvuh AzgHvuh viP
]yuh Bvic{u ù x[pm]kuu.
(m]yi 20-20 mutl 23) exbtipuztM]>ueT
a avueT puztM]e> anuzgHifem[ Eysu
viEn]T[ y]cic{tie EsSh at[ è pit]vin]l
AR[
O>ueTuuEv]
avR}]et
t>uv]N
`niut} ù prt]yiu k]fuu. |tin]l
ARuh
Ouh
ek]TuutiEy[[
Eysuvin[
k<ikyie}[ t]N xtic{i>iuu. |o xhgti
ke ek]u En]uE]L Eysuv]ke a[pvuh
xV]tzYh kUT]et me]>u eedve Exvic{[ ave
n]mhek]u
mHim
xiic{[
avn]yi[
te
zp]feek]Tu[ avn]l Ezp>ieu ave
58
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|Ep]e
`}]h
ecy[tu
zp]Ric{[
ave
k[pnzpk]>h ni[u aTimy]kuu ù niyh.
Eysu mnuSYtVvuh eedvtVvuh \vn]kek][
Em[pr xhgtike}]h aEHie mnuSYtV
inu EcRvy]kuu ìl Aytu tIe> EcRc{
y]kui}. ùek]e]l Eysuvil evru mnuSYtVh
m]ztm}]et eedvtVvuh kUTiyu]yi>uu ìl
aEHh x[n]nh ecy[tE]L pvizt]]v[ Ak]s
ilniu zp]vie >Upm]yi[ aEHie Eml
zpEvsiukyuh aEHh vY]pkn]yi Bviukyuh
EdvdUtn]l beTueTukyuh m>iuE]L eedvEm
è ùek]u eekviu ù pru nivii
ukyuh eedvin]l Exvkenu pryeTukyuh
ecy{femi}]yi>uu. a}]etyuh x]D]>f jnic{u
vRu è]e a[ph zpxhgic{uek]unTt]y
O>u mnuSYnil eedvtVhkUTi \]yi>uuev[ a[ph
Ep]uh mtiy]y k]>fh kUT]et pru x]Di]N
\lx]Hic{uEn]utu Ec>ui}. Ec>ukyumi}.
mtiy]y k]>fL \[. èney]l eedvh
Eysuvien te puztenuh t]N aEHie
pit]evuh pri>iek][ Eysuvin[ eedvtVmu
eu x]Di]mE}]eyil,
(Ey]H]N 10-33 mutl 36) eyHUdM]R Eysuvi
En]T[ mnuSYn]yi>iu nI niee Edvenu
pryukyuh Edven duSiukyuh ecy{uu ù
kTuEc]dic{E]L avE>]T[ \>m]yi[ niL eedv
59
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
]kuu ù w]N pru ù niueT
Evdil `<utiyi>iui}Ey]? eedvie vcnh
ARu]Ey] avR eedvL `[ avN ec]}uu
ìl Evdv]kYEm] hGieTuv]N k<ikyi}E}].
pit]v[ sum]i E]kil ayc{iuvenuric{[
w]N eedvie puztn]kuu ù niE]T[
prtuek][ nI eedvdUSfh pryuu ù niL
pryuuEv]? (Ey]H]N 20-17) è et]T>ut[. ù
ek]e]l w]N è pit]vie aTuEy[[
|tuve>yuh kE>riE]yi}. `]l nI è xEH]d>
M]>ueT aTul Ep]yi[ w]N è pit]vieyuh
nie pit]vieyuh è eedvieyuh niueT
eedvieyuh aTul kE>ri Ep]uu ù prk.
|t] Eysuvie |o O>u v]kYh Ep]e>Ey]? |til
xhsymru pru kE}]. |tuek][ mu
vR[ ~t]ef] eedvh atute Eysuvinuh eedv
emuh Eysuvin[ A>]Ef] pit]v[ avNte
muvRuh pit]v[ ùh niym]kuu. (yrmiy 31-9)
w]N |zxyiin[ pit]vuh `zb]Hih è kTiUuh
Akuu; `[ yEH]v] prt]yiuh \[. |niyuh
eebbiil pETuh |tuEp]e k]f]h. atuek][
mupE>yuh puztM]e>u prtuEp]e EysuviEn
yuh puzten[ O>upc]>m]yiu pruev}]et
|tiEy[[ aEHinum]zth zpEtYkic{u y]et]>u
viEsStyuh k]fui}. |o itiu eedvpuztenu
prtien k]>fm]ie][ eedvhte ù
niyiuu ìl Emlprye eedvpuztM]>uhkUTi
eedv]efuh `zbH]h mUpuztn]ky]l mU
60
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
eedvemuh A mury[[ kTsiyiuvn]k ek][
Eysu `}]v>iuh |ypuztenuh |yeedvvum]kuu
ùh aE]L aEnkeedvuh \eu vuEp]kuh.
Aytu p>iH]xiniTy]yiu Bviuh.
|niyuh mriyem knYkyil BRtZxhEy]gh
kUT]et jnic{tuek][ Eysuvinu EdvtVh \euv>]h.
ìl
A x[ztIey Ey]xinu B]>Yy]yiu niymie
tinuEsSh gRBh D>ic{tuek][ avn]l Ake Ever
Ake Ec>eute gRBh D>ifem}]et Ec>]
ety]efu pryueten?
Ey]Exuh mriyvuh okik Asey tIe> tYjic{u
m>fhve> Ec>]ette mnpURv{m]yiu tEp]vZi
yii>uu ìl avR viv]Hniymil \LepTf
emi}]yi>uE}], a}]etyuh (m]yi 1-25) avL
avueT zpmpuzten zpxviuEv]h avN ave
ariy]etyi>uu `tuek][ mUmken eptie
EsSh EcRu ùh (Ey]H]N 2-12) atieEsSh
avnuh ave xEH]d>M]>uh `tuek][ avR
>uEp>uh AzgHmuv>]yi>uu `}]et AzgH
e tYjic{v>e}uh etiv]yi>iek][ pie
EcRtuEp]ete muNpiuh EcRi>iuh. ù
teyum}] viv]Hh niymie divxh mutl avR
>uEp>uh O>u utey]f[ t]mxic{i>utuh.
aenyi>uiuh avR EcRiie}u niLeen
ariy]h? avRte azpk]>h pru ìl at[
61
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
av>ueT
aBim]ne
>iutiEn]
Ever
èiuh k]>YinuEvi azpk]>h pri>i]h.
atuek][ niL |zpk]>h xi]ic{u pryutu
s>iy}.
Eysuvie
siSYM]R
tueT
gu>uvien
x[tutiutin]yi[ Eysu m>ic{u `ztEy] xhvlx>
L
k<itinuEsSh
`<utiy
kke
èny]f[ visVxiut[?
Aky]l mriyh pu>uSEn]T[ Ec>]et puzten
zpxvic{u ùt[ suEm km]kek][ atuEHtu
v]yi[ Eysuvin[ eedvtVh x]Dic{ukUT]. aet]>uEv
xtYemu
k>utiek]]uh
mnuSY>ilvc{[
O>u
viEsSmnuSYN `}]et jniieven mH]eedv
emu pryut[ Ec>]t]kuu.
|ni Eysun]N jMp]pxhbh kUT]et
jnic{u ù niL pryuE}]. Adi mnuSYN ecy[t
p]ph viuEp]k]et ave xtikil Ec>uem[
eedvniymh |>iek]uh Eysu ` Auh A
AdimnuSYe xtiyil niu]y mriyie
\d>il avuET Es]fitk]>Ys>I>iy]yi jnic{vn]k
ek][ jMp]ph xhbiuemutiEy[[ xEH
mi}. aEHh p>isun]ky]l p]ph xhbiyi}]
eyil jniutinumuNEp p>isuM]>]yi>iu
jIvM]e>
`}]ve>yuh
jniuE]L
jMp]ph
pTikUTuemtuek]uh, eedvh pp]ti a}]vn]k
ek]uh jMp]ph xhbii} ù pryutu tIe>
62
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
yum]kui}. eedvEm è eekviE] ù
niviic{tuh
è
jIven
nie
eekkil
~[piuu ù pruh m>ic{tuek][ aEHh
eedvie kZpey aEpic{iu O>uvn]kuu. t]N
eedvm]kuu `[ Eysu t]en priuE]
`riyutinu eebbiien Ayi>h zp]vsYh mric{uh
ti>ic{Uh En]iy]uh O>iTuh O>u m>uieniuh
a[ph k]fukyi}. aenyi>ie èny]f[ ~tu
zpm]fe anux>ic{]fu Eysuvien eedvemu
niL pryut[?
t]N eedvm]ef[ t]en pryutiEy[u
Eysuvinu zpiymi}]tuek][ azpk]>h pry]ti>uu
ìl Eysuvinu zpiymi}]tuh viE>]Dvuh t]N
prii}]tum]y
|o viQ[ih ìn]f[
muvR \]ipruek][ nTut[?
Eysu t]en mnuSYpuzten[ pruek][
xW>ic{E}]. at[ `]f[? mnuSYn]yvN t]N mnuSY
n]efu pruek]u nT]ri}E}], atuek][
Eysu |en prtute O>u viEsSmu]yi]f[
`[ niil ciR pryuu[.
s>ite atil viEsSmi>iuu. è]l
tc{n]y Eysu x]D]>f a[pet]<i]ikuh pii}]
v>um]y jnil cie> eekvseTui, avE>]Tu
t]N eedvpuztn]efuh eedv]l ayy[evn]
efuh
pruek]u
nTtin[
viE>]Dik]y
yHUdM]R `vieTvc{]fu kupiTic{[ et]>vu ecy{u
63
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
etrii}] ìen Byeu atiEy[up]y
m]yiezt mnuSYpuztenu priut[. |tute
y]f[ atil |>iu viEsSh. Eysu ci xmyil
yHUdM]e> k[ Oic{uktutey]f[ |tiEy[u
dZ]vuh.
(m]yi 16-27,28) mnuSYpuztN te pit]vie
mHtVil te dUtM]>um]yi v>uh. aE]L avN
~vnuh avnve zpvZiu t pk>h n[kuh.
mnuSYpuztN te >]jYil v>utuk]fuEv]h
m>fe AxVdi]vR ciR |o ni[uv>il
\[ `[ Eysu pri>iuu.
|ete]l eebbiLzpk]>h 1850 xhvX>
inu muil 24 Eysuzkix[tu |o E]kil |>ui>u
E]L avieT \]yi>u jnE]T[ niil ciR
jIvEn]eT |>iuE]L te E]kie avx]n
k]h v>uemu aE]L nY]yvic]>f ecy{eTuemuh
atien avR k]fuemuh aRm]kuu.
Eysu azpk]>h pr iti[ a]i>U
v>il ciR |E]iuuE]? \eil AyvR[
kurph 1850 vy[ k]ffh. aztE]h vEy]Di
kM]R |E]<i}]tuek]uh avR m>ic{[ ~kEdsh
1750 xhvX>m]yi>iuemutuek]uh E]k]vx]n
vuh nY]yvic]>fk]vuh |niyuh Ayii}]tu
24
Eysu jIvic{i>uu ù pryeTu k]Gh
64
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ek]uh Eysu
niyi]h.
evru
nufy]f[
pretukUTi
yUEr][Kil |o v]kYe xtYemu

