Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FOLLOWING EDITORIAL BOARD Cynus ApieR, PHD. (Departments of Post. Joserit Jacons, B.A. (Departments of the Jews Biblical Antiquities; the Jews of America) of Englandand Anthropology; Revising Editor) Wriatme Bac, PHD. (Departments of the Kauemanw Koxtuee, PaxD. (Departments of Talmud and Rabbinical Literature) “PMenlngy and Paosophy) Gortuaxn Deorscm, PucD. (Department of History from 1492 10 7903) Ricuarn Gorrnen, PuD. (Departments of History from Ezra to 1492; History of Post Hopratan Rosey ritaL (Department of the Jews of Rustia and Poland Isipore SiNceR, PH.D, (Department of Moderit Talmudic Literature) Biography from 1750 te 1905), Ent G, Hirscu, PH.D, LL.D. (Department of Crawroro H. Tov, D.D, LL.D. (Departments the Bible) of Hebress Philology and Hellenitic Literature). ISAAC K, FUNK, D.D, LLD. FRANK IL VIZETELLY, FSA. Chaivmen ofthe Board “Seretary ofthe Board Wituiag Porras, MA, Pa.D. Associate Revising Kaditor ; Chief of the Bureau of Translation ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITORS COMPLETE IN TWELVE VOLUMES EMBELLISHED WITH MORE THAN TWO THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS: NEW YORK AND LONDON FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY Mpccecceyv d 2357PALESTINE-ANCIENT THE MODERN NAMES ARE GIVEN IM PARENTHESES,oe Jewish Encyclopedia A DESCRIPTIVE RECORD OF THE HISTORY, RELIGION, LITERATURE, AND CUS- TOMS OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY Prepared by More than Four Hundred Scholars and Specialists CyRuS ADLER, PHD. (Departments of Post Biblical Antiquities; the Jews of America). Wusteia Bacuer, PH.D. (Departments of the Talnued and Rabbinical Literature). Gorrmarn Devrsei, PHD. (Department of History from 1492 t0 1905). RICHARD GorrHEIL, PHD. (Departments of History from Bara to 1493; History of Post Talmudic Literature). Ent. G. Hirsctt, Pi.Dy LL.D. (Department of the Bible). ISAAC K. FUNK, D.D, LLD. (Chairman ofthe Board Wrutias Popper, M.A, PD. Associate Revising Editor ; Chief of the Bureau of Translation ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. Projector and Managing Editor ASSISTED BY AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BOARDS OF CONSULTING EDITOR JosEPH Jacons, B.A. (Departments of the Jews of England and Anthropolegy; Revising Bator). Kaurmann Kouter, PH.D. (Departments of Theology and Philoiophy). HeRwan RoseNTHAL (Department of the Jews of ‘Russia and Poland). TstpoRE SINGER, PHD. (Department of Modern ‘Biegraphy from 1750 40 1925}, Ceawror H, Tov, DD, LLD. (Departments of Hebrew Philolegy and Hellenistic Literature). FRANK H. VIZETELLY, FSA. Secretary ofthe Board VOLUME Ix MORAWCZYK—PHILIPPSON NEW YORK AND LONDON FUNK AND WAGNALLS COMPANY mMpccccyvCorynicur, 1995, bY FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY AU rights of transition reserved Rogiteed at Stationes! Hall, London, England Printed inthe United States of America} Sravr-Brpii0raeK FRANKFURT ax MAIN,LITERARY DIRECTORATE EDITORIAL BOARD CYRUS ADLER, Ph.D. (Departments of Post-Bibtical Antiquities and the Jows of “Ameren. ‘President of tho American Jewieh Historieal Soctety Libra "an, Smitisonian Institution, Washington, D.C. WILHELM BACHER, Ph.D. (Departments of the Talmud and Ravbinieat Literature.) Professor in the Jewish Theologial Seminars, Budapest Bungary. | GOTTHARD DEUTSCH, Ph.D. (Department of History from 1108 to 1006) Professor of Jewish History, Hebrow Union College, Cineinnath ‘Ohio Eaor of * Debora." RICHARD GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. (Departments of History from Bsra to 192 and History of aat-Liniutie Literature.) Professor of SomitieLanuaves, Columbia Uatvorsity,New York (let ofthe Oriental Department, New York Publle Library. | EMIL G. HIRSCH, Ph.D., LL.D. (Department of the Bite.) ‘abhi of Chicago inal Congregation, Chicago, Is Profesor of ‘Ratiniea! Literature and Pislosophy, University of ‘Chieayo; Baltor of Tho foform Aavosate.” JOSEPH JACOBS, B.A. (Departments of the Jews of England an Anthropotony "Revisig Editor) Tormerly President ofthe Jewish Historical Soc Autor of" Jows of Angevin Enaiand,” AMERICAN BOARD OF BERNARD DRACHMAN, Ph.D., ‘Rabbi of the Congregation Ziehron Ephraim: tnstructor $a ‘the Bible and in Hebrev" Grammar, Jewish Theologteal Seminary of Ameri, New York. B. FELSENTHAL, Ph.D. ‘Rapbt merits of Zion Congresation, Chieago, Ml; Autbor of ‘A Practical Grammar of tie Hebe Language.” GUSTAV GOTTHEIL, Ph.D. (@rexssx0), Tate Rabbi Emeritus of Temple Eman-Fl, New York. HENRY HYVERNAT, D.D., ead of te Department of Semitic and Reyptisn Literatures, ‘catotle University of America, Washington, D.C. MARCUS JASTROW, Ph.D. (ororssx0), Late Rabbi Emeritus of the Congregation Rodet Salon, Pils: detphia, Pas Author of “Ditionary of the Teaud.” KAUFMANN KOHLER, Ph.D. (Departments of Theology and Phitosopn) President of Hebrew Union Coleg, Cinelanat, Obio; Rabel Emeritus of Temple Beti-El, New York. HERMAN ROSENTHAL. (Department of the Fees of Rusia and Poland.) Chief ofthe Slavonic Department, New York Public Library. ISIDORE SINGER, Ph.D. MAXAGING EDrtf. (Department of Modern Biography from 1250 to 1905.) CRAWFORD HOWELL TOY, D.D., LL.D. (Departments of Hebrew Phitology dna Hattenste “Literature) Professor of Hebrew fn Harvard University, Cambria, Mass ‘Author of "Te Religion of Israel,” ee. I. K. FUNK, D.D., LL.D. (Chairman of the Board.) altorSo-Chlef of the raxpano Dicriovany oF re ENoLIsH Laxavace, ete FRANK H, VIZETELLY, F.s.A, (Secretary af the Board) Associate Bator of the StaXbako Dicriosanr, “The Colt ian Cselopedia,” ete. WILLIAM POPPER, M.A., Ph.D. (Asowiate Revieiny EMitors Chief of the Buren of ‘Translation Gastar Gotthell Lecturer in Semitie Languages, Colombia Universtiy, New York (1960-2): author of "The Gansrebip of Hebres® Books.” CONSULTING EDITORS MORRIS JASTROW, Jr. Ph.D., Professor of SemitioLangunges and Librarian in the University ‘of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; author of *Ie- ‘isin ofthe BabyTontans and Assyrians,” exe, J. FREDERIC McCURDY, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Oriental Languages, University College, Toronto, ‘Canada Author of" History, Prophecy, ad the Monuments." H. PEREIRA MENDES, M.D. ‘avbs of the Suearitn tsrael Congregation (Spanish and Porte ‘tuese), New York: President of the Bord of Jewish ‘Ministers, New York, MOSES MIELZINER, Ph.D., D.D. (weceaseo), {ate President of te Hebrew Union College, Cineinna ‘Author of" Intreduetion tothe Tamu.” Ohio:* aveeany FOREIGN BOARD OF TSRAKL ABRAHAMS, MA., 2X. KAYSERLING, 3 pinweron ans SOLOMON SCHECHTER, 9A, Litt JOSEPH SILVERMAN, D.D., ACOH VOORSANGER, D.D., | EDWARD J. WHREGER, MA. CONSULTING EDITORS MORITZ LAZARUS, PDD, "ub wont, DD. Anni Fiero PERREAU, 3. SCHWARZFRLD, LD,SYSTEMS OF TRANSLITERATION AND OF CITATION OF PROPER NAMES* A.Rules for the Transliteration of Hobrow and Aramaic. 1, Import nnn hi nha Dee fu fh rid King oe ac at Ma Tour, net Vshaks Set ae Shae oe Sh Solan, not 2th nga ae ht hve pn ny i bao Jv hat fat {Spite tad ude or nest sosrting othe ters abate low. | 2 teow abject henge avo tebe eanetig Uo Ue sce of tmulieaion;cromerefan 1, the following ayn of tration ha een we fr Hele ant Aramaic: 1 Notvotett the bgimaingor the on af aor lke” or by ders eg ne 28 te ye 2 (ei lagen 9 i) ne om eihont dap, nh vy be pe orm: ‘the prsmes af dageh lon not nla eat he ee of Dag ot . ‘he Tene ale emer 8 hs followed ty a Agen, withont doubling the following Ter {So hake a Cole, or Ho hahha] 1 Sew tore oe oa er a8 eu wa uw ct(8 OF THANSLITERATION AND OF CITAPION OF PROMIEH NAMES “The Abie atc neva weton oo acon beng taken ofthe wala ofthe to Uh falowing eter gy oS eeu” Mai Dl na. Me Des ‘Th aria fed by pen otha flowing won. 44, At tho en of words th fmt tninaton i wren ah Hat when flowed by x gen, ‘ia Hila dhe Kuo, Hat ae |, Nocount is nk ofthe overhanging rowel whic tg Sh cers cay snr ok trie oe vsren; Vey ot Verba on i, Ail ent ee C.—Rules for the ‘Transliteration of Russian, AIL Rosin names and wo excep ah hae soa ata Engh erin thor foram a8 sar sty detain, ee ar entted aero flowing ean Aa @ ux " site shen BG > Oo ° ‘be ve Ba » mn > Mu A rr hyvorg Pp r be atnate Ax Ce : aa ve Ee ve ‘ Do ° aie yy « Wn we 3a 2 t stn we Wat Xx in Oo r ke Th & ve e An cn ok te 1 Mx lw a Rules for the Citation of Proper Names, Personal and Otherwise, xin. Monee cut “nee acta: en mer eat ho nis or ui) any ae tart oho men pet ts is Int ser en ‘third or aor: stan har’ Snel haa J hod’ ever * “or the nae wing tse ws Tn ‘Avs oF Beja aha Boned objects on whch fre foam aia ews fe chy work ae oe yh ‘oan saath teats nh Aas anes: Wan* Last oF AMRREVIATIONS eh {a set Se Soci is ESR tte i ra ie | nn ee hows 2,CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1XSER a arta te | 9m. soem anes Bost elton Pe FeconmiusuroKs To YouuNR 1x, aLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IX N. BIn the following list subjects likely to be sought for under various headings are repeated under each heading, Cross-references in this list are to other items in the list, not to articles in the Eneyclopedia. . Fig. 17 of plate between 354-% Figs. 11 und 12 of plate between B54-855 ceveeee 90T Agrippa I., Bronze Coin of. ....+...++++ ‘Alexander Jannaes, Bronze Coin of .. : ‘Almemar of a Dutch Synagogue of the Highteenth Century... a — of the Synagogue at Padua... : = of Temple Shearith Isracl, New York Levee 2665 ‘America: see Nartoxat, Fans Scoon,; Now Oniuaxs; New York; Newrowr; Putapupnra ‘Amulet: Cabalistic Charm Against Scorpions Used by Moroccan Jews. Antipas, Herod, Bronze Coin of “Archelaus, Herod, Bronze Coin of. “Archeology: see Musicraxs; NrpPor; Nuwrswarics. “Architecture: see New Onneaxs; New York; Nikorsscxe; Parapezrnta; SYNaGoovEs. “Aristobulus I., Bronze Coin of. Fig, 10 of plate betweeen 354-855 ‘Art: see Ancucorocy; Anonmméerone; MaNcscmers; Orresuein, Morr Dawteh; Passoven; Pentopreats; TxPoaRAPHy, “* ru" Page ftom the First Raion of the, Rome (2, Before 480. Autograph of Moses bon Maimon,......+. "Fig. 18 of plate between 54-1 Fig. 16 of plate between 84-390 Bar Kokba, Coins of. Basel, Page from the Blaaster Edition of the Hebrew Borber Jews from the Atlas Mountains. Bible, Hebrew, Page from the Muster Editon of the, Basel, 1534 — _— Page from Stephanus Baition of the, Paris, 1948,....... — — 200 also Neanens, “Birkat Koanim,” Music of ...... Brooklyn, New York, Beth Talmud Torah —— — Hebrew Orphan Asylam,...... —— Part of Cemetery of Pemple Brann, Cypress Hills —— — Part of Washington Cemetery. : ibe, Printed fn 1534 at, Cemeteries: coe Nacasaxt; New York; Newrorr; Nrkousnens, Ceremonial: see Coxrmatatios; Lag BE-‘OstER; New Moow; NE Busine. ‘pany ‘Omer Tanves; Sapnatst ‘Charm, Cabalistio, Against Scorpions Used by Moroccan Jews. 5 seestseseeeess Coins Current in Palestine (¢. 500 3.c.~185 6.€.). 5 i plate between 854-855 “Consrmation.” From a painting by Moritz Daniel Oppesheim: oe au Costume of Berber Jews from the Atlas Mountains. 8 — of Duteh Jows, eirea 1725 ; 23 — of Jewish Meretiants at Odessa, 1802. 338 — of Moroccan Jowesses. . 2 19-21 — of Nuremberg Jew: Bighteeuth Century. «Dalalat al-Havirin,” Holograph (2) Draft of the, of Maimonides .........-.xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IX England : see Norwrea, ‘First Editions: Page from the “‘Aruk,” Rome (2), Before 1480... —— — Page from the * Moreh Nebukim,” Rome (1), Before 1480 -. — Page trom the “Semag,” Rome (2), Before 1480. France: see Panis. Germany : see Muxten; Nixorsnune; Nunewpeno. ‘Hadrian, Coin of, with Inscription “ Adventui Aug(usti) Indew”....,.. Fig. 28 of plate between 854-855 Herod the Great, Bronze Coin of. : cssves Pig. 15 of plate Between 84-855 Hospitals: see New Youn; Puntapeueats, Hyreanus, John, Bronze Coin of. Fig. 0 of plate between 854-855 Incunabula : sce Lisuox; Rowe, Introit, Music of Italy: see Papua; PEsAno. 197-129 11 ‘Japan, Beth Ismael Synagogue, Nagasals at — Jewish Burial-Ground, Nagasaki. Lag be“Omer. From an old print... : 400 Leaven, Search for, From a dmwing by Pica, 17 : 540 Lisbon, Page from Nahmanides? Commentary on the Pentateuch, Printed in 1489 at... 000000002. 89 ‘Manuscript : Letter of Washington to the Jews of Newport, . c++ plate beticcen 294 —— First Entry in the Dutch Records of New York City Relating to the Jews, Dated Sept 7, 1654.. 261, —— Holograph (1) Draft of the “Dalalat al-Hw'ixin ” of Maimonides. 5 —— Maminated Page of the Book of Numbers es 237 — Iitustrated Persian, in Hebrew Charaeters..--.-» : eee our — Page from a Thirtcenth-Century Folio of the *Mordekai® i Map of Morocco, Showing Chief Towns Where Jows Resid 29 — of New York City in 1695, Locating the Synagogue. 250 Locating Buildings of Jewish Interest. Folder betiecen 238-250 ‘Maps of Palestine, Ancient and Modern. 