Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Chuyn
Ton logic
v ri rc
Nng 1/2011
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Li ni u
Thng c tt c nhng li gii ngn nht
v hay nht ca mi bi ton
(P.Erdos)
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MC LC
Li ni u..2
Problem 1:Cc bi ton gii bng th
L Trn Nhc Long....4
Problem 2:Cc bi ton gii bng t mu
L Trn Nhc Long10
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Problem 1: L thuyt th
Ton hc v con ngi nh hai nh lun ni vi nhau
bi mt on thng
By gi ta xt 6 im O,A,B,C,D,E ly
O lm tm ,
Trong 5 im cn li , ta thy 2 ngi
bt k hoc l quen nhau , hoc l khng
quen nhau , trn hnh theo nguyn l
Dirichlet th tn ti t nht 3 ng
thng nt lin t O n 5 im
A,B,C,D,E hoc 3 ng ni nt t .
By gi ta ch cn xt s quen nhau . tht
vy nu trong 3 im A,B,C m ni li
vi nhau th ta c 1 tam gic c nh
l O => tha mn bi ton, nu khng ni li th 3 im A,B,C s ch ni nhau bng nt
t cng l iu phi chng minh. Vy lun tm c 3 ngi i mt quen nhau hoc
khng quen nhau.
Nhn xt: trong bi ny li gii ngn gn ta c th dng thm mnh i s , l
A B A B
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BI TP:
Bi 1.1:(TST Hong Kong 1999) Cc hc sinh c pht bi kim tra , mi mn mt bi ,
trong n (n 3)mn hc. Bit rng vi mi mn hc bt k c ng 3 hc sinh t im ti
u ,cn vi hai mn ty th c 1 hc sinh t im ti u cho mi mn trong c hai mn
. Hy xc nh n b nht sao cho t cc iu kin c th suy ra c ng 1 hc sinh t
im ti u cho mi mn trong n mn hc (S:8)
Bi 1.2:C 3 trng hc, mi trng hc c n hc sinh. Mt hc sinh bt k c tng s
ngi quen t
hai trng hc kia l n+1. Chng minh rng c th chn c mi trng 1 hc sinh
sao cho 3 hc sinh ny i mt quen nhau.
Bi 1.3:trong mt phng c 5 ngi, gia 3 ngi bt k lun tm c 2 ngi quen
nhau v 2 ngi khng quen nhau. Chng minh rng nhm ngi ny c th ngi quanh
mt bn trn sao cho mi ngi u quen hai ngi ngi cnh mnh
Bi 1.4:
Trong mt cn phng c 9 ngi , bit rng gia 3 ngi bt k c 2 ngi quen nhau .
Chng minh rng, c th tm c 4 ngi m 2 ngi bt k trong s u quen nhau
Bi 1.5:(Trn Nam Dng-Preparation VMO-2010) Cho 2010 tp hp, mi tp hp cha
45 phn t. Bit rng hp ca hai tp hp bt k cha ng 89 phn t. Hi hp ca tt
c cc tp hp ni trn cha bao nhiu phn t?
LI GII CC BI TP DNG TH
Bi 1.1:(TST Hong Kong 1999) Cc hc sinh c pht bi kim tra , mi mn mt bi
, trong n (n 3)mn hc. Bit rng vi mi mn hc bt k c ng 3 hc sinh t im
ti u ,cn vi hai mn ty th c 1 hc sinh t im ti u cho mi mn trong c hai
mn . Hy xc nh n b nht sao cho t cc iu kin c th suy ra c ng 1 hc sinh
t im ti u cho mi mn trong n mn hc
Gii: Ta s biu th mi hc sinh l mt in trn mt phng sao cho khng c 3 im
no thng hng , v c hai hc sinh t im ti u cho trong mt mn no ta s ni
hai im tng ng li vi nhau. Nh vy trong mi mn ta s c duy nht mt tam gic.
V c hai mn bt k lun c 1 hc sinh t im ti u cho c 3 mn nn gia hai tam
gic lun c chung nh
Ta c nhn xt sau: nu 4 tam gic c chung mt nh th tt c cc tam gic u c
ching nh . Tht vy bi v nu khng th tam gic th 5 c chung 4 nh vi 4 tam
gic kia to thnh 1 t gic => v l!
By gi xt 1 tam gic bt k th n s c chung nh vi mi mt trong 7 tam gic cn
li. theo nguyn l Dirichlet th tn ti mt trong cc nh ca tam gic chn c chung
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n 2
nh vi t nht
1 tam gic khc. Theo nhn xt trn ta cn
3
n 2
n 2
3
3 3 n 8 . Vy n nh nht l 8
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Problem 2: T mu
Ton hc mun mu
T mu n mang mt khi nim v biu din tng t nh th nhng mang tnh tru
tng hn, t mu khng ch l t cc mu m n c th l nh s hay t khi nim cho
mt tnh cht no trong bi ton
By gi ta cng n vi cc bi ton sau y
V d 1: ( Kim tra 15-10A2-LQ 2010)Cho mt hnh ch nht 37 chia thnh 21 .
Mi c t bng 2 mu xanh hoc .chng minh rng lun tn ti mt hnh chng
nht khng tm thng c 4 nh c t cng mt mu.
Gii:
Cch 1: ( L Trn Nhc Long)
Ta gi s s c t mu nhiu hn s c t mu xanh , theo nguyn l Dirichlet
th c t nht 11 c t mu
By gi ta ch xt cch t mu . Nu tn ti mt ct c 3 c t 3 mu th s mu
ca 6 cn li l 8 th theo nguyn l Dirichlet s tn ti t nht mt ct c 2 c t 2
mu v ct c 3 t mu v ct c 2 t mu to thnh 1 hnh ch nht cn tm
2
3
nguyn l Dirichlet c 2 cch t trng nhau hai cch t nyl hai ct to thnh hnh ch
nht c 4 nh c t cng mu.
