THE Jewish Encyclopedia TH HISTORY, A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF RELIGION, TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY LITERATURE, AND CUS- Cyaus Apter, PUD. (Departments of Post Biblical Antiguities ; the Jews of America). Gorrmagy Devrscu, PuD. (Department of History from 1492 t0 1902). Louis Gisznexs, PID. (Department of Rab: inicad Literature). Ricuarn Gormen PuD. (Departments, of History foom Ezra :0 ryy2; History of Post Talmudic Literature). Jusern Jacons, BA. (Departments of the Jews of Englandand Anthropology; Revising Editor). Marcus Jasrrow, PH.D. (Department of the Talmud). ISAAC K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D. (Chairman ofthe Board Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD Monnts Jastrow, JR. PHD. (Department of the Bible). Kaurwans KonLer, Theology and Philosop) Mexpes, PUD. (Chief of ny Ke LD. (Departments of FREDERICK the Bure HERMAN ROSENTHAL (Defartment of the Jews of Russia and Poland). Isinone SisceR, PiwD. (Department of Modern ‘Biography from 1750 10 1902). Crawror H. Tox, DD, LL.D. (Departments lof Hebrews Philology and Hellenistic Literature). FRANK H. VIZETELLY ‘Seiretary ofthe Board ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS COMPLETE IN TWELVE VOLUMES EMBELLISHED WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK AND LONDON FUNK .AND WAGNALLS COMPANY MpccccirTHE Jewish Encyclopedia ‘A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists UNDER THE DIRECTIUS OF THE TOASWING EDITORIAL BOARD vats AMER, PHD. Departments of Monnts Jastrow, JR PRD. (Department of the Biblical Antiquities: the Jexs of America). Bible). Deersen, PHD. (Department of Kacesass Konner, PuD. (Departments of Mistory from 1492 t0 1902). Theology and Plaiesophy) Louis Giyznent PID. (Departmen Binjeal Literature’. Gorrna® of Rab Peeperick ne SoLa Mexpes, Pu.D. «2 the Bureau of Translation : Revising B. Ricnakh Gorriient, Pad. (Departments, of Y Esra to ryga: History of Post iterate) Mex as Rosexraan (Department of the Russia and Poland). Ji he ue ons, BA. (Departments of the Istboxt: Sisern, PHD, Deporiment of Modern idand Anthropology: Bicgraphy from 1750 10 1902 cs JasrROW, PID. (Department of the Ceawweonn I Toy, DD. MLD. (Departments Talmud). 1 Hebrew Phillosy and Weliowistic Latersture), Is. AC K, FUNK, B.D, LD. PRANK U1, VIZETELLY Chairman of the Board ‘Seoretary of the Board ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS, VOLUME I APOCRYPHA—BENASH NEW YORK AND LONDON FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY mMpccccir LLConyaicnt, 1902, BY K & WAGNALLS COMP Allrights of trowilation esersed Register at Sationer” Hall, Landon, England (Printed in the United States of America}