1483, 486, 487, 480, 191) 496, and Frontispieco Mordeea hen Titi: Page froma Thrteenth-Centary Manwssript of the *Mordekai™ - i “Sore, Neu, Page fou dhe Fhe Bon ofthe, Rone (9, Batre MBM. vonesoeerves Morocco, Berber Jews from the Atlas Mountains. eens 28 — Cabalistic Charm Against Scorpions Used by Jews in. 24 — Gate Leading to tho Mellah of Damnat.....- : 33 — Map of, Showing Chief Towns Where Jows Restdo..... 29 — Phan of the Modern City of, Showing Location of Jewish Quarter 7 26 — Types of Jewesses from a prpreesenar (1 Mortara, Maxoo, Italian Rabbi and Scholar te ties 86 Moscheles, Yanna, Austrian Pianist. 39 Mosenthal, Solomon, Austrian Dramatist and Poet. 2 Moses on Mount Zion, From the Sarajevo Haggadal of the fourteenth ecatury. ne MB — Traditional Tomb of: Scene During a Pilgrimage. : 46 — ben Jacob of Coney: Page from the First Edition of the “Semag,” Rome (2), Before 1480..-... 69 — ben Maimon: Holograph (*) Draft of the “Dalalat al-Ha’irin,” Arable in Hebrew Characters... 7 —— — Page from the First Edition of the “Morch Nebukim,” Rome (%, Before 1480, 9 — —Tnditional Portrait of, with Antograph....... =— 3 — ben Nahman: Page from the First Lisbon Edition of tie Commentary on the Pentateuch, 1489, $9 ‘Mourning: Friends Giving Mourners Bread of AMietion, From Kirchner, 1796......++ 102 ‘Munich, Synagogue at......... ee 108 Munster, Sebastian, Page from the Hebrew Bible, Printed at Basel in 4384 by... 18 ‘Music: “Birkat Kobanim” : 182 — Inti, 2. 187129LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IX xvii ‘Music: “Ne‘lah” 210-222 — “Oudeka”... . 876 —“Omnam Ken 401 Oren eee — Prayer Motives...... — “Sho'eh Ne'esar”........-. ‘Musicians: Assyrian Reprosent: — Egyptian Representation of. ‘Nagasaki, Japan, Beth Isracl Synagogue ——— Jewish Burial-Ground at..essseses0es ‘i a Nathan ben Jehiel: Page from the First Edition of the *“Aruk,* Rome (0), Betore 1480... National Farm School, Doylestown, Pa., Barn Houses of the —— — Synagogue of the. “Ne‘ilah,” Musie of. Nerva, Coin of, with Tascription Fisci Tadaict Neubauer, Adolf, Jewish Scholar .. New Moon, Blessing of the. From Leusden, 1 —— Blessing of the. From Bodenschatz, 1748. New Orleans, La., Jewish Orphans’ Home. New-Year, Blowing of the Shofar on. From a woodcut of 1696. —— Blowing of the Shofar on. From Pleart, 1726... Celebration of the, in Germany, Bighteenth Century. ‘New York City, Beth Hamedrash Hagodol ........ — — Betit Israel Hospital... — — Betit Talmud Torah, Brooklyn, — —Calvarier Shul .... —— Clara de Hirsch: Home for Working Girls, —— — Educational Alliance... eee rst Entry in the Dutch Records of, Relating to the Jews, Dated Sept. 7, 1654. —— Grand Pheater....... , ——— Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan ‘glum. —— Hebrew Charities Building.....2..4 —— — Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Brooklyn, — — Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. — — fewish Theological Seminary of America. 2 —— Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Library of the —— — Lebanon Hospital. . —— — Mp of, in 1605, Locating the Synagogue. .-..-- ——— Map of, 1904, Locating Buildings of Jewish Interest... —— — Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids —— Mount Sinai Hospital........ —— — 01 Jewish Cemetery on Twenty-first Street. — — Part of Cemetery of Temple Emanu-El Congregation, Cypress Hills — — Part of Washington Cemetery, Brooklyn. ——— Progress Club....., views —— — Seward Park, Center of Ghetto, Bish and Sie of ho Old Mi Bret Syma. — — Temple Betl-El — — Temple Bmanu-El, Interior of. — — Temple Shearith Israel, Interior of... — — Young Men’s Hebrew Association = te Newport, Letter of George Washington to the Jewish Community of plate between 294-295 — Part of the Old Jewish Cemetery at ..+....+.+2++ ‘Nieto, David, Haham of the Sephardic Community in London. Nikolsburg, A Street in the Ghetto at Jewish Cemetery of. ‘Nippur, Excavations of Temple of Bel at,xviii LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IX Noab, Mordecai Manuel, American Politician and Communal Worker... 2 et Norwich, Plan of the Jewish Quarter of. cas 836 Numbers, Book of, Iluminated Page of the. From a manuscript formerly in the possession of the Duke of Sussex. foo nt) Numfsmattes: Coins Current in Patestine @ 600 2.6,-135 ee). plate Deticen 834-855 — Counterfelt Shekel. ......-..- 5 snesecseesers SOB Nuremberg, Costumes of Jews of, Bighteenth Century. 300 — New Synagogue at = 862 — 01 Synagogue at... - 899 Oath More Judaico, Jow of Breslau Taking the. From a seventeenth-century print .. coseese 808) Obomik, Metr, Austrian Commentator. Gorn) oo eeeeoe tee BTL “Odeka,” Music of .....- mannered $16) Odessa, Brody Synagogue. +. 880 — Cover of the Tubkanot (Rules) of te Hebra Kaddisha of, 1705 1.37 — Jewish Merchants at. . we 888 — Pupils of the Jewish Teelmical Seliool at. + 878 —— Synagogue on Richelyevskaya Street = 382 ‘Offenbach, Jacques, French Composer . - 888 “Omer Tables eee eeescseseseseee 399 — Lag be-. “From an old print, ++ 400 “Ommam Ken,” Musie of. .-...« 2401 Oppenheim, David, Austrian Rabbi and Bibliophile, . teens MT — Moritz. Daniel, “ Confirmation,” from a Painting by. 24d —— —— “Sabbath Blessing,” from a Painting by..... 218 Oppentieimer, Joseph Suss, German Financier... 415, — — Exsceution of. From contemporary prints , 417 — Samuel, German Banker . 419 Oppert, Jules, French Orieutalist . a0 “Oren,” Music of. 5 431 Ostrog, Synagogue at......- 443 Ottotenghi, Giuseppe, Ialian General. 49 Padua, Almemar of the Synagogue at... aoe 459 — Court of a Sixteenth-Century Synagogue at.. 453 Palestine, Coins Current in (¢, 500 n.c.~185 6.8.) ple etweon’ 354-355 —— Map of, According to the Bgyptian and syria Slommments. sesces 186 — — Accortling to Talmudic Sources. * 496 — ~~ Anoient and Modern. “499 and Frontispiece — — As Divided Among the Tribes, 486 —— — As Divided Between Judah and Isract 487 —— — At the Time of David and Solomon. 4st —~ — At the Time of the Assyrian Conquest... 480 TB Hin Tino of th Syrian Conguet.. ve 489) —— — During the Crusades ....... en 491 In Hebrew Characters, Dated 1695. 483, — — Showing Physical Features. + rontispiece —— — Under the Herodians .. = 491 Paris, Interior of a Synagogue at. From an old print. 52T — Interior of the Portuguese Synagogue in Rue Buffault, 385, — Interior of the Synagogue on Rue de la Victoire... BBL — Interior of the Synagogue on Rue Notre Dame de Nazareth. : — Page from the Hebrew Bible Printed by Robert Stephanus in 568 ate. Passover: Cover for Mazsot.....--- ooo — Cover for Seder Dish — Dish... 5 — Plates... Search for Leaven. From Pieaet, 1725.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME IX xix Passover, Seder Feast and Accompanying Preparations for the = 351 Poreize, Emile, Fronch Banker...... + 307 + 599 Pores, Hsaae Lob, Yiddish Writer Periodicals: Page from the Dyhernfurther Privilegive Zeitung (171). — TTitle-Headings of the First Numbers of Current Jewish « — Title-Headings of Jewish Mlustrated Humorous .. — Tithe Headings of “Jung Juda” and of * Olam Katan” Porsian Mustrated Manuscript in Hebrew Characters. — - AT Pesaro, Old Synagogue als seesesesoe serves : + OL Pfefferkorn and Reuchlin. From a contemporary woodcut, peor = 608 Philadelphia, B’nal Abralam Synagogue. «++... +400 2 O74 cee Guggenbeim Building and Dispensary of the Jewish Hospital 676 Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, . or —— Towish Hospital. - 67 — Mereantile Club. : + 680° —— Mickvé Ismael Synagogues.ssee sees ss 6 — Plan of the Jewish Hospital Grounds. + 675: — Rodef Shalom Synagogue. + 672 2 678 of - 681 Young Women's Union Building ippson, Ludwig, German Rabbi. Pilate, Pontius, Bronze Coin of. wt ost Plan of the Jewish Quarter of Norwich...» + 386 wn of the Modern City of Morocco, Showing Location of Jewish Quarter. 26 Portraits: see Monrana, Manco Noam, Monnecar Mastst oprenr, Seis Mosensis, Tex ovonsin, Mee Orrouexent, GroserrE MosETHAI, SoLoxON ‘oprrseH, Jacaces Punsone, Sue Mosis wi MaIn0% Orpsxiiens, DaviD Pen, 1s4ac LOB Neomaten, ADOL? Opresstniinn, JoserH ss PuLiPesox, LUDWIG Nuno, Davin) Oprssiininsn, SCE ‘Reuchlin and Piefferkom, From a contemporary woodeut.. = 638. Tome, Page from the Fist Baition of the “Arik,” Printed Before 1480 at. see page from tho First Edition of the * Moreh Nebukin,” Printed Before 1490 at. —— Page from the First Edition of the “Semag,” Printed Before 1480 at... Russia: see OpEssA; OstH06, “ MR TURD yD YM Mey FRO TH 19 wv PopR YT “pron yous yan meh ym (toler pynea by gations ope Pe eee Pops pont yn Oya hy TSeny mom pT RON 5 ete: NoehD POTD V IS 2 wow eh nom salygon py rw eu pene ham TYRANVITN PRIA MIDI OT AO RENE AYR MOT WS $7 DtMordecai b, Hillel Mordecai ben Judah hidden in numerous folios. Tt would be erroneots, however, to designate the “Mordekai® as a mere compilation, Tenot only contains much thatis orig inal with the author—although in many’ passaxes there #re omissions of the names of authorities, due to copyist and editer—but the foreign material also is often introduced in a form whieh refutes the assertion that the author did not intend to contribute anything of his own. ‘The *Mordekai contains passages showing that the author ad the ability as well as the intention to present. it lear, systematic form, in the manner of a eoditic, the resulis of long discussions (see the examples in Weiss, “Dor,” p. 82). ‘The fact that the larger part of the “Mordekai” lacks system and form. Inay be explained on the following grounds: ‘The dook, as the early evities pointed out, was not issued in its final form by the author. He collected the material for his great work, but could not com- Dine or arrange it himself: this task being wnder- taken by his pupils, partly during his lifetime and partly after kis death, This fact explains not only: the evident confusion of the text, but The Two alsoitsmost peculiar history. Within Editions of tivo generationsafter Mordeeai's death ‘Morde- there were two entirely different re- Jel.” censions of his work, respectively des ignated by the authorities of the ff teonth century asthe “ Rhenish” and the * Avstrian” versions. ‘These were not merely two different copies of the “Mordekai” containing variants—such ¢x- fsted of each of the two editions—but two materially different compendiums. The Rhenish *Mordekal” furnished the test for the printed editions, and cir- culated during the Middle Ages not only in the Rhine countries, but alsoin eastern Germany, France, Italy, and Spain, ‘The Austrian “Mordekai" is preserved in manuseript in the libraries of Budapest and Vienna, It exerted, as its name indicates, a great influence on the hialakie observances of Ans fria, Moravia, Bohemia, Styria, Hungary, and the neighboring German provinces, as, for example, Saxony. ‘The following points of difference be- tween these two editions may be noted: The mate- ral is differently distributed, entire passages fre- ‘quently being found in different sections and ev in different treatises, The two editions are con trasted, to0, in the method of treating the mate Hal, In the Rhenish “ Mordekai” there is the en- deavor to cut down and abbreviate, the printed work constituting only one-third of the matter found in the manuscripts of the Austrian *“Mordckai” at Budapest and Viewna, Quotations and extracts, from the different tosafot collections especially are missing in the printed book, whereas they are fncluded in the manuscripts. The two versions, furthermore, differ greatly in their quotations from the anthorities, Rhienish and French scholars are the chief authorities in the Rhenish version; but they are omitted in the Austrian, which substitutes instrian authorities, Tsiae Or Zarua', Avigdor hi- Koliey, aud his father-in-law, Hayyim b. Moses, deing especially frequently drawn upon. The Rhen ish “Mordekai” is notable for its rigorous views Opinions which interpret the Law leniently, espe iully those that disagree with the then obtaining ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 12 practises, ate cither omitted entirely or are given tn brief quotationsand in a form which shows that they. fare not authoritative, ‘The Austrian *Mordckai” es these passages frankly and in detail. The con teiseness an seruptlousness of the Rhenish version Tead to the eonchusfon that the Austrian *Mordekat,” fas found in the manuseripts, represents the orfgital form of the work, orat least most closely appronches ir Mordecai intended to give to his book ‘About sixty years after Mordecai’s death § uel b, Anton of Schlettstadt, wrote his * Laggabot Mordekai,” glosses to the “Mordekai,” consisting, chieily of extracts made by him from the Austrian version in order to supplement the Rhenish; and the text, whieh was already very corrupt and confused, twas still further impaired by these glosses, as text and glosses were frequently confounded. While the Shaggahot” are at lenst derived from the * Mforde- kai,” there are passages in the printed text which have no relation whatever to that work. ‘The “Small Halakot? (*Halakot Ketannot”), whieh figures jn the editions as apart of the “Mordekai,” is Schlettstadt's work, whilo the “Mordekai” to Mo'ed Katan includes a complete work of Meir b. Baruch of Rothenburg, and other extraneous elements have Deen introduced iu different passages of the “Mor dekai.” Tn consequence of the persecutions in Germany during the fourteenth century and of the resulting decline of Talmudic studies, a work of Diffusion thenature of the Mordekai" naturally ‘of the soon became authoritative. ‘The high «Morde- reputation enjoyed by it is evident kai.” from the works of Sehlettstadt, whielt either deal with or are modeled upon it, The great authorities of Germany of the fifteenth ‘century, as Jacob b. Moses ha-Levi Gym). Israel of Kreis, Isserlein, Jacob Weil, Isinel of Beinn, nd Joseph Colon, the greatest Italian Talmudist of that century, were great admirers of Mordecai, whose work they assiduously studied und whose authority they recognized. ‘The first treatise of the ‘Taimmd that was printed (Soncino, 1482) included the “Mordekai” in addition to Rashl, the tosafot, fand Maimonides. Ta Caro’s and Isserles' codes Mordecai is amoug the authorities most frequently quoted. Isserles even lectured on the “Moriickai” th his yeshibal, may of his responsa being devoted: to the questions of his pupils and friends regarding, difficult passages of the book. In Italy and Poland, where the “Mordekai” was especially studied, a whole “Mordekai” Hiterature eame inio ‘A largenumber of extracts, indexes, glosses, novell and commentaries aro still extant, the most impor tant of these works being Joseph Ovtolenghi’s index, Baruch b, David's “Gedullat Mordekai,” emenda- tious of the text, and Mordecai Benet’s commentary. “Mordecai wrote also responsa, which, however, do not seem to have been preserved. 