EXERCISE 4

DETERMINATION OF THE
TOXIC EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE
GROUP 1 PHARMACY 4A
TOLEDO SOLAIMAN SISON MASBATE CAMILE
BAHANDE - AMBULO

OBJECTIVES

Examine physically the urine of the test

animals for the presence of caffeine
Determine the toxic effects of caffeine on the
test animals given in large doses

OBSERVATION OR RESULTS
URINE COLOR

RAT 1

RAT 2

Without caffeine

light yellow

Light yellow

With caffeine

Yellow to dark yellow

Yellow to dark yellow

CNS EFFECTS

RAT 1

RAT 2

Motor Behavior

(+)

(+++)

Respiratory Rate and Depth

BEFORE:152
AFTER: 180

BEFORE: 148
AFTER: 164

QUESTIONS

DISCUSS THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF

CAFFEINE
Caffeine
is a methylxanthine that produces mild stimulation by
blocking adenosine receptors on neurons throughout the CNS
because adenosine inhibits dopamine release, caffeine indirectly
enhances dopamine neurotransmission.

This action is probably responsible for the drugs stimulant effects

and dependence liability.
Caffeine use combats fatigue; elevates mood and increases
alertness, concentration, motivation and talkativeness by arousing
the sympathetic system, it causes a mild stimulation of heart rate
and blood pressure.

Caffeine also relaxes most smooth muscles and causes diuresis by

increasing renal blood flow because caffeine increases the
secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, it can contribute to gastritis

GIVE THE SYMPTOMS OF CAFFEINE

INTOXICATION IN HUMAN

The earliest symptoms of acute caffeine poisoning

are usually anorexia, tremor and restlessness. These
are followed by nausea, vomiting, tachycardia and
confusion. With serious intoxication, delirium,
seizures, supraventricular and ventricular
tachyarrhythmia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia
may occur. Hypotension is caused by excessive beta2-mediated vasodilation and is characterized by a
low diastolic pressure and a wide pulse pressure.
Chronic high doses of caffeine intake can lead to
caffeinism (nervousness, irritability, anxiety,

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE

Caffeine
increases
neural activity
in the brain, which leads to a temporary
WHEN
TAKEN
IN MODERATION?
increase in mental alertness and thought processing, while reducing
drowsiness and fatigue.

Other nervous system effects of caffeine include increased heart rate,

increased thirst and hunger, anxiety, nervousness, dilation of air passages,
anal sphincter relaxation and insomnia.
Caffeine acts as a laxative and increases peristalsis (Peristalsis is muscle
contractions that propel food through the digestive system) with bowel
regulation.
Caffeine is absorbed from your stomach.
Caffeine can make your blood pressure go up for a short time.
Caffeine in may interfere with absorption and metabolism of calcium. This
can contribute to bone thinning (osteoporosis).
Caffeine travels within the bloodstream and crosses into the placenta. Since
it is a stimulant, it can cause your babys heart rate and metabolism to
increase. Too much caffeine can also cause slowed fetal growth and increased
risk of miscarriage.

DISCUSS THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON

THE FOLLOWING

MEMORY AND LEARNING

Caffeine does not usually affect performance in learning and
memory tasks, although caffeine may occasionally have
facilitatory or inhibitory effects on memory and learning. Caffeine
facilitates learning in tasks in which information is presented
passively; in tasks in which material is learned intentionally,
caffeine has no effect. Caffeine facilitates performance in tasks
involving working memory to a limited extent, but hinders
performance in tasks that heavily depend on working memory,
and caffeine appears to rather improve memory performance
under suboptimal alertness conditions. The ingestion of caffeine
does not seem to affect long-term memory. At low doses, caffeine
improves hedonic tone and reduces anxiety, while at high doses,
there is an increase in tense arousal, including anxiety,
nervousness, jitteriness.

HEART

Methylxanthines have positive

chronotropic and inotropic effects.
Ordinary consumption of caffeine
usually produces slight tachycardia,
an increase in cardiac output, and an
increase in peripheral resistance,
raising blood pressure slightly.