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(hnh ny ta ang xt mu )
Cch 3:(Trn Nguyn Quc Cng)ta c trong mt ct th lun c 2 cng mu v c
2 23 6 cch sp xp chng do trong 6 ct cn li lun c 1 ct trng vi ct c
chn v to thnh hnh ch nht c 4 gc cng mu
V d 2: Cho mt hnh ch nht n[(n-1)n+1] . Mi c t bng 2 mu xanh hoc
.chng minh rng lun tn ti mt hnh chng nht khng tm thng c 4 nh c t
cng mt mu.
Gii: tng t nh cch 3
V d 3: Ph hnh vung 5 x 5 bng cc qun tri-mi-no hnh ch L 12 sao cho cc
khng chm ln nhau th cn tha 1 khng c ph. Hi c th nm v tr
no?
GII : (Ta c mt s cch nh s , t mu nh sau)
Cch 1:(H Phi Nhn-12CT-LHP-HCM) Ta nh s 25 vung ca bng : cc vung
s hng l v s ct l l s 7 (c 9 ) ; 16 vung cn li ta nh s (-4) (nh hnh v
bn)
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Nhn xt khi ta lt mt qun tri-mi-no bt k vo bng bn th tng ba s trong qun trimi-no y hin nhin l s m .
T nhn xt trn : Nu khng c lt l s mang s (-4) th tng cc cn li l :
7.9+(-4).15 = 3 > 0. V do phn cn li khng th lt kn bng cc qun tri-mi-no.
Do cc khng c lt ch c th nm trong s cc mang s 7. Ta s ch ra cc
ny u c th l khng c lt .
Do tnh i xng ca hnh vung 5 X 5 ta ch cn ch ra cch lt trong 3 trng hp :
TH1 :
TH2 :
TH3
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-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
Nu ta b mt c nh s 1 th tng cc
cn li ca hnh vung l : 9(-2)+24-9=-3
nhng cc qun Tri-mi-no li ph ht tt c
cc ny nn phi c tng bng 0. V l!
Cn nu ta b mt trong cc c nh s -2
th tng ca cc cn li l
8(-2)+25-9=0 ph hp ! vy cc c b
phi l cc nh s -2 . Ta c cc cch lt
nh cch 1
vi
tr i (i 2)ta em chia
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BI TP:
Bi 2.1 (Trung Quc, 1986) mi im trn mt phng c t mu en hoc .Chng
minh rng ta c th tm c ba im cng mu m mi cp im c khong cch bng 1
hoc c th tm c ba im c khong cch bng
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LI GII CC BI TP T MU:
Bi 2.1: (Trung Quc, 1986) mi im trn mt phng c t mu en hoc .Chng
minh rng ta c th tm c ba im cng mu m mi cp im c khong cch bng 1
hoc c th tm c ba im c khong cch bng
3.
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Gii:
Ta s nh s cc s vo cc nh sau:
Ta thy rng mt qun Tri-mi-no 13 s ph ln cc c tng cc gi tr chia ht cho 3,
cn cc tri-mi-no hnh ch L s ph ln cc c tng cc gi tr khng chia ht cho 3 ,
by gi gi s ta b i s 1 , th tng cc gi tr ca cc trn bng hnh vung lc ny
l 137+227+327-1=90 , s ny chia ht cho 3 => mu thun! Vy bi ton c
chng minh!
Bi 2.3: Trn t giy k caro ly 101 vung bt k. CMR trong 101 vung c 26
vung khng chung cnh hoc chung nh.
T mu nh hnh v:
Bi 2.4:Chng minh rng mt bng hnh vung 2n2n, vi n khng chia cho 3 d 1, trn
tn li mt b xa i , c th ph bng cc qun Tri-mi-no hnh ch L 12
Gii: Ta s c nhn xt sau:
Hai qun Tri-mi-no ghp li to thnh mt hnh ch nht 23, ta c n chia cho 3 d 1=>
2n chia cho 3 d 2
Do nu ta lp cc hnh ch nht 23 th trn vung y s tn ti 1 vung gc 22
khng b lp do 2n chia 3 d 2, hnh vung ny b i 1 bt k l hnh ch L 12( qun
Tri-mi-no) do bi ton c chng minh.
Nhn xt : bi ton c kt qu cht hn l cc b b i l cc nm cc hng , cc
ct c s t t cng chia ht cho 3 hoc cng khng chia ht cho 3
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Bi 2.5 Cho bng hnh ch nht gm 2010 hng v 2011 ct. K hiu (m,n)l vung
hng th m v ct th n. Ngi ta t cc mu vo vung theo nguyn tc sau: ln th
nht t 3 vung: (r,s ), (r+1,s+1), (r+2,s+2), vi r v s l 2 s t nhin cho trc tha
mn iu kin 1 r 2008, 1 r2009. T ln th hai tr i ngi ta t ng 3 nm
cnh nhau cng 1 hng hay 1 ct. Hi bng cch t c th t tt c cc trong bng
cho hay khng
Gii: ta s chng minh khng th t c bng phn chng. Tht vy, gii s ta c th t
ht cc ca bng . khi tng tt c cc ln t l 670 2011 . in cc s vo cc
theo cch sau: ti (m,) in s m.n. Gi tng cc in l S , ta c
S (1 2 3 ... 2010)(1 2 3 ... 2011) 0(mod 3)
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a b a b
2
2
Gii: ta nhn thy rng
a b do tng cc bnh phng ca 3
2 2
13
s sau mi lt chi u khng i. M tng cc bnh phng ca 3 s ban u l
,
2
41
2 2 . Nh vy ta khng bao gi nhn
cn tng bnh phng ca 3 s i hi l
8
1
; 2;1 2 ng thi trn bng
c trng thi i hi , tc l tn ti ba s
2 2
V d 3: Chng minh phng trnh sau khng c nghim nguyn khc 0
8x4 4 y 4 2 z 4 u 4
(*)
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x y z u
V nghim ny c dng 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , quy trnh ny c th lp mi n n bc
2 2 2 2
x y z u
x y z u
k: k , k , k , k . Cc s k , k , k , k nguyn vi mi k . iu ny ch xy ra
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
cc bin bng 0. Vy phng trnh cho khng c nghim khc 0.