8. Kohn aserihes to him the authorship of “Haggelot Mai jmuni; but the aseription luekssupport. It is note; worthy that Mordecai inclined toward poetry and. rammar, a predileerion that was rare in Germany At his time. A selibah by him, on the martyrdom of ‘aproselyte, was published by Kehn (* Mordechai ben13 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA ‘Morecat b. Hillel ‘Mordecai bon Judah Hillel,” Appendix, i). But although Mordecai used Hebrew fluently and skilfully, he had no real poet- ical talent. A metrical poom of his on the Hebrew vowels—one of the few of this kind produced by the German Jows—was also published for the frst time by Koha (i). ‘The poum is obscure, the au- ‘thorapparently intending tospeak in riddles, Mor- cai wrote also a treatise in verse on the examina tion of slaughtered animals and on permitted and forbidden foods, which appeared under the title “Hilkot Shebitah u-Bedikah we-Hilkot Issur we- Hetter” (Venice, 1550 #), From the nature of the ‘ease the author could not confine himself to Bibtieal Hebrew; but his language is correct and fluent. BinuiooRsruy: Kobn, Mordechat ben Filet, Brest, 1838, fupmined froin Monacenhift, errs Stelneenetder, Cat Bul ‘far Wes, Dor LG ISAAC OF CARPEN- flourished in the thir- Mordecai lived in MORDECAI 8B. TRAS: Freuch Talmudist; teenth and fourteenth centuries. Carpentras (department of Vaucluse) at the time of the religious struggles (1808-8), and corresponded with Abba Mari of Luncl, who speaks of him very’ highly. Zunz and Neubauer identify him with ‘Mordecai b. Isaac Ezobi; this, however, can not be correct, beeauso the latter lived between 1808 and 1806 in Carcassonne, and not in Carpentras. Gross: identifies him with Mordecai b, Isiae Kimbi, father of Isaac Kimbi, called “Mestre Petit de Nyous.” He is designated by Isane de Lattes as “Gaon,” and in “Kore ha-Dorat he is styled “Ornament of Judaism.” He is often quoted in the manuscript re- spansa collection of Solomon hen Adret's (*R. E, 4.” sii, 81-90) under the name * Mordecai b. Isaac."" Buutiognapuy: Zunz, Z. G0. 478: Renan-Neuauer, Lee Tea Dine Panga, Index! Gres, Gala Judetety ph 88, "A. Pe. MORDECAI B, ISAAC KIMHI. Sec Konu. MORDECAI BEN JACOB (MORDECAI SINGER): Polish translator; lived in Cracow; died 1575. Ho translated into Judeo-German the Book of Proverbs (Cracow, 1582) and the Book of Job (Prague, 1591), supplying them with commentaries in Hebrew. ipnioonAPNY: Steneohnodder, Car. Bod. cot. 1688: First, “BlbtePd 8835 Zaner ZG. p80. BG. SJL MORDECAI JAFFE. Sco Jarrr. MORDECAI BEN JEHIEL (MICHAEL HA-LEVI): Russian grammarian and ab bet din of Slawatyetz-on-the-Bug lived at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He wrote “Mera Dakya” (Prankfort-on-the-Oder, 1784, and often reprinted), ‘a grammatical commentary on Rashi’s commentaries on the Pentateuieh, on the Five Rolls, and on many ‘Talmudical passages, rectifying on the basis of grammar some of Rashi’s improbable explanations. ‘The introduction gives a short skotch of Hebrow grammar. Biyuoanarmy; Steyr, Col. Boi, 0s Nate, in tedavin heady. 452 eduer, Ca. Heb. ‘Blots Brit i. mR . M. Se. ‘MORDEGAT BEN JOSEPH OF AVIGNON: Drove Talat, fourshl theme Of the ier nrg a entenpry of the Domine Feo Chita omer up of Be iar Tuts, Movies the nest prominent Jin Provence sre thes from Pao thc Thor to and Fao sel order fom th pope to he ett ti te Jews fa outer Frat should weir hang. badges the Chang. "The Prwenat Jews wo hea ‘been exempt from these badges, opposed this decree, and Mordecai ben Joseph and a certain Israel were iteoneyucneimponed ye ington Tey stored hl elon oly th payment of Igo eum’ of nove. ‘Moxial Soto of ‘non were aot lene 0 heroyal nut order sue te repeat tis oo la and Shey sce. Charesl, Kingot thet vos, fd Govne of Provene, Nate 98, a ese Asevere decree against the inquisitors who insisted ta the Jews abou wear tadges. Av" abio sas aw den the dee waa ot pote Oy he ington iin Vergy wh sles thi erent n Ms “Sheet Yehuda says that Monee! as pene er isan to heey our, wey acing fo Giese hobuio and not Hh neresnest wie thc gies in he hrodeton tothe noth" Monel may be ae th BE focal Yon doniphinn, who with other mM of thos hed thetitecth aot sgn ata! tts at Cnt (Renan Neabve Les Ra tian Passi 8: Grow, “Gala Foden, om Tories! was the ato of the lowing work (oy Ngee Enum polemalwning Sess the abovementioned Pablo Chia: G) “Sefer Eber min ha-Haf,” on Gen. ix. 4: (@) “Issur we-Hetter,”a halakie work; (4) “Bet She‘arim,” on the le concerning mriage contacts and @) “Suaure Nolan on the blak cineoiog “A hve wor, wih the exxpton of the At, witch's sxtnt To manuseape Vata 2) Sr no ong neste, ane Sow oy By quae nae by ae de ates in sh "he gvon" (20 toy Gea fn alga CPS aa” 9.0) agora eso Ler, Tah Bea bauer, Les Rating Proncais p. si: Gross, im Monate. aaa ee Rate ve A Pe MORDECAT BEN JUDAH (MORDUSCH): Pash rin; vel hanks aie 8 Tote th aro with theca ot Abn tm abigtr, to wiih he mde note of hws CEnbin 50) othe same way eed het tera abot (oncom, 50H. Two ote Of the ios appeared evita ergy Btn Bch and mgus 105, and ra, 8) pea Sen ee Need hl ce = 1b‘Mordecai ben Judah ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 14 MORDECAI BEN JUDAH (ARYEH LOB) ASHKENAZI: Dutch ritualist; lived in Amster- dam in the early part of the seventeenth century. Ho was a disciple of Abraham Rovigo, whose com: mentary to the Zohar, “Bshel Abraham,” he ar- ranged and corrected. It was published, with the itled text, at Forth in 1701; his preface to it, et “Hakdamat Eshel Abraham,” was publish preceding year. He wrote zilso * Mikweh Yisracl,” a trestise on cireumeision in Judwo-German, which ‘appeared in 1710 with David of Lida’s “Sod Adonai” appended. BipLioGRreny: sleinerdneider, Cae, Bod co. tr Past, BSHd 8 alten, SiG nals ea 3 SL MORDECAI BEN JUDAH HA-LEVI: Chief mbbi of Caio, Bzypt; preacher and. Biblical commentator; flourished in. the seventeenth cen- tury; died at Jerusalem. “He was the author of “Darke No'am ” (Venice, 1698), respons on the four portsof the Shulhan ‘Arik, namely: 19 on the Orah Hayyin; 18 on the Yoreh’ De'ah; 68 on the Bben Ber; aud 87 on the Hoshen Mishpat. Tt was prefaced aud edited by his son Abraham ha-Levi Mordecai lett, besides, four works which are stil ‘npnblished: “Abodait ha-Kodesh,” a commentary on the Pentateuch, according to the commentaries of Rashi and Nalsinanides; “Mikra’e Kodesh,”ser- mons for holy days; “Toledot Adam,” sermons for the ceremonies of cireumeision, har mizwah, and marriage; and *Sof Adam,” funeral orations BInL.OGRAPHY: Azula Shem, he-Geitlin, iz Firs, BO iS tele eae Bo i We. M. Sex, MORDECAI BEN JUDAH LOB OF LEM, BERG: Commentator; lived in the latter part of the seventeenth eontury. He was rabbi of Dobri Bohemia, His commentary to the Pentateuch, “Mivamar Mordekai” (Dyhernfurth, 1719), was edited by his son Judah Lob, “shammash” of Breslau, Rininoamny: Steimsenneider, Caf. Bod col 10: Fi Bibtedied i Als: aula, Shen he-Gedotiny 155 Ben ob. oza hat-Sefarin, p82, No. Sie We. SIL MORDECAI HA-KOHEN OF SAFED: Cabalist and scholar; flousished in the second half of the sixteenth century. He was a pupil of the Jamous eabalist Ismael de Curiel, and a contemporary of R, Joseph di Trani, ‘The latter mentions him in his respons (f., No. 108). Mordecai wrote an alle- gorie-cabalistic commentary on the Pentateuch, en- tited “Sifte Kohen” (Venice, 1605; Wandsbeck, 1690), Bunuiognsris Azula tier Ca Bad 0 em Ha-Gedatimy, 8. Stelnsehnel- U0. MORDECAI MOKIAH (called also Mordecai of Eisenstadt): Shibbethaina proplict and false Messiah; born in Algice about 1650; died at Pres: burg May 18, 1729, The death of Shabbethai Zebi (1676) scems to have encouraged his followers, who claimed that he had retuned to his heavenly abode and would come back in three years to finish his Messianic task. ‘This doctrine ‘was preached by. Mordecat, who, through his ascetio life, his elo- followers. Italian cabalists, among thom Benjamin Cohen, rabbt of Reggio, eailed him to Italy about 1678, where he for a time was very popular. Some cause—perlaps fear of the Inquisition—forced him to leave Italy, where he hud begun to announce Limself as the Messiah, Te traveled as a preacher h Austria, Germany, and Poland, and finally returned to Hungary, where he seems to have lived a quiet life, as nothing further is known of him, His sou, Judah Lob Mokiah, an eminent mnidist, died in Preshurg Dee. 7, 174; the Iatter's sons were David Berry and Isaiah Benin, known also us “Isaiah Pick.” Gite, Geach. 20,4. x, 908-301, 430-4505 “fe 3 PASS, 10, D MORDECAI BEN NAPHTALI HIRSCH KREMSIR:: Polish commentator; died in Cracow 4070. He was a disciple of Shabbethai Sheftel His most important work is a commentary to Tar- gum Jonathan and Targum Yerushalmi—*Ketoret hha-Sammim” (Amsterdam, 1671). He wrote also “Iginah,” an elegy on the 120,000 Polish martyrs of 1648 (Lublin, 1650), and *Ketoret hia-Mizbeab,” a commentary on the haggadot in Berakat (2. 1660) Biguioonarny: Steasehnelder. Cat, Bot. col. 161; Fis TMI aad i Suse Lands “Aanmie ha ideas ce SL MORDECAI NATHAN, MAESTRi French physician; lived at Avignon in the middle of the fifteenth century. He corresponded Joseph Colon, who hglily praises his medial skill fand addresses him by the title 9999, a term whieh, according to some anthorities (Carmoly, “Histoire des Médceins Juifs," p. 126), meant “anaster,” but which, according ‘to others (Gross, in “Monats- selrift,” 1880, p. 518), was merely a title of respect. ‘Mordecai is doubtless identical with the mathe: matician Mordecai Nadi( Wolf, " Bibl. Hebr.” iv. 904), swith the astronomer Mordecai Nathan (Renan -New- bauer, “Les Eerivains Juifs Frangais,” p, 981), aad ‘with Maestro Mordecai Todros Nathan of Avignon, for whom Nathanael b. Nehemiah Caspi of Larges tidre copied in 1454 at Arles, France, Alfasi’s book on casuistics and other Talmudie works, He has been erroneously confounded with Isaac Nathan, author of the celebrated concordance, RAH: Renan Nha, Lee aie Prana a rans, ale Jules i, nen STOPS é 8K. MORDECAI BEN NATHAN BEN ELIA- KIM BEN ISAAC OF STRASBURG: French connnentator; lived at Corbeil about the end of the thirteenth century. Ale was the author of a com- mentary on the “Sefer Migwot hin-Katon (SeMaks),” publislied in the Constantinople edition, BimtioeRapuy: Gross, Gallla Judaien, p52, No.0 ne. TS. R. MORDECAI BEN NISSAN HA-ZAKEN: Karnite scholar; lived at Krasnoi-Ostroy, Polanc| in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, He studied under Joseph hen Samuel, hazzan of Kae Jisz, and David ben Shalom ha-Zaken, and atan early Braesoonaniey idbie wet ha16 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA ‘Mordecai ben Judah age became proficient both in ribbinical and in Kae raite literature, Mordecai is chiefly known through his work “Dod Mordekai” (Vienna, 1880), writ- ten in answer to four questions addressed in 1698 to David ben Shalom ha-Zaken by Jacob Trugland, professor of theology at the University of Leyden. ‘hese four questions were: (1) Is the Karaite sect fdentical with that which existed at the time of the Second Templo under the name “Salducees,” or did it originate with Anan, as the Rabbinites assert ? @) Was Aquila, the proselyte, to whom Menahem, ‘Kala'i had addressed letters, identical with the Greck translator or with the author