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DetailingofReinforcement
inConcreteStructures
R.I.Gilbert
Introduction:
Detailing isoftenconsideredtobethepreparationofworking
drawings showingthesizeandlocationofthereinforcementina
concretestructure.
Detailinginvolvesthe communicationoftheengineersdesigntothe
contractorswhobuildthestructure.It involvesthetranslationofa
goodstructuraldesignfromthecomputerorcalculationpadinto the
finalstructure.
Gooddetailingensuresthatreinforcement
andconcreteinteractefficiently toprovide
satisfactorybehaviour throughoutthe
completerangeofloading.
Inthisseminar,guidelinesforsuccessful
detailing instructuralelementsand
connectionsareoutlined.
Thedetailingrequirements ofareinforcementbardependonthe
reasonsforitsinclusioninthestructure.
Reasonsinclude:
1. Tocarryinternaltensileforces,therebyimpartingstrength
andductility;
2. Tocontrol flexuralcracking;
3. Tocontroldirecttensioncracking inrestrainedstructures;
4. Tocarrycompressiveforces;
5. Toprovide restraint tobarsincompression;
6. Toprovideconfinement toconcreteincompression;
7. Tolimitlongtermdeformation;
8. Toprovideprotectionagainstspalling;and
9. Toprovidetemporarysupport forotherreinforcementduring
construction.
Guidingprinciples:
Determinelocationanddirectionofallinternalforces (i.e.
establishaloadpath thatsatisfiesequilibrium);
Useadequatelyanchored reinforcementwhereveratensile
forceisrequiredforequilibrium;
Useonlyductilereinforcement (ClassNorbetter)whenthe
reinforcementisrequiredforstrength;
Neverrely ontheconcretesabilitytocarrytension(itmaynot
exist);
Includeadequatequantitiesofreinforcementforcrackcontrol;
Ensuresteeldetailsarepractical andthatsteelcanbefixedand
concretecanbesatisfactorilyplacedandcompactedaround
complexdetailswithadequatecover;and
Ensuredetailsareeconomical.
Sourcesoftension:
1. Tensioncausedbybending(andaxialtension):
Flexuraltensioncracks
Flexuraltensioncracks
Negative bending
Positive bending
Axial tension
Directtensioncracks
Sourcesoftension:
2.Tensioncausedbyloadreversals:
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
3. Tensioncausedbyshearandtorsion:
T
Shear
Flexureshearcracks
Tensioncarriedbystirrups
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
4.Tensionnearthesupportsofbeams:
Thelongitudinaltensionatthesupportisgreaterthanindicated
bythebendingmomentdiagram.
Thetensileforceatthebottomoftheinclinedcrackisequalto
thecompressiveforceatthetopofthecrack.
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
AS36002009(8.1.10.4):
Lst
Sufficientbottomsteelmustbe
anchoredforalength(Lst)pastthe
midpointofthebearingtodevelop
atensileforceofV*cot v/ (plusany
additionalforcearisingfromrestraint)
Thisrequirementisdeemedtobesatisfiedifeither
Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db ;or
Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db +D/2
whereAst isthetensilesteelarearequiredatmidspan
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
5. Tensionwithinthesupportsofbeamsandslabs:
Crackingduetoinadequate
slipjointbetweenslaband
supportingbrickwall
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
6. Tensionwithinconnections:
2T
T
C
T
M
(a)Internalforces(b)Crackpattern
Primarygirder
Compressionstruts
Hanger
reinf.to
carry
tension
Secondary
beam
Reactionfromsecondarybeam
appliedhere
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
7. Tensionatconcentratedloads:
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:
Lsy.t
T
R
(a)
(c)
stirrups
(b)
Asv atspacing s
CC
RPotentialcrackinweb
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:
Lsy.t
T
R
(a)
(c)
stirrups
(b)
qt
Asv atspacing s
C
T
T
rm
Transversetension:
qt =
A f
T
= st sy
rm
rm
Ast
Requiredstirrupspacing:
s=
Asv f vy
qt
Asv f vy
.
.rm
Ast f sy
Anchorageofdeformedbarsistension:
F
T
F
Tensile stresses
Splitting
Splittin cracks
Splittingfailuresarounddevelopingbars.
