Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EN 1991-1-7
Eurocode 1
Accidental Actions
Ton Vrouwenvelder
TNO Bouw / TU Delft
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Background and Applications
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Background and Applications
EN 1990 guidance:
reducing hazards
low sensitive structural form
survival of local damage
sufficient warning at collapse
tying members
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Background and Applications
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Background and Applications
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Background and Applications
Eurocode EN 1991-1-7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
General
Classification
Design situations
Impact
Explosions
Annexes
A. Design for localised failure
B. Risk analysis
C. Dynamics
D. Explosions
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Background and Applications
3 Design strategies
4. Impact
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Background and Applications
Type of road
Vehicle type
Fd,x [kN]
Motorway
Truck
1000
Country roads
Truck
750
Urban area
Truck
500
Parking place
Truck
150
Parking place
Passenger car
50
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Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
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10
2500
F[kN]
2000
1500
upper
lower
theorie
1000
500
0
0
1000
2000
3000
F=v(km)
model en experiment
4000
5000
E [kNm]
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Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
11
designation
type
mean
stand dev
number of lorries/day
deterministic
5000
reference time
deterministic
100 years
accident rate
deterministic
10-10 m -1
width of a vehicle
deterministic
2.50 m
rayleigh
10o
10o
vehicle velocity
lognormal
80 km/hr
10 km/hr
deceleration
lognormal
4 m 2/s
1.3 m/s2
vehicle mass
normal
20 ton
12 ton
vehicle stiffness
deterministic
300 kN/m
EUROCODES
Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
3000
12
force [kN]
2500
eq 4.3.7
2000
1500
1000
500
distance [m]
10
20
30
40
50
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Background and Applications
13
h
y
Fdy
a
b
width
0.50 m
thickness
1.00 m
column height
5m
fy
300 MPa
fc
concrete strength
50 MPa
reinforcement ratio
0.01
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Background and Applications
Bending moment:
Mdx =
a( H a )
Fdx
H
Resistance:
MRdx = 0.8 h2 b fy
= 0.8 0.01 1.002 0.50 300 000
= 1200 kNm > 940 kNm
14
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Background and Applications
5 + Annex D:
gas explosions in buildings
gas explosions in tunnels
dust explosions
15
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Background and Applications
16
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Background and Applications
H = 3m
17
pd
B=8m
Compartment: 3 x 8 x 14 m
Two glass walls (pv =3 kN/m2) and two concrete walls
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Background and Applications
18
explosion pressure:
pEd = 3 + pv/2 + 0,04/(Av/V)2
= 3 + 1.5 + 0.04 / 0.1442 = 6.5 kN/m2
self weight = 3.0 kN/m2
live load
= 2.0 kN/m2
= 10.50 kN/m2
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Background and Applications
d = 1 +
t
g
umax
psw
19
p SW
p Rd
2 u max
g ( t )2
d = [1 +
3
7 .7
2 * 0 . 20
10 ( 0 . 2 ) 2
] = 1.6
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Background and Applications
20
P sw
pE
edge
column
centre
column
B
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Background and Applications
21
BLEVE in een
overkluizing
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Background and Applications
22
Y
X
Y
Z
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Background and Applications
23
Y
Z
.1E-1
.9E-2
.8E-2
.7E-2
.6E-2
.5E-2
.4E-2
.3E-2
.2E-2
.1E-2
0
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Background and Applications
Example structures
low rise buildings where only few people are present
24
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Background and Applications
25
Annex A: What to do
Class 1
No special considerations
Class 3
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Background and Applications
26
s=4m
interne trekbandTi
L=5m
interne trekband Ti
randkolom
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s=4m
interne trekband
212
L=5m
s=4m
27
interne trekband
212
randkolom
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28
Ti = 0,8 s L p
Ti
middenkolom
Ti
Ti
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Background and Applications
29
Ti = 0.75 p s L
Equilibirum for = (s+L)/6
drukkrachten
tre
kk
R
ra
ch
te
n
verplaatsing
X
R
Ti
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Background and Applications
30
Suggestion:
design corner
column as a
key element.
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Background and Applications
31
internal ties
perimeter tie
L
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Background and Applications
32
Example structure
Internal horizontal tie force
Ti = 0.8 (gk + qk) s L = 0.8 {4+4} (6 x 7.2) = 276 kN
FeB 500: A = 550 mm2 or 2 18 mm.
Vertical tying force:
Ti = (gk + qk) s L = {4+4} (6 x 7.2) = 350 kN
FeB 500: A = 700 mm2 or 3 18 mm.
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Background and Applications
33
1,2 m
omtrek trekband Tp
interne
trekband Ti
dragende wand
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Background and Applications
Tyings
Horizontal: Ti = Ft (gk + qk) /7,5 z/5 kN/m > Ft
Periphery: Tp = Ft
Vertical:
T = 34 A / 8000 (H/t) in N > 100 kN/m
Ft
ns
z
A
H
t
34
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Background and Applications
Design Example:
L = 7,2 m, H = 2,8 m en t = 250 mm
T = 347200250/8000 (2800/250) =
= 960 10 N = 960 kN > 720 kN
maximal distance 5 m
maximal distance from edge: 2.5 m
Result: 2 tyings of 480 kN
35
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Background and Applications
36
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Background and Applications
37
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Background and Applications
38
Guidance
can be found in
Annex B:
Risk management
risk acceptance criteria
decision on measures
Presentation
Reconsideration
of scope and assumptions
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Background and Applications
Risk Analysis
Eastern Scheldt
Storm Surge Barrier
(1980)
39
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Background and Applications
Brussels, 18-20 February 2008 Dissemination of information workshop
40
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Background and Applications
list of hazards
irregular structural shapes new
construction types or materials
number of potential casualties
strategic role (lifelines)
41
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Background and Applications
hazards
Earthquake
42
Vandalism
Landslide
Demonstrations
Tornado
Terrorist attack
Avalanche
Internal explosion
Rock fall
External explosion
High groundwater
Internal fire
Flood
External fire
Volcano eruption
Design error
Material error
Construction error
User error
Lack of maintenance
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Background and Applications
Step 1
Identifical and modelling
of relevant accidental
hazards
43
Step 2
Assessment of damage
states to structure from
different hazards
Step 3
Assessment of the
performance of the
damaged structure
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Background and Applications
Risk calculation:
Risk = p ( H i ) p( D j H i ) p ( S k D j )C ( S k )
Take sum over all hazards and damage types
44
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Background and Applications
Conclusions
45
Reasons:
large prior differences
member state autonomy in safety matters
legal status different in every country
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Background and Applications
46