of the Targum? (@) Ts the “Moreh Abiaron” identical with the “Sefer ha- Mizwot” of Aaron ben Elijah of Nieomedia; if not, who was {ts author? (4) Has the Karaite Bible any variants from the Rabbinite Bible, and what is the prevailing belief among the Karaites with regard to * the time of the introduction of vowels and accents? ‘Mordecai divided his work into twelve chapters, each of which hears the name of a Jewish tribs ‘To the first question he answered that, although the Karaite sect is not identical with that of the Sad. Aucees, it nevertheless existed at the time of the Second ‘Temple. He divided the history of the ‘Karaites into three epoclis: the first beginning with the formation of a separate congregation without any external distinetion from other congregations, in the time of Simeon ben Shetah; the second be- ginning with Anan, who made anopen stand against the Talmudists; and the third beginning with the Fourteenth century, when the first traces of the de- cline of Karnism began to bo felt, ‘The second question is left unanswered, ‘The name “ Mena- hem,” he says, is nowhere to be met with except in the “Mibhar,” and there is, therefore, no informa tion concerning his personality. As to the author of the Targum, Mordecai knows him only through the Rabbinite authorities, “The third question is answered satisfactorily, aud Mordecat gives hy the way information of the Karaite works found in Po. land. ‘The Kataite Bible, he says, in answer to the fourth question, does not vary from that of the Rabbinites; and the vowels and aceonts are believed to have been transmitted to Moses on Mount Sinai, Here Mordecai cites Azariah dei Rossi aud displays a vast Imowledxe of rabbinical literature. In addition, Mordecai wrote: “Sefer Ma'amar ‘Mordckai,” a commentary on the “ Mibhar” of Aaron ben Joseph; “Derok hn-Yam,” dissertation on a passage of the *Mibhar” to Gon. ix. 21; “Kelalim| ‘Yafim,” an elementary Hebrew grammar; “Yad Adonai,” the subject of which is not known; “Le- Dush Malkut,” on the differences between the Rab- Vinites and the Karaites; liturgical poems, some of which have been ingurted in the Karaite ritual, Jost, Geeeh es Tudenthyme und Seiner ‘Seiten ard ct ney. Fart Geach ee Rartiont ik a 3 Neubauer, tu dar Polorburger Bibtathels 96 eb L Br. MORDECAI B, SHABBETHAL (called also Mordecai he-Arak = “the tall”): Liturgical Poet of the thirteenth century; a native either of Ttaly or of Greece. His penitential prayers (*seli- are remarkable both for their form and for their clear, flowing language, have been incor- porated into the German, Roman, and Karaite uals, Binusoorarny: Zunz, Literaturgesch, pp. 0-2, We. TZ. 0. MORDECAI ZEMAH B. GERSHON (SONCIN). Seo Soxers. MORDO, LAZARE: Physician and hon- orary mbbi of Corfu; born 1744; died 1828; studied at Venice and Padua. In 1814 he was appointed chief physician of the island of Corfu, and hie was esteemed both by the government and by the entire population for his learning and philanthropy, At his death the eminent Corfiote poct Delviniotti com- posed a beautiful elegy in his honor. Lazare Mordo left numerous works in manu. script; his “ Nozfoni Miscellanee Interno a Corcira” (Corfu, 1809) was dedicated to his friend Emanule ‘Theotoky, president of the Senate, in which he gives the names of Corfu physicians who had preceded ‘him, including several Jews, >, M. Pa—M. © MORENO (MORENU): Acconing totheinter- pretation of Moses ibn Habib, a proper name, which was adopted as a family name by Spanish-Portus gueso, Jews. “Te fmquently occurs 14 connection ‘with *Paz,"*Shalom," and“ Hlenriquez.” Families Dearing this mame were living in the seventeenth century in Bayonne, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg: and others which have adopted it stil exist in Turkey. ‘David Shalom Moreno: Son of Abraham Shalom Moreno; the latter died at Bayonne 1684 and was called also Tis de Paz. David yvas celebrated for his wisdom and ‘Paluae learn ing Gabriel Moreno: Member of the Acatemia de los Floridos, founded in Amsterdam 1685, Jacob Isaac Morenu: Physician in Amster- am; died there June 21, 1667. Tn Oct, 1063, the ave his approbation to ‘the little book * Ortho: graphia Castellana” hy Abraham da Fonseca, His grave is marked by a noble monument, upon which {sa coat of arms consisting of helmet surmounted by-a counts coronet Tacob Tsrasl Moreno: Lived in Amsterdam; mentioned as the writer of a sonnet Moses Moreno Henriquez: Representative of Hakam Daniel Belillos ia the Maskil el Dal phian tiropie society’ in Amsterdam, to which Gabriet Moreno and the brothers Isaac and Jacob, sons of Mattathias Moreno, also belonged. BinuogRaPHY: A. Jelinek, Kontres ha-dMaskin py. 19 ‘deme anti eh ts 880, He de Case i at Grafton p98 Maering Bab. Baek dp >. ME MORENU (lit. “our teacher"): Term used since ‘the middle of the fourteenth century as a tithe for rabbis and Talmudists; and the abbreviation n'a S71 350 13709) was placed before the name of the scholar in question. "Thus. the abbreviation Bony (*MallaRatt”) stands for “Moron da-Raby R. Mets," or". Moses,” and # MaHlaRiB for “Mo: rent JntRab R. Jacob Levi.” ‘This title was frstMoresheth-gath Monan ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLO! A. 16 used in Germany, and after R. Mete b, Baruk. ha- Levi, rabbi of Vienna (1860-90), had revived the ancient custom of ordination (*semikal"), every fone ordained as rabbi received the degree of mo- rent, The thst who bore this title were, according: to David Gans, R, Shalom of Austria, rabbi of ‘Wiener-Neustadt, and R. Jacob Motta (MaHaRiL). Te ean not be determined detinitely why a. special title was applied to rabbis, or why the term *mo: rena” was chosen, Isine Abravanel says in his conmentary on Abot v. 1 that the German rabbis: conferred the title of morenu upon their scholarly: pupils as an equivalent for the degree of doctor gninted by the uuiversities. Zunz thinks (*Z. G." pp. 185 ef seg.) that the title was intended to add to the rabbinical dignity, for the title of rabbi had lost its significance of “scholar” or * master,” sine it had become customary to bestow it, perhaps in opposition to the Karaites, upon every Rabbinite Jew, even though he was not a scholar. ‘The candi Gate for the degree of moremu receives it upon suc~ cessfully passing an examiuation in the Talmnd and the “poskim.” He is then ealled upou by this title to read the lesson from the Torah, and since the dugree testities to his rabbinteal and Talmudic scho!- arship, lie is thereby empowered to decide ques- tions of religious law, to perform marriages, and to ‘enunt divorees. Formerly the title of morenu was, conferred only upon married men—so that Jonathan Eybeschitty, was prevented from granting it to Moses Mendelssol while the latter was unmarried (Kerem Hemed,” iif, 223)—and the dignity was generally conferred upon the candidates on the day of their marriage (Epbmiim Luntschitz, *‘Olelot Efrayim,” on aphorism 868), but it is now given to unmarried men as well. Every ordained rabbi has the power to grant it; and it occasionally appens that it is conferred as an honorary title in recogni- tion of services rendered to a community, even though the recipient may not be distinguished for Jewish learning. See Man, BintioonaPity : David Gans, Zemah Dawid, p. 42, Prank. orgie ein Toe Zui 2s". pts Fas rte, Gece wh 10 cto: Glen, De Neugadihinig dek Hahinerieesens cn hela, ti Stowatssehr t/t 304 Dp aad Vdd MORESHETH-GATH (n} nen = “posses sion of Gath”): City in Palestine, apparently the native place of the prophet Micah; mentioned in connection with Lachish, Achzib, Mareshab, and other towns of the lowland (“‘shefelah®) of Judah (Mie, i, 13-15). Jerome (Onomasticon,” s.0. * 3fo- rasthi,” and prologue to his commentary on Micah) places this city at a short distance east of Elenther- polis, and states that in his time it was still a vil- lage of moderate size, containing a church built icah'stomb, Robinson (“ Rescarches,” il, 498) eoncludes that it must have been near Maresh, while Thomson (“The Land and Book,” i, 360) thinks these two towns are identical. ‘The text of ‘Micah (L¢,), however, clearly differentiates them. ‘Among the Jewish commentators, only Ibn Ezra and David Kimbi consider Moresheth-gath as the name of a place; the Targum of Jonathan (to Mie. i, 14) and Inter commentators, among them Rashi, translate these two words by “those who caused ‘you to inherit: Gath,” meaning the family of David. Wellliausen detaches “Moresheth” from Gath,” rendering the passage in Micah (2c.) by “Thou must lot go Moresheth, 0 Gath.” ® 2M. Ser, MORGENLAND, ALTES UND NEUES: Monthly magazine published in Basel, Switzerland. Tt was edited by Samuel Preiswerk wnd appeared for six years (1883-44), Its contents were exclu: sively exegetienl in character; indeed, the periodieal was desigued “for the friends of Holy Writ.” 6 ALM F MORGENSTERN, KARL: German landseape- painter; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main Oct. 25, 1812; died there Jan. 10, 1898, Hereceived his edu cation in art in the Munich Academy of Arts, and in 1834 visited the Bavarian highlands and Italy. ‘OF his paintings the following may be mentioned: “ Ansieht von Neapel”; “Bai von Bajac"; “Meer= busen von Villafranea ei Nizza” (1848; now in ‘Stidel’s Museum), ‘BymuooRaray: Singer, Ally. Kunstler-Lesicon. s o MORGENSTERN, LINA (1d Bauer): Ger- ‘man authoress and communal worker; born in Bres- Tau Nov. 25, 1880, The Revolution of 1848 led her to interest herself in the political and social situa. tion, Tn 1854 she married Theodor Morgenstern of Kalisz, and the young couple moved to Berlin, where Morgenstern established a manufacturing house, When, in 1859, the women's socioty for the promotion of Froebel kindergartens was Founded, Mrs, Morgenstern became one of the ‘Multifari- first mombers of its board of directors. ‘ous Ao- In 1860 she published “Das Paradies tivity. der Kindhelt,” the frst German text= ook of Frocbel’s method, whfeh has reached its fifth edition. At the same time she pub- Hished “Aus der Storchstrasse" and “Die Plauder: stunden,” From 1861 to 1866 she was president of ‘a women’s society which supported eight kinder- ‘gartens, a seminary, and «ehildren’s nursery-school, besides conducting mothers’ meetings. hr 1866 she retired from this position to found the society for instituting popular kitchens, to which she still (1904) devotes her activity as honorary president, and director of the local board. Its system of kitel ens serves as a model botit in Germany and abroad. Tn 1868 Mrs, Morgenstern founded the Children’s School Union, which is still in existence, and in 1809 an academy for the higher education of young: ladies, In 1873 eho founded the Berlin iow: keepers’ Union, of which she is still director, ‘This society has conducted a cooking-school since 1978 (for which Mrs, Morgenstern has written all the text- books), a free employment agency, a premium fund for worthy servants, an old-age pension fund, ete. Tn 1881 she founded a society for the rescue and education of girls discharged from prison, which was, changed iu 1887 into a society for the bringing up of poor girls. In 1897 Mrs, Morgenstern began giving courses in sanitary housekeeping and nurs- ing the sick, In 1895 she became a member of the board of directors of the German societies for the preservation of peace, and she is now vice-president~Y 4 417 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Movosheth-gath onan of the Alliance des Femmes pour Ia Paix. In 1806 she convened the first international woman's con- lsress at Berlin, at which 1,800 delegates were present from all parts of the worl. ‘Mrs. Morgenstern has published, besidesa number of novels and the writings whlel have been men- tioned above, the following works, all printed in Bor- lin: “Die Volksktichen ” (4th ed., 1882); “ Der Beruf dies Weibes” (1869); “Koclrezepte der Berliner ‘YVolksktiche” (4th ed., 1883); “ Universalkochbueh, fiir Gesunde und Kranke” (1881); “Friedrich Fro: el’s Leben und Wirken ” (1882); “Die Menschliche Erniirupg und die Kulturhistorische Bntwiekelung, der Kochkunst” (1889); “Frauen des 19. Jahrhun- desta” (1888); and “Die Frauenarbeit in Deutsch- land® (1803). Sinee 1874 sho has also published “Die Deutsche Hausfrauen Zeitung,” and from 1888 to 1804 she issued a monthly magazine for young girls. Tn 1900 Mrs. Morgenstern celebrated her seven- tieth birthday, receiving many tokens of regard aud of recognition of her activities and beneficent works, Bintsocnapity: Arla, Zeit. dew Jud. Nov. M1900; Meyers ‘Rnoerantton Leon . MORGULIS, MICHAEL (MIKHAIL GRI- GORYEVICH): Russian jurist and author: born at Berdychey March 25, 1887, His parents, who were well-to-do people, gave him a good education, and during his early training in the heder he dis. played remarkable ability. Entering the rabbinical School at Jitomir, he proved himself a very apt stu- dent; anid as a senior he wrote a defense of the school, the modern poliey of which had been