visVxic{[ zkix[tYM]>il aEnkh EpR zkix[tu jnic{[
Ayi>]h xhvX>il E]k]vx]nk]h vu
Ep]eyu Bye[ pzte<uti ùh zpxieTui
vtil ~eruer Ti. Kh mu<uvnuh a][
|tute
O>u
viy
EG]Sm]yi>uu.
|tien
Ekve>}]h be p]ti>im]>ueT aTul ec[
aByhvIf[ suzsUSecy[tuvu. a][ eexnY
E]TukUTi Ep]yie]i>u O>]L xU>YzgHf
mu]ytien[ "O]EH] E]k]vx]nh A>hBic{u
Ep]yi. atuek]utey]f[ xU>YN mryut[. |ni
ecrutu ecrut]yi[ xmx[tvuh mruEp]kuh" ù
niyic{[ ~vuh Bye[ A mnuSYnuh eexnYvuh
aE]umiE]uh k diukiEy[[ O]Ti. A
xmyt[ aEnkjnL av>v>ueT bueyuh
xVuEyuh \Epic{i[ p]x[tInil zkix[tuvu
>iuemu visVxic{uek][ aviETy[[ O]TiE]yi.
AyiTyil xU>YzgHfEm] czzgHfEm] \]y]l
E]k]vx]nh vuEp]eyuh ec]}i diuviE]Ti guH
kiuh muh Oic{i>i v<m]yi>uu. BUEg]KEg]
s]x[zteuric{u
arivi}]ti>utu
ek]uh
zkix[tuvien eedvemu vic]>ic{[ aEHh pr
em]<ike xtYemu visVxic{tuek]uh Akuu |o
anRh
vt[.
aet}]h
ìnu
pryuu!
n]g>ikmu |]iuh ci zkix[tYM]R 1881-]h
65
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
vRSh A v]kYe visVxic{u Byetien `}]v>uh
arii>i]niTyuE}]. |E]<uh ci ecriy pztik
kil zkix[tu |t]v>uu! at]v>uu! EmGiN
nTuEv v>uu! kenE]e v>uu! |t]vuEp]yi!
ìen `<uti ByeTuuu[. visVxi]N A>umi
e}iuh avR a[pvuh kUT]et `<ututil
niuh
piM]rui}.
atumi>ie.
Emlk]fic{
nY]yee][ Eysuzkix[tu eedvme}uh aEHh
muK]i>h mnuSYR[ |Hp>xuKL y]et]uh
xii]N |Tyie}uh niym]yi>iuu.
|ni |o viSyei Eysuvie aBizp]yh
èneyukUTi Ou En]iy]h.
(m]yi 7-21) È]Tu kR]Ev! kR]Ev
ù pryuvR `}]h xVR>]jYil kTyi}.
xVRn]y è pit]vie |h ecy{uvnezt.
|tin]l t]N eedvme}uh te kR]v[ ù
pryu O>uvnuh xVRu ùkyie}uh Eysu
t]en xtic{uek]t]yi etiyiuu.
O>uvN Eysuvien n}venu prE]L Eysu
avEn]T[, (m]yi 19-17) è n}venu pryut[
`[? eedvh O>uven]<iek n}vN O>u>uh |}. |t],
|ni ù Evfh? |tiEy[[ |ztyuh Ep]e>il
ezetktVeuric{u pryu zpk>fil ku
ek]Lk. eH! aeny} Eysuvien n}venu
viic{vN Eysuvien x]]l eedvemu visV]xh
kUT]et
|>utuek]uh
Eysu
`}]v>ueTyuh
66
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\ii>iiEnyuh v>uv]N Ep]kutiEnyuh `}]h
ariyuvn]kek]uh ave avisV]xviiey t]N
eeke]]et
niESDic{t]kuu
ìl
|o
xm]D]ninu v]kYzpm]fEm |}. O>uEv \eu
ni>Upic{ue]]uh Eysuvin[ anYHZdyvic]>e
kuric{[ ariukUeTutu niym]f[. è]l
pfvuh v]ic{uek][ Eysuvien ek]}utiEy[[
k]fic{uek]Tuvn]y
yUd]vie
avisV]xe
ariuek]]et ave kUil O>uvn]ivc{u
ek]ukyuh ave ctivien ari tlfh
mne>i[ epe[ aven spiyuh ecy[ttu
ek]ezt. |niyuh aEnkmu[. aviTvieT ku
ek]]h.
|niyuh Eysun]N pzpk]>iuh aut
e ecy[tiutuek][ eedvh ù vic]>i]
mE}]. ìl Eysuvin]l ecy{e autL
è}]m]efuh atuke Eysu ecy[tu ù
pryutu xtYh teEy] ùh AE]cic{uEn]]h.
Eysu pis]cien jyic{[ O]Tic{u. pis]c[ ùt[
`]f[? at[ A>]l xZiet[? `riyuti
Ey[[ eebbiiEn]T[ aEnVSic{]l Ayt[ |o
viSyei Ouh pry]et monzvth anuS[ic{u
ek]i>iuu. pie eebbiL vY]KY]t]M]>uh
mu
zkix[tYM]>uh
E]kxZixmyu
eedvh
aEnk]yi>h EdvdUtM]e>yuh xZic{u ùh avR
eedvie kI<T]y[ky]l eedvh spic{u ùh
67
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
aen spievn]kuu pis]ecuh pryuu.
eebbiil a>iec{Tu]uh kTuEk]vuh akeT]
Ti. viSyh vY]KY]t]M]Ruh mu zkix[tYM]Ruh
èn arivu kiiEy] AEv]. EH]! EH]! EdvdUtN
Ey]xPinu xVp[nilvu prtuEp]e |vE>]Tuh
vu prt]yi>i]h. O>uEv A pis]cie k
xtYemuvc{uek]]uh Eysu eedvm]kyi} niyh.
èn `]l pis]c[ \t]nil niuh
t]f itiyil vt[ A>]l? eedvin]}Ey]?
Eysu eedvm]efuv>ikil aTul pis]cu v>uEm]?
k \Ten O]h piTiukEy] k]ll vu
nmx[>iukEy] ecy{um]yi>uE}]? m]TN, k]i,
ay{n]R, sii, BUt]N mut]y ecriy EdvtkueT
xiDi mu]ek te pis]c[ \pzdvmuvR ec]l
"aEy{]! w]N ep]y[e]]em! |t] Ep]kuE!" `[
niviic{uek][
b]Dieven
viuh
k[
pryu aTy]vuh k]fic{[ enTuh ki nIuE}].
atuEp]yi[ |o Eysun]en vupiTiutiEy[[
pis]c[ a[ph xhsyiEp]uh ecy[tie}uti
Ey[[ zpm]fh |t] En]uviN.
(m]yi 4-14), (UE]x[ 4-1 mutl 13 ve>)
zkix[tuvien pis]cu piTiec{uh kuh ecy[v]N niyi
ec{uh pifi |euh k]T[, n]T[ mut]y pE
]niuh ek]unTu ùh \yR pRv{ttil
kE>i ùh te vi]N pru ùh k]futu
ek][ Eysuvinu pis]cien te aTul v>]et
68
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
y]uv]En] vu piTic{tie EsSh te \pzdvi
]viDil aTi niruuv]En] tlfh m]i
dU>ukyutiEn] Oinuh te siyie}utu
niym]kuu.
aeny}] (m]yi 4-1) Eysun]N Ey]H]
nilniu x[n]nh ~ \TN pis]cin]l p>Iie
vn]yi A]vin]l m>uBUmiyiEy[u EmlEp]u
nTeu
ù
pri>iek][
A]vie
anuv]dzpk]>h p>Ii]n]yi]f[ Eysuvien pis]cu
piTic{t[ a}]et pis]cinu Et]iyEp]e azkmm]yiu
vupiTic{t} ìl |o viSyeuric{uh a[ph
p>Y]E]ci]h. A]v[ Eysuvien vn]>il
ek]uecu
pis]cin]l
p>IieTkvh
Aiyt[ ìn]yi[? Eysu p>Ikil jyic{[
pis]cie plniu |EHh eedvpuztN tey]f[
ù Ey]gYt]pzth (xRiPi[) x]dic{uek]]l
E]kR azpk]>h visVxic{uek]uem[ A]v[
ni>Upic{t]yi>iuEm]? pit]v[, pvizt]]v[, puztN
|vR mUu Ep>uh ezetktVzpk]>h O>unE}]
Akut[. A iti[ puztN pvizt]]vil niuh,
pvizt]]v[
pit]vil
(eedvil
at]yt[
yEH]vyil) niuh Evrye}uh v>umE}]. puztN
pis]cin]l
p>Iietuek][
pvizt]]vuh
pit]vuhkUTi p>Iiev>]yie Bvic{u.
|niyuh eedvhte ae}il te ahsm]y
Eysuvien E]kR ahgIk>ivh pis]cie
69
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
p>Iyil \LeTuiytienuric{u vic]>ic{]l A
eedvh O>uEv pis]cinu tE]h ae}il te
ahsm]y Eysuvien]uh si \]yi>iuEm] ù
xhsymuvn]yuh pis]cinu tE]h ae}il te
ahsm]y EysuviEn]h si |e}u niyh
|}]vn]yuh jIvEk]TikL Eysuvien visVxiu
tiEy[[
|tute
n} m]Remu
ni>Upic{uh
|>ui>iuem[ anum]niutiEn vhsm]yi>iu viDEm] aEHh E]k ie
>]m]Re kupiTic{u niymic{ Ey]gYtEy]?
a]!
|tuke}]h
~vuh
atisyi
vk]yie |>iuu. Ake |ni Eysu pis]cie
p>Ikil jyiEc{] ùh p>IkLte è}]
m]yi>uu ùh En]]h. pis]c[ Eysuvinu visu
eu ki[ a[pvuh kUxl kUT]et nI eedvpuzt
n]efil |o k}ukE]T[ am]k]N ec]}uk
ùpru. ìE] Eysu azpk]>h ecy[ti}]. EBS[
be! |t]Ef] jyh? Eysu pie ùecy[tu?
mnuSYN ahek]u m]ztm} jIviut[. eedv
v]yUeT v>u xkvcn]ezt ù prkm]ztEm
ecy[tuU. H]! H]! |o axhbh prtuh
k}uke am]]ti>utuh ùek][? (m]yi 42) "Eysu 40 divxh \pvxic{tie EsSh visu" ù
m]yite pri>iek][ visi}]i}]yi
>uu ù niyi]nuh p]Ti}. visien jyic{i>uu,
atuek]]f[ ìl Bfin[ Ouh |}]ti>u
A xmyh En]i vis[ zptikUm]yiu v>ut[
70
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ùek][? v]uh Eysu \>h prtuEp]e
eedvv]yUeT v>u xkvcnee][ atien
tTuuky]N k<iyum]yi>uu ìl t]N mr[
aim>ien spivh \]y Ek]pinu
k]>fm]yiu v visien tTuutiEy[[ |o
vcnEBSje au zpEy]gic{u En]]et |>ut[
ùek][? zpEy]gi c{iuh Pic{i}] ìl Eysu
\>h prt]yi pryu m]yi 4-4 suEm
nuftey]f[. Aky]l Eysuvinu visi}]iuh
visien aTuv]N k<iyum]yi>uiuh Eveu
Et]Iuh a} k}ien am]]t[, divYsi
ùEv O>u j]si Ep]uh |}]iutey]f[.
\>h
muiy]l
ek]nh
k]uh
`
p<eW]}uEp]eyezt
Eysuvie
ciE]u
v]ukL. pie È]] yi>uu p>I? pis]c[
Eysuvien
`Tuuek]uecu
Edv]yie
m]ikmukilvc{uhek][ t]]et eedvdUtN vu t]ie]uemu
pru. ìE]? azpk]>vuh ecy[ti}. O]EH]! |vieT
Oien]u
n}
jym]yiutey]f[
k]fut[.
ìuh Eysu muil prtuEp]e |tiEy[uh
\>m]yiu v}tuh priuE]? \[, \[. nie
kR]v]y
eedve
p>Ii>uetuh
kUTi
`<utiyi>iui}Ey] `]yi>uu prt[. |t[
è]>u
axhbh!
pis]c[
przpk]>h
c]T]etyi>ut[ ùek][? Eysu myuvn]k
y]l aen ecy{]et |>ut]f[ ìl |zt
myu pufYv]N anY]ym]yi[ ci xmyil
71
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
cie> spiukyuh zkU>v]u prkyuh ecy[tiuE}].
atu ùek][? atin]l mek]}. ByeiEzt
c]T]t[. a}]etyuh pis]cin]l p>Iie[
jyi]nuh A]vie niEy]gzpk]>vuh tey]f[
Eysu pis]cie ky{il aket[ ù xm]D]nh
axtYme}uv>ikil niym]yiuh p>Ii]nu
kTm pis]cieEmuh A xmy[ piNv]]et
`tiRuni[ A p>Ikil Oe jyiE kTm
EysuvieEmuh Akuu. A iti[ pis]c[
p>Iy[uEvi pret}]h nTi jyvI>n]yi
e]]et Ec]m]>iy]yi 25 |>uuktuh A
xmy[ AvsYmi}]vy]y ci v]uke pr
tuh a}Ey] te ayc{ A]vieyuh eedvi
eyuh aBizp]yinuh t]N ~uek]uv k]>Yi
nuh Ene> vi>um]yiut[?
atuh |>ie. |ni Eysu eedvie O>u
kZpyuvenuv>ikiuh niym]yi[ EdvdUtN v[
>iuemu eeD>Yeu t]ut]E]?
a}]ph te mHimek][ A pis]cien t]Upe
t]ut]E]?
|tukil Oienyuh ecy[tt]yi k]fui}E}].
pieyuh Eysuvien p>hEp]e kri `Tu[
O>u viy myueT mukilek]uec[ xk>]jY
eyuh k]fiukyuh te p]dil nmx[k>ic{]l
25
nihgn]yi
72
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|tuke}]h ninu t>]emu pryukyuh ecy[tu.
Eysu kiTu "Byeu" kuTui vipic{[ zB]u prk
m]ztEm aE]<uh ecy[tuU. pie Byhek][
è}]h Eg]ikL pis]cie muNp]ek k]fic{i>iu
em[ avRu >uEpRuh te ariy]h. atuh
|>ie, pis]cien jyiyuh siiukyuh ecy[tu
ìl jyvI>enuh E]k>kenuh visVxic{u
ek]]m]yi>uu. |vieT v]x[tvm]yiu pryfemil
Eysu pis]cien jyiy} \]yt[. pis]c[ Eysuvien
jyiy]yi>uu. Aky]l pit]v[, pvizt]]v[,puztN
|o mUuEp>uh p>Ikn]y pis]ciEn]L si
kurve>u
n}tiNvh
etiyuu.
|en
pis]ciEn]T[ Et]vN eedvm]fuEp]uh. aet! |EHh
n} xmRN te |EHh pis]cien jyic{ jyEm
jyh! |EHh myil niu c]Tiy c]Em c]h! |EHh
k}ien am]iy miTuE miTu[ aeT a]! `[
auth!
aEy{]!
te
v]uke
EkL]
Eysuvien apjyeTu]et p]vemuh ec]}i viu
k pis]c}Ey] yEH]vey]uh kZpyuvN?
O>uen piTic{i>u aEnkh pis]cuL zkix[tuvi
En]T[ O>]yi>h pike Bfin]yi Ec]diukyuh
zkix[tu azkmm]yi[ azpk]>h ek]Tuukyuh pis]cu
L A pike xmuzdil muie]}ukyuh ecy[tu.
A pikueT \Ty]>n[ `ztEy] nh! En]uviN!
|tuh Eysuvie EdvtVin[ O>u dZ]m]fu Ep]uh!
O>il Eysuvin[ visu buimuiyE]L Aytin[
ariu p<h ek]Tu]tuek][ aivZe
73
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
spic{[ \fiu. EH]! |t[ viy authte.
p<mi}] k][ èny]f[ ek]Tuut[? O>uEv
p<h \ xmyh te Ayi>u]uh anYM]R AvsYh
Ep]e pric{uek]uk a}]et atien ariut>u
tiEy[u m>inu k<iyuEm]? a}]etyuh m>L
vR[ at]tu k]il pUutuh k]y[utuh
p<uutuh
`}]h
eedvniymhEp]e
a}Ey]?
aEHh eedvemu v>ikil p<h ek]Tu]tinu
k]>fh m]>um}E}]. Aytuek][ Eysu t]en
spic{uek]uky}]et O>u Ed]Sinuh k]>fm]k]
vZe spic{tu ìn[? ìuh aE]? azt
viy visE]? A visien aTuv]N k<iy]v
n]Ef] n][ptu divxhve> \pvxic{t[? atu suEm
nufte.
visien
aTuv]N
aEHinu
siyu[ ìuh te mHimey siSYM]Ru
k]fiutiEy[uEviy]yi>uu spic{t[ ìl
p<h ek]Tu] vZiene][ aE]Le
ek]TuiEt]yi>uu.
at]f[
aDikh
mHim.
è]l tl]h vis[ aTi tZp[tieTukyuh
siSYM]R visVxiukyuh ecy{um]yi>uE}]. Evf
emut[ Ouh ecy{utiEy[[ Eysuvin[ ariu
kUT]. |EHh |o iti[ O>uEv n]ptudivxh
\pvxic{u ùv>ikiuh Aytu te mnE]Tu
kUTiy}]; pieEy] O>u>uh Ouh ek]uecu
ek]Tu]etyuh tniu Ep]yi aEnVSiutin[
pis]c[ viyy[]etyuh |>utu ek][ ku>uku>u
pifiyil akeuEp]yt]kuu.
74
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|ni Eysu evil nTu ù pryut[
pE xtYh te Ayi>u]uh Ayt[ O>u atisy
m}. |][ x]D]>f mnuSYR[ ecy{t]y
jx[thBemu pryeTu O>u vidYy]kuu.
|ni j]vidY]>uh eevdYM]>uh mix[mrix]>uh
|]il ecy{ut]y ci ecriy viEsSL
Ep]e Eysuvuh ecy[tt]yi k]fuu[. avkL
ni]>]ky]l |vieT viv>iui}.
Eysu m>ic{ve> jIviic{tuek][ aEHien
eedvemu pry]h ìl zkix[tu m>ic{v>ueT \yRil
mun]yi ùh (aE]x[Et]R nTukL 26-23)
atuEp]e te (evip]T[ 1-5) prky]l Eysu
me]>ue>yuh
jIviic{iie}u
niym]uu.
èn `]l |EHh Ever O>uen jIviic{iu
iti[ |EHin]l jIviievN muN ùh
|EHh piNpN ùh v>uv]En p]eT]U. è]l
Eysu \yiRtie EsSh me]>uen jIviic{u ù
pryutiEy[[ eebbiL tIe> xti]tin]
Ezt. Eysu jIvic{v>il O]mN `}]et jIvii
ev>il O]menu pri}E}] `]l,
~vN
Eysuvin]l
jIviieu
ù
pryeTuE] A avN Eysuvin]l jIviievn]
y]uh t]en jIvic{vnuh kUTiy]kuu. |e >]zti
|Tievi. atuEk[ w]N `<uEu `[ O>uvN
pryuE]L sh EHtuv]yieiuh w]N `<uEu
75
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ù pryutuEp]e Eysuvin]l jIviievN
t]En jIvic{vnuh Akuu.
|ni Eysu anYM]>]l jIviieT]et t]En
jIvic{vN te AEf]? a}}. aEHvuh jIvii
evN te `[ (Er]mR 15-24) eedvh zkix[tuvien
m>ic{v>ilniuh `<ui ùh (ek]>i. 15-12 mutl 15)
ve> Eysu \yR[ `<uu ùh k]>fh kUT]et
pruh vc{[ tlfhte eedv]l `<uEli
eu ù k]>fE]TukUTi pri>iuu.
(Er]m]. 10-8, 10) eedvh zkix[tuvien m>ic{v>il
ni[ `<uE[pic{u
ù
nie
HZdyE]eT
visVxic{]l nI >eTuemu p>iS[k]>m]yi pryuu.
Aky]l Eysu m>ic{uyiRv>il O]men zpm]f
v]kYh s>iy]efuv>ikil m>ic{ve> jIviic{u `t[
abh te.
|ni Eysu jnueT xk p]pLuh
biy]yi[ m>ic{tuek][ eedvh ù pry]h ìl,
~tu eedvin[ A>]f[ Eysuvien biy]yiu
ek]Tut[? kuh ecy[t Eysuvien yHUdM]R piTic{u
ek]uku. a}]et O>iuh biy]yt}. aEHh
ku]>n}]u
ìl
yHUdM]R
ek]}ukyuh
|}]yi>uE}].
aztyum}] p]pbiy]yiu m>iutiEy[u
mnE]TukUTi
avt>ic{vn]efil
t]N
Ene>
yHUdM]>ueTyiTyil
p>xYm]]et
gUm]yiu
76
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
xW>ic{etin[?
gUm]yi}]yi>uu
ìl
(Ey]H]N 11-57) mH]puE>]Hit>uh p>Ix>uh Eysu
|>iu e Ae>iuh ari]l et>YeTu
fem[
\>vuek]Tu[
aEnVSiiukyuh
ecy[tE}]. ìuh k]f]et |>utu ùek][?
atin]l jnueT |Tyil gUm]yiutey]f[
xW>ic{i>uetu niyh. ìuh Byh mu<uuek][
xm]D]nmi}]et aviThvi[ Ever u Oic{ut]mxi
ukyuh ecy[tE}]. at[ ìn]yi[? aten vZ]
ep]y[Ep]ey}]et Byeuh Oic{uh a}] ìl
(Ey]H]N 11-53,54)
aumutl avR Eysuvien
ek]}uv]N AE]cn ecy[tuek][ vtin]l Eysu
aviTh
viu
m>uBUmi>ukil
`zp]yih
`
ng>iEy[[ v]i avieT siSYM]>um]yi p]Ru
ùh (Ey]H]N 8-58,59)
yHUdM]R ke}riy]N
tuTiyE]L Oic{uep]y[euh myueT vil
ek]uecu tkI<]yi t]iutu
ùek][?
atu
mu
>x]ikeE]e
EvgtyiE] ci AukL m]zth arikEy] ke]l
Ep]>] tL[ O>u >it]v[ vu kh anuBvic{[
m>ic{t[
E]kh
ariie}u
nY]yviDin]il
O<ivuk<ivu pry]ti>i]N zpxim]yi keETt]k
y]l
|zxEyYR
`}]v>uhkUTi
v>u
viy
ep>u]]y epxH] \lxvil purj]tikuh
k]Feke Ak]vU ù pit]vin]l niyi
euh puztn]l xtieuh |>ut]y A xmyh
v>utinu mue keTutin[ mni}]i]yi>uu
77
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
Oic{i>ut[ ìl |tiEy[[ v]kYzpm]fh \E]?
|}E}], atuh |>ie. niL pryuzpk]>h
Eysuvie k]T[ E]kh Axkh ariyfem[
pit]vin[
niRb{m]yi
\]y
aBizp]yzpk]>h
`}]v>uh A k]Tienuric{[ ariuk<iE]?
|E]L ariyuE]? |ni ariyuEm]? aEnkBUK
il jnL Eysuvie Ep>uEp]uh Ekriyutinu
muE m>ic{uEp]yiu[. |E]L `ztEy] m>iuumu[.
|ni `ztEy] m>ic{uEp]kukyuh ecy{uh. atuek][
pit]vin[ |tieni y]et]>u aBizp]yvuh |}]yi>uu.
\]yi>ueil Aytu etiE]yi>iy]l pit]vi
e mu aBizp]yuh Piuem[ visVxi]N
p]Ti}. O>u diiu jne}]v>uh ariyfemE
\]yi>uuU ìl pie ìn]f[ niL mu
Edsiuh |o mte ek]unT[ k]Eph
ecy{ut[? a}]etyuh pit]vin]l niyie
En>il a}]et atinu muNEp keTuv]N mni
e}[ prtin]l Eysu pit]v[ niRbic{u niyic{
tuek]um]ztm]f[
kh
anuBvic{etuh
te
xVmn[ keTutiEy[[ a[pvuh |}]yi>uu
ùh, pit]vie niRbh ae}il aE]<uh
keTukyi}]u ùh \t[ etiyuu. |niyuh
pit]vin]l O>u xmyh kurieiu]yi>uu ìl
atuEp]eyuh A xmyuh a}]et tniu k]Tu
vukUTE}]. v>ikyumi}E}]. pieeyin]f[ muil
kUi Oic{t[? pit]vin]l |en kurie viv>h
arii>ui}. atuek]]f[ Oic{etil arii>i
]tin]l atien xtic{uh |>iyi}. aE]L
78
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|o k]T[ mnuSYRuEviyuh te mnE]TukUTiyuh
a}]
te
tyie<uuek][
vt]efu
niym]kuu.
aeny} pit]vin]l niyieiueu
m]ztEm arii>ue]U Ayt[ | xmym]efu
t[ arii>ui}. atuek]]kuu Oic{etil
xmyh niymie}u v>ikil Oic{tinuk]>fh Bym
}]et Ever Ouh ae}uv>uh. atuh |>ie,
kTsiyil piTikUTiy divxhtey]f[ pit]vin]l
kurie divxem[ atinumuil arii>i]N
|Tyi}]tuek][ auh t]N Oic{ukEyt}]
yi>uE]? aen ecy{]et Ene> niuek]Tuu
ùh k]fuE}]. aet]f[? atinumuE ci>ueT
aTulniu epeu mrukiu divYsi
aE]L
`vieTE]yi>uu?
pitZx[pzpk]>h
ù k]>fh |vieT O>uviDvuh Ec>]tuek][
atuEHtuv]yi]f[ mu[ Oic{uktuh pie Ene>
niu ek]Tutuh ù niyiutiEy[u p]Ti}.
sztuueT eekuil aketuek][ O]Timru
>euek]uv]N p]Ti}]et vtin]Ezt niu
ek]Tut[. a}]et avieT aE]L ùecy[v]N
k<iyuh? atin]l yEH]v Eysuvien p]pbi]yiu
niyiukEy] Aytu | xmyeu tI>um]niu
kEy] Eysu atien arikEy] xtiukEy] Ouh
te ecy[tiute}u niyh.
79
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
Ak]eT pit]vu teuric{[ |Ep]e niyi
c{iueuh A iti[ azpk]>Em BviU ùh
O>rivuh visV]xvuh Eysuvinu]yi>ueil niy
m]yiuh Oic{unTukyi}]yi>uu. a}]ph Eysu
vien k]fic{uek]Tu yHUd]vien anuzgHi]ti>u
tuh
(m]yi
26-24) mnuSYpuzten k]fic{u
ek]Tuu mnuSYnu H] kh! A mnuSYN
jnic{ie}il avu ek]]m]yi>uu ìen
Eysu
s]pmituh
ìn]yi[?
yHUdyueT
|o
Ezd]HzpvZieyi
avN
s]xieie}u
v>]etyi>i]N
Evi
Aytien
cUi]fic{u
ek]Tut]f[ ìl,
azpk]>h O>u cUi]fi]y s]ph mni
}] te |en niRbic{[ akeTuiyvnuh
|tiEy[[
`}]h
k]>fBUtnum]y
pit]viu
ek]TuEt]yi>uu. aen ecy{]tuek][ |tu
s>iy]y s]xny}] vYxnhek]u s]phtey]f[.
xkvuh ariyu te eedvxVB]vzpk]>h
yHUdyueT Ezd]He t]N AdYEm evieTuuv]
n]yi]f[ spic{etil |ven Ezd]Hiey[ AdYEm
ariy]et aE]x[tM]>il O>uvn]yi[ xVIk>ic{tu
ek]ute Eysuvinu muilUiyu ariv[ |}]
yi>uu `[ niym]kuu. at}] t]N ariu
ek]ute Ayi>uu ìl A Ezd]He t]N
ecy{ic{t]yiE} v>U. A mury[[ kUTiEy tI>u ìl
teyuh zpD]nk]>fn]y yEH]v]Eyyuh a}Ey]
80
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
spic{uek]Et[? atuek][ |o xm]D]nvuh
yHUdey m]zth Ezd]Hi ù pryutuh Ec>ui}.
`}]hkUTi aTuu murukivE]L mu ciE>E]e
Eysuvuh arii>iuem}]et muNkUi arii>uu
`[ pryut[ km]kuu.
|niyuh Eysuvie kty[[ k]>fh yHUd]vi
e k]ie]TuE] pit]vie niyiE] aEt]
>ukUTiEy]? yHUd]vie k]ie]Tu]efil p]p
biye}u niyh. pit]vie niyi]efil
atin[ anukUm]y k]fic{uek]Tuien ecy[t
yHUd]vien O>iuh Ezd]Hiy]efu prkyuh n>k
il tukyuh ecy[tukUT]. >uh kUTiy]efil
Ou
gufemuh
Ou
Ed]Semuh
pryut[
anY]ym]f[. atin]l Byeu Oic{unT te
k]fic{uek]Tutiu]y xTh ek]u mne>iu
spic{tutey]f[. |o nY]yee][ "zkix[tu
p]pbiy]yi} m>ic{et"[ etiyuu.
|tinu muil Eysu m>ic{tie EsSh eedv]l
jIviet}]et t]En jivic{E}] ù priu
E}]. |E]L eedvvuh jIviic{i} ùh m>ic{vN
m>ic{vNte ùh ]pi]h. (1 ek]>iiyR 15-17)
zkix[tu `<uEie}il niueT visV]xh vZ]
Ayi>iuem[ poE]x[ pryuu. zkix[tYM]>ueT
visV]xinu zkix[tu \yiRe<uu ùtu muKY
k]>fm]yi>iy]l A viSyei zpEtYk O>u
81
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pux[tkh `<utiv>uu 26. atuek][ Aytien |vieT
cu>uiryuu. Eysu \yiRe<uE] |}Ey] ù
tienuric{[ vic]>ifemil aE]L \]yi>uv
>il Ae>iuh kiuE] ù En]Et[
atY]vsYm]f[. aE]u yHUdM]e>}]v>uh zkix[tu
\yiRe<uu ù EG]Siut[ suEm axtY
m]efu pri>iuu. |E]L pruv>uu. |ni
zkix[tuvinu x]Dkm]yi pryu eebbiLek]u
En]]h.
eebbi]c]>YM]>il
O>u>uh
Eysu
\yiRe<utien
Ene>
kt]yi
pryui}.
pieey]? avN ku |vL ku è}]h
anYM]>ueTEml p<icumuEyuU. EH]! s>ite,
avR
k]f]tien
èny]f[
kt]yiu
pryut[? (m]yi 28-17) ptien]u siSYM]>uh
Eysuvien egI]yil kuvic{u. `]l ciR
xEHeTukyuh
ecy[tu.
|o
ptien]uEp>il
m]yiyuh
O>uvn]f[,
|y]L
xEHev>il
O>uNteEy] a}Ey] `[ ariyui}. |y]L
v]x[tvil ki>uu ìl t]N ku `[
ùek][ prukUT]? atin]l |y]uh xEHi
c{til O>uvN tey]f[. `]l ci siSYM]e>iuh
xhsyi]N `[? kt[ Eysuvien a}Ey]?
ve>n]L suzsUSyuh ecy[tuek]u EysuviEn]TukUTi
xW>ic{ zpD]n siSYM]>uEp]uh xhsyic{uh visVxi
]etyuh |>iu iti[ 1855 xhvX>inumu[
26
|o pux[tkh
ecy[tii}.
|tuve>
zpxiIk>ieTukEy]
82
kukiukEy]
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
zkix[tu \yiRi>uu ù pryutien n]h
èny]f[
visVxiut[?
a}]etyuh
Eysu
\yiRe<uEu ù prv>]y m]yi, m]RE]x[,
UE]x[, Ey]H]N |vR n]uEp>uh aEnY]nY
viE>]Dm]yi pri>iuu. atien cu>ui k]fi]h!
(Ey]H]N) zpB]tk][ |>uuE]L mg[dUR
mriy]L (O>ui) Eysuvie k}ry[u Ep]yi. (m]yi)
\Sinu mg[dURmriy]uh Ever mriy]uh (>uEpR)
k}ry[u Ep]yi. (m]RE]x[) atik]u xUE>Y]dy
il
mg[dURmriy]uh
y]E]bie
ay]y
mriy]uh x]em `vuh (mUuEpR) k}ry[uEp]yi.
(UE]x[) `ztyuh zpB]til mg[dUR mriy]uh Ever
x[ztIkuh (pR) k}ryiEy[uEp]yi. (m]yi)
Eysuvie k}ryiNEml k}i>iut]yi[ Ti. x[ztIkL
ku. aE]L eedvdUtN v]tiii>u k}ien
mric{utiyuhevc{[ atiNEml |>uu. (m]RE]x[)
x[ztIkL kE]L k}ryiNEml k}[ |}]yi>uu.
aE]L O>u yuv]v[ (eedvdUtn}) k}iEMl |>utien
ku. (m]RE]x[) >u mnuSYR nilutien avR
ku.
|vieT
m]yi
m]RE]xukL
pr
EdvdUtenEy] O>u ecru]>N |>utienEy] |vR
ki}.
(Ey]H]N)
x[ztIkL
>u
dUtM]e>
|>ut]yiu ku. m]yi pr O>u EdvdUtenEy]
mRE]x[ pr |>ui>u yuv]vienEy] UE]x[
pr nii>uv>]y >u mnuSYe>Ey] x[ztIkL
ki}. (UE]x[) pie x[ztIkL |o viSyei
siSYM]E>]T[ pru. mRE]x[ 16- 8 x[ztIkL By[
O>uE>]Tuh pri}. (m]yi) x[ztIkL siSYM]e>
83
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ariyi]N Ep]kuE]L Eysuvien ki}. (m]yi)
mg[dUR mriy]L Eysuvien kyuTen Eysuvie k]l
et]u vfi. (Ey]H]N 20-17) mg[dUR mriy]L
Eysuvien et]i}. (Ey]H]N) AdYh mg[dUR
mriy]Lu k]feu. (UE]x[ 24-50,51) Eysu
ebenyilniuh xVRiEy[uEp]yi. (aE]x[t
R 1-9 mutl 12), zkix[tu Oiv] ` myilniuh
xVREy[uEp]yi. (UE]x[ 24-33 mutal 37)
(Ey]H]N 20-19) Eysuvie ptien]u siSYM]Ruh
j>uxEmilvc{[ AdYzp]vsYh dRsnh \]yi. (m]yi
28-16,17) ptien]u siSYM]Ruh egI]yilvc{[
Eysu AdYzp]vsYh k]feu. (m]yi 12-40) Eysu
k}ryil mUu pkuh mUu>]vuh |>iuh (`[ Eysu)
pru. (mRE]x[ 14-25 mutl 46) Eysu k}ryil O>u
pkuh >u>]vuh |>uu. Ti. n]uEp>uh p>x[p>h
vi>u]yi |en `<utiyi>iek][ O>iuh
visVxivy}. |zpk]>h eekviukiti[
Ever |ni È]]f[ |tiEy[[ AD]>m]yiut[?
avR n]uEp>uh |zpk>h vi>u]yiu pru
ùv>ikiuh
av>il
O>ueniuh
zkix[tu
\yiRe<uEi}] ù priuE]? |}E}] ù
ci zkix[tYM]R pryuu ìl,
|tiEy[[ O>u dZ]h pry]h. EkLiN:
ti>uvnpu>[ aue> S]il kiiEMl
k][ 6 mfi mutl eevki[ 6 mfi ve> O>u evu
k] |>uu `[ O>uvnuh A k] te A xmy[
ev]y[ kuruie vIil kiTyil |>ut]yi[
84
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
me]>unuh A xmyute A A k]
shKiNmuK[ ek]]>il |>ut]yiu mU]met]>u
nuh A k] A xmyute ek]]>>
Eztil |>ut]yi[ O>unuh pruk<i]l
atien EkLuvR |v>il A>uh ev]
|e}u
pri}E}],
Aytuek][
ev]
\]yi>utute ù ni>UpiuEm]? p>iHxiuEm]?
p>iHxiukte ecy{uh. Eml]fic{ nY]ye
e][ pis]cienjyic{u ùtumutl m>ic{uyRu
ùtuve> priuvyil O>utvuh Eysuvi
n]l ecy{eiie}u etiv]kuu.
|ztyum} kTsiyil Eysuvien piTic{i>uvR
aven p>iHxic{u t}i kumUTiei aTiEc{c{[ nie
aTic{vn]e>u Ec]dic{tie EsSh Eysuvinu pry]N
k<ii}. ~Er]Edxu >]j]v[ Eysuvien ku ve>
xE]SE]TukUTi v}tuh O>uth ecy[tuk]fi]N
pri[ atinuh k<ii}. ì]f[ tUiiTuv]N
niymic{t[. mH]puE>]HitM]>uh s]x[ztim]>uh mUM]>uh
|vN |zxEyl >]j]evil ku>isilniiriv>e,
`]l wL visVxiuh ù priuh t]N
Ezpth Ep]e nitE} \U. kE}ruek]uemu
Et]iyE]<uh mvil niu teT]N En>uh
siSYM]E>]Tu
xm]D]nh
prEc{uh
By[
OiEc{]TiE]ytien divYsiek]u mrukt]
ef}Ey] niL pryut[? `]l A divYsi
|o xmy[ `vieTE]yi? Eysuvin[ Oic{u xW]>h
ptiv]yi>uu. ciE]L sztuL v}v>uh piTikUTi
85
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
y]uh v}viDvuh ALkUil ptui OiEc{]Tuk
pE]<uh \]ytin]l O>il avR ve> t][p>Y
eu piTikUTi. aE]<keu Ep]yi. aen ake
divxh pit]vin]l niymie divxm]efuh
pruek]uu.
|o
iti[
xkEpRuh
eedvtVvuh mnuSYtVvuh \euh eedvm]efuh
pruek]]mE}].
Ake, Em[pr aute}]h Eysu
ecy[tt]yi[ En]]h. `]uh eedvemu pry]N
p]Ti}. ùek]e]l Em]s, Ey]suv], ~Is],
ìy]
mut]yv>uh
|tuEp]ete
aEnkh
aute ecy[tt]yiuh niueT eebbiL
EG]Siy]l
ave>yuh
zpEtYkh
eedvemu
prEyt]yiuv>uh. atuek]ezt.
a}]etyuh (m]yi 17-20) O>u kTukumfiEy]h
m]zth niLu visV]xmu]y]l |o mEy]T[
|vieTni[ aviETy[u v]iE]keyu pry]h.
v]iE]kyuh ecy{uh. aztyum} niLu k<iy]t[
Ouh \]kyi}. (Ti. 22, Ey]H]N 14) \pvxic{u
zp]RiuvRuh eedvil visV]xmu `}]
vRuh viy aute ecy[v]N k<iyuemuh,
(pur]Tu pux[tkh 7,8) eedvie mHimy]l Em]s
mutlEpe> |ojip[t[ Eds[ prEv] ` >]j]vie
aTulecu Ek]ien p]]l, eve >m]
l, tv \]l mut]y aute ecy[tE]L
>]jxmIpu]yi>uv>uh eedvsztuuh sUnY]>u
86
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
m]y m]zikM]R |tukLu tuYm]yuh aDikm]yuh
ecy[tu
ù
k]fuu.
|tuk]l
eedvh
a}]vRuh
visV]xmi}]
eedvsztuLuh
aute ecy{uv]N k<iyuemutu x[pm]yi
>iuu.
pieyuh (m]yi 24-24) kzkix[tuuh k
dIRGdRsikuh vu k<iyut]yi>u]l et>eTu
eve>yuh
vWi]N
tvh
vut]yiu
aTy]eyuh auteyuh k]uh. |tin]l
O>uvN aute ecy[v]N aven eedvemu
visVxic{uEp]k>uetu m]ztm}] eedvBn]efe
iuh
vic]>iutiEy[[
m]Rvuh
eedvsztu
v]efu niyiutiEy[u y]et]>u viE>]Dvuh
|e}uh \r]]vut]f[. èn vic]>ic{]uh
Eysuvien eedvemu pryutiEy[u kTukvuh
nY]yh k]fui}].
|zpk]>h m>ic{uEp]y Eysu \yRe<uie}[
aEnkh zpbnY]yee][ ]pic{u. |ni m>ic{ti
e EsSh ~tu itiyil Ayi>i]h ùtien
eebbiie nY]yee]ute ciic{uEn]]h.
p]pikLe}]vRuh n>km]kuu nitYv]x
h. `]l Eysuv]ke `}]v>uETyuh xk
p]pEyuh ~uEp]ytuek][ `}] Epe>]uh
mH]p]piyuh
atu
EHtuv]yi[
tiTienu 27
27
epe[
87
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
n>kilEp]yi vI<utiEum]ztm}]et me]inuh
Ey]gYt |}]vnuh Akuu. Aytuek][ Eysu
n>kil te ptic{i>iuem[ \r]yiu niyiE
t]f[. ùteyum} |tinux>fm]yiu zkix[tu
m>ic{tie EsSh p]t]il |ri ùhkUTi
aE]x[tM]>ueT visV]xzpm]fil pri>i
ek][ xEHmi}]. zkix[tu n>kilte Ep]yi>i
uu ù tIRc{y]yi>iuu.
|niyuh n>kil Ep]yvR[ ti>ic{u kE>
mie}u niLte xi]m]yiu pryutuek][
n>kil Ep]yvn]y Eysuvuh azpk]>hte mTi
kE>rIie}u niyiutiEn nY]ymuu. |tiEy[u
anukUm]yi[ (Ey]H]N 20-17) è pit]vie
aTuEy[[ |tuve>yuh kE>ri Ep]yii}] ìen
zpm]fvuh xiic{i>iy]l xhsymi}]. Em]il
vY]pi] itiu ùh vY]pic{i>uu ùh
pry]nuh p]Ti}. atuek]u te Ey]gYty[u
tvh ecuEcR ]nvuh A>]y]uh s>i
eckevR[ O>uk]uh Em]cnmi}] vuh
Ay nitYn>kil te aTiiTu `}]et
Ever O>u viDiuh pryutiEy[[ zsutiyuh
yuiyuh anuBvvuh Ouh te |}].
Aky]l (Ey]H. 20-28) eedvh, (m]yi 1-23)
nE]TukUeTyu eedvh, (`zb. 1-8) nitYxihH]xn
n]y eedvh (Er]m. 9-5) Èy[uh v]<[e
vn]yi xRv{iNEmuh eedvm]yvN, (1 tIEm] 1-19)
88
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
nueT >it]v]ku ~k ]niy]y eedvh, (1
tIEm]. 6-14 mutl 16 ve>) DnYn]y ~k]Diptiyuh
>]j]Di>]j]vuh kR]DikR]vuh, (1 Ey]H. 3-16)
nmuuEvi te jIvenvc{ eedvh, (ae]: nT[ 2028) ne xVh >]l x]dic{ eedvh, (tIU 213) mH] eedvh. (1 tIEm] 3-16) jQil evie
eedvh, (1 Ey]H. 5-20)
xtYeedvh, (`s]y 9-6)
siyu eedvh, (Ey]H. 1-1)
vcnm]kueedvh,
(evi. 17-14)
kR]DikR]v[, (U]. 2-6)
kR]v]ku zkix[tu, (evi 1-8) |>uvnuh |>iu
vnuh v>uvnum]y kR]v[, (1 ek]>i. 8-6) Eysu
zkix[tu ` ~k kR]v[, (`s]y 6-5) eexnY
ueT yEH]vy]y kR]v[, (1 ek]>ii 2-8) mHtVil
kR]v[, (Er]m] 14-8) jIvikLuh m>ic{vRuh
kR]v[, (1 ek]>i. 15-47) xRv{ilniu kR]v[,
(evi. 22 - 13) al] OEmg] - Adiyuh avuh, (evi.
3-14) AEmN, (evi. 19-16) >]j]Di>]j]v[, (`zb]. 1-12)
y]v]N, (evi, 2-23) \LUvukeyuh HZdyEyuh
A>]yuvN, (ek]e]. 1-17) xRvinuh muN,
(Ey]H. 16-30) xkvuh ariyuvN, (ek]e] 1-8)
xkvuh xZic{vN, (evi, 1-8) xRvsN, (2 et.
1 - 8 v] nitYN, (`s]y] 9-6) nitYpit]v[, (yrmi 23-5)
>]j]v[, (evi. 22-12) zptiPh ek]TuuvN, (m].
9-6) p]pe Em]ciuvN, (Ey]H. 6, 53,54) m>ic{
ve> \yRiuvN, (`zb. 13-8) m]mi}]vN, (evi.
22-13) O]mvnuh OTuvnuh, (U], 1-76),
atYutN, (`s]. 40-3, yri. 23-6) yEH]v] ì
en `}]h Eysuvinut]yi pryeTu n]m
89
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
e]uh Eysuvinu Ec>ukyi}. |zpk]>muvn]yi>u
Eysuvien eedvemu ]pi]NEvi priu
ayuuh axtYum]y xm]D]neyuh xhBvi
c{ii}]tuk]y mHimkeyuh En]uE]L |ni
Ae>y]f[ ~tu jIvM]e>y]f[ niueT |o nY]y
zpk]>h eedvemu ]pi]N p]Ti}]t[? kh!
kh! èiuh tl] k]>Y]Be>uti mTi
kUT]et |tiNmh pruek]u nT]N tuni]uh
EkLuvRe}]vRuh O>uEp]e mti ekuEp]ku
emu ni>UpiEc{]?
|en Eysuvienuric{u vic]>ic{tiuh eedv
fmie}u ki>iuu.
90
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
nizgH]nuzgHh
zkix[tu E]k]vx]nu vic]>f ecy[v]n]yiu
v>uemu niL pryuuvE}]. vic]>fk]inu
muE m>ic{ve>}]Ep>uh ecuEc>ut[ n>kEm]
iE]? Ever v} E]? Ever ]kuu
evil Adh azbH]h mut]yv>uh vic]>fk]
inu muEte Em]iuh mu p n>kiuh
zpEvsic{uevu
niueT
eebbiL
pryutu
km]kuu.
m>ic{ve>}]Ep>uh tlfh te n>kiuh
Em]iuh ecu xuKduKe anuBviuh ù
v>ikil E]k]vx]n k]il vic]>fecy{fem
i}E}]. at} vic]>f ecy{fh ìl A vic]>f
ek]u muiyil |>uve> n>kiuh n>kil
|>uve> muiyiuh m]im]i |>uuEm]? |>uuk
yie}il
vic]>f
ecy{utuek][
zpEy]jnh
y]et]umi}E}]. `]l muE |>u zpk]>hte
muiyil |>uve> muiyiuh n>kil |>uve>
n>kiuh |Tuemil aEHh nUtnm]yi vic]>f
ecy{uemut[ ìn]yi[? Aky]l E]k]vx]n
il vic]>feye]ueu pryutute su
km]kuu.
|niyuh aEHh vic]>f ecy{uE]L mYn]
yi>iuemu niL pryuE}]. A]L y]et]>u
kRvuh ecy{]ti>ie te mnuEp]e cie>
91
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
xuKEB]gik]yiuh
cie>
duK]nuEB]gik]yiuh
xZic{tuek]u pp]tiy]yi>iuvN mYn]
kutinu Ey]gYn}.
|ni
zkix[tuv]ke
vic]>fk][
~tu
zpm]fh ek][ vic]>iuh? eebbiiene]u
vic]>iuh ìl A pux[tkh aEnk Ek]Ti
muK]yi
pi>iu
muuh
piuh
Oien]u
vip>Ite[ O>u EpuuEp]e |>iutien niL
n}tiNmh ki>iumE}]. atiene]u nIti
vic]>iueten?
atiene]ute O>uEv
vic]>ic{]uh A eebbiien kuh Ekuh ariy]
p p Edsii>iu jnLu ~tiene][
nIti vic]>iuh? |tu n}t[ |tu cI ù
pkuriyu
viEvcnku
mn]ieye][
vic]>iuemil muNprEp]e n}tuh cIyuh
|tit]kuu `[ ariyutinu xzd]ys]x[zt
L kUT]et k<ikyi}]. Aky]l avnvN eek
e]i>iu xzd]ys]x[ztLu EcRc{y]yiu
te avnvN arivu]yi>iuh. A iti[
avnve ariv]ku mn]ieye][ vic]>iE
t]efil avnve mts]x[ztee zpm]f
m]ie][ vic]>iEiv>uh. aen vic]>iu
ph eebbiiene zpm]fm]ie]u vic]>i
uemuh mu mts]x[zte}]h axtYs]x[zt
]efuh niL ìnuEvieyiuh nTu EG]Si
utu viy kh AyiE]kuh. avRuh eebbii
ene]ute vic]>iuemil av>ueT jnnh mutl
92
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
m>fh ve>yuh kuhEkuh ariy] eebbiL
klpnke av>u eeke]i}] `[ Ek]pic{[ ave>
diiutu mH]kinvuh anY]yvuh AyiE]kuh.
Aytin]l zkix[tuvinu vic]>f ecy{utiEy[u
zpm]fEm |}].
zkix[tu te vic]>i]ve> nitYn>kil
tiyuemu niL pryuvE}]. gRBil
|>iuE]<uh
jniuE]<uh
jnic{tie
EsSh
sisuzp]yiuh m>ic{uEp]y A]uh ku>uTuh
eckiTuh Ayi>uu m>ic{u Ep]yv>uh jnic{n]L tuTi
cizBmh mut]y vY]DipiTic{u kiTu m>ic{uEp]yv>uh
zkix[tumth nT]k] Edsil |>u[ avnve
mts]x[zthek]u xiic{ ariviNzpk]>h xM]Rik]
yi>uu
m>ic{uEp]yv>uh
zkix[tuvien
ariuh
visVxic{uh |>iyi}.
eebbiien pic{riiuh atu eedvs]x[zth
ù
visV]xhv>]et
t]N
eeke]i>iu
mtilte
|>uu
m>ic{v>uh
zkix[tuvien
visVxic{i>iyi}E}]. aE]L A A]e n>k
il tuemil atuEp]e anY]yh Ever Ouh
|}. muiyil |>uuemil te visVxi]ve>
n>kil tiyuemu pryut[ Ouh Ec>ukyuh
|}].
niueT eedvh A]e |T]u xZi
yuh avE>]TukUTie asutEyyuh suh
|}]k>f]dikeyuh k]mEzk]DE]BEm]Hmdm]X>Y
93
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
gufeyuh aEHin]l a}]et mnuSY>il
O>uv>]uh anuS[ieTuv]N k<iy]tuh y]et]>u
zpEy]jnmi}]tuh Ay O>u nItiviDiey niymic{u
nTiyuh ecy[Etc{[ pie vic]>fk][ A
A]e kuv]ik]iIRut[ ù nIti
y]f[?
yEH]v] A]e asuM]>]yiu xZic{i}]
ìl A]L asuk]>f]dike t]]]yi[
\]ie]E]? aen \]iyi}] ùtinu
zpm]fm]yiu Ek]ph mut]y duRufe}]h jnic{
\Ten k]feTuE}]. av jNmp]phek]]kuu
evil Adi A]vil av èn \]yi? Adi
A]vuecy[t p]ph ek]u]yi ìl A p]ph
ecy{utinu k]>fm]y vip>It]nh \]yt[
èn? Aky]l A]e asuM]>]yiute
xZic{uevu etiv]kuu.
yEH]v] |]R[ |zpk]>h nTfem[
A>hBilte niymic{i} ù pryuevil
nT]N Ep]kuvey niymi]E]E< avey
ariumi>iumyi}].
yEH]v] |]R[ |zpk]>h nTfem[
A>hBilte niymic{i} ù pryuevil
nT]N Ep]kuvEy niymi]E]E< avey
ariumi>iukyi}].
aeny}
ariute
yi>iuh ìl niymic{umi>iuh. azpk]>h nT]Et
etiE]yi ìl kRZtVh |e}uv>uh. atuek][
94
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
yEH]vyueT
niymzpk]>h
a}]et
Ever
O>u
viDiuh Ouh nTyi} ù xtiEt]yiu
tI>uh.
Aky]l aEHh te]en A]vienyuh
asuteyyuh viSvZeyuh y]et]>u zpEy]jn
vuh |}] O>u viDieyyuh pis]cienyuh niRic{[
OTuh te |o v}] ecy[vnkee]u p]ph
\]yE]L te kue anYM]>il ]piukyuh
t]N dyvuvenE]e eviyil k]fiutinu
Evi >]mtuh A p]pe tilvHic{uh t]N
EvdneTuvenEp]e B]viyuh tE]TukUTiy
mnuSYtVe m]zth EvdneTuukyuh t]N >k
enu Epe>Tuuek]ukyuh ecy[tuek][ Ouh
ariy]venyuh ecy{]venyuh Ep]e vu
nItivic]>fk<ic{[ A]e kuv]ik]i tIRu
tu mH] anItiy]efu kuuLuEp]uh
ariy]vut]f[. Aky]l aEHh y]et]>uE>yuh
kuv]ik]i tIR]N nY]yh |}].
zkix[tuvien O>uvN visVxi]et |>iutu
p]pm]kuuevu niL te]en prkek]uh
zkix[tumuuh piuh \ xk p]pLum]yiu
p]Tuepu ù k]fukek]uh visVxi]t]y
p]pinuh zkix[tu anuBvic{ Evdnte zp]yi
m]yiu tI>uh. Aky]l zkix[tu t]M]zth n>kEvdn
anuBviy}]et muve>yuh kUTi anuBviiey
utu nItiy]kyi}. |en nizgH]nuzgHe
95
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
kuric{u vic]>ic{tiuh eedvfmie}u etiv]yi>i
uu.
96
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pvizt]c>izth
pvizt]]v[
xZi
mut]y
kZtYLu
Evu xH]yhecy{uu ù niL pryuE}].
yEH]v]
xRvsenuv>ikil
t]N
ecy{u
kZtYLu pvizt]]vie xH]yh kUTi |iuEm]?
yEH]v] xVyh kZtYh ecy{utinu zt]fi |}]vn}
ìuh aEHh ecy{u kZtLuh t]nuh kUTi
xtic{u
ek]i>iutieny]f[
pvizt]]vu
ecy{u
xH]yemu
pryut[
ìl
|o
aBizp]ye xtiutiEy[u zpm]fh |}]tu
ek]uh \f]yi>u]uh |EHie xte
|ic{iE yEH]v] kZtYh ecy[kyuu ùh atin]l
yEH]v]
ansiyuvne}uh
vuEp]kuh.
pvizt]]v[ eebbiien t]Nte \]]et
BM]e>
\fRi
ave>e][
ecy{ic{t[
ìn]yi[?
|o pvizt]]v[ zkix[tuvien Ed]S>Hit
mnuSY]kZtiy]yiu xZic{E]e<te aEHil
suiyuh ]nvuhkUTi \]yi>ium]yi>uE}]. A
itiu zp]vie >Uph D>ic{[ vu zpEvsic{tuh
aen zpEvsic{i>uiuh OTuh A zkix[tu Evdn
Ey]TukUTi niviic{E]L >i]Et viuktuh
ìn]yi[. aen a} >iteecy[tu ù
v>ikil Eysu "è pit]ev è pit]Ev" ù
viic{E]L aEHie ay]y mriyiEn]T[ >mic{
97
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pit]v]y t]N mi]et |>uuktu ùek][?
at[ |>ie.
Adi mnuSYen vWi]N v pis]c[ mu
EvSe Ouh eeke]]et xRie EvSe
eeke]tin]l Aytu p]pinu k]>fm]yi Bvic{u
ùh ec]}i xReey]e spic{ yEH]v]
pvizt]]v[ mu EvSeey]iEnyuh `Tu]et
zp]vie EvSete xVIk>ic{tu pufYinu k]>f
m]yE}]
ù
xE]Sic{u
zp]vukeey]eyuh
"nie A>uh evTievy[yuh tiukyumi}" ù
pru Ou anuzgHic{uky]et |>ut[ ù
ek][. |en pvizt]]vienuric{u vic]>ic{tiuh
eedvfmie}[ etiv]yi>iuu.
98
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
EztYktVh
|o
v]kYh eebbiil
|}. pit]evu
pryeTu yEH]v]ey eedvemu pryut}]et
O>iTeiuh zkix[tuvien eedvh ù pryui}].
pit]v[, puztN, pvizt]]v[ ù mUun]muh
O>umic{u eebbiil `<utiyi>iu v]kYL mUuh
mUutey]f[.
O]mt[ Ey]H]N 5- 7 p>E]kil x]Yh
pryuvR mUv>u[. A]v[, jh, >h, |vR mUuh
OiEy[]kuu.
>]mt[ m]yi 28- 19 pit]v[
pvizt]]vie v]kYil x[n]neTuuk.
puztN
mU]mt[ 2 ek]>uiyR 13- 14v. kR]v]y Eysu