Forareinforcementbartoreachitsyieldstressatacritical
crosssection,aminimumlengthofreinforcingbar(an
anchorage)isrequiredoneithersideofthesection.
AS36002009specifiesaminimumlength,calledthedevelopment
length,Lsy.t,overwhichastraightbarintensionmustbeembeddedin
theconcreteinordertodeveloptheyieldstress.
Lsy.t
As fsy
Lsy .t
d b f sy
4 fb
fb
Anaveragedesignultimatebondstressfb isassumedattheinterface
betweentheconcreteandthereinforcingbar( =0.6).
fb dependson typeandconditionofreinforcingbar;strength
andcompactionofconcrete;concretecover;
barspacing;transversereinforcement;
transversepressure(ortension).
AS36002009:
(13.1.2.2)
Thebasicdevelopmentlength,Lsy.tb,is
Lsy.tb =
0.5k1k3 f sy d b
k 2 f c
29k1d b
isthesmalleroftheconcretecovertothebarorhalf
thecleardistancetothenextparallelbar;
fc
shallnotbetakentoexceed65MPa
AS36002009
(13.1.2.2)
a/2
c
c1
cd =min(a/2,c,c1)
AS3600-2009 ctd
(13.1.2.3)
ThedevelopmentlengthLsy.t maybetakenasthebasic
developmentlengthormayberefinedtoincludethebeneficial
effectsofconfinementsbytransversesteelortransversepressure
andis
Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb
wherek4 =1 K
(but0.7 k4 1.0);and
AS3600-2009 ctd
(13.1.2.3)
Lsy.t = k 4 k5 Lsy.tb
k4 = 1 - K
where
= (Atr Atr.min)/As ;
Atr = cross-sectional area of the transverse reinforcement along the development
length Lsy.t
Atr.min = cross-sectional area of the minimum transverse reinforcement, which may
be taken as 0.25As for beams and 0 for slabs
As = cross-sectional area of a single bar of diameter db being anchored
K
= is a factor that accounts for the position of the bars being anchored
relative to the transverse reinforcement, with values given below:
K = 0.1
K = 0.05
K=0
AS3600-2009 ctd
(13.1.2.3)
Lst = Lsy.t
st
f sy
12d b
Whencalculatingst dontforgettoincludethestrengthreductionfactor
( =0.8).IfT* isthedesignultimatetensileforceinthereinforcement
causedbythefactoreddesignloads,then:
T * st Ast
andtherefore
st
T*
Ast
AS3600-2009 ctd
(13.1.2.3)
Thedevelopmentlengthofadeformedbarwithastandardhook
orcog:
4db or 70mm
4dbor70mm
XX
ddidid
0.5L
0.5Lsy.t
sy.t
0.5d
did /2
id
0.5L
sy.tsy.t
0.5L
XX
A
did /2
0.5Lsy.t
0.5L
sy.t
(c)Standardcog(90
(c) Standard cog (90 bend)
bend).
AS3600-2009
WORKEDEXAMPLE:
Considertheminimumdevelopmentlength requiredforthetwo
terminated28mmdiameterbottombars inthebeamshownbelow.
Takefsy = 500 MPa;fc = 32 MPa;covertothe28mmbarsc = 40 mm;
andtheclearspacingbetweenthebottombarsa = 60 mm.
ThecrosssectionalareaofoneN28barisAs = 620 mm2 andwithN12
stirrupsat150mmcentres,Atr = 110 mm2.
P
A
12mm stirrups at 150mm ctrs
Two terminated bars
LL
+d
sy.tsy.t
Lsy.t + D
Elevation
Section A-A
(13.1.2.3)
Forbottombars: k1 = 1.0;
Lsy.tb =
0.5k1k3 f sy d b
k 2 f c
Lsy.tb
Theminimumnumberofstirrupsthatcanbelocatedwithinthebasic
developmentlengthis7.Therefore,Atr = 7 x 110 = 770 mm2.