Nhn xt: (*) nu theo nguyn l cc hn ta c th gi s ( x0 , y0 , z0 , u0 ) l b nghim
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HNG DN GII:
Bi 3.1:Mt t giy c x thnh 6 mnh , mt trong s 6 mnh nh ny li x thnh 6
mnh nh na, v mt trong s 6 mnh nh ny li c x thnh 6 mnh,...Vy c tip
tc x nh vy th c khi no ta c 1995 mnh giy hay khng ? c 2011 mnh giy
khng?
Gii: Ta thy rng c sau mi ln x th s giy li tng ln 5 mnh , ban u c 6
mnh, ta suy ra s giy sau mi ln x lun c dng 5k+1 . y chnh l i lng bt
bin ca bi ton.
o Ta thy 1995 5k+1 nn trng hp ny khng th
o Cn 2011 c dng 5k+1 nn trng hp ny c th thc hin c sau 402 ln
Bi 3.2: Trong mt bng vung c 19951995 c in du (+). Mt bc thc hin
bng cch i ton b nhng du mt hng hoc mt ct no sang du ngc li. C
kh nng sau hu hn bc nh trn , bng vung nhn c ng 2011du (-) ?
Gii: Gi s sau hu hn ln bin i trn bng c ng 2011 du (-) , ta gi xi l s
ln bin i ca ct i , v y j l s ln bin i ca hng j. Nh vy (i, j ) s phi bin
i xi y j ln . Do (i, j ) l du (-) th s ln bin i phi l s l suy
ra: xi y j phi l s l: Ta gi p l s s l gia cc s xi , cn q l s s l gia cc s
y j Khi s du tr c trn bng s l:
p(1995 q) q(1995 p) 1995 p 1995q 2 pq
Theo gi s th ta c ng thc:
(*)
1995 p 1995q 2 pq 2011
Ta thy rng p & q l hai s l, suy ra VT ca ng thc trn l s chn m VP li l.
Mu thun.
Nhn xt: bi ny ta hon ton c th tng qut c , bng cch tahy th cc s
1995 v 2011 cho hp l . bi ton ny mnh hn ta s chn s thch hp sao cho
phng trnh (*) kh v mang tnh s hc hn.
Bi 3.3:Trn bng c cc s 1/96, 2/96, 3/96, , 96/96. Mi mt ln thc hin, cho php
xo i hai s a, b bt k trn bng v thay bng a + b 2ab. Hi sau 95 ln thc hin
php xo, s cn li trn bng l s no?
Gii: y l mt bi ton tng i kh , khi nhn vo chc hn chng ta khng th no
tm ra c bt bin ca bi ton, v ng l bi ny c bt bin tht v cng phi rt
tinh t mi c th nhn ra n . Ta thy i lng a+b-2ab dng nh n cn thiu mt ci
g , ta a n thnh tch hay sao? Cc bn hy xem li gii sau, mt li gii y
ngc nhin v th v !
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Vy dy ( Sk ) l dy gim thc s
Do n hu hn nn S k hu hn,c ngha l tn ti M min Sk
Vy sau hu hn ln i ch th s khng tn ti b s cn i ch na
Bi 3.6: Cho 3 s nguyn khng m a, b, c bt k. Mi mt ln thc hin, ta bin b (a, b,
c) thnh b (|b c|, |c a|, |a b|). Chng minh rng sau mt s hu hn cc php bin
i, ta thu c b c cha s 0.
Gii: y l mt bi n bin kh th v , d khng kh nhng tng kh t nhin.
t M max a, b, c . Ta chng minh rng nu b (a, b, c) khng cha s 0 th M s
gim sau khi thc hin php bin i. Tht vy, khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s a b c
Khi ta c |b c| < b a, | c- a| < a, | a b| < a, suy ra
max(|b c|, |c a|, |a b|) < a = max(a, b, c).
Nh vy, nu ta cha thu c s 0 th M s nh i t nht mt n v (do tnh cht ca
s nguyn). Qu trnh ny khng th ko di v hn. V th, chc chn phi c lc no
xut hin s 0.
Nhn xt: Trong v d trn, max(a, b, c) chnh l mt n bin. y l mt phng
php kh hiu qu chng minh mt qu trnh l dng. Ch rng phng php ny
thng s dng cc tnh cht c bn sau y ca s nguyn:
i) m < n suy ra m n 1;
ii) Mt tp con bt k ca N u c phn t nh nht (tnh sp th t tt).
thy r iu quan trng ca cc tnh cht xem chng rt n gin ny, ta s a
ra v d cho thy rng kt lun v d 3 khng cn ng nu a, b, c khng cn l s
nguyn (hay ng hn, khng cn l s hu t). Tht vy, gi l nghim dng ca
phng trnh x2 x 1 0 . Chn cc s a 2 , b , c 1 th ta
c a b 2 1 , a c 2 1 1 1 1 2 , b c 1 .
Suy ra b s mi t l vi b s c theo t l -1. V nh th, sau n ln thc hin, b s
ca chng ta s l 1 n 2 , ,1 , khng bao gi cha 0.
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Problem 4:Nguyn l cc hn
cuc sng l th gii v tn nhng n li c th gi gn trong
tri tim v khi c ca con ngi
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II. NG DNG
1.ng dng trong gii phng trnh nghim nguyn
1 1 1
V d 1: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng: 1
x y z
Chc hn bi ton ny rt quen thuc vi cc bn, tng chnh ca bi ton l
gii s c 1 phn t im cc hn,ta gii hn c gi tr ca n v xt cc trng
hp. Sau y l li gii y cho bi ton ny.
Gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s x l s nh nht trong 3 s trn. Ta c:
1 1 1 3
x y z x
1 1 1
. Ta li tip tc gi s y nh hn z khi suy ra:
y z 2
1 1 1 2
y4
2 y z y
M r rng y 2 nn y 3 hoc y 4 , khi tng ng ta tm c z 6 v z 4 .
x3
Suy ra:
1 1 2
x y z 3
y z x
Vy bi ton c cc nghim:
x 2
y 3
z 6
x 2
y 4
z 4
x 3
y 3
z 3
V cc hon v.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn dng: x3 y3 z 3 ( x y z )2
tng bi ton ny tng t vi v d 1 nhng ln ny chng ta s sp xp th t cc
bin.
Gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s x y z
Nu x 2 th ta lun c: y z 2 x
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Ta c:
( x y z )2 x2 x( y z ) x( y z ) ( y z )2 2 x 2 2( y 2 z 2 ) 2 yz x3 y 3 z 3 (v
2 x y z)
Do trng hp ny loi.
Nu x 4
Ta s chng minh khi x3 y3 z 3 ( x y z )2
Tht vy ta c: x3 y 3 z 3 4 x 2 ( y z )( y 2 yz z 2 ) 4 x 2
( y z )3
2
Ta cn chng minh:
( y z )3
3x
2 x( y z ) ( y z ) 2
2
2
2 x(3x 2 y 2 z) ( y z)2 ( y z 2) 0
Vy suy ra x 3 .
T phng trnh ban u suy ra:
27 y3 z 3 9 6( y z ) ( y z )2
( y z)( y 2 yz z 2 y z 6) 18(*)
V x y z 2 y z 6 . M y z l c ca 18 nn ta c 3 trng hp:
y z 2 y z 1
y z 3 y 2, z 1 v y z
y z 6 thay vo phng trnh (*) suy ra y z 3
Vy ta c cc nghim:
x 3
y 3
z 3
x 3
y 2
z 1
V cc hon v.
Nhn xt:Li gii trn c th khng t nhin nhng trn thc t khi gii bi ton ny
mnh on c 2 b nghim v nhn thy chng u c bin ln nht cng l 3 nn
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Gii:
Bi ton ny ta s dng mt cch chn im cc hn khc so vi cc bi ton trn. Gi
s phng trnh trn c nghim tc tn ti ( x0 ; y0 ) l mt b nghim ca phng trnh
tha mn tng cc gi tr tuyt i ca chng l nh nht trong cc b nghim, tc l
| x0 | | y0 | c gi tr nh nht. Ta c:
x02 7(1000 y02 ) x0 7 , t x0 7 x0' ta suy ra : y02 7 x0'2 7000
x2 y 2 6
l lp phng ca mt s t nhin.
xy
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n r . Tht vy t n kr m(0 m r ) . V a r 1 p a kr 1 a r 1 p . Do ta c:
an 1 (akr 1) p a kr m a kr p a kr (a m 1) p
p l c nguyn t nh nht ca n .
Vy suy ra r 1 . V do ta c a 1 p .
T v d trn ta c th suy ra mt s h qu sau:
Nu 3n 1 chia ht cho n th n l s chn.
Vi a nguyn dng, a 1 khng chia ht cho n v a n 1 n . t n 2k t vi t l s
k
l th a n 1 n khi v ch khi a 2 1 n .
V d 5: (nh l Bezout) S d nh nht tha mn tn ti cc s nguyn x, y
ax by d (cn c th gi d biu din di dng t hp tuyn tnh ca a v b )vi
Gii:
Gi s d l s nguyn dng nh nht tha mn tn ti cc s nguyn x, y
ax by d . t a dm n vi 0 n d suy ra:
n a dm a (ax by)m a(1 xm) b.( ym)
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3600 3600
600 .
n
6
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Gii:
Mt cch t nhin ta ngh n vic bnh phng biu thc cha bin ch a v
chng minh mt bt ng thc:
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
1
108
c 0
a (2 3)b
v cc hon v.
2
(
a
b
)
2
ab
c
a x, b y, c z th iu kin tr thnh x2 y 2 z 2 3 .
Ta c: P x 2 y y 2 z z 2 x xyz
Bng bt ng thc cosi cho 3 s ta d dng thy P 0
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s y l s c gi tr nm gia x v z . Ta c:
z ( y x)( y z ) 0
y 2 z xyz yz 2 z 2 x 0
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x2 y y 2 z z 2 x xyz x2 y yz 2
P 2 y 2 ( x 2 z 2 )2
2( x 2 y 2 z 2 )
2 y .( x z ).( x z )
8
3
P2 4 P 2
z 0
x y z hoc 2
2
2 y x
a b c 1 hoc a 2, b 1, c 0 v cc hon v
c bit trong cc bi bt ng thc i xng th vic sp xp th t cc bin l mt
bc khng th thiu trong vic s dng bt ng thc Chebysev.
V d 10: Cho a, b, c, d l cc s thc khng m tha mn a2 b2 c2 d 2 1 . Chng
minh rng:
a2
b2
c2
d2
2
bcd c d a d a b a bc 3
Gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s: a b c d th ta c:
a 2 b2 c 2 d 2
1
1
1
1
bcd cd a d a b a bc
4VT (a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 )
bc d c d a d a b a bc
a b c d 4(a 2 b2 c 2 d 2 ) 2
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(b c d ) (c d a) (d a b) (a b c)
1
1
1
1
16
bcd cd a d ab abc
1
1
1
1
16
Do suy ra:
bcd cd a d a b a bc 6
a2
b2
c2
d2
2
1
2
5.nh l Fermat(!!)
Nh cc bn bit nh l ln Fermat c coi l nh l ni ting nht trong ton hc.
Tuy cch pht biu n gin nhng n lm au u rt nhiu nh ton hc sut hng
trm nm qua. Xin pht biu li nh l nh sau:
Khng tn ti cc nghim nguyn khc khng x, y v z tha mn x n y n z n trong
n l mt s nguyn ln hn 2.
Tuy nhin trong phm vi kh nng chng ta c th chng minh bi ton vi n 4 bng
cng c mnh l cc hn kt hp phn chng.
Trc khi a ra li gii vi n 4 ta hy xt phng trnh trn vi n 2 .