zkix[tuvie
kZpyuh
eedvie
x[EnHvuh
p>isu]vie kU]y[myuh nie}]vE>]TuhkuTi
|>uUt]k. |vyil AdYe
v]kYh tmi<iuh
|hg[ISiuh \ eebbiil m]ztm}]et |tukLu
mUm]y zgIuB]Syiu eebbiil |}]. (36)
pp]thkUT]et nY]ye m]zth xVIk>iuv>]y
O]E>]E>] yUEr]pYzkix[tYM]>uEp]uh |o v]kYh
eebbiil vY]jm]yi]f[ EcRi>iuetu ku
atien nIiu. Aky]l atieni goniu
t[ an]vsYm]kuu.
99
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
>]me
v]kYil
pit]v[,
puztN,
pvizt]]v[ |o mUiEnyuh Oeu pryuuE]?
|}]. O]E>]ien zpEtYkh zpEtYkemiuh eedvemu
pryuuE]?
atumi}.
mUuh
tuYm]efu
pryuuE]? aenyuh |}. A mUiEnyuh
viutinu pryuuE]?
atumi}. |zpk]>h
OeE] evEv{er eedvemE] tuYemE] vYemE]
pry]ti>iu iti[ A mUienyuh èny]f[
niL eedv fiuLeTui EztYktVm]I
xVIk>iut[?
mU]mtu v]kYil Ever eedvemE] mUuh
tuYemE]
OeE]
vYemE]
prii}.
ùtyum} EztYktVe niESDiukyuh kUTi
ecy{uu[.
èn
`]l
pit]v[,
puztN,
pvizt]]v[
ù
pry]et
eedvh,
puztN,
pvizt]]v[ ù pri>iuu. Aky]l A mUu
Ep>il
O>uN
eedvemuh
muh
>uEp>uh
eedvme}uh etiv]kuu. eedvm}]tin]l zkix[tu
EztYktVil
EcRvn}.
(Ti.
viSyei
viv>m]yi ariyfemuvR 1827-]h vRSh aE]bR
m]xh 28-n[ ervr[ eH[rivyR ` p]ti>iy]l
ecy{e \pnY]xe En]uk) |ni |tieni
pit]v[
zkix[tu
|v>ueT
aBizp]yeyuh
eebbi]c]>YM]>ueT
aBizp]yeyuh
k]fic{
EztYktVh tIe> |}]t]efuh ipiuu[.
100
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
(pur]Tupux[tkh 20-3) è mu]ek anYeedv
L ninu]k>ut[. (AvRnpux[tkh 32-39) w]N
w]Nte, avn]kuu, È]TukUTi mu eedvmi}.
(ysy] 45-5 mutl 8 ve>) w]N yEH]v]y]kuu.
me]>unumi}], w]n}]et me]>u eedvvumi}. w]N
yEH]v]y]kuu. (pur]Tupux[tkh 3-14,15) |>iu
vn]y w]ni>iuu. (m]yi 22-31,32) azbH]mie
eedvvuh |]ie eedvvuh yE]bie eedvvuh
Ay yEH]v] |t[ Èy[uh èn]mvuh |tu
tmury]yi è O]R zpx[t]vvum]kuu. Eml
prye viSyei Eysu xtic{uek]utien
En]uviN w]N azbH]mie eedvvuh Akuu `[
avN
pri>iutien
niL
v]yic{i}Ey].
(m]yi
19-17)
O>uvN
Eysuvien
n}venu
prE]L Eysu avEn]T]yi[ ` n}venu
pryuet[? eedvh O>uven]<iek n}ven]>u
numi}. (mRE]x[ 12-32) O>uvN O>u eedvEmey]u.
aven]<iek m]>umi} ù prE]L Eysu
s>iteeyu xtic{u. (Ey]H]N 14-28) pit]v[
è]L viyvn]kuu `[ Eysu pryuu,
(ae]x[tR 2-22) Eysuzkix[tuv]y mnuSYen eedvh
xtic{u. |hg[iS[ eebbiil En]uk. (1 ek]>ui.
11-3) mnuSYnuh zkix[tuvinuh `ztE]h vYtY]xh
\E] aztE]h vYtY]xh eedvinuh zkix[tuvinuh
tiueu aRil |t] xk pu>uSnuh t
zkix[tuv]kuu. zkix[tuvinu t eedvemuh. |en
pruEp]y]N aDikvix[t]m]kuemu k>uti |ni
EpR aY]yh vcnh |vey m]zth k]fiuu. pur]T[
101
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pux[tkh 3-14-15 Ti 20- 3, AvRnpux[tkh 4-39, Ti
6-4, Ti 32-39, Ti 5-7, s]muEvl 7-22, 2 >]j]M]R 19-19,
eneHmiy] 9-6, xIRnh 83-18, Ti 36-10, eys]y 3716, Ti 37-27, Ti 40-25, Ti 41-4, Ti. 42-8 v., Ti 44-68 , Ti 455,6 , Ti 45-18, 21, 22, Ti 43-10 mutl 15., Ti 7-32, Ti 12-32,
34, Ti 20-23, m]yi 26-39, Ti 5-42, Ey]H]N 17-3, Ti
4-34, mRE]x[ 13-42, Ti 22 - 29 v], E>]mR 17-27, Ti 10-9,
Ti 4-24, 1 ek]>iiyR 8-3 , 1 tiEm]eyUx[ 1-17 , Ti 24-5,
ÌxiyR 4-6, Ti 1-17 , y]E]b[ 2-19, evi]T[ 15-34,
Ek]E]xiyR 1-3.
|o v]kY]l eebbiL zpk]>h te
EztYktVmie}u niym]kuu. |nieyiuh EztYktV
em v]ien niL mru kviN.
Ake, ìuh |o v]kYh \t]yiute
ni>Upic{]uh Aytu s>iy]yiTuEm] ù En]]h.
EztYktVh ` pdinu mU[ O]vuh ùt[
`]kuu aRh. mU[ O]kuemil mU]yii>ie
O]kuE]? A mUuh nsic{[ O]kuE] mUuh
mU]yii>u[ O]kuu ìl mU[ mU]yiute
|>u]l me]]kueten?
Ayti O>iuh
s>iy]kyi}. mUu m]t<h mU]yiute |>iEv
av O>u p<m]kuEm]? |}E}]. atin]l mUu
mU]yii>iyil A mUeut[ |}]et Ep]kumE}].
a}]etyuh mU[ O[ |vyil k]>fh ~t[? k]>Yh
~t[? muNp[ |}]ti>u[ \]kut]kuu k]>Yh.
Aky]l muNp[ |}]ti>uu]y Ou k]>Ym]kuh.
102
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
k]>Yinu niytm]yi muNniltu k]>fm]ky]l
k]>Ym]y Oien niytm]yi muNni[ mUu k]>fm]kuh.
k]>]y mU[ O]kuE]L A
mueut[
nsiutin]l k]>fmi}]et Ep]kuu.
|zpk]>h \pEmyEyuh En]i]l pit]v[
puztN pvizt]]v[ |o mUuEp>uh nsic{uEp]kuh. |o
mUuh
nsic{]uh
|vy]u]ku
Oeiuh
ninilyi}Ey]? `]l atuh nsic{uEp]kuh.?
ùek]e]l k]>Yh nsV>m]kuu ì>iy]
ezt? atin]l pit]v[ puztN pvizt]]v[ |o
k]>fm]y
mUiEn]Tuh
kUTi
k]>Ym]y
O[
nsiuemutu niym]kuu.
|niyuh mU[ O]kuemutil pieyuh O>u
Ed]Smi>iuu. at]yt[ mUinuh vik]>tVmu]k]
kuu. mUinuh ztitVh nsic{u vik]>e zp]piet
O]kyi}. |zpk]>h pit]v[ puztN pvizt]]v[ `
mue]>uinuh vik]>tVh kUT]et O]k]N k<ikyi}.
|ni Ou mU]kuemil O[ O]yi>uuek][
mU]kuE], Ou nsic{u mU]kuE]? O]yi>uu
ek][ mU]kuemil Aytu p]Tut}. O>u m]t<h
O]yiute mu<uvnumi>ie Aytu mUu p<m]ku
eten? Aky]l O[ O]yi>uuek]u mU]ku
emuph ECdieuEp]kuu. Ou mu[ |vyil
O[ k]>fvuh mu[ k]>Yvum]f[. ùtyum}
k]>fh nsic{u k]>Ym]kyuh ecy{uu. |zpk]>h
\pEmyE En]iy]l ~km]y eedvh nsic{[, pit]v[
103
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
puztN pvizt]]v[ `[ mUuEp>]yi Bviuu. k]>Yh
nsV>m]yiut]kuu ì>iy]l k]>Y]y Ti.
pit]v[,
puztN,
pvizt]]v[
|o
mUuEp>uh
nsic{uEp]kv>]ku ù niym]kuu.
|ni Ti. mUuEp>uh zpEtYkh zpEtYkh \vR
te ùv>ikiuh tuYsM]>]ky]l O>uN
te ù pry]h. ìl ci gufe ek]u
tuYM]>]ky]l mnuSYe>}]ve>yuh O>uN ù
prEyt]f[. mnuSY>il ci gufh s>iy]yiuh ci
gufh s>iyiT]etyuh |>iy]l O>uenu pru
kUT]. Ti. mUu Ep>ueT aTuuh alpvuh EBdh kUT]et
`}] gufuh s>iy]yii>iy]l ave> O>uvN
ù pry]emil mUu evi>UpkL alpvuh EBdh
kUT]et `}] gufuh mu<uvnuh Oi>uiuh avey
O>u >Up] ù prukUT]tuEp]e Ti. mUuEp>uh
tuYM]>]yi>u]uh O>uN ù prukUT].
a}]etyuh A mUuEp>uh zkiyek]uh k]Eds
gufee]uh tuYM]e>u pryutin[ |Tyi}.
pit]v[ E]ke xZic{u. mnuSYe> p]pik]i.
O<ivun]il
Evecy[t
O>uen
ke}riu
ek]}utinu klpic{u. vZEdnh ecy{] O>uen
Oic{i>uu ek]}uv]N En]i. |ojip[tYM]E>]T[ ek]
ecy[v]N pr[ pu klney ek]Tuu. xZiu
muNpi>uu. Eysuvien |TuB]gi>uu biey
xVIk>ic{u. |niyuh |zpk]>mu aEnkk]>Ye
ecy[tu. Eysu >]jYEzd]Hvuh eedvEzd]Hvuh ecy[tu
104
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ùh ec]}i ku>isil trc{u ek]}e[ pit]vie
vu B]gi>uu.
|ni pvizt]]v[ mriyil zpEvsic{[ Eysuv]yi
Bvic{[ zp]vienE]e BUmiyiEy[uvu. |tin]l mUu
Ep>uh O>uEp]eyuv>e}[ etiv]kuu.
O>u vx[tu >[ ae}il mU[ Akeyuh mU[
ae}il >uvx[tuL O]keyumut[ ap>i
pUR vx[tuvil a}]et p>ipURvx[tuvil xhGTi
yi}. jh nir EmTi O>u p]ztink[ jh
>uh mUuh Aekyut[ Ec>uEm] O>u vx[tu
>]yiu pi>iyfemil atien Ever h Evi
v>uu. |TviT]et ùh niri>u]l pi>ivu]
v]N p]Ti}.
pi>iyuh kUTukyuh ecy{uvey}]h
vik]>E]TukUTiy
jQvx[tuL
Ayi>ifh.
a}]et p>ipURm]y O[ pt]kyuh pet]]kyuh
ecy[keyut[ Ec>ukyi}. |zpk]>h pit]v[, xutN,
pvizt]]v[ |o mUv>uh O>uvn]efuh O>uvN A
mUv>]kuu ùh pryutu Ed]Sm]yiutI>uh.
|ni Ever O>u zpk]>il Ti. mUuEp>il >u
Epe> `TuuEn]]h. Aytu s>ie]l atien
te mUu EpRuh vc{uek]]h.
p]l eet>]kutuEp]e pit]v[ puztn]yi>i
uu. |til pURtVEd]Smi} ìl |t[ k]>fh
nsic{u k]>Ym]ku p>if]mv]dmezt. p]u te
eet>]ku ùtil p]l nsic{]f[ eet>]kut[.
105
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|zpk]>h \pEmyeyuh En]iy]l pit]v[ p>
miuh
puztN
BUmiyiuh
|>uu
`t[
abm]yiE]kuh. è]l eet>]yiu Bvic{ p]uh
A eet>uh til pi>iu Ever ii>i
yie}utuek]ezt. Aky]l pit]vuh puztnuh
til pi>iu >u i>ut]yi k]fukek][
I>dDidZ]h GTiyi}.
|o I>dZ]h
pryutiiniyuem]>u Ed]Sh |>iuu. at]yt[ p]u
nsic{[ eet>]kuu. an>h A eet>uh eet>]yiu
te |>i]et Aytu nsic{[ me]]kuh. A me]u
nsic{[ Ever]]kuh. |zpk]>h O>u niyi}]et
ep]y[E]kuem]kuu. |tuEp]ete pit]v[ nsic{[
Eysuv]yi, Eysu nsic{[ me]>un]yi, avnuh nsic{[
Ever]>un]yi. |en avukTu ep]y[Ep]kuh. |o
itiu tl]h pit]vumi}], Eysuvumi}. |E]L
|>iuvN |venuh ariy]nuh p]Ti}. O>uEv
ariyuemuh vc{uek]]uh AyvNte |niEmuh
|>iuemu niyi]nuh |Tyi}.
a}]etyuh
~veniuh O>uvN |E]L \t]yiu ni>UpieTu
kil avNte p>mil |>iuvenu
v>fh.
A iti[ |E]<uh pit]vuh puztnuh
|>iuu ù pryut[ eebbiin[ viE>]Dm]yiu
Bviuh. eebbiien viE>]Dm]yi niyiuve>
zkix[tYM]e>u prukUT]. |>ie p]umu<uvnuh
nsic{u eet>]kutuEp]e a} p]il niu kuer
B]gh
nsic{u
eet>]kut]yi
B]vic{u
ek][
azpk]>hte pit]vil kuEr B]gh nsic{u puztn]ku
ù niyi]mE}]. ìl niS[nuh niRv{ik]>
106
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
num]y eedvinu kuEr B]gemiuh kh Bvic{]l
Eml pr niS[]din]mL Ec>]vy]yiI>uh.
a}]etyuh ke B]gh O<ic{u mE B]gemiuh
niS[m]yi>iuEm]? `]l atumi}. ùk]>f
]l O>il kuErB]gh keuEv] A k]>f]l
te me]>il mEB]gvuh kTsiyil mu<uvnuh
keuEp]kuh. O>uEv fhek]u mu<uvnuh
ke[ vik]>e zp]pi]ti>i]uh x]vk]s
il azpk]>m]yiE]kuemutiEy[u xEHmi}.
pit]vie k]h |ztE]h ù gfiutiEy[[
O>u>]uh k<ikyie}[ niL te xtiek][
|tinu muilte pit]v[ keu nsic{uEp]yi>i
fh. p]u n]sic{u eet>]y]l vIuh p]]kyi}.
atuEp]e pit]vu nsic{u puztn]y]l mrupTiyuh
pit]v]kyi}. |o iti[ pit]v[ |E]<uh |>iuu
ù
pryutu
km]yiE]kuh.
|ni
Ever
O>uviDil En]]h! mu kuTm]kutuEp]E pit]v[
puztn]kuu. |til mu nsi]et kuTm]kuet][,
kuTh mTiyuh m]kuet][. |zpk]>h pit]v[
nsi]et
puztn]kuet][
puztN
mTiyuh
pit]v]kuet][, mZikyuh GTvuh Ep]e. pit]vu
puztN |o >uEp>uh O>un]kuu ìl muh
kuTvuh EvEv{er a} OE> vx[tuvEzt.
pit]vuh
puztnuh aeny}. EverEver AfE}]. m[ O>u
uh kuTh me]>u uh |>iukyi}. pit]v[
O>u uh puztN (zkix[tu) me]>u uh
107
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
at]yt[ p>mmiuh BUmiyiuh |>uuevu
eebbiL pryuu. Aky]l mZlGTdZ]h 28
EcRc{yut}.
m]ke
khbuzgIv]divik]>e
zp]pic{u
(42)
kuTm]kuu.
azpk]>h
pit]v]y
yEH]v]yuh
vik]>eu
(43)
puztn]eyuh
prEyt]f[. mie vik]>inEzt kuTemu EpR.
atuEp]e
Eysu
`
n]mvuh
pit]vie
vik]>inut]efu vuEp]kuh. a}]etyuh muh
kuTvuhEp]e
aBim]yiu
pryutil
|niyuh
Ed]S]yi>iuu. Eysu muu muTi D>ic{u. pit]vuh
niviiEc{]? Eysu ku>isil tUi m>ic{u. pit]vuh
aen
m>iEc{]?
Eysu
niviic{u.
pit]vuh
niviiEc{]?
Eysu
pit]vien
En]i
è
ùek]u eekviu ù pru niviic{u.
pit]vuh te pit]vien En]i azpk]>h niviic{u
prE]? azpk]>h viic{u pru ìl A
pit]vie
pit]v]yiu
Ever]>unuh
ave
pit]v]yiu
me]>unuh
|>ifh.
|en
anv]Ed]Smu]kuh. Eysu eedvvuh mnuSYnum]
yi>uu. pit]vuh azpk]>h Ayi>uE]? Eysu
mriyie \d>il jnic{u. pit]vuh azpk]>h
jniEc{]? pit]v[ puztN |o >uEp>uh p>mil
vtuvsuh |Ttuvsum]yi[ |>iuu ù
pryutil vtuB]gi>iuvN
|TtuB]guh
|TtuB]g[ |>iuvN vtuB]gumi}. |tuEp]e
muh kuTvuh evEv{er ]nil |>iuuE]?
28
mZt[ av] mZik] = m[; GTh = kuTh,
108
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
k]>fm]y mil niuh kuTe \]utin[
kusvN EvfemutuEp]e k]>fm]y pit]vil
niuh Eysuvien \]utiEy[[ O>uNEvfh.
avN AR? aven xZic{vN ~vN? |zpk]>h
aEnk Ed]SL En>iTutuek]uh mZlGTdZ]h
Ec>ukyi}.
|ni
bihbzptibihbdZ]h
En]]h,
xU>Yn]y bihbh jil zptibihbiutuEp]e
pit]v]y xU>YN zptibihbic{u Eysuv]yiIRu.
|tiuh Ed]Smi}]ti>iui}.
pit]vie ]n[
xU>Ynuh Eysuvie ]n[ zptibihbxU>Ynu
m]kuu. |vyil xU>YN \ vx[tu. azpk]>h te
pit]v[ \vnuh Eysu |}]vnuh Et]l m]ztvuh
ùv>fh. aE]L Eysu jnic{u ku>isil tUi m>ic{[
aute ecy[tu xVRi>iuu, nY]yviDiu
v>uemuh
muh
|tuEp]eyu
aEHie
c>iztL aEsSvuh |}]vk]efu tIRc{y]kuh.
Eysu |}]venu v>uE]L tc{>iztL En>]ku
Em]? c>iztL kemuv>uE]L eebbiL m]zth
xtYm]kuEm]? |o bihbzptibihbdZ]ilte
|niyuem]>u Ed]Smi>iuu. |o dZ]h ap>ipUR
vx[tuvi}]et
p>ipURvx[tuvil
Ec>ukyi}.
xU>YN Ak]su niluu. jh t]<uh |>iuu.
xU>YN |>iuiTu jvuh jh |>iuiTu
xU>Ynuh |}. Aytuek][ xU>YN zptibihbiuu.
xU>YN |TviT]et ùh p>ipURn]yi>uu ìl
jmi>iutinu vumi}. aE]L zptibihbvuh
109
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\]kyi}.
niL
pit]vien
p>ipURenu
pryuumu[. A itiu pit]vie zptibihbm]f[
Eysu ù pryut[ O>iuh s>iy]yiut}.
|ni Ever O>u \pm]nh pruEn]]h. at]yt[
>uvil xRvuh k]nil jvuh Ep]ey]kuu.
|til \pEmyh kyie ]n[ pit]vuh p]ie
]n[
Eysuvuh
Akuu.
|ni
|tiu
Ed]Semeney]l kyil p]uh k]nil jvuh
èn miYEy] èn xlph m]ztm]yii>iuE]
(aen) kyienyuh k]nienyuh O<ic{u xRvuh
jvuh ènyi}Ey] azpk]>hte Eysuvuh
miY]BUtnuh pit]vien O<ic{u Ever |}]vnum]kuu.
kyil myh EHtuv]yi[ k]feTu p]uh
k]nil Et]u jvuh O>u x[ztIyueT \d>il
ecu jniuEm]? ciQkRieien ìuh
ecy{uEm]? |}E}]. |t[ suEm nuftey]f[.
azpk]>hte Eysu è]>]L \]yi>ueuh
aEnk
k]>YE
ecy[tu
ùh
pryutuh
km]yiI>uh. kyil Et]u p]ienyuh k]nil
Et]u jEyuh Ep]ey]efu prEc{ pi
Eysu è]>]L v]x[tvm]yiu]yi>uu `[
Ae>iuh pryuEm]? |o itiyiu O>]uric{[ O>u
mtvuh
EvfemuE]?
\ph
A
mte
buim]M]R anux>ifemuh atien xtYm]yiu
t]efuh s]x[ztM]>]yi>iu pitM]>ueT
mu]ek zpxhgifemuhkUTiyuE]? kh! kh!
110
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pit]v[,
puztN,
A]v[
|o
muuEp>uh
O]efutiEy[[ |niyuem]>u dZ]h pryuu.
at]ytu (xU>N) zpk]sh, vRh, \S[fh |o mUuh
O]yi>iutuEp]e |o mUuEp>uh O>uvNte
`]kuu.
|tuek][
OE>]
pd]RLuh
|tuEp]ete dEVYktVh, EtYktVh, ctuE>ktVh,
peeWktVh, SEQktVh, aeektVh mut]y aEnkh
~ktVL prEyiv>uh. pZiviu kingufmi>i
ek][
~eekktVemuh
A
pZiviute
kinE]TukUTi gh, >xh, >Uph, x[pRsh, sh,
vRh, jQtVh, zpk]sh ae}il azpk]sh; \Sfh
ae}il sIth |vkuh |>iy]l zkminu
dEVYktVh,
EztYktVh,
ctuE>ktVh,
peeWktVh,
SEQktVh, deesktVh ùh |en gufL
pyi>iy]l
O]E>]
vx[tuvin[
Oumutl
aEneekktVh prEyt]yi v>uh. xU>Ynu niL
pryuzpk]>h, nirh, \S[fh |o muu gufL
m]ztm}
x[pRsh,
jQh,
dU>h,
vZh,
av[,
AkZtiviEsSh mut]y gufL |>iuu. pit]v[,
puztN, A]v[ |vR mUuEp>uh guf]efil
atinu gufi ~t[? A gufi[ |o gufL
BiE],
aBiE]?
gufiu
gufL
aBi]efut[
ARuh
anuBvmEzt.
guf]yv
gufiEy]Tu
EvReu
tnic{u
zpvRiuEm]? \d>ilecu jnic{[ ak>f
bHiS[>fE]TukUTi
mnuSY]kZti
`Tuu
\uTu[ v]<[[ ci>ic{uk>[ m>iuEm]? |ti tIE>
EcRc{yi}]t]ky]l
|ec{y[vnkLuLev>]y
111
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pit]v[, puztN, A]v[ |o mUv>uh
pryut[ s>iy}]t]kuu.
gufeu
|ni ciR Hx[tk>p]fi Èp]e Oeu