attacked by the Orthodox party. This frst literary produ ion of Morgulis was sent to the Ministry of Pub: lic Edueation, Graduating in 1861, he wished to cuter the university, but having been educated In A government school, he was obliged to become a government rabbi. Thapksto the powerful support of Pirogov, who saw mueh promise in Morgulis, he was enabled after three years to enter the University of Kiev. In 1864 he registered for the law course, and while still inthe university published ocea- sional articles (# Zadiki-Chudotvortzy,” * Drevnyaya iNovaya Kaballa,” ete.). In 1887 he published a collection of his more important articles, such as “Frank i Frankisty,” “Ocherk Ugolovmavo Sudo: proizvodstva u Drevnikh Yevreyey,” and in 1869 presented his thesis “O Pravye Naslyedovaniya po ‘Moiseyevui Talmudicheskomu Zakouodatelstv.” Ta the same year Morgulis moved to Odessa and at once took an active part in the communal life of that city, Among the organizations with which he has been conneeted are the Society for the Promo: tion of Culture, the Agricultural Fund, the Pales- tinian Society, and the Rabbinical Commission. No important communal affair is disposed of without his advice; and ho is considered an authority on legal matters concerning the Jews of Russia, For the last twenty-seven years he has been at the head of the Jewish industrial school Tzud; and it was due to his efforts that a model farm for educational purposes was established in connection with the Odessa orphan asylum. Morgults ocenpies a promi- neat position among the jurists of Odessa. He 1X2 ‘was for a long time secretary of the local lawyers’ organization. ‘Morgulis’ collection of articles, published in 1889 and reprinted fom a number of periodicals, deals With many sides of Russo-Jewish life. Special Inention should be made of hs article on the his tory of education among the Jews in Russia, avd of those entitled “Samoosvobozhdeniye 1 Sumoo- trecheniye,” in “Yevrel Obzor,” 1884-85; " Ragal i Magdeburgskoye Pravo,” in“ Den,” 1871, s.r; " Ko- robochny Sbor,” in *Yevreiska Bibliotheca,” St. Petersburg, 1873, and of a lengthy report written by him, atthe iustance of the Society for the Promotion of Culture Among the Jews of Russia, for the Palen ‘commission then investigating the Jewish question, Uipuioonarays 8,8. Rabon. Sogiemenne Kuko- Te Ie JG. b. MORIAH (7p, W909): 1. A district in Pales. tine containing several mountains, on one of which ‘Abraham was commanded by God to sacrifice his son Tsane (Gen. xxii.9). 2. A mountain at Jerusa- Jem on which Ornan the Jebusite had a chrashing- floor and on which Solomon later built the Temple (I Chron, iii. 1). It is very likely that the Chron- icler identified the mountain of the Temple with that of the sacrifice of Isaac, as he points out that Solo- mon built the Temple on a mountain of a highly sacred character, since Abraham had several cen- turies previously built there an altar on which the ‘AREDaM took place. Shortly before the erection of Solomon's Temple an altar had been built there by David (comp. II Sam. xxiv. 29), ‘The Rabbis positively identified these two places as the same, haming Jerusalem “land of Moriah” (Gen. te.) om ccount of the Mount Moriah situated therein. ‘As to the meaning’of the name, the Rabbis ad- vanced various interpretations, ¢g.: “ the teaching- place” (771), in allusion to the Temple us the seat of the Sanhedrin; “the place of fear” (sem), the ‘Temple causing fear to the heathen; “the phice of myreh ” (9¥9; comp. Wyn WA, Cant. fv. 6), referring to the myrrh and otherspices which were burned on thealtar (Yer. Ber. iv. 5; Tu'an. 161; Pest. R. 40 [ed. Friedmann, p. 1675]; Gen, R-Iv.9; Tav., Wayera, 45). Ttis apparently after the last-named interpre: tation that the Targums of Onkelos and pseudo: Jonathan (to Gen, Ze.) render AVDA PAX by NINN sondiay (=land of worship”; comp. Rashi ad wc.), ‘The Samaritan text has maTwoA. which is rendered by the Samaritan Targum ann (= *vi- sion”), a reading which agrees with Gen. xxii. 8,14. In the Peshitta the Moriah of Genesis is rendered by “the land of the Amorites,” while that of IT Chron. iii. 1 is cited as “Moriah; in the Septuagint the former is riv piv tiv jymdjy (= EMA PAN): the latter, "Ayepia. Modern scholars who distinguish between these two places advance different. theories as to the meaning of the word “Moriah.” Wellliausen reads in Gen, fe. DMBT PIN (= “the Tand of the Hamor- ites”), i-e., Shechem (see Gen. xxxiv.; Judges 8); Tach identities it with the Moreh of Gen. sii. G.also near Shechem. Both theories agree with the Samaritan tmdition that the sacrifice of Isaac took phice on Mount Gerizim near Shechem (*Z, D. P.Morita Morocco ‘V." vi, 198, vii, 188; comp. neye. BIDI.” se, and Bd, King ii, 98). Cheyne and Black, 1 “Hebraica,” M, Se MORITZ, ALBERT: American naval engineer: born at Cincinnati, Ohio, June 8, 1860, He was educated at the College of the City of New York, gruliating in 1877; iu, that yeur he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, from whiel he graduated fm 88E. Zn 1888 he be" ‘eame commissioned assistant engineer; in 18M passed assistant engineer; in 1889 lieutenant; and in 1908 licutenant-commander. At present (1904) he holds the position of chief engineer of the U. 8. 8. “Alt ama.” In 1900 he was commencled for gallant eon- duet while sorving with the U. 8. 8. * Yosemite,” which was wreeked in w typhoon off Guam, in the Braiocearuy: American Jewieh Pear Bool, 191-5. as FT. MOROCCO (called among the Arabs Al-Magh- rib al-Alkga = “the extreme west”): Sultanate in northvvestem Africa. In antiquity it formed a eon- siderabie part of Mauritania, The latter was arig- nally an independent kingdom, but in the year 42 of the common em it was made a Roman prov- ince and divided into Mauritania Tingitana, in the west, corresponding approximately to the Moree: co of to-day, and Mauritania Gesariensis, in the cast, corresponding to the greater part of the mod em Algeria, Mauritania, as indeed the whole of northern Africa, appears'to have been settled by Tevvish colonists even before the destruction of the ‘Tomple. Indefinite and fabulous tr ‘Traditions ditions eoveerning such early settle of Early ments have been handed down among Settlement. the Berber Jews of the Atlas and Rif mountains, the districtof Sus, and the ‘oasis of Tafilet and many other oases of the western regions. ‘These Jews may be regarded as the de- scendants of dose early settlers, ‘The Jewish eol- nists of Borion assign their first settlement in the country to the time of Solomon, claiming that he himself built their synagogue, which in the sixth century was transformed into a church hy Emperor Justinian (Neubauer, “ Where Are the Ten Tribes?” in*J.Q. 1.75.28). Davidson, who traveled through, e Atlas region and beeame acquainted with the Jews there, says they elain that their ancestors all left Jerusalem before its destruction and did not gos exiles to Babylon, and that they pretend never fo have heard of Jesus of Nazareth (Andrée, * Zur Yolkskunde der Juden,” p. 197). ‘These traditions re to somo extent supported by the existence of Hebrew inscriptions in the provinee of Fez. (Ta Kiebanon,” iii. 110; Neubauer, Ze), in Volubilis, in the extreme west of Mauritania near what was aftorwaril called “Fen” (Sehtrer, “ Geseh.” fii, 265 P, Berger, in * Bulletin ArehGolowique du Comité des ‘Traveanx Historiques et Seientifiques,” No. i, pp. 64 ef ay., Paris, 1802), in Al-Hamada, in thesouth- ‘em part of the province of Tafilet (Horowitz, * Ma- rokko," p. 205, Leipsie, 1887; Henry 8, Morais, “The Daggatonns,” p. 9, Philadelphia, 1882), snd, itis claimed (Morais, .), in Tementit (comp. JE Exeve. iv. 562, 0, DiasPons). ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 18 When the Jews began to spread over the Roman empire after the dissolution of the Jewish state (70), many of them doubtless settle in ‘Under the Mauritania, which provines the Ro- Romans. mans wished to elvilize, These ders engaged in agriculture, entth raising, and tmdes, They were divided into bodies. akin to tribes, governed by their respective leads, and had to pay the Romans a eapitation-tax of 3 shickels Mareus Fischer (“Toledot Yesburun: Gesch. der Juden Unter Regierung Mobadis und Imam Eiiris,” Prague, 1817), and, following him, D. Cants (“Essai sur I'Histoire des Israétitos dé Tunisie,” pp. 28 et se9., Paris, 1889) have much more to say concemmiug these newcomers, their relations to tho old inhabitants, their religious and eivil life, their habits and customs, basing their statements on the verbal communications of “native historians.” As Fischer, however, does not give his sources in. detail, his information can be used only with eau- "Tt is not known whether the Jews of Afwuri- tania were in communication with their coreligionists in Palestine and Babylon; ut, since the Talmud has some acquaintance with the customs of the Mauritanians (Yeb. Gab), such a conmunieation dos not seem wholly improbable, Under the domiuion of the Romans and (after 429) of the Vandals the Maurtantan Jews inereasett and prospered to sul a degroo that Chureh councils of Africa found it necessary to take a stand against them, ‘The Justinian edicéof persceution for north- em Africa, issued after the Vandal rule had been overthrown and Mauritania had come under the dominion of the Byzantines (534), was directed against the Jows as well as the Arians, the Dona- tists, and other dissenters (E. Mercier, “Histoire de FAftique Septentrionale,” i. 167, Paris, 1888). In the seventh eontury the Jowish population of Man= ritania received as further accession from Spain ‘those who wished to esenpe west-Gothie lewislation, At the end of the same century, at the time of the ‘great Arabian conguosts in northwestern Africa, there were in Mauritania, according to the Arab historians, many powerful Berber tribes whieh pro- fesse Judaism. It would be very interesting to know, although difficult to decide, whether these tribeswere originally of Jewish mee and hal become assimilated with the Berbers in language, lmbles, mode of life—in short, in everything exeept rel ion—or whether they wore native Berbers who in the course of centuries had been converted hy Jew ish settlers, However this may have been, they at any mate shared the lot of their non-Semitie breth ren in the Berber territory, and, like them, fought, against the Arab conquerors. Te was the Berher Jewess Dallyah, or Pamia, known as Kaurvait, who aroused her people in the Avres, the eastern spurs of the Atlas, toalastalthough fruitless resist- fanee to the Arab general Hasan fhe Nu'man, and herself died (708) the death of a heroine (Tow Khaldun, i. 207 et sey., ii 198 ef son. Moreler, 2c. 1. 212 et seg. August, Mal Jer, “Der Islam im Morgen- md Abendland,” 4 490). As in the Hellenic: kinds of Christendom, so also in Mauritania, Judaism involuntarily prepared Berber ‘Jews.19 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Moritz ‘Morocco the way for Islam; and the conversion of the Ber- ers to Islam took place so much the more easily. Many’ Jewish tribes of the Berbers also accepted Islam, some being forced thereto, others persuaded by the fact that the enemy had been successful. Nevertheless many Jewish Berber tribes have sur vived to the present day in their old habitations in the mountains of Morocco and in the oases of the desert, although as regards customs and mode and views of life they have been greatly influenced by. shim, In language and external appearance they ‘are wholly Berber. In recent times (1851) a Moroe- ean Jew, Mordecai Abu Surur, has given informa. tion concerning such a Jewish Berbor tribe known, as the Dacesrus, whoso members are very nu- merous and spread over the whole desert, although residing chiefly among the Tuaregs in the oasis of ‘Ajnj. According to their own traditions, these Daggatimn have lived in the Sahara since the end of the seventh century, when they were driven out of ‘Tementit, their early home and the former capital of the Jewish Ber ‘withdrew, beense they were horrified atthe spilling OF blood among, those of their own tribesmen who ‘vere hostile to Idris aud also Deeiuse they had been Inde suspicious by an officer i Tris ariny who wished to revenge himself upon dels for adultery committed with his wife. Tho victorious Idris, | Nowever, took revenge by again falling upon them | inticireities,-Afteran unsecessful resistance they | hiad to conclude a peace with him, according to Thich chey were required to pay an annual expt Tion-tux and to provide twenty-four virginsannally for lars’ havi. Later traditions attsibnie even Stil greater indignities inflicted on the Jewesses of Morocco by the lust of Tris (Mareus Fischer, le. pp. 82 ef ag). Idris Th, successor of Irs Tal Towed tho Jows to scttle jaa special quarter of his capital, Feu (foanded $08) in return for a tax of 501000 dinars; inoue of te many versions of the narrative of the founding of the city a Jew is men~ tioned (see