TakingAtr.min = 0.25As = 155 mm2,theparameter
(13.1.2.3)
Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb
LappedSplicesforbarsintension(13.2.2 AS36002009):
PLANAR VIEW
sL
a
db
sb
Lsy.t.lap
min (a/2,
(a/2,
(a/2, cc)
) )
crit
cdcd=, =min
100%ofofbars
barsspliced
spliced(no
(nostaggered
staggered splices)
splice)
(i)(i)100%
0.3Lsy.t.lap
sL
a
PLANAR VIEW
sb
Lsy.t.lap
(a/2, cccrit
) )
cdc, ==min
(a/2,
min
(a/2,
c)
(ii)
splices
(ii) 50%
50% staggered
staggered splices
AS36002009:
13.2.2
LappedSplicesforbarsintension:
Lsy.t.lap = k7 Lsy.t 29k1d b
k7 shallbetakenas1.25,unless As providedisgreaterthan As required
andnomorethanonehalfofthetensilereinforcementatthesectionis
spliced,inwhichcase k7 =1.
Innarrowelementsormembers(suchasbeamwebsandcolumns),the
tensilelaplength(Lsy.t.lap)shallbenotlessthanthelargerofk7 Lsy.t and
Lsy.t + 1.5sb,wheresb isthecleardistancebetweenbarsofthelapped
spliceasshowninFigure8.15.
ACI31808:(Simplified Clause12.2.2)
Lsy.t.lap = 1.25Lsy.tb =
= 1.25
0.5k1k3 f syd b
k2 f c
= 563 mm = 46.9 d b
(c. f . 369 mm = 30.7d b
in AS3600 2001)
f y t e
2.1 f c
db
12
= 743 mm = 61.9 d b
ACI31808:(Refined Clause12.2.3)
Llap = 1.3l d = 1.3
= 1.3
f y t e s
d
c b + K tr b
1.1 f c (
)
db
= 524 mm = 43.7 d b
Detailingofbeams:
Anchorageoflongitudinalreinforcement:
UnfavorableanchorageTransversetension
Possible
cracks
Favorableanchorage
Normal
pressure
Elevation Section
Whenbottomreinforcementis
terminatedawayfromthesupport,
thediagonalcompressionintheweb
improvestheanchorage.
C
T
C
T
AS3600-2009
Clause 8.1.10.1
Currentwording:
Thedesignforflexuralstrengthanddetailingofflexuralreinforcement
andpretensioned tendonsatterminationshallbeextendedfromthe
theoreticalcutoffpoint,ordebonding point,byalengthof1.0D +Lsy.t,or
1.0D +Lpt,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoreticalcutoffpointor
theoreticaldebonding point
Problem1: Thewordingdoesnotmakesense
Problem2: Theruleisincorrect abardoesnothavetodevelop
itsyieldstressatthetheoreticalcutoffpoint
Amendedwording:
Whereflexuralreinforcementandpretensioned tendonsaretobe
terminated,thebarsortendonsshallbeextendedfromthetheoreticalcut
offpoint,ortheoreticaldebonding point,byalengthofatleast1.0D +Lst,
or1.0D +Lpt,respectively,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoretical
cutoffpointortheoreticaldebonding point
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
tiltedanchoragenearhorizontalanchorage
Reactionpressure
diagonalcompression
Reactionpressure
SectionsandElevations
Thetransversetensionthatmaycausesplittingin
theplaneofahookedanchorage atasupportcan
beovercomeatabeamsupportsimplybytiltingthe
hookandexposingittothenormalreactionpressure.
Plan
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Inclinedclamping
bars
Potentialfailure
surface
Ifthebearinglengthatasupportissmallandclosetothefreeendofa
member,asliding shear failure alongasteepinclinedcrackmayoccur.
Additionalsmalldiameterbarsmayberequiredperpendiculartothe
potentialfailureplane
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
welded
crossbar
endplate
recessed
angle
(a)(b)
(c)
Wherethelengthavailableforanchorageissmall,mechanical
anchorages intheformofweldedcrossbarsorendplatesmaybeused.
Commoninprecastelements,corbels,bracketsandatothersupport
points.
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Compressivestrut
Member
Centreline
Binding
reinforcement
Anchorageis
critical
Tie
DoNOTterminateanybottombars
Inshortspanmembers,whereloadiscarriedtothesupportbyarch
action,itisessentialthatallbottomreinforcement(thetieofthearch)
isfullydevelopedateachsupport.Closelyspacedtransversestirrups
canbeusedtoimproveanchorageofthetiereinforcement.