pryuu. |t[ O>u vx[tuvinute mUu n]m]f[.
|en O>uvnute pit]v[, puztN, A]v[ ù
mUu
n]m]yi>iEt]f[.
aeny]kuE]L
pit]v[ O>u uh puztN Ever]>u uh
A]v[ me]>iTuh |>uu kUT]. O>u [
Hx[tvuh O>u [ k>vuh O>u [ p]fiyuh
Ever Everyi>iuuE]? |}E}]. atuek][ |o
\pm]nvuh Ec>ui}.
mnuSYN O>uNte jIvnuh, EdHvuh `
>uh Ayi>iuu. atuEp]e O>uN mUu
Ep>]yi>iuemu pryuuevil niL `Tuu
ek]uv>u
dZ]inu
pr
d]R]ikh
Ec>ukyi}. niREf EctntVh, aEctntVh, >Uph,
a>Uph, vY]pktVh, Ezp>ktVh, Ezp>YtVh, antVh,
atVh mut]y DRil \LeT] xVB]vmu
jIvnuh, EdHvuh >uh O]yi EcR[ O>uN
Akuemut[ Ec>uh. a}]et tnitniey EctntVh,
vY]pktVh, Ezp>ktVh, nitYtVh mut]y DRe
e]u tuYxVB]vL \v>]y pit], puztN,
pvizt]] ù Ep>u muu Ep>uh O>un]kuu
ùtuh |o dZ]h ek][ xiiei}.
a}]etyuh mUu Ep>uh zpEtYkh zpEtYkh eedvemu
pryeTutuEp]e
jIvenyuh
EdHeyuh
112
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
Oic{i>iuE]<}]et Ever Ever mnuSN ù
pryut[ Ec>]t]yiE Bviu. Emuh xutN
p]TuepE]L pit]vuh aEHien viupi>iu
ù
pri>iek]ute
av>u
>uEp>uh
tuYM]>e}u etiv]yi>iuu.
Eysu x[n]nhecy[tE]L p>mil niuh
pvizt]]v[ aEHie aTuu vE>t]yi>utu
ek]uh te siSYM]e> En]ie]u w]N
v]nE]key[u
Ep]y]l
a}]et
niLu
pvizt]]vien ayc{ut>utiEy[u |Tyi} au
pri>iek]uh avR >uEp>uh O>un}] ùh
|tinumuil zkix[tuc>itil etiv]yi k]fic{i>i
utuEp]ete zkix[tu v]nE]km]y pit]vie
aTul Ep]yi} ùt[ xtYm]kek]uh zkix[tY
M]>]y siSYM]Ruh niLuh zkix[tu au
Ep]y]}]et v>]N |Tyie}uh pryei>iu
pvizt]]v[ viie}uh A itiu niueT
aBizp]ye}]h du>itk]>f]yi>iEyuu ùh
n>kil
Ep]y]l
ti>ic{u
kE>mie}utuh
atin]l
p]t]ilEp]y
zkix[tuvinuh
mTi
kE>vuh v]nE]kzpEvsvuh |}]tuh ek][
niLu |ni Emuh O>uk]u pvizt]]v[
v>ikyie}[
\oHi]En
m]Rh
k]fue]u,
Aytuek]uh, pit]v[, puztN, pvizt]]v[ |o
mUuEp>uh O>uv]n]efu pryutu Ec>ukyi}].
113
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|en
EztYktVeuric{u
vic]>ic{tiuh
eedvfmie}u x]Diei>iuu.
114
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
psuzpk>fh
115
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\t[pi
a}Ey] zkix[tIy zpxhgikE,
eedvh
mnuSYe
mUie
O]yilkUeT
jIvsV]xe
\oti,
atuek][
avN
jIv]]Ev]TukUTiyvn]yi ù niL pryuE}].
jIvsV]xh te A]v]yi ù xtiuph
at[
afukUm]yi
BUtil
O]yi
jQm]yi
nsV>vx[tuv]yi>iuh. a}]et Ectn vx[tu Akyi}.
Aytuek]uh
nizdyil
zp]fv]yu
y]et]uh
ariyut]yi k]f]tuek]uh |o pryutu
Ec>ukyi}. atien kUT]et Ever O>u A]v[
xZiet]yi
vic]>iuu
ìl
atinu
v]kYzp]m]fvuh |}.
|ni jIvsV]xe Ake ae}il Ever
~tien ìuh Oien Ake A]v[ ù
xtiuph A]v[ an]diyiE \t]yi>u
|Ty[[ eedvin]l viEsSeTui s>I>E]TukUTi
xZieu ìl aet]>uviDh nmuuh xtm]kuh.
|Ty[u nUtnm]yi]f[ xZieetil at[
O>uzpk]>iuh
Ec>ukyie}utiEy[u
p
nY]yeyuh kUTi k]fi]h. èn `]l
AdYh |}]ti>u A]vien nUtnm]yiu
xZiutiEy[u y]et]>u nimvuh |}].
116
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
nmu[
ariv]N
p]Ti}]et
O>u
nimih
\]yi>iuh A
nimih an]diy]yiuetu
v>ikyuh ecy[tu ìl xZiyuh an]diy]yiu
t]efu zpxhgiEiv>uh.
|T][ t]n]yiute vetE] anYM]
>]l vetE] pryuuevil eedvh xRv{
kR]ve}[ AyiI>uh. eedvin]l ecy{et]
kuu ~il A nimie ecy{utin[ Ever O>u
nimih
Eviv>uh.
|zpk]>h
O>u
v>i}]et
29
anv vuEp]kuh.
A]vien \p]d]nk]>fil niuh xZic{u
evil atu piITuh nsic{[ A k]>filte
OTuiE]kuh. sUnYilniuh xZic{uevil atu
piITuh aente a<iu sUnYm]yiE]kuh.
ùtey}] sUnYilniuh xZieyu pryu
Et Ec>ukyi}. ]v>eyuh mnuSYs>I>eyuh
mlxYeyuh
xZiutiEy[u
mienyuh
jeyuh \p]d]nk]>fm]yi[ `Tu eedvh \p]d]n
k]>fhkUT]et sUnYil niuh xZiyi}.
Edvxm]nm]yiu sui, ]nh,Anh, |vkL
\t]yi xZie A]vin[ an>h s>I>eyuh
kUTi ek]Tufemi}E}]. A]vinu xHjm]yi
zpk]sic{i>u ]neyuh Aneyuh etiyuu
29
tRiu
O>u
Ed]Sm]f[
anv].
k]>fueT
avx]nmi}] O>u sZhK te \]yi>iukyuh, OTuvil O>u
niRfyieuv]N x]Di]et v>ukyuh ecy{u itiy]fit[.
117
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
tiEy[u s>I>h Evfemil A]v[ su]ni
y]yi} xZieetuh A]vie ]nh,
kZtYh, zpk]sh |vkLu tTvu]yi>uu ùh A
tTvien \]iytuek]u eedvh kZpyi}]v
enuh xtiEiv>uh.
A]Lu
AdYh
ek]Tu
s>I>h
sus>I>hte Ayi>uuevil atiu vis[
mut]y Ed]SL \]v]N |Tyi}. A i>iu
]v>EB]jnh viDic{u ùh O>u p<h tiu ùh
pryutu
km]yiE]kuh.
su
]nikLu
sus>I>hEp]uh Evfemi}E}]. su ]nik]y
Em]v]xikL èEy[uh su]nik]yi>iu
emu eebbiil k]fuuevil (2 ek]iy]R 418) k]fev anitY]kuu ù przpk]>h
te Em]v]xikuh s>I>E]TukUTiyv>]ky]l
a<iuEp]kuemutu niym]kuu. AdimnuSYN
s>I>h visu mut]yvEy]TukUTi |>utuek][
Em]v]xikLuh atuEp]e visu mut]yv
xhBviukyuh eebbiL km]yiE]kyuh ecy{uh.
Aky]l su]nikLu ek]Tue s>I>h
sumut}. O>uEv sumuetu v>ikiuh Ayt[
Evfemut}.
AdYh
xZiee]e<te
A]viu
suiyuh ]nvuh \]yi>uuevil Aytinu
viDiey niESDemuh niESDe viDieyu myi
vip>Itm]yiu D>iutiEy[u k]>fm]y a]nh
118
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ènyu]yi? A myh pis]cin]l vt]kuu.
`]l puremyu k]>fm]y Ayi>h pis]cu
kUTiy]uh \ie k]>fm]y a]nmi}]e]
e<uh myE \]uv]N k<ikyi}.
|ni xRv{]nie |}]y[my]f[ myi
Ey[u k]>fh ìl Em]v]xikuh mymu
v>]yiE]kuh. a}]etyuh xRv{]nsunYh `t[
`]k]>Ye ariy]et |>iutinu k]>f
m]yi Bviuh `}]et ì ari k]>Ye
vip>Itm]yi D>ic{uek]utinu k]>fm]kyi}].
A]vinu eedvin]l ek]Tue xV]Dik]>
m]f[ myie \L]>femil xV]Dik]>h `tu
Ever]ie vse[ myinu k]>fm]kut}.
te vseu my]etyi>iutiEy[u k]>fm]yi
>iut]f[ ùt[ yuixim]yi>ie at]f[
myutinu k]>femu pryut[, puk k]fuk
ek][ ag[ni |}] ù pryuEp]e viE>]D
m]kuu.
`]l
O>u
k]>fvuh
kUT]et
cu]
myiE]yi ìl azpk]>h te Em]v]xikuh
O>u k]>fvuh kUT]et myiE]kuemu v>uh.
a}]etyuh O>u Em]v]xi A> k]>fm]yiu
y]et]uh
b]HYk]>fm]y
vis]cuh
kUT]et
te]en myii>iu pis]c]yiE]yi ù
eebbiL prkek][ mui xiic{v>uh ciE]L
myi p]pik]yi n>kiEy[u Ep]kuemuh A
119
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
iti[ A mui anitYm]yi Bviuemuh Aky]l
atien zp]pic{iu Pmie}uh kUTi niym]kuh.
|niyuh eedvh AdYh |}]ti>u A]e
|T]il xZiuemu prE}]? aEHh
xZiutinu muil A]L O>u>umi}]ti
>utuek][ av>]l ecy{e y]et]>u k]>Yuh
|}]etteyi>iuh.
aenyi>iuE]L
eedvh
A]il
cie> \ms>I>ik]yiuh, cie>
mYms>I>ik]yiuh, cie> aDms>I>ik]yiuh, cie>
ku>uTM]>]yiuh,
cie>
eckiTM]>]yiuh,
cie>
muTM]>]yiuh,
cie>
xREv{ziys]ik]yiuh,
cie> nitYvY]Dim]M]>]yiuh, cie> nitYxVM]>]
yiuh cie> xM]>]yiuh, cie> d>izdM]>]yiuh,
cie> vidV]M]>]yiuh, cie> mUM]>]yiuh, cie>
A>YM]>]yiuh, cie> Em}M]>]yiuh, cie> xV]mim]
>]yiuh cie> d]xM]>]yiuh, cie> duM]>]yiuh,
cie> siM]>]yiuh, |niyuh pm]ti>iki]i
cie> EB]gBuvniuh cie> vniuh, cie>
mkiuh,cie> xmuzdiuh cie> sItBUmikiuh,
cie> \S[fBUmikiuh, |>ui, cie> gRBpi
iuh, cie> jnnk]iuh, cie> sisuzp]y
iuh, cie> yovnk]iuh, cie> v]RkY
k]iuh, ek][, cie> sivmtiuh, cie>
viS[fumtiuh, cie> bomtiuh, cie>
yHUd]mtiuh, ciE> Eysumtiuh, cie> Ever
mtiuh EcR[ jnnh mutlE |zpk]>h aEnk
EBdgtikE]TukUTi xZiutiEy[u k]>fh `[?
120
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
atinu k]>fh y]et]umi}. eedvh `}]h te
aBizp]yzpk]>h ecy{uu ìl azpk]>hte
mnuSYR m>ic{tie EsSh anuBvi]nu xuKduK
Luh y]et]>u k]>fvuh Evfemie}uh te
mnuEp]e cie> Em]iuh cie> n>kiuh
Ai xuKduKe anuBviiuemuh prEy
t]f[. azpk]>m}]et av>vR ecy[t gufEd]S
Lu tt]y Pe ek]Tuuemu pryuph
atuEp]ete ciR xuKE]TukUTiyv>]yuh ciR
duKE]TukUTiyv>]yuh jniutiEy[u tt]y
k]>fh \]yi>ifh.
a}]etyuh A eedvh O>u k]>fvuh kUT]et
O>uvnu xuKeyuh O>uvnu duKeyuh ek]Tuu
ù v>ikil avN nIti, kZp, p>isui, xRv{]nh
mut]y gufe]umi}]vnuh pp]tiyum]yi
E]kumE}].
ecriy arivu O>u mnuSYNEp]uh te
puztM]Re}]EpRuh t]N x]dic{ zdvYe
pp]thkUT]et nY]yzpk]>h vItic{uek]TuEey]u.
aeny}]et O>uven vWic{[ mvnu ek]Tu]l
Ayven mH]Ezd]Hieyu E]kR pryuh. A itiu
xRv{jIvidyyuh xRv{x]mRYvumuvn]yuh O>uv
En]Tu x[EnHvuh me]>uvEn]T[ EdVSvuh |}]vn]yuh
xRv{E]kvY]pkn]yuh |>iu eedvh ciRu
x[EnHh ek]u xuKeyuh ciRu EdVSh ek]u
121
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
duKeyuh ek]Tuu
eeke]uEm]?
ù
pryutien E]k>u
a}]etyuh kUn[, ku>uT[, eckiT[, muT[ mut]y