Faz). Moreover, at the end of the sev- tenth century, under Tris I, Jews could settle in ‘ilferent ites ers, because they ‘would not accept Islam, ‘There is said to Doasimilar tribe celled the Ma- Jhajri_ more to. ward the cast (Horowitz, “Mla rokko,” p. 0, Leipsie, 1887; comp, JEW. EN- ove, iv, 410, ae Dacaarun). ‘When, at the ‘end of the sev. enth centur Morocco cane under the do- minion of the Arabs, or of the Arabian califate of Bagdad, another incursion of Arb Jews into Morocco took place. ‘The Moraecan Jews, like all other Jews in the Islamic em pire, were subject to the Pact of Omar. The de- pendence of Maracco upon the eal ‘Under the ifateof Bazdud ceased in the year 788, Tdrisids. when, under tho Imam Idris, the dynasty of the Klrisids, the descend: ants of Ali, was founded and proclaimed its inde- pendent rule over Morocco, ‘The Jews undertook a political rdle in the history of the subjection of Mo- roceo to Haris, the founder of this dynasty. After hie had conquered Tangier and Volubilis, he wished to induce the Jewish tribes, which were inclined to remain faithful to the calif of Bagdad, to join bis army... To make them more pliant to his wishes he feansed them to be attacked and robbed in some of, their cities, as in Temesna, Chella, and Magada, whereupon the Jows of Tudla, Fazaz, and Shan- sviyah joined Idris’ army wnder their general Beu: jamin ben Joshaphat ben Abiezer, After the com= ined army had met with some successes, the Jews ‘ranater (evn pi "Types of Moroeeun Jewesses. ‘of the realm by paying the above-men- tioned capil tion-tax (* Raud al tran Beaumior:* His- tolre des Souve- rains du Magh- reb,” Dp. Pari, 1860). ‘The _ pos of the Jews was fon the whole favorable under the later Tdri- ids; under the Aghlabites, who overthrew” the Idriside. in. 086: under the Zirids, | who drove out the Aghlabites: as also under the Ale | ori our Yt Tesi, sete the rr) government in 1062 and who provided many Jews vith new homes, through the foundation in 1062 vesidential elty Marrakesh (Morocco). | of their now Indeed, in the period from 900 to Intellee- about 1150 an activity in the intel- ‘tual lectnal life of the Jewish commu Activity. nities may be traced in many Moroc- ean cities, ‘The most important com= munity was that of Fez, to which Jupair 15s Kvnaisrt sent au open letter in regard to the study’ of the Talmud, and with which the geonim Sherira, ‘and Hai ben ‘Sherira carried _on a halakic corr spondence (Zunz, “Ritus,” p. 58; comp. also Har- Kary, “Teshnibot la-Ge'onim,” No. 47, p. 24; No. 886, p. 200). Hero in Fex the father of the gaon Sastcet, mx Horr was activeas a Talmud st and ab bet din (Zune, Le. p. 191; Steinschnetder, “Hebr, Bibl.” xx. 182). ere, in the tenth ecutury, were born the philologists Dunas nex Launar and Judah bea David Haxvur (¢. 950) and, in theyear 1018, in a village near Fez, the hulakist Isoae ‘Aurast; all these were educated in Fez, Here the ‘writings of Sandia appeat to have been studied ; for two scholars of Fer—Abudani and David—brought, thence Saadia’s * Yerirah * commentary to Kairwan Tor Jacob ben Nissim (see “Orient, Lit.” 1845, vi 363), who had not previously known of the work. Segelmesa, like Fez, had an academy, whose rosh det din at one time was Joseph ben Amram. ‘The latter sent his learned pupils toone of the aealemies of Babylon in order to obtain legal decisions (see Harkavy, Le. Nos, 63, 288, pp. 88 efp.). Tewasalso in Segeiniesa that Solomon ben. Nathan in the elev enth or twellth century wrote his siddur in Arable swith a philosophieal introduction (Neubauer, * Cat Boal, Hebr. MSS.” Nos. 896-899), the dependence of which work upon that of Sautia leads to the eon- clusion that the latter’s influence lad taken root in Africa at an early period Gunz, Le. pp. 2-54) Abraliam fbn Bzra in an elegy on the trials of the Jews in Spain and in the northern part of Africa appears to have extolled Segelmesa with good rea- son asa eity of wise men and of Talmudic learn- ing (Neubauer, in Isr. Lotterbode,” vi. 82; Jacob Egors, “Divan des Abra- ham iu Ezra,” p. 69, No. 169, Berlin, 1886), Tn the same poem Dra‘a (Drah) appears asa seat of Jew= {sh learning, together with Ceuta and Mequines, From Dra‘aa certain Mar Dunnsh addressed halakie ‘questions to Tsane Alfasi (Goo Harkavy, Le. No, 443, p. 285). Harkavy re. marks (Le. p. 892) that if this Dunash is identical ‘with the Dunash living in Seville, who is mentioned by Joseph ibn Migash, he, ag well as Alfasl, must have emigrated from northern Africa to the south of Spain, The Jews of Morocco were of course chiefly Rabbinites, although in Dra‘a and Fez there were a few Kuraites (Neubauer, “ Where Ate the Ten Tribes?” in “J. Q. 1.” i. 110). ‘The tolerance enjoyed by tho tribute-paying Jews and Christians in the cities of Morocco eame to an end under the intolerant dynasty of the stern Al- mohades, who came into power in 1148. Non-Mo- hammedans were to be tolerated no longer; Jews and Ciiristians were compelled either to accept Islam or to leave the countey Here, as in other parts of northern Africa, many Jews who shrank from emigrating pretended to embrace Is- lam, Maimonides, who was staying in Fez with his father, is said to have written to the communities ‘Under the Almo- hades. ‘Moroocan Fewer. (Goon eeash) to comfort and encourage bis brethren and follow believers in this sore time of oppression (see Ibn Verga, “Shebet Yehuda,” ed. Wiener, p, 50). In the above-mentioned elegy of Abraham ibn Ezra, which appears to have been written at the com: mencement of the period of the Almohacles, and whieh is found in a. Yemen siddur among the knot preseribed for the Ninth of Ab, the Moroccan cities Ceuta, Mequinez, Dra'a, Fez, and Segelmesa are es pecially emphasized as being exposed to great per scoution, Joseph ha-Koen (*“Emek lna-Bake,” eu Wieuer, p. 20) relates that no remnant of israel was left from Tangier to Mehedia. Moreover, the later Almohades were no Ionger content with the repetition of a mere formula of belief in the unity of God and in the prophetic calling of Mobamnied. Abu Yusuf Ya'kub al-Mansur, the third Almoliadie prince, suspecting thesineerity of thesup posedly eon verted Jews, compelled, them to wear distinguish: ing garments, with a very noticeable yellow cloth for ahead-covering ; from that, time forward the clothing of the Jews formed anime portantsubject inthe legal regulations concerning them (see Banger). ‘The reign of the Almohades on the whole (1146-1269) exercised a most disas- trous aud enduring influ ence on the position of the Moroccan ews. Already branded externally, by their clothing, as. tunbe- lievers, thoy furthermore Decame the objects of uni- versal scorn and of violent despotic eapriees and out of this condition they have not succeeded in raising themselves, even down to the present day. After the Almohades the Morinids ruled in Mo: rocco until they were over- thrown by the Saadites in the fifteenth century During the murderous svenes which were enacted in 1391 in Seville and were Fepeated in a large part of Spain and then across the sea.in Majorca, the Spanish Jews were glad tosvizethe first opportunity to emigrate to the northern coast of Africa in order to eseape the alternate Immigra- evils, death or the acceptance of tion of Christianity. A hundred years later Spanish when the Jews were driven out of and Portu- Spain (1492) and Portugal (1496), the gueseJews. surlden inroad upon Morocco and the whole of northern Africa was repeated ‘on avery much larger scale. ‘This unexpected flood of Spanish immigrants, which soon caused over: crowding in the larger cities of Moroceo, aroused luneasiness oth among the Mobammesans, who feared au increase in the price of necessities, andamong the Jews already settled there, who had hitherto barely succeeded in guining a livelihood by following handierafts and in petty commerce. Tn addition to this unfriendly reception, the neweomers had to endure much from both great and small rulers ‘ager for booty, as well as from the rough Moorish population (see Tn Verga, fe. pp. 185 ef sey). Tn Sale in 1442 many Jewesses were outinged ; and in, ‘Aleazar-kebir the Jews were robbed of all they pos: sessed. Many died of hunger or fell a prey to ions; some returned to Spain (1d. p. 286); most fied to Fez, where now trials awaited them. A. terrible conflagration occurred in the Jewish quarter of that city, from whieh the his- torian of these events, Abraham ben Solomon of ‘Torrutiel, then eleven years of age, escaped (see his “Sefer ha-Kabbalah” in Neubauer, “M. J.C." 4, 112 of aeg.). A famine broke out soon after the fire, during which more than 20,000 Jews died in and around Rez. Note withstanding these unto- ward events, the secret JewsorMammos who were loft in Spain and Portugal ‘and who were determined toromain true to theirfaith ‘under all circumstances so little feared the dangers aud trials of removing to & foreign country that Emanuel the Great, King of Portugal (1495-1521), felt obliged to forbid the Jews to emigrate, espe cially to territory under the dominion of tie Moors, ‘without expressroyal per mission, ‘This prokibition ‘was contained in two ord nunees dated respectively April 20 and April. 2, 1499. ‘Nevertheless with the ald of money and the exorcise of shrewdness many Maranos succeeded in escaping to Africa, A. certain Gongalo of Loulé was heavily fined because (Gm para Sexes of Tangier. Horace he stn a iar Herron, New Yo) slons on the Moroccan coast and to gaia new ones. Through the strategy of a Jewish physician the Portiyguese in 1508 succeeded in conquering the old seaport town of Saffee, which had a large number of Jewish inhabitants and which, ebiefly through them, Dad become an important commercial conter (i. pp. 155 et sp.). Too years later the same city, upon the reconquest of which the Moors hud steadily intent, was besieged by a large Moorish army. ‘Thereupon two Portuguese Jews, Tsae Bencemero und a certain Ismail, brought assistance to the besieged with two ships manned by corelig- fonists and equipped at their own cost (i; soe Bexcenzno, Isaac), In Saifee the Jews were al- lowed to live as such bby Emanuel’s permission; Iso in Avail (after 1583), Which iad Tong been a Portuguese possession. In the quarrels which alter- ward took place between the Moors and the gov- ernors of Azamur (1320), Abraham ben Zamairaand Abraham Cazan, the most intluential Jew’ in Aza- rmur( 1588), served the Por- tuguese as negotiators (i, p.161).. ‘The Jews Abre hhamand Samuel Cabega of Moroceo also had dealings with the Portuguese gen- erals. When, in 1578, the young king Sebastian ‘with almost his whole army met death, and Por. ttuzil sew the end of her glory, at Aleazarkebir, the few nobles who re- rained were taken eaptive and sold tothe Jews in Fez and Moroeeo, ‘The Jews received tho Portuguese is, thefr former coune en, into their hoses yy Hospitably and let riaay of them go free on the promise that they woud send back thei ra som from Portugal (0. p. 260). ‘The numerous newly immigrated Jews, he secretly transported Neo-Chiristians from Algarvé | whose descendants have faithfully adhered to the, to Al-Amish on the coast of Morocco (K “Gesch. der Juden in Portugal,” pp. 143 et #7, Berlin, 1803). A new group of Marinos was brought to Morocco through the definite establishment of the Inquisi tion in Portugal under Pope Paul IH. Relation of in 1986 (i. p.217). But in spite of all Portu- the suffering which Portugal nd gueseJows. brought upon the Jews, there yet re mained enough patriotism in thelearts of her rejected Jewish sons to cause them to help thelr foriner oppressors to preserve their old posses: of their Spanish dialect down to the present ‘and who far surpassed the older Jewish inhab- itants of Morocco in education and in intellectual acquirements, come into the foreground in the fol- lowing period of the history of Judaism in Morocco. With their skill in European commerce, in arts and Iundicrafts, much of which lnd hitherto been un- known to the Moors, and with their wealth, they contributed largely to the great rise and develop: ment of the Morocenn kingdom under the sherifs of Taflet, who began to rule in 1550 (sco @. B. | Ramusio in Leo Africanus, “The History and De-‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 22 seviption of Aven,” eR. Brown, i 1004, Loudon, 100) Tn themida of the seventeeth century the ews fn Morooeo were powerfully ailetet by tho Mex siauie, movement which Sbabbeta Messianic Zebi nad brought about especialy Hopes. die Orient. T1006 the coming of the Messi was expected hor as every ‘where ela in Tnmcl, For several years the fastlay Commremorathig the destruction of Jeralem was telebmtd asa day of feasting, Drajerhouses were tamged ato dvioking-sloona; all mourning was umm Iato Joys The warning ‘written by Jacob Suaporan, whe ind been rabbt In Sale for some the gatas the Messin pretrsions of Sabet Ztwae intercepted by ferent of Shubbethnt in Sule (Gra, * Gesch” x, Sil)" The governor of Sale pursecttd