CHILDREN

Caffeine is absorbed in every body tissue. It increases your

heart rate and it increases your blood pressure. Caffeine
changes your body temperature and your gastric juices.
Caffeine affects the central nervous system as a stimulant.
The brain of a child tends to be a little bit more sensitive to
caffeine's effects than the brain of adults. Caffeine can
cause them to be hyperactive. But it also can make them
nervous, anxious, worsen stomach problems and create
sleep problems. For kids who have some anxiety, it may
even be under control in normal conditions, caffeine can
really increase anxiety. Also of a child is drinking
caffeinated soda, they are also taking in a lot of sugar,
which has the second effect of tooth decay, and the

IS THERE A CORRELATION OF CAFFEINE INTAKE

DURING
EXPLAIN
Caffeine isPREGNANCY?
a stimulant and a diuretic. Because caffeine is a
stimulant, it increases your blood pressure and heart rate, both of
which are not recommended during pregnancy.
Caffeine also increases the frequency of urination. This causes
reduction in your body fluid levels and can lead to dehydration.
Caffeine crosses the placenta to your baby. Although you may be
able to handle the amounts of caffeine you feed your body, your
baby cannot. Your babys metabolism is still maturing and cannot
fully metabolize the caffeine.Any amount of caffeine can also cause
changes in your babys sleep pattern or normal movement pattern
in the later stages of pregnancy. Remember, caffeine is a stimulant
and can keep both you and your baby awake.
Caffeine is found in more than just coffee. Caffeine is not only
found in coffee but also in tea, soda, chocolate, and even some
over-the-counter medications that relieveheadaches. Be aware of

WHAT ARE THE WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS

OF CAFFEINE?
The manifestations of caffeine withdrawal
are relatively mild; they include
headache, impaired concentration,
irritability, depression, anxiety, flu like
symptoms, and lured vision. The
withdrawal symptoms can be lessened by
reducing caffeine consumption gradually
over a period of several weeks.

CONCLUSION

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the most widely

consumed stimulant drug in the world. It is present in a
variety of forms: medications, coffee, tea, soft drinks, and
chocolate.Caffeine has differing CNS, cardiovascular, and
metabolic effects based on the quantity ingested. Average
doses of caffeine (85-250 mg, the equivalent of 1-3 cups of
coffee) may result in feelings of alertness, decreased
fatigue, and eased flow of thought. High doses (250-500 mg)
can result in restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, and
tremors. In high doses, caffeine can cause a hyperadrenergic
syndrome resulting in seizures and cardiovascular
instability. Because caffeine overdoses, intentional or
unintentional, are relatively common, physicians and other
medical personnel must be aware of caffeine toxicity to

EXERCISE 5
DETERMINATION OF THE
TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOME
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
GROUP 1 PHARMACY 4A
TOLEDO SOLAIMAN SISON MASBATE CAMILE
BAHANDE - AMBULO

OBJECTIVES

Determine the toxic effects of some cardiovascular drugs in the test animals given
in large dose.

OBSERVATIONS OR RESULTS
TEST FOR DIURETICS
DOSE
ADMINISTERED

TRIAL

Normal Dose

CNS:
RR:

CNS:
RR:

CNS:
RR:

CNS:
RR:

_ mg/mL

Toxic Dose
_ mg/mL

VOLUME OF
URINE

REMARKS

OBSERVATIONS OR RESULTS
TEST FOR NITRATE IONS
TEST
SAMPLES

OBSERVATI
ON

REMARKS

TEST FOR NITRITE IONS

TEST
SAMPLES

Blood
Sample

Blood
Sample

Pickled or
Cured Meat

Pickled or
Cured Meat

OBSERVATI
ON

REMARKS

QUESTIONS

WHAT ARE THE REACTIONS INVOLVED IN THE

TREATMENT OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA WITH
METHYLENE BLUE? EXPLAINE THE REACTIONS
Methylene blue is reduced to leukomethylene blue by erythrocyte
methemoglobin reductase in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate
(NADPH). Leukomethylene blue then reduces methemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin.
Methylene blue
is indicated in patients with methemoglobin levels >20-25%, or who have lower
levels but are
symptomatic.

WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL FINDINGS IN THE

TOXICITY OF FUROSEMIDE AND THE
TREATMENT TO BE USED?
The principal signs and symptoms of overdose with Furosemide (Lasix) are
dehydration, blood volume reduction, hypotension, electrolyte imbalance,
hypokalemia and hypochloremic alkalosis, and are extensions of its diuretic action.
Treatments are to replace fluid loss with intravenous crystalloid solutions, and
correct electrolyte abnormalities. Monitor the ECG until the potassium level is
normalized.

WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL IN THE TOXICITY

OF FUROSEMIDE AND THE TREATMENT TO
BE USED?

You are more likely to have this condition if you take digoxin, digitoxin, or other
digitalis medicines along with drugs that interact with it. Some of these drugs are
quinidine, flecainide, verapamil, and amiodarone.

CONCLUSION

Poisoning is the harmful effect that occurs when a toxic substance is swallowed, is
inhaled, or comes in contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, such as
those of the mouth or nose. Poisonings with agricultural and horticultural chemicals
are an important public health problem. Prevention efforts need to incorporate the
fact that many serious cases, such as paraquat poisonings, are suicidal in nature.