~etiuh O>u kurvu eeptl eedve En]i
e][ ay{Ey{]! è >it]Ev è EjYS[en
atixu>n]yuh AE>]gYs]iy]yuh xkxlguf
xn]yuh aTiyen ku>Upiy]yuh E>]giy]yuh
duRufnimg[nn]yuh nii>uvTi xZic{E}]. è
EjYS[N nii>uvTiu ecy[t \pk]>em]f[? aTiyN
ecy[t apk]>em]f[? è eedvEm! ù pru
niviic{]l A eedvh atienuric{[ nI Ec]dic{u
Ep]k>uetu pryuEm]? è mnuEp]e ecy[tu. nI
|ni atienuric{[ ìn]yiu Ec]diuu `[
Ec]diuEm]? viemuh ecruemuh |}]etyi>u
]l E]ke s>iy]yi nTutiEy[u n]E
k<ikyi}. atuek]ien ecy[ti>iy]f[ ù
pryuEm]? Adie vinv<iy]yi jnic{tuek][
niLu >uEpRuh aen xhBvic{u ù
pryuEm]? O>u kusvN mFp]zte \]uE]L
ci p]ztL Ed]SeuEp]kui}Ey]? atuEp]e
w]nuh xZic{E]L zpm]dhek]u xhBvic{uEp]yti
Ey[u |ni ù ecy{]h ù pryuEm]? A b]N
|zpk]>em}]h kiTu niviiu se A eedvh
EkLteyi}Ey]? at} Ekuhek]u monm]yi
>uukyuEm]? È]u ecy{uh? èny]y]uh
|tukil Ouhte Ec>ukyi}E}]. atuek][
eedvin]l jIvM]R |enyu EBdgtikE]TukUTi
122
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
xZieTutiEy[u k]>fh \]yi>ifh.A
k]>fvuh A jIvM]R[ an]diy]yi[ aTiiT
viSmPkRh teeyuh v>uh. aE]L jIvM]>uh
an]diy]yiuv>]kuu
`}]et
|T]u
xZiev>e}ute x]Diyuh atunimih.
jIvM]e> |Ty[u xZic{u ù niL pryut[
alpvuh Ec>ukyie}u etiv]kyuh ecy{uh.
|en
\t[pieyuric{[
vic]>ic{tiuh
jIvfmie}u x]Diei>iuu.
123
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mZg]di
a}Ey] zkix[tIy zpxhgikE,
mnuSYRu m]ztm}]et mZg]dikLu nitY]]v[
|e}u niL pryuuvE}]. Ayt[ ù nY]yh
ek]e[ ariyui}. \eE] |e}E] niyiu
tinu muilte A]vienuric{[ Ou cii]h.
A]vinu ]nm]kuu xV]B]vikm]yiut[.
]nemt[ ariv]kuu. ariv]ke aWu viDm]yuh
|>iuu. avy[[ ]Enziyh ùn]mh. Ezs]zth,
tV[, cu, jiHV], zG]fh |vk]kuu atie
zpEtYk n]mL. |tukil Ezs]zthek]u s
eyuh tVuek]u x[pRsEyuh cuek]u >Up
eyuh jiHVek]u >xeyuh zG]fhek]u g
eyuh mn]y ariv[ ariuek]uu. |o aW[
|ziyil citi}]ti>u]uh arivie}u vu
Ep]kyi}. Ezs]Eztziymi}] ep]n[ arivie}u
prukUT]. aWumi}]vEn arivie}u pru
kUTu. mn]y arivi}]vn[ |o aWu |ziyil
Ouh |>iyi}. |o avEy zp]pic{i>iu s>I>
ey]f[ A]v[ |}] pifh ù pryut[.
A]v[ `vieTyue] avieT O>rieviuh |>iuh.
`vieT A]v[ |}Ey] avieT O>rivuEp]uh |>i
yumi}. |t[ `}]vRuh xtm]yiut]f[. |zpk]>h
]nxV>Upiy]y A]v[ mZgLi}] ù pryu
uevil gRBh, jnnh, sV]xh, Bfh, nizd, eemunh,
124
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
x[EnHh, EdVSh, nin[, mr[, Byh, xE]Sh, duKh,
m>fh, mut]yv `}]h mnuSY>iuh mZg]dikiuh O>u
Ep]e k]feTuu. aW[ |ziyLek][ aWu
viSyeyuh ariyuu. mZgil O]y n]y[]
ke yjm]nN mri>uu Ep>ien ec]}iviic{]l
O]Tiv>utuek][
s]nvuh
Ec]ruh
muh
\>uivc{]l mien tiEyc{[ Ec]rien tiutu
ek][
>x]nvuh
yjm]nen
k]fuETu
xE]Sic{u c]Tukyuh kiukyuh s>I>e nukyuh
ecy{utuek]u >Up]nvuh aTi]N ec}uE]L
O]Tukyuh aTic{]l Evdne[ ku>y[ukyuh muh
ecy{utuek][ x[pRs]nvuh te j]tiyil
Aefuh epeuh \ ti>ic{rivuh svemuh,
jIvnuetuh BYemuh aBYemuh mfrik
ek]u g]nvuh \[. |tin]l mZgLu
aWrivuh \eutu x[pm]kuu.
]nmueiuh
x]m]nY]nh
a}]et
viEsS]nh (pkuriv[) |}E}]. wL viEsS
]ney]f[ A]v[ ù pryut[ ìl,
|t[ nY]yemu Et]ui}. O>u eepx viy[[
n]uvith vilu k]lP]>il >hguhvIti
nImu pux[tkvuh pux[tkh te. 4000 P]ril
500 >Up viy[u O>u pux[tkvuh pux[tkh te.
a}]et vutien pux[tkemuh ecrutien pux[tk
me}uh prv]N p]Ti}. viy >Upmu Anyuh ecriy
>Upmu muyuh EBdh kUT]et mZgj]tikueT kUil
125
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
EcR[ gfieTuu. ariv[ EBd]ezt A]v[
\euh |e}uh ~ReTut[; ìl,
xks]x[ztpiten A]evuh a>
]nh |}]ven jQemuh prEyi v>uh. a>
]nh |}]vn]y]uh alpemiuh ti>ic{riv[
|>iek][ A]v[ ùpry]emil ti>ic{rivi
}] O>um]xh ec kuiuh A]v[ |e}uv>uh.
kuikLE]L A]vi}; mZgm]yie |>iuu.
A]v[ v>uE]<]f[ pkuriv[ \]kut[ ìl
`zt vyil A]v[ v>uh? |zt vyil `[
niRyi]N OE>xmyeu vE>t]f[. Ayt[
`zt]me xhvX>il ~tynh, ~t[ tu, ~t[
m]xh,~t[ ph, ~t[ v]>h, ~t[ divxh, ~t[ y]mh,
~t[ mfi, ~t[ n]<ik, ~t[ nimiSh, ~t[ fh?
ètiuh O>u k]e niRyic{u pr]l Ayet
}]vRuh s>iy]yiu v>ut]Ef]? kuikLe}]
vRuh OE> k]ile pkuriv[ v>uemut[
zptY]nuBvin[ viE>]Dm]yi>iuE}]. a}]etyuh
]nx[n]nh k<iy] kuikuh m>ic{tie EsSh
A]vi}]
iti[
mZgueT
m>f]n>h
ènEy] aeny}]et y]et]>u viEsSvuh \
t]yi prukUT] ùv>uh. aE]L niueT
aBizp]yh etiE]vukyuh ecy{umE}]. pieyuh
pkurivu]kuE]L m]ztEm s>I>il A]v[
v>uuu ìl,
126
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
vyuec EsSh zB]upiTic{[ pkurivi}]ti>i
uvR[ A]vuh |}Ey]? |e}il OoSDin]l
zB][ smic{[ pkurivu]kuE]L A]vuh vu
a}Ey]? mnuSYe m>fhve> puzp]vsYh zB]u
vu smic{u ìl eedvh A]viEnyuh pu zp]vsY
vuh ek]uv>ikyuh ek]uEp]vukyuh ecy[tt]yi
>iuh. |t[ atisyh atisyh! viy atisyh te.
atumi>ie, zptidinh j]zguh xVp[nvuh kTu
Ouh ariy]et \ruE]L x]m]nY ]nvuh
viEsS ]nvuh k]fui}E}].
x]m]nY
]nmu
mZg]dikLuEp]uh
A]vie}u
pryuvR
ìeny]f[
Ouh
ariy]et
xuSup[tiyvyil
A]vueu
pryut[? mURc{]vyiE] pie Ec]diEti}E}].
|o xmyil eedvh A]vien ek]uEp]yi
xuSup[ti, mUR, |vkL viTuE]L ti>ic{u ek]u
viTum]yi>i]h.
atumi>ie.
sx[ztzkiyek]u
cikiXiuE]L Evdnyriy]et |>iutin[ Q]R
Ek}]er]P]re `Tuu mUil piTiuE]L x]m]nY
]nvuh viEsS ]nvuh |}]et Ep]kuuvE}].
aE]L
eedvh
A]vien
ek]uEp]vukyuh
ek]uv>ukyuh ecy{uky]Ef]? ek]]h! ek]]h!
|tienuric{[ zkix[tYM]>]y yUEr]pY pit
M]R zptYm]yi k[ `<utiyiuvyil citien
|vieT k]fiuu. mZgie ariv[ mnuSY>ueT
ariviEn]T[ mu<uvnuh s>iy]yii>iuu. mZgie
127
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
viEsS ]ninuh mnuSYe yuiuh ~er
EBdmi}. mnuSYs>I>m]yt[ p>iS[>ie mZgs>I>m]
kuu.
mnuSY]]Ev]?
vRie
mZg]]vu
tey]f[ (Burmeister).
mZgLu mn[, bui,cih, |o ak>f
L |e}ut[ anuBv]l niESDiei>iuu
(Czolde). mZgLu, ak>fmie}u niESDiu t[
viy arivuEkT]kuu. avkLu AE]cn yu[.
O]Ryu[. x[EnH EdVSL \[. atukueT |ziy
]nh nuETtien]uh atixU[mm]yi>i uu
(System de le Nature). Eb]RfiEy], xumizt], v]niSY
Ì ie k]Tukil ku>enE]eyu
jnL \[. av AkZtiek]uh arivuek]uh
ku>ien]L
viEsSmuve>[
Et]ui}.
avR[ ]pkvuh `vuh BUtBviSYvRm]n k]
ei y]et]uh |}]v>]yie |>iuu.
vis[ O>ukUh m]ztEm avR[ duKe ecy{uuu.
ku>ukLu tzgufm}]et Ever mEn]vY]p]>h
Ouhte |} (Hope). pd]RueT \liey
uric{[
A>]iuve>}]Ep>uh
mZg]]vinuh
mnuSY]]vinuh gufhek]u vYtY]xh |}: avu
ek]u m]ztEm vYtY]xeTuuu `[ |E]L
n}tiNvh xtic{i>iuu. mnuSYR[ viEsSguf
mut]yiu y]et]>u ak>fvuh |}. mZgueT
ak>fvZike mnuSYN te \teTuu
tinuEvi x]m]nY ]nemu pruek]uky]f[.
128
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
k]lpuiuh, v]i}]u>inuh til ù
vYtY]xh. ANruevRi (Antwerp) u O>u Et]il
O>u v]i}]u>[ te kUink[ O>u kiT \]i
>]zti atilE]yiiT[ mnuSYe>E]e putc{u
ek]utien ku (Dr. Louis Buchner).
jIv>]sikueT
p>izt]p]>YN
kIRim]n]y
bPF prt[: ITx[ ` pfil O>u xRjiyN
en]iy]y O>u x[p]niyN n]ey ku. atien viic{u
Bvnil ek]uec[ k]inu k]yh eki >u divxh
k<itie EsSh avieTniuh eviyiEy[[ O]Tic{u
ku. A n]y k]u n}tiNvh gufeTutuve>
A xRjiye BvniEy[u divxhEt]ruh k]u
k]u vuek]i>uu. kuer divxh ku piey
kUic{uek][ A xRe aTul vu. tniu
ecy[ttuEp]e te x[EnHitnuh ecy[tuek]Tuf
emu B]vnyil viEvkE]Tuh Ad>Ev]TukUTi
ìy muKe k]fic{u mni]i. |t[ O]Ryin]uh
anuBvin]uh \]yiut]ef[ ariukUTEy]?
|tien evruh x]m]nY]nE]TukUTiy k]>Ym]ef[
O>uvnuh prkyi}. O>uvN tniumuE gufh ecy[t
O>u xmRn]y xRjiye aTul eek OTi te
x[EnHiten kUiek]uEp]kuemuv>ikil |tien
ecy[t]l |Ph xiiuemu ti>ic{rivuek]]
ef[ a}Ey] niyiEt[. |en ecy{utu
tey]f[ buiu EzsS[ty]yiut[.
129
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|EHh te O>u kuruenuric{[ mnuSYe>]L
buiyut]yi[ `<utiyi>iuu.
pieyuh ci yuEr]pYpitM]R nIRn]y,
pi, \ru[, mut]y jueuric{[ pri>iu
tien O]RuE]L mnuSYe>]L viEsSbui \v
k]efu ni>Upic{uEp]kuh. atil citieneyiuh
|vieT k]fi]h ùvc{]l pux[tkh vix[t]>m]yi
Ep]kuemu k>uti |vieT vi>miuu.
|niyuh mZgLu arivueutiEy[u
zpm]fh (AdYpux[tkh 3-1) yEH]vy]y eedvh
\]iyiu `}] jue]uh p][ aDikh
kosmut]yi>uu. (ys]y 1-3) k] te \Tyv
enyuh, k<ut te yjm]ne pulUTienyuh
ariyuu. `]l |zx]Eyl ariyui}. è jnh
vic]>iui}, (pEzt]x[ 2-12) \omy]yu k<ut
mnuSY>ueT sm]yiu xhx]>ic{[ dIRGdRsiyueT
mUtey viE>]Dic{u (Ex]mN nItiv]kYh). `rui
En]Tu pi ù niueT eebbiiuh pry
ei>iuu.
|ni eedvh O>uvnueu ariv[ mZg]di
kLi}]tuek][ A]vuh |} ìl n]x[tik
M]R mut]yvRuh A]vie}u prEyt]f[.
atukUT]etyuh A]v]ke èiuh O>u x]Dn
ee]}]et arikyi} ì>iy]uh eedvh
O>uvN \eu O>rivien jniiutiEy[u
Evt]y x]Dnh mZg]dikLi}]tuek]uh eedvh
130
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\e[ ariyui} A x]Dnh \]yi>uu ìl
mnuSYe>E]e te mZg]dikuh ariyuh. |}]
iti[ mZg]dikeE]ete mnuSY>uh arikyi}.
|en A x]Dnh m]zth |}]tuek][ A]vuh
|e}u pryuph pirvi ku>uTM]R, pirvieckiTM]R
mut]yvRuh zsuti, gu>u |v |}]vRuh
A]vie}uv>uh. Aky]l A x]Dnh m]zth
|}]tuek][ mZg]dikLu A]vuh |e}utu
a[pvuh yum]kyi}. nsic{uEp]kuemil >u
vkk]>ueT A]vuh nsic{uEp]kuh. |e}il >uh
|}].
`]l
mZg]dikL
xhx]>i]tuek][
A]vuh |} ù pryuu ìl \omkLuh
A]vie}u prEyt]f[. a}]etyuh mZg]dikL
xhx]>iyie}een pry]h? EmlB]gu p>uu
vmiu prutien k[ Ek]<ikL ek]>l
|TuE]L
A
aTy]ien
ari[
atie
kuue}]h
O]Tiv[
atie
cirkink[
Oiukyuh c]vlEk]in]yiu arkuE]L A
se Ek \TNte Ep]>inu viiuu `ri[
atiEy[]yi[ Evgh ec}ukyuh Apuv>uE]L
te |ne viic{]l A viiey ari[ A
j]tike}]h
vukUTukyuh
Bfe]l
aE]Lte see][ at]tie kUuk]e>
ariyiyuh azpk]>h te avkL ariuvu
O>umic{ukUTiyi>uu Biukyuh ecy{uE}]. |en
te mZgLuh pikLuh at]tinu tvy]y
131
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
B]Sku[. avke at]tu j]tikLu m]ztEm
n}vh ariy]vU. a}]etyuh nueT B]SkeE]uh
kii, mWii> mut]y pikL xhx]>iui}Ey]?
atuek][ mZg]dikLuh O]E>] aTy]B]Skueu
niym]kuu.'
|niyuh mZg]dike mnuSYR[ AH]>m]yi]f[
xZic{t[ `[ niL pryuuvE}]. n]y, n>i, pui,
k>Ti, k], |oc{, EpN, mU mut]yv mnuSY>]l
AH]>m]yiu xVIk>ieT]tuek]uh p>m]fu
viEn]uh ecrut]y jue AH]>m]yieTu]N
k<iy]tuek]uh Aytu Ec>ui}. `]l avkL
AH]>m]yie}iuh mnuSYR[ \pk]>m]kuu ìl,
xihHh, pui, An, k>Ti, p][, Et[, p<ut]>
mut]ytukL mnuSYR[ \pk]>eTui}] ùm]zt
m}, ByeTuukyuh ek]}ukyuh ecy{utuek][
apk]>eTuu ùh kUeT prEyiyi>iuky]l
niueT |o v]uh syiTui}.
mnuSYR etuecy[ttuek][ avR[ mZg]dikL
kI<T]etEp]ke ù yEH]v spi nimih
azpk]>h AyiE]yi ìl,
AT[, m]T[, Ep][, pi, pi, Ek]<i, pUc{ mut]y
juL mnuSYR[ kI<Tiyi>iek]u spic{u ù
pryut[ km]yiE]kukyuh, mnuSYR[ pui mut]
yv
kI<T]et
Ep]kukyuh
m]T[
mut]yv
kI<Tukyuh ecy{e `]f[ spic{etil azpk]>h
132
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
a}]et
O]E>]
xmyil
p][
mut]yv
O]E>]>ue
kI<Tukek]uh
m]Tu
mut]yv
O]E>]>ue> ek]i>iek]uh Aytuh s>iy}.
aet}]h |>ie. niueT eebbiie
EvdnY]yzpm]fm]y pu k[pnkil O>u k[pn
ek]}>uetut]fE}]. atiEnyuh niL niESDi
uv>]kuuvE}]. xmxZe at]yt[ mnuSYe>
ek]}>uetum]ztEm |tinRmuU ù niL
pryuuevil mZgeE] mnuSYe>E] niREsi
]et ep]tuev ek]}>uet[ pr A v]kYin[,
|zpk]>h duRvY]KY]nh ecy{utu s>iy]kyi} Ayti
Ey[[ aTi]nvumi}.
`]l atiEy[[ aTi]nmu[. at]yt[
(aE]x[tR zpvZikL 10-11) Ak]sh turi>iu
tuh viey]>u tuiEp]e n]uEk]fuheki BUmiyi
Ey[irivie]>u p]zth v>utuh avR k]fuu. Ti
12 atil BUmiyie xkviD n]l]ikuh |<
j]tikuh Ak]sie prvkuh \]yi>uu. (Ti.
pux[tkh 13) pEzt]x[ `<uE[ aruu Biuk `[
avEn]T[ O>u smu]yi. (Ti. pux[tkh 14) `]l
pEzt]x[ prt[ O>iuh vHiy] kR]Ev. minEm]
asuEm] Ayuet]uh w]N O>un]uh Bic{ii
}E}]. (Ti. pux[tkh 15) A sh pieyuh >]h
zp]vsYh avEn]T[ eedvh suIk>ic{tien nI min
m]>ut[. (Ti. pux[tkh 16) |tu mUu zp]vsYmu]yi.
\Ten p]zth Ak]siEy[[ `Tuuek]eu.
133
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|zpk]>h
eedvhte
k[pic{i>iutin]l
A
vY]KY]nh s>iy]yiut]f[ ù pryuuevil
mu k[pnkLuh |zpk]>h duRvY]KY]nh ecy[v]N
eebbiilniu D]>]h zpm]fL kiuh.
èney]l, (1 >]j]M]R 22) yEH]v]
O>]]vien ayc{[ kh pryic{[ Ak]b[ `vEnyuh
ave ExnkEyuh ek]u. (pur]Tupx[tkh 13)
mizxyih Edsu `}] kTiUlkuikEyuh p]ti
>]ztiyil ek]u. prEv]e HZdye kineTui
te
k[pney
eeke]]et
viie][
avEnyuh ave ExnkEyuh xmuzdil mui
e]u. (Eviy] pux[tkh 16-1) te xiDiyil v
aHEr]e puztM]e> >uEpe> ek]u. (smuEyl
O]h pux[tkh 25-29) n]b]N `ven aTic{uek]u.
pieyuh |zxEyl jnuETyuh mu p>ueTyuh
|Tyil aEnkh kHe \]i ve> ek]
ecy[tu ù k]futuek][ ek]}>uet k[pn
y[[ xmxZe at]yt[ mnuSYe> `]efu
niueT vY]KY]nh Ec>uie}utey} mnuSYe>
ek]}]emu aRh kUTi xiiuu.
(pur]Tupux[tkh 11) |zx]EyM]e> ay[]
E>]T[ AB>fe v]ic{uek][ Oic{uEp]k]N
k[pic{u. |tY]di zpm]f]l anYM]>ueT mutien
AzgHi>ut[ ` k[pnyueT muil Eveyu
Et]uE]L ùh, |niyuh (pur]Tupux[tkh 1)
vy]ik]y xizp]yuh pUy]yuh kh prtuek][
134
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ave> anuzgHic{u. (1 >]j]M]R 22) O>]]vien
ayc{u kh pryic{u, |tY]di zpm]f]l axtYh
pry>ut[ ` k[pnyueT muil AvsYmie}u
Et]uE]L ùh, |niyuh (2 s]muEyl 12) d]vId[
`vN \riy]vie B]>Yey piTic{[ d]vIdie x[ztIke
ave ayl]>En]Tu syi]N k[pic{u. (EH]sy]
1-2) nI ec[ ninu EvsY]vZiyu O>u B]>YEyyuh
EvsY]vZikie
eeptEyuh
`Tuuek]Lk,
|tY]di zpm]f]l vYBic>i>ut[ ` k[pnyueT
muil D]tupuiyi}]E]<uh Eveu Et]u
E]<uh ùh, |niyuh zkix[tu O>u jnUilevc{u
te aEnVSic{u duKic{uv m]t]viEn]T[ an]d>v]yi
xhx]>ic{u |tY]di zpm]f]l anm]e> \pc>i
uk ` k[pnyueT muil Evfemu Et]uE]L
ùh EcREiv>uh. Aytin]l |o k[pnke
Ac>ifemu niRbmie}uh avnve mnu
Ep]e at]yt[ Et]Y]xm]yi]k]emuh xiiuh.
|en Et]Y]xm]yiutiEy[[ O>u k[pnEy]
niymEm] mtEm] AvsYmi}]. AvsYmi}] iti[
|o k[pnkL (eebbiL) evruet \etuh evruet
\tien Evfemu k[pic{ AL arivi}]venuh
xiiuh.
|niyuh mZg]dike mnuSYN Biutuek][
avR]yi]f[ avke xZic{etil,
135
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mnuSYe>yuh n]y, pui, kTuv], mut]y
juL tiutuEk][ mZg]dikL[ AH]>m]yi
]f[ mnuSYe> xZic{etuh prEyt]f[.
Aky]l mZg]dike xZic{tu mnuSYR[
AH]>iEy[uEviye}utu
niym]kuu.
|o v]x[tve arii>uiuh nmu[ AH]>in]
yi]f[ mZg]dike xZic{etu avkLu nitY]]
vie}uh aviEvkikL ekimuTu]iy eebbii
en visVxic{uek][ |o mH]kintey ecy[tu
Ep]kuE}]. atil azpk]>h pri>u]uh mZg
e aTiyuh muh ecy{uE]L avkL epTu
Evdnke kuh ek][ k]f]ve>yuh ariy]
ve>yuh Ep]e a[pvuh k>ufkUT]et A mZg]dike
aTic{uh, aruuh, evil muiyuh, eekk]uke
eki tIyil |uh mu pviDil keTui ek]u
tiutu nItiEy]? ay{Ey{]! dy]HInM]e>! niueT
eebbiL (Adipux[tkh 7-1) jIvsV]xmu m]hxju
L `}]h En]v]yueT aTul epkil zpEvsic{u
ù k]fuu. mnuSYRuh |o jIvsV]xete
\otiyt[. A jIvsV]xh te |o m]hxjuLuh
pru. atuek]u >uvk]Ruh OE> jIvsV]xh
te ù k]fuky]l O>uR[ Ayt[ \euh
O>u vk]R[ Ayt[ |e}uh èn pry]h?
Ed]Smi}] zpm]fL Ouh niueT buiyil
Ekrukyi}E}]? ù ecy{]h, p]psite.
136
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|zpk]>mu Ezd]HL nimih v>u p]tk
L O<iyut[ ~tuk]E]? ati>ie. Eml
k]fic{ nY]yEe][ mZg]dikL mnuSYR[ AH]>
inuEvi
xZievye}uh
pURv{jMkRh
nimih azpk]>h xZie ju]kuu ùh
niym]yi[ \fRuek]LviN.
137
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
p]szpk>fh
138
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
jMp]ph
AdimnuSYR
p]pik]yiIRtuek][
av>ueT suk[Es]fitLv<iy]yi jniu `}]
mnuSYRuh jMp]ph \]yi>iuemtu niL pryu
E}]. O]EH]! p]pemtu È]]f[? O>u zdvYEm]
gufEm]? >uh a}E}]. at[ viiytien ecy[t
kRm]yiuh viDic{tien ecy[tiie}u kRie
|}]y[my]yiuh a}Ey] |>iut? A itiu
kRvuh kRie |}]y[myuh O>u vx[tuvil Et]i
tlfh te nsiyuh ecy{uh. Aky]l O>u>il
e ci>k]h |>uuhek][ av>ueT viu 30 viuh
zpEvsiuemu
pryut[
EcRc{yi}]t[. kUT]etyuh anm]>ueT viuvin]l
\]kutu s>I>m]kuu. a}]et A]v[ a}. s>I>h
jQm]yuh A]v[ ci]yuh |>iy]l atie
xVB]vh Ever. |tie xVB]vh Ever. Aky]l
atiEn]T[ |tin[ a[pvuh xhbh |}].
|o A]v[ anm]>ueT A]vilni[ O>u ahsh
a}]. O>u ahsh ùv>ikil ]nxhbhkUTi
\]yi>iukyuh A A]v[ KieTetu
prkyuh ecEy{t]f[. Aky]l atinuh |tinuh
y]et]>u xhbvuh |}E}]. |en |>iuE]L
30
suk}h
139
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
O>]]v[
ecy[t
kuh
me]>u
piiTiuem[ pryut[ nY]ym]Ef]?
A]vien
Emuh suk[h v<iy]yi p]ph xhbiuemil