the Jews a tint ey beeteo they too Dlainly showed tel Htopes faa? apesy redemption (0. p. 20), 0 that Tigedtoemigrate (dncod Baspo fas. Ziat No tet pb), Bat eli this es pulsion nor the Epostasy of Shabivtiat Zot to Isumappeats to ave in enced the Bess nie belies of te Jowsin Sal for-as i eat by a Froneh acter wile Paris July 81, 1670, to visit the “Caribbee Is lands in Amer- fea,” but was taken captive and brought to Sale by two “Moorish” priva- cers, a Dutch ship from Amsterdam came to Sale swhile he was there, having on board Dutch Jews who proclaimed that the long-lookesl-for Messiah would, be born in Holland at the beginning of the ensu- ing year (1672), “The Jews, hearing of this good news, made a secoud Feast of Tabernacles, and held a general rejofeing and treating for eight days to- gether? (T. B, Teller, “The Travels of the Sicur Mouette in’ the Kingdom of Fez and Morocco,” in “A New Collection of Voyages and Travels inte Several Parts of the World,” it 11). ‘This contemporary narrative gives the following account of the position of the Jews: “In every towa they have a cheque [sheikh] or chief of their own, either ehosen by them orappointed by the King and this cheque raises the taxes whieh every house pays the king, ‘They seldom go alone into'the country because the Arabs and barbarians generally ent the throats of Jews; and there is scarcely ever justice doneto them in that country, If they talk niueh fn bn Sandon, a zealous ad- | ‘Gate Leni to the della of Damar, oruen. etc) their own defense before » goveruor—for every one pleads his own eause in Barbary without counselors for lawyers—he makes his guards buffet, them When they bury any of their number, the boys beat and throw stones at them, spit in their faces, and give them a thousand curses. Among themselves: they exercise wonderful charity toward their poor, never suffering them to beg, their cheque taxing every family according to its ability to pay.” ‘This pietive was drawn during the rule of Muley Arshid (Al-Rashid), with whom a new collateral Tine of the dynasty of the Alids, the Filalt sherits, Tad come to the throne. ‘The Jews Under Mu- suffered much during the great con ley Arshid quests of Muley Arshid, whio united ‘and Mu- theseparate parts of Moroceo into one Jey Iamail. single state, and wished to add to itall the northwestern lundsof Africa. Ace cording to Chénier, when Arshid took the city of ‘Morocco (1670), at the desire of tho inhabitants he ceaused the Jew ish eouneflorand governor of the ruling prince Ab Bekr, to- gether with Ox latter and hi whole family, to be publicly bumed, in order to inspiro terror among the Jews (Chénier, “Re- cherches Histo- viques sur les ‘Maures. et His- tite de Em pire de Maroc,” ii, 851, Paris, 1787). Te also tore down the synagogues of the city, ex- pelled many Jews from Sus, and on thewhole treated them very tyrmmnically, Tis demands on the Jews in the way of taxes were enormous; he hhad them collected by Joshua ben Hamosht, x rfeh Jer, to whom he was under obligations for various services and whom he appointed chief over the Jews, He even orderail the Jows to supply wine to ‘the Christian slaves, as he found that it made them work better (Teller, Le. p.25). To-day the prepara tion, from gs, grapes, or dates, of the brandy used in the inns is still exclusively in tho hands of the ows. Muley Arshid’s successor was his brother Muley. Temail (167), known as one of the most ere] of tyrants, On his accession he appointed his Jewish favorite and adviser Joseph Toledani, son of Daniel Toledani, Muley Arshid’s councilor, to be his min- ister, in which capaelty Joseph coneluded a peace betsveen Movoceo and Tolland. Under Ismail’srule the rivned synagogues were rebuilt, He-oppressed the Jews with heavy tases, and invented all kinds23 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Morooco ‘of devices for robbing his subjects. One day he threatened to compel them to accept Islam if their Messiah did not come within a definite time, ‘The Jews understood the hint and satisfied his pious zeal with a very large sum of money (Chénier, “The Prosent State of the Empire of Moraceo,” i ‘854, London, 1783; comp. Tost, “ Gesch der Israeli: ten,” viii, 42'et seg.). The Jews, who served as tax~ collectors on the whole coast, used to give Ismail yearly a golden riding-oulfit as a “present,” as an inducement to keep them in oflice, and a hen and a, dozen chickens fashioned in gold’ as.a tax for the whole Jewish community (Chénier, Le. i. 326) Tsmail had another way of securing money: for a certain sum he would sell toan aspirant for hon- ‘ors the position and wealth of one of his fayor~ ites, Tn one such transaction Maimaran, who was chief ruler over the Jews of the realm, feared a rival in Mosos fbn ‘Atfar, and offered the sultan a certain sum for bis head, Tsmail then let Moses ibn ‘Attar know how much lind been offered ing vefused him their support in his fight with his| brother for the succession, As a punishment the richer Jews of Tetuan, at his entry into the city, were tied to the tails of horsesand dragged through the city. Hore and in the eity of Morocco many were killed in other ways or robbed, and Jewesses were outraged. ‘The Spanish consul, Solomon Huz- zan, was executed for alleged treschery, and the Jews of Tangier, Arzilla, and Aleazar were con- demned to pay a large sum of money. Elijah, the minister of the former king, who lad always op- posed Yazid in the council, quickly embraced Islam to avold having his head cut off; but he after, tormented with bitter remorse for this change of religion, Tho cruelty of the persecutors reached its climax in Fez, In Rabat also, as in Mequinez. (where a certain R. Mordecai died as a martyr to his faith), the Jews were ill-treated. In Mogador strife arose between the Jews and the city judge on the ‘one hand, and the Moorish eitizenson theother; the dispute was over the question of Jewish garb. Finally the Jews for his head, ae ‘were ordered to whereupon. Ibn, fe pay 100,000 pias- ‘Attar » offered ters and three double the sum for the head of his opponent. “The sultan took. the money from both, called them fools, and reconciled them to each other, whereupon Ibn “Attar married a daughter of Mai- maran, and shared with him thoJewishruler- ship. Thesame Moses ibn ‘Attar shiploads of gunpowder sand most of them were arrested ‘and beaton daily until the pay- meut was made, Many fled be- forehand to Gi- braltar or other places; some ied as martyrs; and some ae- cepted Islam (lost, Le, vill. 44 etseq.). The san- E guinary events was Moorish plenipotentiary in the making of a compact with Great Britain in the year 1721. ‘The condition of the Jews was unchanged under Muley Mohammed (1797-89), who distinguished himself by his attempt to introduce In the European culture into his kingdom, ‘Bighteenth Ilis eldest son, Muley Ali, governor of Century. Fez, courageously opposed his father's suggestion to impose a tax upon that city in favor of his other brothers, which tax was to ‘bo paid by the Jewish community “since the Jews ‘as unbelievers deserve no pity.” “THe stated that the ows of Fez were already 80 poor that they were unable to bear the present tax and that he was nob willing to increase still further their excessive misery (Chénier, Le. ti, 841). His minister was the Jew Elijah ha-Levi, who had at one time fallen into dis grace and had been given asa slave toa smuggler of Tunis, but had been restored to favor (Fost, 2c. 45). The accession to the throne of Muley ‘Yazid, on the death of Sidi Mohammed (1789), led to | a terrible massacre of the Moroccan Jews, they hav | ‘Berber devs from the Atas Mountalus. (irom spans) Of the year 1790 have been poet: ically described in two Kinot for the Ninth of Ab, by Jacob ben ‘Joseph al-Malih and by David ben Aaron ibu Hu ‘salu (ee D, Kaufmann in'*Z, D. M. G."1, 288 et 309.5 R, BJ.” xxxvil, 120 of seg ‘From the secoud half of this century various ac- counts of travels exist which give information con- cerning the external positfonof the Jews. Chénier, Tor example (Le. i, 157), describes them as follows: ‘mie Jews possess neither lands nor gardens, nor can they enjoy thelr frfts in tranquility. ‘They must wear only back, tnd sre obliged ‘hea they iss near mosques, oF tOroush Streets in whieh there are sanetuaries, 19 walk barefoot. ‘The lowest among the Moors imagines he has a Tight to il-iveat a dew, nor dares the later defend bimself, beeause the Koran, iid the jadge are alvays In favor of the Mohammedan. “Not- ‘sithstaiding this state of oppression, the Jews Dave Ming a Yrantages over the Moors: they belteF understand the spirit ther act as agents and brokers an they prodt by thelr town cuuniag and by tho ignorance of the Moors. In thelr ‘commercial bangains many of tet buy up the commodities of the country to ell ui. Some live Buropenn correspondent tiers are mieehanies, such as goldsmiths, alors, gunsmith Inilers and masons. lore indisrious and atta and beter ‘informed tan the Moos, tue Jews are employed bs tie emperori ‘Morocco THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA, 24 in eceiving the customs, in coining money. and in a aatrs find inereourse sve te monarch ‘has Wit tUo- European Inerchants as well te fll hie negotadins With the Yaron European goveraments.” ‘There were, indeed, quitea number of such Jewish oflictls, negotiators, treasurers, councilors, and su ministrators at the Morocean court, whom the Eu ropean is inclined to call “ministers,” Jewish but whor in reality the ruler uscd Statesmen. merely as intermediaries in extorting money from the people, and dismissed ‘a8 soon as their usefulness in this direction wasat an end, They were especially Jews from Spain, whose wealth, eduea- tion, and statess > manship paved their way to the gout ee, as dw was Spain. One of Aer the first of such ministers was ginning of the sixteenth cent. ry in Fez, who opened the “statecareer™ to alongsuccession of coreligionists ending in the nineteenth cen tury with Ma sido ben Leaho, prime minister and representa: OF the emperor in | popes fondant Iwan ee pose tat tae Sesh gut sksor decoats Tanna eh: way! a oe fluence of their | falowieteves, | cetinvtneroves | Stemptel ode stfiey oe ually very fla fey thselvs were able orem in oteo Eien ot tide ‘rte Jevs wre emplosd aso os ams dom to foclgn aurea he begining of the react ears Dichety Io tne Nets: SiuaeTatiarht theme ples in 000; afte sree eta wht asad above. on, Shuted pve wit Motil: his-son Hasyn fy land 3350 «Sew mn Denna 180 Jacob BoE Miran Bene set to mister from toc to Ring George tf tn Bt Jew med Sale fn 1988 Stee Coben Mea sen wees af Be ‘abasic Charm Agatnst dy. Spee BAD | | be. CY psy | Apr op! | t | | Conn Spe ad mepresinte, | yarieay ans vdas-iay barypdin> Jey dope » eens od outs =i | to ie surplons Used by Moroccan Jews. Moroccan ambassadors to the English court (Pic- ciotti, “ Sketelies of Anglo-Jewish History,” p. 1 London, 1873; Meakin, “The Moors,” “London, 1002), ‘The nineteenth century, which brought emanei- pation to the Jews of most lands, left those of Bfo- vaeeo on the whole in their old state of In the sud monotony anil stagnation. —E Nineteenth new war in which Moroceo became Century. {involved in tht century with any foreign country suerifieed the Jews of one district or another of the sultanate to the gen: ceral depression and discontent which an unsuccess- ful war usually — calls forth in piryoh | political and | commercial life BIDS | The war with s Prine io I PIOUS brought new é rnisery and ilk ay py treatent upon the Moroccan ows, especially upon’ these of Mosndor (Jost, Neuere Gest der Tsaetiten,” Hi. 290, Berlin, 1840), When th war with 5) Iroke out (Sept 22, 1859) the _D Moors liad noth ing more ftting to do than to plunder the Noses of friend ly Jewish fami- lies in Tetuan nee lbs amy wud 22 pos Pela (it, Miowint, “Through Mo: rocco to Minne- dyno w+ 22 2 worn” 1608" we te tg Sate Me | Ay, 1)” Mest ofthe dye: Jowssaved ther 7 Hes, gute Bs ike result fol lowed the con- fet with Spain sm 1858 in conse: {guence of the vi- lent acts of the eliff-dwellers in Melilla, In the year 1868 Sir Moses Montetiore and the Board of Deputies: oof Tiritish Jews received a telegram from Morocco ‘asking for help for nine or ten Jews who were impris- ‘ned at Saffee on suspicion of having killed a Span ard. Two others, although innocent, had already: been exeented at the instigation of the Spanish eon- sul; one of them publicly in Tangier, the other at Saffee, Thereupon Sir Moses, supporteil by the English government, undertook a journey to Mo- rocco to demand the liberation of the imprisoned Jews and, as he said in a letter to the sultan, to25 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Morocco move the latter “to give the most positive orders that the Jews and Christians, dwelling in all parts ‘of Your Majesty's dominions, shall be perfectly ‘protected, and that no person shall molest them in Any Mantier whatsoever in anything which concerns