V d 12: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn: x2 y 2 z 2 (*)
Gii:
Phng trnh trn cn c tn gi l phng trnh Pytago.
Trc tin ta c nhn xt nu mt s l c chung ca 2 trong 3 bin th n cng l c
ca bin cn li. Do ta hon ton c th a bi ton trn v phng trnh vi 3 bin
i mt nguyn t cng nhau v ta xt phng trnh (*) vi x, y, z i mt nguyn t
cng nhau. D nhn thy rng x v y khng th cng l v khi z 2 chia 4 d 2 khng
l SCP. Gi s x chn th y v z cng tnh chn l. t x 2k . Ta c phng trnh
tng ng vi:
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4k 2 ( z y)( z y)
V z, y nguyn t cng nhau v cng tnh chn l nn ta c: ( z y, z y) 2 . Do vy
phi tn ti cc s nguyn dng p, q :
z y 2 p2
2
z y 2q
pq k
z p2 q2
y q2 p2
x 2 pq
x 2 2 pq
2
2
2
y q p
z p2 q2
y u 2 v2
p 2uv
q u 2 v 2
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2
2
2
2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
(a b c ) 2
Bi 5.7:Cho n s thc a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an tha mn:
a1a2 a2a3 a3a4 ... anan 1 ana1
| 37
Hng dn gii:
Bi5. 1: Cho tam gic nhn ABC v im P bt k nm trong tam gic. Chng minh
rng khong cch ln nht trong cc khong cch t P n 3 nh A,B,C ca tam gic
khng nh hn 2 ln khong cch b nht trong cc khong cch t im P n cc
cnh ca tam gic .Gi I,J,K ln lt l hnh chiu ca P ln AB,BC,CA.
Gii:Ta c: PAI PAK PBI PBJ PCK PCJ 1800
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s PAI l gc nh nht trong cc gc ny. Suy
ra PAI
1800
300 .
6
PI
1
sin PAI sin30o .
PA
2
T y suy ra pcm.
Suy ra
x0 y0
x0 0
M ta c y0 0
y0 x0 2 y0 nn iu gi s trn v l.
2
2
x0 2 y0 1
| 38
Nu tng cc s hng ny b hn
n2
.
2
a2 a1 1
a3 a1 4a2 4(a1 1) a3 3a1 4
a4 a1 4a3 4(3a1 4) a4 11a1 16
a5 a1 4a4 4(11a1 16) a5 43a1 64
a6 a1 4a5 a6 171a1 256
a7 a1 4a6 a7 683a1 1024
| 39
2
2
2
2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
(a b c ) 2
Gii:Gi c l s nh nht trong 3 s a, b, c . Ta c:
1
1
1
1
1 1
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
a ab b b a
1
1 1
1
a 2 ab b2 1
3
12
12
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
a ab b b a
a ab b
ab
ab ab (a b)
(a b c ) 2
Bi ton c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi a b, c 0 v cc hon v
Bi 5.7:Cho n s thc a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an tha mn:
a1a2 a2a3 a3a4 ... anan 1 ana1
| 40
x2 x 1 1
x x 1 1
V nghim.
x 2 x 1 1
x x 1 1
x 0 (v x khc 1 v -1)
| 41
i mt c m.
| 42
| 43
V Quc B Cn
Sinh vin i hc y dc Cn Th
Theo kinh nghim thng thy th cc bt ng thc t bin d chng minh hn cc
bt ng thc nhiu bin. Sau y chng ta s tip cn vi k thut dng nguyn l
Dirichlet nh gi cc bin , a bi ton tr v dng n gin hn.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet ta bit rng vi ba bin a,b,c v mt s thc k bt k th
trong ba s a k , b k , c k c hai s hoc cng bng 0 hoc cng du.Gi s hai s
l b v c. D thy (b k )(c k ) 0 . T ta suy ra:
b2 c2 k 2 (b c k )2 2(b k )(c k ) k 2 (b c k )2
Nh vy , mt bi ton bt ng thc c gi thit a b c s ( hoc thun nht th
chun ha) v ng thc xy ra khi n bng mt gi tr m no th ta c th s dng
nh gi trn lm gim s bin ca ca bt ng thc ban u. C th l ta s
chn k m ( m bo du bng) v nh th ta s c
b2 c2 m2 (b c m)2 m2 (s a m)2
V nh th khi ta nh gi c bt ng thc nh vy th bi ton c a v 1
bin. hiu thm v vn ny, sau y l mt s v d minh ha
V d 4:Cho cc s thc a,b,c tha mn a b c 1. Chng minh rng
a
b
c
9
2
2
a 1 b 1 c 1 10
(Polish Mathematical Olympiad 1996)
Gii: Bi ny ta c th nh gi bng bt ng thc AM-GM. Nhng minh ha cho
cho k thut trn ta c li gii sau:
1
Nhn xt rng ng thc xy ra ti mt b im duy nht l a b c . Do ,
3
1 1
c:
2
1
1 1 2
b c b c a (*)
9
3 9 3
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(b 1)2 (c 1) 2 1
2a
2
2
2
b 1
c 1 5 a 1
By gi ta c th s dng Cauchy Schwarz v nh gi (*) trn,
(b 1)2 (c 1) 2 (b 1) (c 1)
(a 1) 2
b2 1
c 2 1 (b2 1) (c 2 1) (b 2 c 2 ) 2
(1 a) 2
9(1 a) 2
2
23 12a 9a 2
1 2
a 2
9 3
9(1 a)2
1 10a a 2
23 12a 9a 2
5(1 a) 2
V bt ng thc thc ca chng ta qua nhng qu trnh nh gi vn lun m bo
du bng nn ta lun phn tch c (3a 1) 2 lm nhn t chung. Tht vy sau khi thu
gn bt ng thc tr thnh
(3a 1)2 (2a 2 2a 11) 0
Hin nhin ng
V d 5: Chng minh rng vi mi s thc dng a, b, c ta u c:
(b c a)2
(c a b)2
(a b c ) 2 3
a 2 (b c) 2 b 2 (a c) 2 c 2 (a b) 2 5
(Japanese Mathematical Olympiad 1997)
Gii:Do bt ng thc cho thun nht vi a, b, c nn ta c th chun ha
a b c 1.Khi n c vit li thnh
(1 2a)2
(1 2b) 2
(1 2c) 2
3
2
2
2
2a 2a 1 2b 2b 1 2c 2c 1 5
1 1
1
1 1 2
b c b c a
9
3 9 3
(1 2b) (1 2c)
(1 2b)2
(1 2c) 2
2
2
2
2b 2b 1 2c 2c 1 (2b 2b 1) (2c 2 2c 1)
2
M ta c
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M ta c:
(1 2b) (1 2c)
(2b 2 2b 1) (2c 2 2c 1)
2a 2
2a 2
18a 2
2
b2 c 2 a 1 2
9a 2 3a 5
a a
9 3
(1 2a)2
18a 2
3
2
2
2a 2a 1 9a 3a 5 5
Sau khi khai trin v rt gn ta c mt bt ngr thc hin nhin ng
(3a 1)2 (17a 2 8a 5) 0
ng thc xy ra khi a b c
Mt mnh t khng th thiu trong mc ng dng dirichle l cc bi ton s hc.