ku>uT[, eckiT[ mut]y \onmuvRu n} xo>Ymu
kuikuh nitYE>]gikL[ aE>]gik]y puztM]>uh
dun]y pit]vin[ sin]y puztnuh sin]y pit]vin[
dun]y puztnuh jniut[ ùek][? |o
xhgtik]uh viu v<iy]yi p]pxhbmu]kuemu
pryut[ a[pvuh yum}]. |niyuh azpk]>hte
p]ph kUeT tuTRu ec}uemiuh A p]ph t]en
ep]y[yuEm]? |}E}]? atuek][ eedvhte
atien |}]et AEt}Ey]? aen |>iu
E]L O>uN ecy[t p]pe me]>ue Ep>il
cumuky]l A eedvh mH] anY]y]>N a}Ey]?
|o E]kiu >]j]M]REp]uh O>uvN
kuh ecy[t]l aven diiy}]et atiE
y[uEvi me]>uen diiyi}. A iti[
xRv{n]yuh, xRv{dy]uv]yuh, p>ipURn]yuh,
x[EnHEdVS>Hitn]yuh |>iu eedvh O>]]v[
ecy[t kue me]>u A]vie Em]i diiuh
ù pryutu nY]ym}]t]kuu. |en jM
p]peuric{u vic]>ic{tiuh p]sfh |e}u
]piei>iuu.
140
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
gtizpk>fh
141
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
muix]Dnh
a}Ey] zkix[tIy zpxhgikE
eedvh t]N ek]Tu k[pney kTu mnuSYR
p]ph ecy[ttuek][ ave> nY]yzpk]>h spic{u
ìuh an>h kZp Et]i avRuEvi p]pbi
y]kutinu te puzten ayc{uevu niL
pryuuvE}].
`]l
eedvh
A
xmyu
spic{tute anItiy]yiE]yi ù muilkUi
]fic{iu[. a}]etyuh, t]N viDic{ k[pney
atizkmic{uek][ vRic{ p]piEy[[ zp]yih
ecy[v]N mnuSYR sM]>]yi Bviyi}E}] ù
dyvuEt]i atin]yi[ te puzten ayc{ eedvh
t]N viDiu k[pnek]u mnuSYR p]pik]yi
E]kuemutien muNpilkUi ariu viDi]et
te |>uuky>ut]E]? Ake, atiEy[[
|Ty]yie}iuh te s]pe mnuSYR[ tTuuv]N
k<iyie}u kZp Et]i spi]et |>i>ut]E]?
a}]ph t]N xZi]N tuTiy]l |zpk]>mu
xTuh Ed]Suh xhBviuem[ AdYEm ariu
te p]in[ an]et ki>i]N k<ikyi}]E]?
t]Nte mH]Evdney v>uukyuh viu
kyuh ecy[ttu te nItiEyyuh kZpEyyuh anYM]e>
Eb]Diiyuh te x[tutiiyuh ecy{utinuEvi
Akuuevil
aet]>u
zpk]>il
Ec>uh.
ùek]e]l
yEH]vyueT
zpvZike}]h
142
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
tntuk]>Ye \Esic{}]et anYM]>ueT xuKe
\Esic{}]. Aky]l nitY]nvuh nItiyuh kZpyuh
|}]vN tey]f[.
|ni te puzten ayc{uevu pryuuvE}].
puzten t pit]vu muenuh pit]vin]l t>e
puztN pienuh pit]vin]l ayy[etuek][
puztN p>tzenuh eviv]yi k]fuky]l pit]vuh
puztnuh O>uvn]efuh tuYM]>]efuh niL
pryutu mH]vi>um]kuu.
puztn]y zkix[tu BR]vi}]et gRBh D>ic{
knYkyueT
vyil
jnic{venuh
aEHinu
eedvtVh \euh jMp]ph |e}uh aute
ecy[etuh m>ic{tie EsSh jIviec{uh niL
pryutu su nufy]efuh A zkix[tu Edvn}]
mnuSYN te ùh muE kUi ]pic{uvE}].
zkix[tu mnuSYN anuBviEt]y de
t]N anuBvic{u ù pryuE}]. avnvN ecy[t
kuin[ avnvN te dmnuBviEt}]et
me]>uvN dieTutu nItiy]Ef]? O>ue
visu me]>uN Bic{tuek][ smiuEm]? O>uve
vY]Di me]>uvN m>uu Exvic{]l smiuEm]?
(eHxl 18-20) p]ph ecy{u A]Ev] atu
m>iuh. puztN pit]vie atizkme vHiyi}].
pit]vu puzte atizkme vHiyumi}. nItim]e
nIti ave Eml |>iuh. due dut ave Eml
|>iuh. (AvRnpux[tkh 24-14) puztM]RuEvi
143
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
pit]M]R ek]ecy{eTukyuh a>ut[. avnvN
te te p]ph nimih ek]ecy{eTfh. |zpk]>h
niueT eebbiL pryuemil mnuSYR anuBvi
]nu de zkix[tu t]N te anuBvic{u ù
pryut[ a[ph ìuh s>iy]kuEm]?
|niyuh
zkix[tu
Evdneu
atuek][
nitY]nn}]. aEHie mnuSYtVm}]et EdvtVh
Evdneii} ù v>ikil mnuSYR k[pney
atizkmic{u ecy[t p]ph p]Tueptuek]u nivZi
y]kyi}] ù niL te prkek][ aEHie
mnuSYtVh m]ztEm p]Tuepuu ìl p]pEm]cnh
viumi}] niyh.
a}]etyuh "zkix[tu t]En dieu >ic{u"
`[ prEc{u piITu mnuSYtVh p]Tuepu EdvtVh
>ic{u ù pryutu viy kv}Ey]?
pieyuh anEk]Ti jivM]R nitYk]vuh
anuBviEt]y xkEvdnkuh zkix[tu tnic{[
a[pk]hek][ anuBvic{uku ùtu s>iy]
kuEm]? xRv{x]mRYhek][ aen ecy[tuevil
a[pk]h Ep]uh t]N EvdneT]et xRv{x]mRYh
ek][ anYM]>ueT Evdnke viiy>ut]E]?
eedvh mnuSYR[ |o jMil y]et]>u
k]>fvuh kUT]et te ti>uvuzpk]>h m]zth xuK
duKe ek]Tuuu ùh mnuSYR |E]L ecy{u
p]pe k]>fm]ie][ ave> m>ic{tie EsSh
144
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
n>kil ti nitYEvdnke anuBviiuemuh
niL prkek][ zkix[tuvuh |o jM[ anuBvic{
xk duKuh O>u k]>fvuh kUT]et eedvie
ti>uvuzpk]>h
vuEcRetuh
atuek][
mnuSYRuh p]pEm]cnmie}uh |o jMu zkix[tu
xkmnuSY>ueT p]peyuh ~uek]u ù
pryut[ xtYemuv>ikil p>il nitYn>kEvdn
anuBviuemuh niyic{uek]]h, a}Ey]?
a}]etyuh |Hil a[ph p]ph ecy[tv>uh
p>il nitYEvdn anuBviuemu niL pryuu
vE}]. A iti[ `}] mH]p]peyuh til
~uek]u zkix[tu |Hiuh p>iuh atY
EG]>Evdnke nitYvuh anuBviEt]f[ ù
tin[ xEHmi}E}].
te
puzten
v]XYhek][
yEH]v]
|EHien n>kil t]etk[ viyy[uh ù
v>ikil yEH]v] pp]th \vn]yiE]kuh.
Emuh mnuSYR muE ecy[tuEp]y p]pueT
m]ztm}] piIT[ ecy[v]NEp]ku p]pueT nivZi
]yiuh kUTi p]Tuepu ù niL pryuE}]?
O>un[ |ni v>uv]N Ep]ku xhvX>ie
visienyuhkUTi tIRukyutiEy[u me]>uN
|E]Lte \u ku ù pr]l Aytien
kuuL Ep]uh visVxiuEm]?
145
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
|eney}]mi>ie]u zkix[tu mnuSY>ueT
p]pL]yi dieu ùpryut[ a[pvuh
Ec>ukyi}E}].
zkix[tu p]pviEm]cnh ecy[tu ù pryuE}];
aen ecy[tu ìl p]ph piIT[ E]kil
`]nuh
|>iuEm]?
O>u
mnuSYN
k[pney
atizkmic{tuek][ \]y p]ph `}] mnuSYE>yuh
piTikUTi ù pryu niL[ O>uvN viEm]cnh
ecy[ttuek]u
kilniuh vium]riE]yi ù aBizp]yh
`] ek]ukyi}Ey]?
zkix[tu
`}]v>ueTyuh
muNpu]yi>utuh
piIT[ \]v]N Ep]kutuh Ay p]pe niv]>fh
ecy[tu ìl A filte xk>uh p]pil
niuh EvRepu muM]>]yi BviEt]f[. aen
Bvi]tuek][
zkix[tu
p]pviEm]cne
ecy[ti}] `tu niym]kuu.
Emuh O>u >]j]v]ke t]N viDic{ k[pnke
ci jnL atizkmic{uEp]eyu v>ikil atiE
y[]yi[ ave> siiy}]et viEm]cnh ecy[tu
viTuk ùh A kuinu t]n]yiu nivZiyu]
uk ùh te tyil muv]>i |uek]uk
ùh anYR]yie][ te mken dii
ùh \et}]h nItiyuh mHimyuh buiyuh nY]yvuh
AEf]?
146
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
Aky]l
mnuSY>ueT
p]pien
avR[
anuBvi]N
|Tv>]et
avRuEvi
zkix[tu
viEm]cnh ecy[tu ùt[ a[pvuh xtYm]yi
ut}].
|ni visV]xm]f[ muiey t>u x]Dnh ùh
x[n]nh ecy{utinu muNEp], ecy[ttie EsSEm]
m>ic{ kuuLu Em]mueuh niL pryu
E}]. A kuuLu visV]xh \E] |}Ey]? A
iti[ avRu muix]Dnh È]]? Ayt[
ave>uric{u kZpy]kuu ìl visV]xh |}]
`}] A]euric{uh A kZpyu]k]t[ `[?
|en muix]Dnni>Upfh
fmie}u x]Dieu.
147
ek]uh
gti
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ni>yh31
eedvh p]pike n>kiiu nitYk]vuh
O>uEp]e diiuemu niL pryuuvE}], at[
a[pvuh Ec>ukyi}]. xmx[tn]ykn]y eedve
duSiyuh, O>uven ek]}ukyuh, O>u vx[tuvien
Em]iyuh, kukuTiyuh, vYBic]>h ecy{ukyuh,
kh prkyuh, gu>uvien niiyuh |en p
vR]y xkp]tkeyuh mu<uvnuh ecy[t
vRuh avyil ~tien ìuh Oien m]zth
ecy[tvRuh OE> site ùh prukUTE}].
a}]Et
O>u
EvsYEy]TuEc>ukyuh,
O>u
knYkEy]Tu Ec>ukyuh, anYe B]>YEy]Tu Ec>ukyuh,
gu>uvie B]>YEy]Tu Ec>ukyuh, m]t]viEn]Tu Ec>ukyuh,
xEH]d>iEy]Tu Ec>ukyuh ecy[t]l |vke}]h O>u
vRiuLe p]p]kuu, ùv>ikiuh Oi
en][ atiB]>m]yi>iy]l avey ecy[tvRe}]h
O>uviDm]y siey O>u Ep]e ek]Tuuh ù
pru kUTE}].
|niyuh O>u vRiu OE> viDm]y O>u
p]pee O>u nimiSil ecy[kyuh, O>u n]<ik
ve> ecy[kyuh O>u muHURh ve> ecy[kyuh, O>u
y]mhve> ecy[kyuh, O>u divxh ve> ecy[kyuh, O>u
31
n>kh
148
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
v]>h ve> ecy[kyuh, O>u phve> ecy[kyuh, O>u
m]xh ve> ecy[kyuh, O>u aynh ve> ecy[kyuh, O>u
vRShve> ecy[kyuh, \ n]L mu<uvnuh ecy[t]l
avke}]h O>u xmemuh |en ecy[tve>}]v>uh
OE>
si
anuBviuemuh
prukUTE}].
(Ey]H]N 19-11) è nie ky{il ~[pic{vn[
aDikp]ph \[ ù pryetin]uh p]pt]>tmYh
\eu x]DieTuh.
azpk]>h av>vR ecy[t p]pinu tt]y
siey tt]y k]hve>yuh ecy[k `}]et
ave> `}]ve>yuh nitYvuh O>uEp]e diiutu
nItiy}E}].
|o E]kil >]j]M]>uh te zpjkil
Ae>iuh kuh ecy[t]l avN ecy[t kuie
vRh, avuk]h ìvey n]yi tIRc{y]i
e][ tt]y siey ecy{uu. kiWiM]>]y
mnuSYRkUTi |zpk]>hecy[t ùv]l xRv{n]y
eedvh av>vR ecy[t p]pueT vRh mut]yvey
ariu tt]y dnh ecy[ky}]et ènyu
p]pikeyuh O>uEp]e nitYk]vuh EvdneTui
buimuiuEm]?
O>uvN te ku[ kuh ecy[t]l A kuien
piITuh aen ecy{]ti>iutinuEvi tUfiE]
mE] piTic{ueki O>u n} cuii>uek][ aTic{uh
Ever p \p]ye ecy[tuh n} m]Ril zpEvsi
ic{uh s>iy]yi v>uie]uh. a}]et \ k]h
149
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mu<uvnuh kiEn]pzdvh ecy[kyi}. |t]f[ kZpyu
zpvZi. O>u mnuSYN Ep]uh |ztE]h kZpyu
vn]efil eedvh `ztE]h kZpyuvn]yi>i
fh? A iti[ eedvh te kuu]y A]
e a[pvuh kZpyi}]et nitYvuh keTuuEm]?
pieyuh
n>kil
|>iuv>il
ciR
|TviT]et Eysuvien viic{u we >iEf `[
aEpic{[ ~riy visV]xh evc{]l ave> >iuEm]?
>iyi}Ey]? >iuemil nitYn>kh |}]et
y]kuh. >iyie}il aEHh xRv{jIvdy]p>
ne}uh visV]xh muiey t>uemutu kemuh
vuEp]kuh.
|niyuh O>uvN t]N ecy[t p]phek]u
nitYvuh n>kil kiTu EvdneTuemuv>ikil t]N
ecy[t pufYueT Pe tIe> eekviuEp]kuemu
prEyt]f[.
O>uvN te p]piEy[uEvi duKe
anuBviuemil pufYiEy[uEvi xuKeyuh
anuBviuem}Ey]
prEyt[?
aeny}]et
pufYiEy[u Pm]y xuKe anuBvi]et
eekviuEp]kuemu pryutu nItiy]Ef]? atu
nItiy]efil p]pie Pm]y duKeyuh
anuBviE ùte pry]h.
`]l
È]<uh
pufYh
ecy{ut]f[
mnuSYRu kTmy]yiut[. Aky]l pufYh ecy[tvR
150
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
xuKe anuBviE ùh p]ph ecy{utu
eedvinu viE>]Dm]kek][ p]pikL nitYn>kil
Ep]kutu nIti ùh pryuu ìl mnuSYR
ecy{u xk pufYeyuh kTmy]efu prtu
ek][ A pufYe xhbic{u y]et]>u Pvuh
|e}u tIRc{y]yi. A iti[ ènyu pufY
e ecy[t]uh atuek][ O>uRuh Em]
zp]p[tiu p]Ti}E}].
Aky]l O>u>uh O>iuh mEn]v]]y]l
y]et]>u pufYkRvuh ecy{femi}]. ecy[t p]p
iEy[uEvi
p]]peTuk,
zkix[tuEv
visVxi, x[n]nh ~[, nlk>uf xVIk>i,
mu<]il niu eekke >iEnyuh mRi Em[Ep]u
En]i kuke mUTie]u zkix[tuvien zp]Ri,
aEHie
k[pney
zpc]>i,
pufYil
y]et]ienyuh ecy{]et `}] Ep>uh cu]etyi>uu
muiey zp]pi]mE}].
aeny}]
muixii[
|o
pufYL
Evfemil mEn]v]]yee][ ecy{u |o
pufYuh muix]DnL te ù xtic{u
Ep]yi>iuu. Aky]l pufYee]u zpEy]jn
mie}u prukUT]. (UE]x[ 14-13,14) `]l nI O>u
vi>uuk<iuE]L d]>izdY]e>yuh, \onmuve>yuh,
muTe>yuh, ku>uTe>yuh vii, aE]L nI B]gYv]n]
kuh. atu ùek]e]l ninu zptipk>h
ecy[v]N avRi}. `]l nItim]M]>ueT \yiRil
151
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ninu zptipk>h ecy{eTuh t]nuh. (m]yi 6-3,4)
`]l nI DRhecy{uE]L nie DRh >HxY
m]yii>i]n]yiu nie vtueek ecy{utien nie
|Tueek ariy>ut[, `]l >HxYil k]fuv
n]y nie pit]v[ t]Nte p>xYm]yi ninu
zptiPh
t>uh.
|zpk]>h
niueT
eebbiL
pufYee]u Pmueu pryuE]L niL
pufYe}]h kTm ù pryut[ OuEm]?
Emuh mnuSY>]l ecy{eTu p]pL avRu
m]ztEm
duKzpd]yi
BviU.
Aky]l
av
mnuSYR[ viE>]Dh ù prky}]et avke
xhbic{ y]et]>u Ed]Suh p] eedvin[ av
viE>]Demu pryut[ a[pvuh n]kyi}. Aky]l
O>uvN pufYp]pe >iEnyuh xmm]yieiuh
Oien][ aDikm]yieiuh ecy[ti>u]l A
>ieyuh Pe avN anuBviuem}]et
Oien viEc{[ Oien m]ztEm anuBviU ù
pryutu a[pvuh nItiy}]t]kuu. atin]l p
pufYe ecy[tvnum[ O>u p]pe ecy[ttuek][
mI] n>kil vIfu nitYvuh duKh anuBviuh
ù pryut[ buiEkT]kuu.
Emuh niL pryu n>km]yt[ |Tyiu
]et]ky]uh Kitm]y O>u h ù
prkek]uh ag[ni, gkh, kZmi mut]y anitY
pd]RE]Tu kUTiyt]kek]uh atil |>iuvR
s>I>ikL
Akek]uh
k]fev
a<iyuemu
152
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
niueT eebbiL prkek]uh
yieiuh a<iuEp]kut}]et
}E}].
at[ ùkUTi
nitYm]yi>iyi
Aky]l
p]pikL
n>kil
nitYEvdn
anuBviuemt[ O>uviDiuh Ec>ukyi}].
|en ni>yeuric{u
fmie}u x]Dieu.
153
vic]>ic{tiuh
n>k
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mui
te visVxic{vR muiyil |>uu nitYk]vuh
p>m]ne anuBviuemu niL pryuuvE}].
n>kil |>iuv>uh t]]L ecy[t
p]pinutvh
duKh
anuBviutuEp]e
muiyil
|>iuv>uh
avnvN
te
mEn]
v]]yee]u ecy[t pufYinu tt]y
xuKh anuBviuh `}]et xk>uh OE> xmm]yi
nitYxuKe anuBviuemtu Ec>ukyi}].
a}]etyuh A]L s>I>E]TukUTi mui
yil |>iuemu niL pryuE}].
|o E]kil A]L te xV]B]vikm]y
zpk]siEy[[ O>u tTv[ |>utuek][ Aytien
m]i xVyh zpk]sm]yie |>iutiEy[uEvi
eedvin]l x]Dnm]yiu ek]Tue s>I>e
`Tuuek]i>iuu.
t]N t]n]yi>ii>iutEzt xuKh a}]et
atilniu Evr]y s>I>E]TukUTiyi>iutu xuK
m}]. duKhtey]f[. Aky]l s>I>h mut]yv nIi
xV]B]vikeectnYmym]yi Es]Bic{i>iutu m]ztEm
nitYp>mxuKm]yi>iu Em]m]kyuU. azpk]>m
}]et Agukm]y s>I>E]TukUTi duKik]yi>iu
154
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ve> nitYp>mxuKmuve>u
a[pvuh v]x[tvm]kyi}.
niL
pryut[
Emuh niL pryu muiy]yt[ s>I>ikL