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Concentratingtopsteelatasupportinabeamwithinthewebcanlead
tocrackcontrolproblemsintheadjacentslab(Leonhardt etal.)
70
60
As = 1030 mm2
50
As = 1020 mm2
40
30
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
Load (kN)
400
500
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
AnchorageofStirrups:
Compressivetopchord(concrete)
Inclinedwebstruts
(concrete)
Verticalties(stirrups)
Tensilebottomchord(Ast)
Tensioninstirrup ismoreorlessconstantoverheightofverticalleg.
Therefore,allpointsonverticallegmustbefullydeveloped
Stirrupanchorages shouldbelocatedinthecompressivezone and
beshownonthestructuraldrawings.
Theareaofshearreinforcementrequiredataparticularcross
sectionshouldbeprovidedforadistanceD fromthatcrosssection
inthedirectionofdecreasingshear(AS36002009 Clause8.2.12.3).
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:
Tensilelapped
splice
(b)Undesirable(butsatisfactory)
(a)Incorrect
Inadequateanchorage
A90 cogisineffectiveifthe
coverconcreteislost
Inregionswhereductilityisrequired,
theopenstirrups(commonlyusedin
posttensionedbeams)donotconfinethe
compressiveconcrete
Compressiveside
Tensileside
(c)Satisfactory
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:
Cd
Cd
Ts
Ts
Ts
cracks
Compressionstrut
RigidFlexible
Multilegstirrups shouldbeusedinmemberswithwidewebsto
avoidtheundesirabledistributionofdiagonalcompressionshown
Multilegsturrups bettercontrolshearcrackingandhelpmaintain
sheartransferthoughaggregateinterlock
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:
Dowel crack
Multilegstirrups arealsofarbetterforcontrollingthe
longitudinalsplittingcracks(knownasdowelcracks)that
precipitatebondfailureofthelongitudinalbarsintheshearspan.
Oftenthiscriticalshearcrackoccurswherebottombarsare
terminated intheshearspan.Additionalshearreinforcementmay
berequiredinthisregion(Clause8.1.10.5 AS36002009).
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Crackcontrolprovidedbyshearreinforcement(Leonhardt etal):
0.8
0.7
1
0.6
0.5
2
0.4
0.3
3
0.2
0.1
4
0
0
200
400
Load P (kN)
600
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
SupportandLoadingPoints:
support
Internal
tie
(a)Supportunder
(b)Supportover
Whenthesupportisatthesoffitofabeamorslab,thediagonal
compressionpassesdirectlyintothesupportasshown
Whenthesupportisatthetopofthebeam,thediagonalcompression
mustbecarriedbackuptothesupportviaaninternaltie.
Itisessentialthatadequatelyanchoredreinforcement beincluded
toactasthetensiontieandthereinforcementmustbeanchored
intothesupport
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Slabsupportedbyupturnedbeam:
Unreinforced
surface
(a)Incorrectdetail
(b)Correctdetail
Theverticalcomponentofthediagonalcompressionintheslab
(i.e.thereactionfromtheslab)mustbecarriedintensionuptothe
topoftheupturnedbeam.
Dontrelyontheunreinforcedsurfacetocarrythistension
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:
Primary
girder
Secondary
beam
Compressionstrutinsecondarybeam
suspension
reinforcement
R*
(a)Section
Theareaofadditional
suspensionreinforcement
is
R*
Asr =
f sy
Stirrups
forshear
Suspension
reinforcement
(b)Primarygirder Elevation
R*
(c)Primarygirder Trussanalogy
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:
(b)Internalrods
Whenaloadisappliedtotheundersideofareinforcedconcrete
beam,somedevicemustbeusedtotransferthishangingloadtothe
topofthebeam
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
HalfJointordappedendjoint:
(a)Halfjoint
Hairpinreinforcement
Suspensionreinforcement
(b)Strutandtiemodel Reinforcementdetail
(c)Alternativestrutandtiemodel
Reinforcementdetail
DetailingforCrackControl
Excessivecracking duetorestraineddeformation orexternal
loads isacommoncauseofdamageinreinforcedconcrete
structures.