Hu ht nh l dirichle trong s hc c dng chng minh cc bi ton chia ht.
Chng ta hy tip tc n vi cc v d sau y:
V d 6: Cho 17 s t nhin. Chng minh trong 17 s ny ta c th chn ra 9 s sao cho
tng ca chng chia ht cho 9.
Gii: Trc tin ta chng minh b sau:
Trong 5 s t nhin bt k lun chn c 3 s c tng chia ht cho 3.
Tht vy, xt s d ca 5 s ny cho 3. Nu c 3 s c s d khc nhau khi chia cho 3
(tc ln lt l 0,1,2) th tng ca chng s chia ht cho 3.Nhng nu ch c 2 loi s d
th trong 5 s theo nguyn l dirichle s c 3 s ng d khi chia cho 3. V tng 3 s ny
li chia ht cho 3. Do ta lun chn c 3 trong 5 s chia ht cho 3.
p dng b ny 5 ln th ta s thu c 5 b c 3 s m tng ca chng chia ht cho
3 t 17 s cho. Ly tng ca cc s trong mi b em chia cho 3 c 5 b mi v
li p dng b mt ln na suy ra c 3 b trong 5 b mi ny c tng chia ht cho 3.
Ta nhn 3 mi b ny phc hi li trng thi ban u th dn n tng ca 3 b va
chn s chia ht cho 9 v c 9 s hng. Bi ton c chng minh.
V d 7: Cho dy s Fibonacci:
u0 u1 1
un 2 un 1 un
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Bi tp v nguyn l Dirichlet
Bi 5.1: CMR tn ti mt s t nhin gm ton ch s 1 chia ht cho 2011
Bi 5.2: Trong mt phng cho 2007 im. Bit rng trong 3 im bt k ly t cc im
cho lun c hai im c khong cch nh hn 1. CMR c 1004 im nm trong hnh
trn bn knh 1.
Bi 5.3: Cho a gic u A1 , A2 ,... A1998 ni tip (O). CMR trong s 64 nh bt k ca a
gic lun c 4 nh l cc nh ca mt hnh thang.
Bi 5.4:(Trn Quc Anh) Cho cc s thc a,b,c, tha mn a b c 1. Chng minh rng:
a2
b2
c2
1
6a 2 4a 1 6b2 4b 1 6c 2 4c 1
Bi 5.5:(L Trn Nhc Long) Trong mt ng trn bn knh 3 ta t 2011 im bt
k. Chng minh rng tn ti mt ng trn n v nm c tm nm trong min ca
ng trn ln, cha 288 im trong 2011 im .
Bi 5.6 Trong mt phng cho n - gic li c ta cc nh l cc s nguyn (n > 4).
a) CMR trn cnh hoc trong a gic cn c t nht mt im nguyn khc
na.
b) CMR bn trong a gic cn c t nht mt im nguyn khc na.
Bi 5.7:Bn trong tam gic u ABC cnh 1 t 5 im. CMR tn ti 2 im c khong
cch nh hn 0,5.
Bi 5.8: (V ch Cng ha Czech 1998) Cho X l mt tp hp gm 14 s nguyn dng
phn bit. Chng minh rng c mt s nguyn dng k 7 v c hai tp con k phn t
1 1 1
ak b1 b2
1
1
bk 1000
| 48
nk
nk
| 49
a2
b2
c2
1
6a 2 4a 1 6b2 4b 1 6c 2 4c 1
1
1 1
l b v c . Ta c : b c 0 . Khi :
3
3
3
3
1
1 1 2
b c b c a
9
3 9 3
b2
c2
a2
2
2
2
2 6b 4b 1 2 6c 4c 1 6a 4a 1
Hay l:
(2b 1)2
(2c 1) 2
2a 2
6b2 4b 1 6c 2 4c 1 6a 2 4a 1
2
(2b 1) (2c 1)
VT
(6b2 4b 1) (6c 2 4c 1)
2a 2
3(b 2 c 2 ) 2a 1
2a 2
2
1 2
3 a 2a 1
9 3
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6a 2
2
9a 6a 2
Do ch cn chng minh
6a 2
2a 2
9a 2 6a 2 6a 2 4a 1
ng thc ny c th thu gn li thnh
2a 2 (3a 1)2
0
(9a 2 6a 2)(6a 2 4a 1)
1
Bt ng thc ny hin nhin ng . ng thc xy ra khi a b c ,
3
1
hoc a b v c = 0
2
Bi 5.5:(L Trn Nhc Long) Trong mt ng trn bn knh 3 ta t 2011 im bt
k. Chng minh rng tn ti mt ng trn n v nm c tm nm trong min ca
ng trn ln, cha 288 im trong 2011 im .