|>iu m]yuh |Ty[u]etum[ xmm]y
nIvuh akvuh \ ctuS[Ek]fm]yuh xU>Yk]
mfiek]u ecy{e pfm]yuh
mtiut]yuh
suxVRh ek]uecy{e pfm]yuh mtiukueT
BiimUkL pzuh xU>Yk]h, nIh, t]zmmfi,
m>tkh, eevQU>Yh, Es]f>t[nh, czk]h, Eg]Emdkh,
p>]gh mut]y pzu >t[nee]ut]yuh
pzu muukee]u ecy{e pzu v]tiuh
suxVRh
ep]ti
puunirm]y
vIikuh
eedvvuh Auuiy]y Eysuvuh |>iu xihH]xn
ilniu pureuv puuEp]e eti jmu
ndiyuh pzu viDm]y knike cumu m]xhEt]ruh
O]E>] kniey ek]Tuu amZtvZvuh \t]yuh
Edve n]mcie eniyil afiuek]u
v<iei>iu ExvkM]R vxiuiTm]yuh DRpu>h
` EpE>]TukUTiyt]yuh |>iu ]nm]f[ mui
ù eebbiil pryeTut[. aviTh O>u Kit
m]yuh |>iuvR s>I>ik]yuh v]nE]kvum<iyu
emu eebbiL prumi>iek]u A mui ù
kUTieyiuh a<iyuem}]et nitYy]kyi}].
|en muieyuric{u
mie}u ki>iuu.
vic]>ic{til
155
muif
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
zkix[tumth vReten?
|niyuh 32 zkix[tumth ùh niruh zkix[tYM]
>ueT xhKY ADikYeuh |>ie]ute |o mth
\tm]yuh s>iy]yuh \etuh muuh piuh
En]]et p]ti>im]R mut]yvR prkyuh Hiuiuh
ciR atiEn Eku s>ieyu visVxiukyuh ecy[tu
v>uu. A itiu xtYvuh nY]yvuh cieTuh,
axtYvuh anY]yvuh pyiTuh \]yi>iek][
kUTut]yi>iu axtYvuh anY]yvuh te zpD]n
vuh \mvuh Ayiuetu prEyiv>uh. Aytu
ek][ niruh kuruh |>iutien kf]i
EmM t]<[m pryutu nY]ym}.
|o zkix[tumth |en niruvtu nY]yh
ek]E],
muv}
viDEm]
ùtienuric{u
p>Y]E]ci]h.
zkix[tu jnic{[ 300 xhvX>Lu EsSh ni
` diie jnueT xH]yhek][ k]FyiN
` AL Er]m]pu>Ey[u >]j]v]yi vu. an>h
\pk]>h ecy[t A jnL zkix[tuvienuric{u
eeke]i>u ci aBizp]ye EcRu O>u
mtm]i atien vRiiutiEy[uEvi zkix[tY
M]>]kuvR[ Ae]inu 12 ep]uh zpEtYkh
32
|niyu Epjukil cRc{ ecy{eTu viSyh kueT xok>Yh kfieTuuh
|tien O>u zpEtYk aY]ym]yi ti>ic{[ atin[ \citm]y O>u te[
n[kuky]f[ - x]dkN.
156
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
zpEtYkh evvx[ztvuh ek]Tu[ pI>]yi>h pu>uS
M]e>yuh axhKYh x[ztIkeyuh ecriy kuikEyuh
O>u xhvX>hek][ EcR (Gibbon's Decline and Fall
Vol. 3, page 472-3) ay]L te |t> mte n]sh
ecy{utinutvy]y aEnk ce \]i
Ae>iuh p<y EdvtkLu bi |]l xV[
apH>ic{uek][ ave> ek]ukk ptiv]yi>uu.
zki-j-380-]h xhvX>h mutl 394 ve> >]j]v]yi>u
tiEy]EQ]SYx[ ` AL |t>mtM]e> xB
kUiUT] ùh kUTu ekiTL >]j]vin]l apH>i
eTuemuh
zkix[tumte
anux>i]vR[
y]et]>u
xV]tzYvuh
|e}uh
\>vunTi.
(Gibbon's Decline and Fall Vol. 3, page 412-3).
a]il zkix[tYM]>]k]v>ueT mutl

k]>Ye viuek]Tu]ph jIven viuek]Tu
Eiv>uh.
5-]mtu nU]il |p]tiy (eeHEpSY]) `
O>u x[ztI xVmte Eb]Diic{ O>u zkix[tYen
atil EcRutiEy[[ A>hBic{tin]l ave
zkix[tYNpiyiEy[u piTic{i<c{u ek]uecu vx[zt
e \>iu EdHe BiBim]i m]hxe
arueTu[ eebbiL pur]Tupux[tkh 22-26 v]kY
e AD]>m]ie][ ave tIyiiu ek]u.
aREmniy
`
Edsil
tiey]Qr]
`
czkvRiniyueT k]il hEp>uve> ek]}eu.
p]mtu nU]il zP]Nx[ Edse >]j]v]y
157
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
c]rlx[ ` AL zkix[tYn]kuph te mkeyuh
xienyuh ek]Tu]emu n]RemN Eds[ er]E]
` AiEn]T[ xtic{uprkyuh ay]L azpk]>h
zkix[tYn]kyuh
zkix[tumth
|etuEp]uh
ariy] xVEdsike `}]ve>yuh zkix[tYM]>]u
kyuh ecy[tu. Ti. p]mtu nU]il Ep]uEdse
>]j]v[ te B]>Yey k>uti zkix[tYn]y vRm]ne
mU]mt[ Ep][ Ej]F ` AL Ekri[ A
pfv]xike zkix[tYM]>]uv]N aEnkp]ti>im]e>
ayc{u. ìuh A>uhte zkix[tYM]>]k]tuek][
anY]yce ~ReTui. ave> dnh ecy[tu.
atu xHi]N p]Ti}] A diuk]R `}]h
zkix[tYM]>]yi.
Ti. p]mtu nU]il rSY]Edse >]j]v[
zgI[ Edse zkix[tY]nix[ztIey kY]fh k<ic{[
avueT niRbiN Ep>il t]nuh atunimih
jnuh zkix[tumte anux>ic{u. Ti. p]mtu
nU]il
OE]
`vN
eQM]R[
Eds]e>
jyiyuh an>h jnE]Tu niL `}]v>uh
zkix[tYM]>]kuemil xm]D]neuek]]h
ù
prkyuh ecy[ky]l me]>]zsh |}] A jne
}]v>uh zkix[tYM]>]yi. |zpk]>h n]Rev{ Eds]>uh
zkix[tYM]>]yi.
Ar]mtu nU]il cile>ik[ `vN zP]Nx[
Edse yHUdM]e> niRbic{u zkix[tYM]>]i.
158
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
aW]mtu nU]il `PIy[ ` diil nT
vut]y p]ti>ixmUHil zkix[tuvinu viE>]Dm]yi
prvn]y p[eviy]x[ ` p]ti>iey ek]}ukyuh
ay]ueT kiyil EcRve> t}ukyuh ecy[tu.
1129-]h vRSh TuE]x[ ` Edsuniu viy
mIiil EdsL Et]ruh xBkuh xB Oinu O>u
gu>uvuh >u siSYM]>uh A xB]R at]tu diie
zkix[tYM]>]k] `}]ve>yuh b]l]>m]yi piTic{u
zkix[tYM]>]ukyuh tIe> Akyi} ù pryuve>
ek]}ukyuh Evfemu tI>um]nic{u. |tiu Eml
vic]>f]>N
Ot]mtu
zgigriyuh
Ayi>uu.
zkix[tYM]>]k]ve> ng[nM]>]yiu niRuk. em]
yTiuk, mH]EvdneTuu yzil kiTi
ekuk. atilte k]l eekke viTRi ekuk.
m]hxh \T[ a>yvh EdHe yzilvc{[
amRuk mut]y kinkZtYe Ti. xB]>uh
avE>]Tu pie EcRv>uh ecy[tu `[ xivii `
diie vic]>fkR]v]yi>u Aie eekpux[tk
il `<utiyi>uu. |tien vix[t]>m]yi[ ariyfem
il Q]R rUL ` Ain]l `<ute Ti. vic]>f
c>itpux[tkil k]f]h (Appendix to Vol. 1, page 339
to 359, 1874 edn).
mnuSYe> vc{[ amRiek]}uv]nu
(chevolet) ciev]e[ ` yzil n}tiNvh