Shrinkagecausesagradualwideningofexistingcracks and
timedependentcracking inpreviouslyuncrackedregions.
Excessivecracking inthehardenedconcretecanbeavoided
byincludingsufficientreinforcementatsufficientlyclose
spacings.
The minimumquantitiesofreinforcement specifiedforcrack
controlinAS3600maynotbewhatisactuallyrequiredinall
circumstances.
Thewidthofacrack dependson
thequantity,orientationanddistributionofthe
reinforcingsteelcrossingthecrack;
concretecoverandmembersize;
thebondbetweenconcreteandreinforcement
inthevicinityofthecrack;
thedeformationcharacteristicsofconcrete;and
theshrinkagestrain(andthereforethetimeafter
crackformation).
thecauseofthecrack
thedegreeofrestraint
Oftensignificantlymorereinforcementthantheminimum
specifiedamountisrequired.
Flexuralcracking:
Service loads
Flexural cracks
SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):
Forreinforcedconcretebeamsandslabs,crackingisdeemedtobecontrolled
(crackwidthswillbelessthan0.3mm)ifeachofthefollowing issatisfied:
(a)thequantityoftensilereinforcementinabeamorslabprovidesan
ultimatestrengthatleast20%higherthanthecrackingmoment
calculatedassumingcs =0;
(b) thedistancefromthesideorsoffit ofthemembertothecentreofthe
nearestlongitudinalbarshallnotexceed100mm;
(c)Thecentretocentrespacingofbars nearatensionfaceofabeamor
slabshallnotexceed300mmforabeam andthelesseroftwotimes
theslabthicknessand300mmforaslab.
(d)Thestressinthetensilesteelislessthanalimitingvalue(asfollows):
SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):Ctd
Formemberssubjectprimarilytoflexure,thecalculatedsteelstresscaused
bytheserviceabilitydesignmomentshallnotexceedthelarger ofthe
maximumsteelstressesgiveninTables8.6.1(A)and8.6.1(B)for beams
andTables9.4.1(A)and9.4.1(B)forslabs.
Table 8.6.1(A): Maximum steel stress for
tension or flexure in r.c. beams.
Nominal bar
diameter
(mm)
Maximum steel
stress
(MPa)
Centre-to-centre
spacing
(mm)
Maximum steel
stress
(MPa)
10
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
360
330
280
240
210
185
160
140
120
50
100
150
200
250
300
360
320
280
240
200
160
SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):Ctd
Formemberssubjectprimarilytotension,thecalculatedsteelstresscaused
bytheserviceabilitydesignactionsshallnotexceedthemaximumsteel
stressesgiveninTables8.6.1(A)forbeamsandTables9.4.1(A)forslabs.
Table 9.4.1(A): Maximum steel stress for
flexure in r.c. slabs.
Nominal bar Maximum steel stress (MPa)
diameter
for overall depth Ds (mm)
(mm)
> 300
300
6
8
10
12
16
20
24
375
345
320
300
265
450
400
360
330
280
240
210
Maximum steel
stress
(MPa)
50
100
150
200
250
300
360
320
280
240
200
160
RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabs:
Providedthatbondedreinforcementatreasonablespacing crosses
thecrackandthatthememberdoesnot deflectexcessively,flexural
cracksareusuallywellcontrolledinreinforcedconcretebeamsand
slabs.
Incontrast,directtensioncracks duetorestrainedshrinkageand
temperaturechangesfrequentlyleadtoserviceabilityproblems,
particularlyinregionsoflowmoment.
Suchcracksusuallyextendcompletelythroughthememberandare
moreparallelsidedthanflexuralcracks.
Ifuncontrolled,thesecrackscanbecomeverywideandleadto
waterproofingandcorrosionproblems.
Theycanalsodisrupttheintegrityandthestructuralactionoftheslab.
Theslabisrestrainedbybeamsandshrinkageinducestension
intheslabinthedirectionofthebeams
Fulldepthrestrainedshrinkagecracks
Flexuralcracks
Onewayfloorslabsupportedonbeams
Usuallymoresteelisrequiredtocontroltherestrainedshrinkage
cracksthanisrequiredtocontroltheflexuralcracksandprovide
adequatestrength.
RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabsCtd:
Intheprimarydirection,shrinkagewillcausesmallincreasesinthe
widthsofthemanyfineflexuralcracksandmaycauseadditional
flexuretypecracksinthepreviouslyuncracked regions.
However,inthesecondarydirection,whichisineffectadirect
tensionsituation,shrinkagegenerallycausesafewwidely spaced
crackswhichpenetratecompletelythroughtheslab.
Iftheamountofreinforcementcrossingadirecttensioncrackis
small,yieldingofthesteelwilloccurandawide,unserviceablecrack
willresult.Toavoidthiseventuality,theminimum steelratio,min is
min
Ast
1.2 f ct
=
=
f sy
b d min
where.For32MPa
concrete, min =0.0034.
f ct = 0.25 f c'
Foraserviceablecrackwidth,significantlymoresteelthanthis is
required.
CrackControlinSlabsAS36002009:
Wheretheendsofaslabarerestrainedandtheslabisnotfree to
expandorcontractinthesecondarydirection,theminimumarea of
reinforcementintherestraineddirectionisgivenbyeitherEq.1a,
1bor1c,asappropriate(seebelow).
Foraslabfullyenclosedwithinabuildingexceptforabriefperiodof
weatherexposureduringconstruction:
(i)whereastrongdegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min
= (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
(9(1a)
.2 a )
(ii)whereamoderatedegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min
= (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
((1b)
9.2 b )
(iii)whereaminordegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min
= (1.75 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
((1c)
9 .2 c )
ForallotherslabsurfaceconditionsinExposureClassificationA1
andforexposureclassificationA2,Eq.1aapplieswhereastrong
degreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequiredforappearanceorwhere
cracksmayreflectthroughfinishes
( As )min
= (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
(9(1a)
.2 a )
andEq.1bapplieswhereamoderate degreeofcontrolovercracking
isrequiredandwherecracksareinconsequentialorhidden fromview.
( As )min
= (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3
(9(1b)
.2 b )
ForExposureClassificationsB1,B2,C1andC2,Eq.1aalwaysapplies.
TheminimumsteelareagivenbyEq.1cisappropriateinan
unrestraineddirection wheretheslabisfreetoexpandorcontract.
Intheprimarydirection ofaonewayslaborineachdirectionofa
twowayslab,theminimumquantityofreinforcement isthegreaterof
theminimumquantityrequiredforthestrengthlimitstate or75% of
theminimumarearequiredbyEqs.1a,1bor1c,asappropriate.
Consideraslabrestrainedateachend.
Withtime,restrainedshrinkagecracksoccuratroughlyregularcentres
dependingontheamountofreinforcement:
Typicalvalues:
Considera140mmthick,4mlongslabfullyrestrainedatbothends
andsymmetricallyreinforcedwithN12barsat250mmcentres top
andbottom.Hence,As=900mm2/mand =As/Ac =0.00643.
L=4m
140 mm
For25MPa concretewithafinalshrinkagestrainof0.0007and
typicalmaterialproperties,ashrinkagecrackinganalysisofthis
restrainedslabindicates4or5fulldepthcracks withinthe4m
lengthwiththemaximumfinalcrackwidth about0.3mm.
140 mm
4m
p =As/Ac
2.8 mm
Ifp =0:
0.6 0.7 mm
Ifp =0.0035
0.3 0.4 mm
Ifp =0.006
onelarge
unserviceable
crack
aboutthree
unserviceable
(?)cracks
Fourorfive
serviceable
(?)cracks
Detailingofcolumns:
Lappedcompressivesplices:
Additional
fitmentspacing,
s <4c
Normal
fitment
spacing,s
Additionalfitmentsat
compressivesplice
Tensionat
crankedbars
Unsatisfactorytension
spliceinthinwall
Detailingofcolumns:
Typicaltiearrangementsincolumns:
Alllongitudinalbarsin
thesecolumnsarerestrained
at
(i)abendinafitmentof135
orless;or
(ii)atafitmenthookswith
includedangleof135 or
less,asshown.
AS36002009requirementsforrestrainingsinglelongitudinalbarsincolumns:
(i)Everycornerbar;
(ii)Allbars wherebarsarespacedatcentres >150mm;
(iii)Atleasteveryalternatebar wherebarcentres 150mm.