Gii: Nu cc bn nhn k th bi ny rt ging vi bi VMO 2011- ngy th nht. V ta
cng s gii n nh sau:
Xt mt ng trn c tm trng vi tm ca ng trn ln . Khi xt thm 6
ng trn c tm nm trn ng trn v 6 tm ca ng trn lp thnh mt lc gic
u c cnh bng 3 . Ta xt mt tam gic u c cnh 3 th n s b ph bi 3 ng
trn n v c tm nm trn 3 nh. Tng t v d 3 ta c pcm!
Bi 5.6 Trong mt phng cho n - gic li c ta cc nh l cc s nguyn (n > 4).
a) CMR trn cnh hoc trong a gic cn c t nht mt im nguyn khc
na.
b) CMR bn trong a gic cn c t nht mt im nguyn khc na.
Gii:
a)
b)
Chia tp cc im nguyn thnh 4 loi: Loi I = (ch; ch), loi I = (ch; l), loi
III = (l; ch), loi IV = (l; l). V n > 4 nn c t nht 5 nh suy ra c t nht
hai im c cng loi v khi trung im ca hai im ny c ta nguyn.
Xt 5 ca a gic l A, B, C, D, E. Khi ta c mt ng gic li ABCDE v
cc im nm trong ABCDE cng nm trong a gic trn.
Theo cu a, gi s im c ta nguyn I trung im ca AB. Ta thy BA c
th l cnh m cng c th l ng cho.Xt AB l cnh th ta li c ng gic
li ZBCDE , ng gic ny cng c ta cc nh nguyn, theo cu a ta c
pcm
| 51
1
ak
1 1
b1 b2
1
1
bk 1000
| 52
i 1
i 1
t x p ai ( p 1, n); y p bi (q 1, m),
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s xn ym khi vi mi p tn ti f ( p) : q l
ch s nh nht m x p yq . (1)
Xt n s y f (1) x1 , y f (2) x2 ,...., y f ( n) xn , nu trong n s trn c mt s bng 0
th ta c pcm.
Nu j, y f j x j n (2) th ta c y f j n f j 1
Do 2 y f j 1 b f j x j n y f j 1 x j n b f j 0 mu thun vi (1)
y f k y f l x f k x f l
l iu phi chng minh
f k
i f l 1
bi a j
jl 1
| 53
Bc ko
V d 1: Trn bn c 2 ng ko gm 2011 v 2012 vin ko 2 ngi cng chi mt tr
chi. H c bc mt s ko bt k t mi ng v ai l ngi bc c vin ko cui
cng trn bn ngi thng.
Gii:
Ta thy chin thng th trng thi s ko trn bn ca mi ng l (0;0) 2 ng
cn bng nhau. V trng thi hin ti trn bn l (2011;2012), ta s tm ra mt chin
thut m ngi thng to ra c trng thi a, i th ca mnh ph v trng thi v
ngi thng li a c v trng thi a. Nh ni trn trng thi thng khi 2 ng
l 0;0 cn bng nhau do ngi 1 c th bc 1 vin trng thi s ko trn bn l
(2011;2011), n lt ngi th 2 bc th d nhin trng thi ny cn bng s ph v.
Sau ngi th nht c th a s ko 2 ng bng nhau. Vy sau khi ngi 2 bc th
s ko 2 ng khng bao gi bng nhau nn chc chn anh ta phi thua.
Tng t nh trn th nu s ko ban u trn bn 2 ng bng nhau th ngi 2
l ngi c chin thut thng.
V d 2: Trn bn c 100 vin ko v 2 ngi chi c th bc (1;2;k) vin ko. Hai
ngi cng bc ko, ai l ngi bc vin ko cui cng ngi thua.
Gii:
Ban u c 100 vin ko th ngi th nht c th m bo an ton cho mnh
trnh b thua bng cch bc 1 cn li 99 vin l mt s l. Sau khi ngi th 2 bc
th ngi th nht lun c chin thut bc sao cho s ko sau khi mnh bc l s l
nn khng th thua.
Vai tr ca k trong bi ton ny ch mang tnh cht ph ha nhng vi bi ton sau
th bi ton tr nn khc hn c kh hn nhiu.
V d 3: Cho 2011 vin ko trn bn. Hai ngi chi tr chi h c bc s ko l
(1;2;6). Hi ai l ngi c chin thut thng?
Gii: Tht ra y l nhng bi bt bin , khng phi t dng ta tm ra nhng cch gii
bt ng nh th. Vi nhng bi ton nh th ny , mt cch gii c th khng hay
nhng hiu qu c th gii nhng bi khng th tm ra c i lng bt bin
u
| 54
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 17
KQ 1
| 55
Vit s, t mu
V d 6: Hai ngi cng chi mt tr chi. Ban u trn bng c cc s l 1,2,3,4. Mi
ln thc hin ngi th nht cng vo 2 s cnh nhau mt n v, ngi th hai c th
i ch 2 s cnh nhau. Hai ngi thay phin nhau thc hin, khi no cc s bng
nhau th ngi th nht thng. Hi ngi th hai c cch no ngn ngi th nht
thng hay khng?
Gii:
Cu tr li l ngi th hai c th ngn cn ngi th nht chin thng.Ta thy sau thao
tc u tin ngi th nht thc hin th khong cch gia s ln nht v s nh nht
| 56
Gii:
Trong v d ny th ngi th nht lun thng. Ch l nu ngi th nht ln u t
(1;1) th ngi th nht s c t c 4 nh hnh ch nht. V mt iu tht th v
l ch da vo 4 nh th ngi th nht c th thng m khng cn quan tm n
cch t cc khc. Tht vy nu nh ngi th nht t 4 nh trong c 3 mu
trng mt mu en th lun tn ti mt hnh vung tha mn bi.
tng r rng l ta s phn chng gi s tt c cc 2x2 u c s chn mu trng.
nh s cc ct l 1 n m v cc hng l 1 n n.