amRi et]ve>yuh tufiey ecui ek]}ukyuh
mu ecy[tu. Ti. xB]R x[p]nIy] Edsil 31912 Epe>
pc{ \yiE>]eT tIyiiu ek]u. 291450 Epe>
159
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
atizkU>m]yi[ diic{[ aEnkh kuTuhbe |}]y[m
ecy[tu.
1492-]h vRSh m]Rc{um]xil x[epyiN Edsi
e zkix[tu>]j]v[ aEnknUtn ce ~ReTui
zkix[tumtil Ec>]v>]y pu>uSM]R, x[ztIkL,
kuikL, vZM]R, ~<kL, Dnv]M]R mut]y `}]
yHUdM]>uh
jU]yi
m]xinkh
diuviu
ep]y[e]femuh Ep]kuE]L ep]N, evi
mut]y xVue Oienyuh ek]uep]y[UT]
ùh vRkc>ukEEy] p]ztEEy] `Tuu
ek]uEp]k]h ùh muh Ayi>uu. yHUdM]R
azpk]>h `}] xVuEyuh eekviu xVEdsu
niu Ep]kuE]L avieT \]yi>u aEnk
p]ti>im]R bHi>hgm]yi[ vIikil niuhek][
yHUdM]R[ O>u viDiuh \pk]>h ecy[tuEp]k>u
etu zpxhgic{u. Ti. jU]yim]xh vE]L `}]
yiTuh yHUdM]>ueT niviiEG]Shte Ayi>uu.
avR \c{il viic{uk>uek][ Ep]kuE]L
\pk]>h y]et]uh |vRu ecy[tu Ep]k>uet[
pieyuh k[pn pureTuvic{u. AH>mi}]etyuh,
kuTiutinu jmi}]etyuh, aEnk]yi>h jnL
m>ic{u.
1502-]h
xhvX>h
ePzbuv>im]xil
Ti.
x[epyiN Edsu |oRQit]Nx[ ` >]j]v[ te
>]jYu bHuk]m]yi kuTip]Ri>uv>]y tuu
M]>il zkix[tYM]>]kuv]N k<ikyi} ù pr
160
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
mutuh EpR ~zpil m]xinumu[ di[ viu
ep]y[e]emuh av>ueT ep]N, evi mut]y
y]et]>uvkkeyuh `Tuuek]uEp]k>uetuh m[
aEnk anY]y ce niRic{uhek][ ave>
n]TukTiu.
Ar]h nU]uve>yuh |hg}ISuk]R zkix[tYM]>]
yii}]yi>uu; ù teyum}] zkix[tYM]e> k]l
EdSYeu puic{u xhx]>iukyuh kUTi ecy{um]yi>uu.
|enyi>iuE]L |hg[il ek[ ` [
>]j]v]yi>u ètNezb[ `vN p]>Ix[ Edse
zkix[tY>]jpuztiy]y ebRt] `ve viv]Hh
ecy[tu. avL v>uE]L ci p]ti>im]e>kUeT
e]uv[ O>u piekic{[ ave> atil p]Ric{[
Ad>Ev]TukUTi
>iukyuh
te
zpiyn]y
~tNezben zkix[tYn]ukyuh ecy[tu. atuEHtu
v]yi[ avieTyu jneyuh zkix[tYM]>]i.
a][ |hg[il n]R]briy] ` Edsie
>]j]vuh mu `}] >]j]M]e>]uh atibv]nu
m]yi>u
~tlezb[
`vnuh
tEsv]xikuh
zkix[tumtviE>]Dik]yi>utin]l aEnkh p]ti>i
m]e> ecR ` Edsuvc{[ ek]}ukyuh kUTi ecy[tu.
617-]h xhvX>il ave piNv]<[c >]j]v]yi v
`QViN `vnuh zkix[tumtviE>]Diy]yien |>uu
ìuh zkix[tYn]y Ti. ek[ Eds>]j]vie puztiey
viv]Hh ecy[ttin]l avueT niRbiNEp>il
jnuh muv>uh pil]h |hg[il zkix[tumt
e anux>ic{u. |hg[uEdsil ezp]]umth
161
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
\lpiy]y \TN 1539-]h vRSil Aru viDikL
~ReTueu. aE]L avey anux>i] 500
Epe> jyiiEy[[ |>y]i; aEnkh Epe> tIyiiu
ek]u. Ar]mtu `QVRQ[ k]il Ej]F Ep]rien
jIvEn]eT tIyiuh aEnkh Epe> tUiuh |u. Em>i
`
r]fiyueT
k]u
Er]mN
kE]i]
zkix[tYM]R ezp]u zkix[tYM]>il 277 Epe>
tIyiiu ek]u. av>il 55 x[ztIkuh 4 kuuuh
\]yi>uu. ìxeb[ ` r]fiyueT k][
p>iS[k]>h ecy{e (ìx[Ek]l) miSn]l Er]mN
kE]i zkix[tYM]>uh ezp]u zkix[tYM]>uh
ek]}eu. Ti. >u mtM]>uh O>uRe]>uR
tueT
mtil
Ec>uie}u
pryuve>
anuv]N
p]Ti}]
viDil
eekk]uke
amRi eki tIyiiu ek]}ukyuh tUiiTukyum[
jyiiTy[yuh xVue apH>iyuh ecy[tu.
|tuEp]e `zt Ed]SL ecy[tu.
ayR]uzpEdse Ezp]]u mtiuLe
T] Er]mNkE]i] p]ti>im]e> n]TukTiviu.
p>iS[k>ie ezp]]umtxhbm]y nTpTik
L[ |eT] Er]mN kE]iM]R[ ap>]Dh
niyiukyuh jyiil vy[ukyuh aWueeminuEml
ep]y[UT] ` nibn ecy[kyuh ecy[tu. 1694-]h
xhvX>il kE]imtM]R te kuike
anYEdsil piutiEy[yc{ukUT] ùh 1709]h vRSil kE]i] kuikL[ atM]R
p]h ec]}ie]TuukUT] ùh nibnecy[tu.
162
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
1703-]h
vRSil
kE]i]
mtilniu
ezp]]yiv>uvR[ m]ztEm te pitu>]Rjit
xVinvk]smuu ùh kE]i] kuikL[
y]et]>u
xhbvumie}uh
ezp]ukL
kE]i>]y]l te pitZxVinvk]smie}uh
kE]iM]R kZSiyiTu niinu ek]Tuu
v>iyil mUie]>u B]gh Ad]yh kivEm kZSi
|r]vU, aDikm]d]yh `Tu]l atien et>YeTu
u ezp]uk]>n[ A niien O<iuek]Tuu
ek]femuh kE]iM]R 5 poiDikh vi
piTiu kuti>ke \pEy]gic{uEp]k>ut[, O>u Ev 10
po[
viyiutien
\pEy]gic{uEp]y]l
A
viv>ien ariyeTuu ezp]umtn[ A
kuti>ey 5 pou viy[u ek]Tuuek]femuh,
x[Ek]T[uEds[ 1670-]h vRSil \>vu kUT]et
zpxhgic{ukUT] ùh cmu]yi. 1674-]h vRSil
nY]yh pryu aQVEM]e> n]TukTi viu. 1678-l
myil |>u e`Rm]e> v>ui av>ueT |h
Ep]e jne ek]}ukyuh Em]iukyuh tI
ek]uukyuh ecy{utinu anuv]dhek]Tuu. AyuD
p]fik]y 8000 e`Rm]e> x[k]T[][ vTu
B]gu zg]mil zpEvsiic{u. avR azpk]>h
ecu[
jnueT
xVue
apH>iukyuh
x[tIke ng[nk]i aEnkh azkmL ecy{ukyuh,
>uEpe> Oic{ueki >uEp>ueTyuh ep>uvi>uke
Oic{uEcR[ murui m>il et]iTukyuh, O>u
epFpiey jp]yzpD]niyueT vIinku tv
mut]y juL nir O>u viy pil `Tuu
163
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
tiyukyuh O>u x[ztIyueT vi>uke ve>
En>hve> tIui ek]u cuTukyuh |o \pzdve
xHi]N vHiy]et avL ci divxhek]u
m>ic{uEp]kyuh TRiemT 33 `vN aDik]>h nTiy 18
xhvX>inkh zkix[tumtviE>]Dik]y 10,220 Epe>
ek]}[ukyuh, 97,321 AukueT xVue apH>ic{[
ave> jIvp>Yh jyiiiTukyuh ecy[tu (History of
the Inquisition by Dr W.H. Rule Vol. 1, page 150).
|vR te 34 cm]Nk ` diil jUtmt]

Bizp]y ei pryuu ùh vc{[ 6,000 s]x[zte
tIyiiu cuu. (Drape's Conflict of religion and Science,
page 149). 1481-]h vRSil AuUSY]yil n]]mt[
Ep]p[ xik[x[ `vn]l niymie vic]>f

xB]R 2,000 Epe> jIvEn]eT tIyiiuek]}ukyuh
17,000
EpR[
ap>]Dvuh
jIvp>Ydnvuh
viDiyuh ecy[tu. ari (Hhgri) `diil kix[k]
\eex
`vN
pi]x[
è]>u
vk]e>
ek]ecy[tu. jRni Edsil ezp]umte
\]iy UtR `y]L kM]e> k<uEvuEp]e
gu>uM]>]y Ep]M]e> `}]ve>yuh ek]u. av>ueT
>il |ni È]<]f[ eekk<ukuetu vYxnic{u
(Spanisha Inquisition La Mainstre page 67, Ed 1838). (|o
kRseny]f[ ve> p>iS[k]>h ecy[tvN `[
ezp]uk]R ek]]Tut[). ARc{[ biS[ \S>i `
33
34
Tomas de Torquemada (1420-1495 CE)

TRiemTyuh kU>uh
164
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
ezp]u mtp]ti>i tniu tuYM]>]y 11 biSum]R
key{<ui O>u pztil Er]mN kE]i Ep]u
kE]Tu
mk]utu
mH]p]tkm]yiut]ef[
`<utiv]yic{u.
n]k[x[
`
ezp]uzkix[tYN
kE]i]gu>uM]e>yuh >]jx[ztIkEyuh jnL
niRbm]yi
ek]}femuh
pru.
|hg[ISu
p]Remu xB]>uh eedvmHimey zpxim]uti
Ey[uh b][]>h ecy{utu s>iy]yiuetuh
x[k]T[]u p]Remuk]R vizgH]>]Dn ecy{uh
kE]iM]e> ek]}utu ezp]umt niRb
m]efuh pru. (a]e p]Remuk]>ueT
m]ti>ikuh En]uviN). |E]<e p]Remuk]R
|zpk]>h ecy[v]N tuniyuEm]? |en azkmL
ecy[v]N |E]L cmuE]? |E]L |hg[ISu
p]Remu (gveu) `ztEy] p>iS[k]>m]yiE]yi.
1550-]h vRSh `]mtu eHi[ mziy]yi>u
zg]m[ne> ezp]u zkix[tYN te mtil v>]
5 pu>uSM]e> ek]}ukyuh O>u x[ztIyueT vi>il
ùfi cui tI ek]uukyuh ecy[tu. (Student's
History of England, Hume page 291). Alv] t]N p>ip]nh
ecy[t n]Wu xhvX>inuil 18,000 Epe> ek]u
` miTuu pru. O>u vRSil 8,000 EpR
dHieTukyuh vDieTukyuh ecy[tu. p]>Ix[
pfil 1170-]h vRSh Ag[ m]xh 24-]h tIyti
HiyURn]T ù O>u vk Aukil 14,000 Epe>
O]Tic{uek][ >]j]v[ te a>mnyie jnil
|>uuek][ b]fzpEy]gh ecy[tu ave> pike
ek]}uhEp]e ek]u. piuh Ec>]ve> piTic{u
165
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
n]]yiei Evdny]y yzinku ecui
av>ueT v]y[kil vi>i v]yu ku<uke ti>uki
nirui atilUTi et]yil |rvh
zd]]>xh
kumukumien
O<ic{u
keTuukyuh
mu<uvnuh
ng[nM]>]i
axhKYh
apm]ne,
tmutl
k]lve>
kuudUsike
kuiec{>uki,
Epn]iek]u evi tIyiiu n}vh p<uic{[
puku>Tuek][ av>ueT mUuke priec{Tuukkyuh
ecy[tu. |zpk]>h nT anY]yuh azkmuh
ek]p]tkuh
|ztm]ztm]efu
pr]l
avx]niyi}. |vieT ve> cu>um]yi[ `<utiy
t]f[ ìuh zkix[tumth |ztE]h vRic{u v
tie k]>fL n}tiNvh etiv]yE}]. xHi]N
vHiy] |enyu Hihxke ecy[t]l A>]f[
Ec>]ti>iut[? m>fBymu `}]v>uh Ec>ukte
ecy{uh. a}]et |t>mteyuh zkix[tumteyuh
A>]uEn]i gufEd]Se ariu zkix[tumth
te n}et xtE]TukUTi y]et]>u>uh A
mte xVIk>ic{ii}]. |o Edse mHdIyR `ztEy]
azkme ecy[t]f[ Hiue av>ueT mtil
EcRt[. ìuh zkix[tYM]R ecy[ttiutil
ie]>hsh Ep]uh Akyi}. `]l |]
iE] Ey]Er]iuh aEm>iyiuh eebbiinu
viE>]Dm]y BUEg]s]x[zth, s]x[zth, tRs]x[zth,
gfits]x[zth,
eevdYs]x[zth
mut]y
vidYkL
n}Ep]e aBYxic{[ tRs]x[zth muEKn v]x[tvh
|zpk]>em[ aritin]l zkix[tumth mu
mtil
ni[
`<uti`Tu
ekuky]ef[
166
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
niym]ytuek][
eebbiienuric{u]yi>u
du>Bim]nh
viuEp]kyuh
ecy[ky]l
ce
~ReTui
pp]th
kUT]et
jne
>ic{uv>ikyuh atuek][ Ahg[Iy gveu
>]jYB>fiuLe
`}]
jnLuh
nY]yh
xmm]yiu Biyuh |o viDh n]g>Ikh vRic{u
v>uE]ruh
zkix[tYM]>ueT
duR]Re}]h
xUE>Y]dyil HimkfeEp]e O]TiEp]kyuh
muie anY]yuh Hihxkuh |E]L ecy[v]N
vHiy]tuek][ p]ti>im]R zdvYh, zptYEB]g
vx[tuL |vke \pEy]gic{u zkix[tYM]>]ukyuh
zkix[tuvienyuh tNmteyuh tTu]N k<iy]
~Et] viy Apil akeu vyuEp]eyuh
avR |tien ku vYxinic{u \pEdsiut]yiuh
visVxiic{u zkix[tYM]>]y]l Ti. Apukilniu
>eTuemEp]eyuh
zkix[tYM]>]yve>}]Ep>uh
>euEp]yt]yiuh nTic{uek][ p]ti>im]R EtN
Ep]eyuh p]lEp]eyuh xhx]>iukyuh ecy{uu
`}]et av>ueT aTul nY]yh, dy mut]y
gufL a[pemiumueu vic]>i]N p]Ti}.
|niyuh p]ti>im]R yUEr]pYM]>ueT n]g>Ikinuh
nItiyiuh zkix[tumtm]f[ k]>femu mTikUT]et
pryut[ O>iuh s>iye}utiEy[[ muNk]fic{
anY]yuh Hihxkuh n]g>Ikinu nItiuh
k]>fm]y eebbiinu mu<uviE>]Dm]kuu ùh
avki>u pux[tks]kE]TukUTi tIyiu cuTukyuh
atuke
pic{riv>]y
`}]
p]ti>im]E>yuh
167
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
jyiil |>uiyuh Hihxic{uek]u ecy[tiutuh
te x]eek]kui}Ey]?
vidY]s]kLu p]ti>im]R zpD]nik]yi>u
k]u Ti. s]x[zte p]hvy[]et eebbiien
(zkix[tumtviSym]y) p]e m]zth vy[y]l Ti.
s]x[ztL a][ p>ip]ieT]et Ep]kyuh
TV]Rim]T[ ` AL Hizbuvil `<utiyi>u s]x[zt
pux[tke tIyiiTukyuh c]m]Nk ` Eds[
6000 s]x[ztpux[tke cuTukyuh x[p]niy]vil
s]x[zte vRiic{uek]uv>uti Ey[[ \X]Hi
c{v>]y 119 s]x[ztim]e> jyiil ek]iu ek]}ukyuh
zP]Nxil >xv]ds]x[ztuh mu s]x[ztuh
pic{ukUT]
ùh
zkix[tumtviE>]Dkm]y
~tu
pux[tkeyuh
zkix[tumtzpD]niyueT
\>vu
kUT]et ac{iu kUT] ùh \>vu]ukyuh 1519-]h
vRSil p]fini ` tRs]x[ztiey dUx `
diil n]ien pric{uek]}ukyuh ecy[tE}]. |niyuh
aEnkmu[. xmyh Ep]>]tin]l niRuu.
1. Eml viv>ic{ zpbnY]yee][ pit]v[,
puztN, pvizt]]v[ |vR eedvfmuv>e}uh
zkix[tuvie p]pbiyuh visV]xvuh muix]Dn
m]kyie}uh muifvuh nitYn>ke anuBvi
uemutuh
a[phEp]uh
Ec>uvye}uh
eebbiL
azpm]fm]efuh
muh
n}tiNvh
x]Diei>iuu.
168
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
2. |ni ciR p dUSfeyuh AB]xnY]y
eyuh viiec{<ueic{uek][ |tiEy[uh mrupTi
`<uti viTuu ùv>ikil n]emuecy{uh. kmu
vIfu muKh BUmiyil t}iyiuh mIsyil mupu>i
e}uh QIuprkyuv>uh mnie]uh v]ie]u
m]yiu sinuEvi kiTu m]rTiuv>um]y |o
kU]E>]T[ è]e `ztey]e pr]L te
ey]? |o axhbeey]e tiEyc{[ nY]y
m]Rm]yiu
Kic{u
vYvH>ic{u
]piuu
ùv>ikil A aBizp]yil n]muh EcRu
ek]utiEy[u ty]R.
3. zkix[tumth | itiyiut]ef[
|tien v]yiuvR[ arivu kiuh. atuek][
my]ik]y HiuL[ |t[ ~vuh \pk]>m]yi
Bvium]r]kf em è atY]zgHh xPm]yi
BviutiEy[[ x]]l p>msiveyuh pu>]tn
mH]]ueTyuh xnueTyuh |o viSyil
|E]L \X]Hic{u ek]i>iuv>]y gu>uM]>u
eTyuh pUR]nuzgH ee Azsyic{uek]uu.
4. a}Ey] HiuE, niL dyvuecy[t[ |o
pux[tk cixm]D]nE]TukUTi AdYh tuTi
avx]nh ve>yuh v]yic{u mni]ukyuh |til
k]fic{iu nY]y]l zkix[tumth ECdieE]
|}Ey] ù n}tiNvh ciic{u En]ukyuh
ecy[viN.
169
zkix[tumtni>Upfh
avR
nie
av>ueT
zkix[tumtil
EcRu tiEy[[ \X]Hic{u vu v]diuE]L A
v]de
Oeyuh
n}
zpbnY]yee][
Kic{uviuh k[ p>ipUReedvm]yi>iu p>m
siven Bjic{u xlgtiey zp]piuv>]yi BviiN.
|niyuh aTuEp]e k]f]h.
170

KristumataNirupanam SriChattamp Amma

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zpyiuvn[ e`sV>Yh ([mI) zp]p[tm]kuu `Rh.

zkix[tumtni>Upfie O]h ptiin[ zsI cixV]mikL `<utiy

xIRnh 90-2 `til xIRnh eebbiie O>u pux[tk

O>u k]>Yinu et]y k]>feey}]h tiyuE]L

>u vx[tuL p>x[p>h k]>femu v>ut]f[ aEnY]nY]zsyh

an]diy}] ]nh; `euh nini[] ]nh `Rh.

\Esic{tinu vi>um]y Pmu]vuh `Rh.

O>u vx[tu `u pd]Ril niu]kuuEv] at]f[ atie

x]DYh \E] |}Ey] `u xhsymu m]fu ph. \d].

x]vyvtVh \]yi GTpT]dikL[ `Ep]e

Ec>ukyi}. xVtztVh \tuek][

En]]et ecy{uemil jIvM]>ueT pufYp]p

BUmiy[u k]inYvuh, gvuh DR]kuu. jie "DRh"

t]N xZic{ mnuSYR suM]>]yi>i]et

Josephus (37 c.100 CE)

1890-]h Ai]f[ |o pux[tkh >ciet[.

Eysu jIvic{i>uu `u pryeTu k]Gh

yUEr][Kil |o v]kYe xtYemu

mU]mt[ 2 ek]>uiyR 13- 14v. kR]v]y Eysu

mZt[ av] mZik] = m[; GTh = kuTh,

|ni ciR Hx[tk>p]fi `Ep]e Oeu

a}]etyuh kUn[, ku>uT[, eckiT[, muT[ mut]y

Emuh suk[h v<iy]yi p]ph xhbiuemil

Emuh niL pryu muiy]yt[ s>I>ikL

|niyu Epjukil cRc{ ecy{eTu viSyh k<i aY]yil

a]il zkix[tYM]>]k]v>ueT mutl

mnuSYe> vc{[ amRiek]}uv]nu

(chevolet) ciev]e[ ` yzil n}tiNvh

|vR te 34 cm]Nk ` diil jUtmt]

Ep]p[ xik[x[ `vn]l niymie vic]>f

Tomas de Torquemada (1420-1495 CE)

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