Forbundledbars eachbundlemustberestrained.
Detailingofcolumns:
Minimumbardiametersforfitments(AS36002009):
Longitudinal bar diameter
(mm)
Single bars up to 20
Single bars 24 to 28
Single bars 28 to 36
Single bar 40
Bundled bars
6
10
12
16
12
Maximumspacingoffitments(AS36002009):
Thespacingoffitments(orthepitchofahelix)shouldnotexceedthe
smallerof:
Dc and15db forsinglebars
0.5Dc and7.5db forbundledbars
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnections(ortwomemberconnections):
(a)
(b)
(d)
Figure 8.37
Two-member connections.
(c)
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment:
C
2T
T
C
T
M
(a) Unsatisfactory
Asv =
2 Ast f sy
2T
=
f sy. f
f sy. f
(b) Unsatisfactory
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment Suggesteddetail:
Diagonal
stirrups
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderClosing Moment:
T
2T
C
M
M
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections:
Poor anchorage
conditions
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections Reinforcementdetail:
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Fourmemberconnections:
DetailingofCorbels:
Primary
tension steel
T
C
Cross bar to
distribute bearing
stresses in bend
Welded
anchor bar
(see Fig 8.46d)
db
tweld=db/2
db
Anchor
bar
weld=db
DesignofCorbels:
Tie:
a
V*
d/2
V*
T=
= As f sy
tan
( = 0.8)
V*
As =
f sy tan
T
Strut: st Cu = st s 0.9 f c Ac
s =
1
1.0 + 0.66 cot 2
(st = 0.6)
(0.3 s 1.0)
Ah As / 2
Figure 8.47
ParkandPaulay suggestthatagoodfirstestimateofcorbeldimensions
isobtainedfrom:
*
V / bwd 0.56 f c
andACI31808suggests
a / d 1.0
DesignofCorbels:
400
mm
200
mm
V = 500kN
400
mm
V*
T*
200
mm
D/2
D/2
d
C*
dc d=c=400/sin
200/sin
541mm
mm
==270
bw = 300 mm
(a)
f c = 32 MPa
(b)
f sy = 500 MPa
Cover = 30 mm
DesignofCorbels:
From V * / bwd 0.56 f c :
500 103
d
= 526 mm
300 0.56 32
d 100 tan( 90 )
= 47.7o
400
and
500 103
As =
= 1138 mm2
0.8 500 tan 47.7
Try4N20bars(1240mm2)
Fromthegeometry:
Now
tan =
As / bw d = 0.0078 = 0.122 f c / f sy
Thestrutefficiencyfactor:
and
s =
OK
1
= 0.65
1.0 + 0.66 cot 2
DesignofCorbels:
4 N20
N24 cross-bar
(welded to N20s)
285
285
285
285
3 N12
stirrups
4 N20
3 N12
Stirrups
ELEVATION
PLAN
N28 welded
cross-bar
ELEVATION
PLAN
JOINTSINSTRUCTURES:
Jointsareintroducedintoconcretestructuresfortwomainreasons:
1)Asstoppingplaces intheconcretingoperation.Thelocationof
theseconstructionjoints dependsonthesizeandproduction
capacityoftheconstructionsiteandworkforce;
2)Toaccommodatedeformation (expansion,contraction,rotation,
settlement)withoutlocaldistressorlossofintegrityofthe
structure.Suchjointsinclude:
controljoints (contractionjoints);
expansionjoints;
structuraljoints (suchashinges,pinandrollerjoints);
shrinkagestrips; and
isolationjoints.
Thelocationofthesejointsdependsontheanticipated
movementsofthestructureduringitslifetimeandtheresulting
effectsonstructuralbehaviour.
ConstructionJoints:
1st pour
2nd pour
ControlJoints(orContractionJoints):
Saw cut
0.75 t
Typicalcontroljointlocations:
Control joint locations
Alternativeshrinkagestripdetails:
Shrinkage
strip
Shrinkage
strip
Expansionjointdetails:
25 mm
Joint locations
Alternativestructuralhingejointsatbaseofacolumn:
Elastic, easily
compressible
material
Mesnager
hinge
Confinement steel