Xt 2 (1;i) (tc hng 1 ct i) v (1;i+1) th tng s trng ca 2 ny vi 2 (2;i)
v (2;i+1) l s chn, (2;i)+(2;i+1)+(3;i)+(3;i+1) cng l s chn nn suy ra
(1;i)+(1;i+1)+(3;i)+(3;i+1) l s chn v c nh th th ta suy ra
(1;i)+(1;i+1)+(n;i)+(n;i+1) l s chn.
Xt 2 nh mu trng cng nm trn 1 ct th 2 ny vs 2 bn cnh ca mi ny c
tng trng l s chn suy ra 2 cnh mi ny cng mu, tip tc nh th 2 cnh 2
li cng mu,... dn n 2 cui cng ca 2 hng cng mu, iu ny v l v 2
l 1 trng 1 en.
| 57
| 58
R m, n R m 1, n R m, n 1
m n 2
m 1
R m, n
Cm n 2
m 1
R m, n R(n, m)
10
10
14
18
23
28
36
4043
18
25
3541
4961
5684
73115
92149
14
25
4349
5887
80143
101216
125316
143442
18
3541
5887
102165
113298
127495
169780
1791171
23
4961
80143
113298
205540
2161031
2331713
2892826
28
5684
101216
127495
2161031
2821870
3173583
317-6090
36
73115
125316
169780
2331713
3173583
5656588
58012677
10
10
4043
92149
143442
1791171
2892826
317-6090
58012677
79823556
| 59
| 60
Mt s bi tp tng hp
Bi 1: Cho a gic n cnh trn mt phng ta vi cc nh nguyn v di cc cnh
nguyn. Chng minh chu vi a gic l mt s chn.
Bi 2: (Olympic 30/4 2010 lp 10) Trong mt mn thi u th thao c x tm HCV c pht
1
trong n ngy. Ngy th nht ngi ta pht 1 HCV v
s HC cn li. Ngy th hai, ngi
10
1
ta pht 2 tm HC v
s HC cn li. Tng t, ngy th k ngi ta pht k tm HC vi
10
3 k n . Vo ngy cui cng, cn ng n $n$ tm HC pht. Hi mn th thao c bao
nhiu tm HC v c pht trong bao nhiu ngy?
Bi 3: Cho hnh (T) nh sau:
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Bi 10: (Nam T, 75) Trong mt hi ngh n c 2 ngi quen nhau bt k th khng c ngi
quen chung , cn c 2 ngi khng quen nhau nhau bt k th c ng 2 ngi quen chung.
Chng minh rng trong hi ny, tt c mi ngi u c s ngi quen chung
Bi 11: (Bungari,79) Trn mt t giy k vung nh du n . Chng minh rng t chng
n
lun c th nhn c khng t hn
vung i mt khng tip xc vi nhau ( vung
4
c coi l tip xc vi nhau nu c t nht 1 nh chung)
Bi 12: (Nam t , 74) Trn mt bn c kch thc 8 8 c 8 qun c trng ng trn hng
ngang th nht v 8 qun c en nm trn hng ngang th tm. Cc u th ln lt i ( trng
i trc) bng cch di chuyn mt qun c theo hng dc mt hoc vi v pha trc hay
pha sau. Khng c php b qun ra khi bn, hay i vo c qun ca i phng
ng , hoc nhy qua n. Ngi thua cuc l ngi khng c nc i no na
Bi 13 Mt tm bng vung v hn v c cc qun c ng thnh hng to thnh hnh ch
nht 3k n. C mt tr chi theo cc nguyn tc sau: mi qun c c th nhay qua qun c
bt k bn cnh mnh ( theo chiu dc hoc chiu ngang ) vo trng , sau qun c b
nhy qua ta ly ra khi bn c. Chng minh rng trn bng khng bao gi cn li ng mt
qun c
Bi 14: Cho trc mt a din li vi n 5 mt, m t mi nh ca no c ng 3 cnh. Hai
ngi chi mt tr chi nh sau: Mi ngi ln lt vit tn mnh ln mt t cc mt cn
trng. thng ngi chi cn vit tn mnh ln 3 mt c cng nh chung. Chng minh rng
tn ti mt cch chi m ngi th nht lun thng
Bi 15* : S ln nht cc con xe c th t trn cc bn c 3n 3n c th l bao nhiu sao
cho mi con xe ch b n khng nhiu hn mt trong cc con xe cn li
Bi 16: Trong mt thnh ph Hu Ngh c tt c 10.000 cng dn . C bt k 2 ngi dn
th hoc l bn ca nhau, hoc l k th ca nhau. Hng ngy khng nhiu hn 1 ngi ci
nhau vi cc bn ca mnh v lm lnh vi k th ca mnh . Mt khc 3 ngi dn no cng
c th lm bn vi nhau. Chng minh rng sau mt s ngy no tt c mi ngi s l bn
ca nhau . Hi s ngy t nht cn phi c l bao nhiu ?
Bi 17: ( HSG lp 9- Vnh Phc ,2010) Mi vung n v ca bng kch thc 10x10 (10
dng, 10 ct) c ghi mt s nguyn dng khng vt qu 10 sao cho bt k hai s no ghi
trong hai chung mt cnh hoc hai chung mt nh ca bng l hai s nguyn t cng
nhau. Chng minh rng c s c ghi t nht 17 ln.
Bi 18: CMR: n 2 lun tn ti 1 tp hp gm n s nguyn dng sao cho tng 2 s bt k
chia ht hiu ca chng.
Bi 19: Chng minh rng vi bt k cch chia tp {1,2,3,...,3n} thnh 3 lp 3 phn t, chng
ta lun chn c t mi lp 1 s sao cho 1 trong 3 s chn ra l tng 2 s cn li.
Bi 20: Gi s c 1 cch chia cc s 1, 2,3,.., 100 thnh 7 lp . CMR: Tn ti 1 vi lp m
trong mi lp c 4 s phn bit a, b, c, d m a b c d hoc 3 s phn bit e, f , g sao cho
e f 2g
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L thuyt t hp ( Ng Th Phit)
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