their safety and tranquillity ; and that they may be ‘Placed in the enjoyment of the same ‘Montefi- advantages as all other subjects of ore’s Jour- Your Majesty,” ete. Montefiore was, ney to successful in’ both attempts. The Morocco. prisoners were liberated; and on Feb. 15, 1864, the sultan published an edict granting equal rights of justice to the Jews (* Dia- ries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore," ii. 145 et g., ‘London, 1800; see also the account of the joumney_ by Dr. Thomas Hodgkin, the physician who accom: panied Montefiore, entitled “ Narrative of a Journey fo Morocco,” London, 1866). This edict of emanci- pation was confirmed by Mohammed's son and successor, Muley Hasan (1878), on his accession to the throne, and again on Sept. 18, 1880, after the conterence in Madrid, Such edicts and promises of fa similar nature made from time to time to the Alli ance Istaélite Universelle, even if they are seriously intended, are, however, absolutely useless, since they ‘are not carried into effect by the local magistrates, fand if they were they would cause the old, deeply rooted hutred of the fanatical population to burst forth into flames, ‘Thus, for example, the sultan Sulaiman (1795-182) decreed that the Jews of Fez might wear shoes; but s0 many Jews were killed in broad daylight in the streets of that city that they themselves asked the sultan to repeal theedict.Ac- cording to statistical report of the Alliance Israélite Universelle for the years 1864-80 no less than 307 Jews were murdered in the city and district of Morocco, which erimes, although brought to the at- teution of the magistraey upon every occasion, re mained unpunished (see “Bulletin de I'Alliance Isnaélite Universelle,” No. 2, p. 17, Paris, 1880). rhe ideas of law and justice which make such eon- tions possible are expressed in the Moroccan prov- feb, “One may kill as many as seven Jews without Deing punished.” “A change of miler in Morocco has always meant a time of great danger to the Jews. Even at the latest of such changes, on the death of Muley Hasan, Dangers Jews, disturbances broke out in the ‘of the intorfor whieh more than once greatly Jewish endangered the lives of the Jews. Position, Many wholesale murders and plun: derings of the Jews have followed ‘upon their support of an unsuccessful pretender to, tle throne or upon some other Jack of polit- ical foresight. An equally decisive influence in the passive character of the history of the Mo- rocean Jews is exerted by the contlagrations, famines, and epidemics which claim their numerous vietims in every decade, and against which the in. habltants, waiting in fatalistie inactivity, have not yet thought of opposing organized preventive meas- tures, In Fez alone 63,000 persons succumbed dur ing the latest visitation of the plague, in 1799. On, such oceasions the Moslem condescends to ask the Jewish rabbi to pray in public; Jews and Moslems then go together through the streets, calling on God to spare their lives. Like common needs, s0 also common superstitions bind Jews and Moors to- getler. In the mountains of Ashron is a Jewish stint to whose sanctuary on the summit of a steep peak infertile women of both races make pilgrim- ‘ages, inflicting self-castigation the while (Chenier, Le. i. 154), In other respects such a thing as peace- fal, social invereourse does not seem toexist between ‘Moslems and Jews in Morocco; and the hatred of ‘the former toward the latter has been handed down, through generations in many legal limitations, the prinefpal ones of which Edmund de Amicis (* Mo- roceo, Its People and Places,” p. 248) enumerates, thus: ‘mer can not bear witness before judge, and must pros. trate themseives on the ground. before aby tribunal; they hn not posts lands or houses outside tele own quarter: they Snust no ree thelr bends agulost a Mussulan, even in slt- Aleense, excep in the case of being assaulted under their own ofa: they can only wear dark colors; they must earry thelr ‘ead tothe cemetery ata run: they must ask the Sultan's leave to marry they must bo within thelr own quarter at sunsets they mac pas the Moors guard who stands sentinel a the {gees ofthe Bella; ad they must present rich gts to te Stl- ‘Eon the four great festivals of Islam, and on every occasion bbe or matrimony In We imperial faint." ‘A certain number of Jews are excepted from these numerous restrictions, namely: (1) those who have become naturalized by residence System of in Buropean states and as citizens of ‘Natural-_ those states stand under the protection ization and of their embassies; (2) those who are Protection. agents of Buropean officials and mer- chants and hence stand under the pro- tection of the governmentto which the latter belong. Tt is interesting to note that it was the above- mentioned Moses Ton ‘Attar, the favorite of Muley Ismail, who, in the contract concluded by him with England in 1721, laid the foundation for the system of protection which not only became the basis of all peaceful intercourse between the European states fand Moroceo, but meant for some Jews the only possibility of an existence secure against the unjust Taws of the land, and for all the hope of an im. provement in their position. France also acquired by contract the right of protection in 1767. In 1860 there were 103 Jews among 463 persons who were ander the, protection of some foreign government foliows (Bulletin de V'Alliatce ‘Israelite "Univers selle,” 1880, i, 32): Walvesgajeer| Notas Port Spa Vita Sita otal ‘The naturalization and protection of Jews by for- ‘eign states is a thorn in the flesh to the Morocean government. Tt tries to prevent the former by put- fing great difficulties in the way of Jewish emigra-‘Moreeco THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 26 tion, especially in the ease of Jewish women, and it seeks to evade the latter by simply paying no at- tention to it; so that the Madrid Conference (in 1885) hud to deal with the question of protected Jews. Moreover, the Morocetn government indem- nifles Itself for this restriction of its despotism in the ease of Jews living on the coast by its treatment ‘of Jews in the interior: and the number of the former could not be increased without the greatest danger to the latter. There is yet another way for the Jews to es cape restrictions, and that is by embracing Islan ‘Tewish criminals and. thoso suspected of offenses ‘of any sort have from ancient times endeav- fred to escape ishment in this way. Some times such con: verls have at tained honorable positions. But evento-day mar- rages of Moors ‘with them are avoided; and in other respects fare viewed with suspicion, and exist as a separate class. Moreover, the Moor allows no esting in regard to the accep ance of Islan Il a Jew in jest exchanges his Diack shoes for yellow ones, he is. regarded as converted. Dise avowal is of no avail. For ex- ample, in 1820 a drunken Jew en- fered a mosque and was per suaded to ac- knowledge the Prophet. ‘The day, having Decome sober, he repented his deed and went to the cernor to explain the matter to him, "The sultan Informed of the Jew's recantation, and imme- diately came his answer per courier: “On the ani- val of the courier belead the Jow and send his head to me.” Half an hour after the messenger’s arrival the head of the Jew was in a leather pottch on its way" to court (Meakin, in “J. Q. R.” {v. 876; see also Flelseher in #2. D. ML. G.” xvi 329). Concerning the intellectual life of the Morocean Jows Samuel Romancli, a merchant and an acute observer who traveled in Morocco in 1790, and who Plan of the Modern City of Moroceo Sbowing Location of Jewish Quarter. in 1792 published in Berlin an instructive deserip- tion of his journey under the title“ Massa’ ba Arab” declares of the Jews that the Inck Intellec- of books and of information concern- tual ing the outer world has sunk their Condition. minds in a swamp of folly and child- ishness so that they regnrd everything. which is new and unknown to them as a tnarvel, He remarks: “The sciences appear monstrous to them; and thelr ignorance takes pleasure in the statement thatseience has driven many into heretical confusion. In short, the manly strength of the ‘wise men has been conquered, and they have become weak-minded women” (part ii, Appendis; Winter an ‘Winsche, “Die Todisehe | Litte: ratur,” iH, 468), Tt is true that ‘the many. seeds of intelligence and learning whieh were transplanted thither from Spain and Por- tugal after the ‘end of the four- teenth century found no si ablo soil. Al though the in coming rabbis elevated the cities of Fez, Mequinez, and Rabat to centers of Jowish Iearn- ing, they pro. auced only what ‘was mediocre, following the old, beaten path of ‘Biblical and ‘Talmudic exege- sis—Halakah and homileties, "The most impor- tantof the immi- grant families of scholars were the following: (1) The Azurars in For, especially theeab- alistie writer Abraham Azulai (born here 1570), who in consequence of politienl disturbances emigrated to Palestine, and whose eabulistie work *Hesed le-Abra- ‘ham (Amsterdam, 1685) contains in- Leading teresting information concerning the Families. condition of the Moroccan Jewry: the rabbi of the same name, Abraham Amulai, known as. worker of miraeles (born in Mo- rocco; Wied 1749); and the learned Hayyim Joseph David Avulai, who resided in Morocco for some time in 1778 (comp, Jew, Bxeve. i, 875 et 207.) (©) Tho ‘Arran family, which existed from the four-a7 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA teenth to the eighteenth century; it had numerous: representatives in Moroceo, such as Abrabam ben Jacob, cabalist and Talmudist at the beginning of the seventeenth century; Judah ben Jacob (1670- 170), rabbi in Fer, jointly with Abraham iba Danan, Hayyim David Serero, Samuel iba Zimrah, Meir Zaba’, Jacob ibn Zur, and others; Hayyim, rabbi of Sale toward theend of theseventeenth cen- ary, who, on account of a rebellion, went to Mequi- nea: Hayyim's equally learned son Moses, born in “Mequtinez, and probably identical with the above- ‘meationed statesman in the service of Muley Ismail; his son Hayyim ben Moses (born in Sale 1696; died in Jerusalein 1743), one of the most important exe: getieal writers and rabbis of Morocco; Shem-Tob jon ‘Attar, Talmudist and philanthropist; died in Fez 1700; his son Moses, father-in-law of Flayyim. ben Moses ibn ‘Ajtar: distinguished for his philan- thropy aswell as forhis learning; founder of schools, for poor children in Fez, which he supported out of his own means (see Jew. Excxe. ti, 200 et sep). Finally should be mentioned Jacob ibn ‘Attar, secretary of Mohammed X., and who knew English, Fronch, Spanish, and Italian (Meakin, lc). "Related to the ‘Affars was (@) the De Avra family, which had likewise come to Morocco from Spain. Its most important representatives were: Moses ben Isaac (a ch philanthropist who at the end of the seven- teenth century founded a yeshibah in Mequiner. for Hayyim ibn ‘Affar, who bad come from Sale; many ‘rabbis studied at this institution); Ihis son Samuel (b, 7087; succeeded his father as rabbi in Mequinens later, in consequence of a Jewish expulsion, he went to Sale; he wasthe author of “Ozen Shemuel” [Am- sterdam, 1725], colleetion of sermons, and of funeral forations which contain biographical matertal con ‘cerning some of his Morocean eonvemporaries); Blic- zor ben Samuel (1714-61), rabbi in Rabatand author fof rabbinical works; Samuel ben Solomon, ‘Tal- muvdist in the eighteenth century, author of novell. Other scholars and rabbis whodeserve Scholars mention are: Samuel Zarfati (0. 1713) and — Elijah Zarfati, ab bet din and rabbi Rabbis. of Fez, and author of decisions; Shom-Tob Gabbai, pupil of Hayyim bn ‘Attar in Jerusalem; Jacob ibn Zur, author of # py Sofer” ; Samuel ibn al-Baz, rabbi ia Fez, and au thor of “Oz we-Hadar,” a commentary on “Abodah Zaralr, ete. (see Atulai, “Shem ha-Gedolim,” pas sin). "Kecording to Hiowizi (Le. p. 50), the Tetuan evs elim the following anthors as natives of their Tsaae ben Hananiah Arobas, author of *Emet ve Bmunah” (Venice, 1672), on the 613 command nents and prohibitions, on the thirteen articles of faith, on the liturgy, etc. (Benjacob, “Ozar ha-Be- farim,” p. U-also translated into Italian; Hasdai Almosnino, mibbi of Tetuan, author of “Mishme- get ha-Kodlesh” (Leghorn, 1826), stpercommentary ‘on Rashi’s commentary on the Pentateueh, and of "Yesed EI” (i. 1826), notes on the Bible and Tal- ‘mud (Benjacob, Ze. p.879); Menahem ais, author of “Net lia-Ma‘arabi,” sermons (iu MS.); Jacob Ben- Mata, author of “Sefer ha-Maarabi,” respons TenacBengnalid, author of * Wa-Yomer Yizbalk” ‘MS.); Jacob Halfon, who wrote “Neged Mela and“ Yana debe Rab" (both in MS.); 1. Marracho, ‘cabulist, whowroteontheZobar(in MS.). ‘There lived, besides in Tetuan the Coutar family, the chief rep. resentatives of which were Judah, knownas the au- thor of “Ma'or wa-Shemesh” (Leghorn, 1838), and who lived at the beginning of the eighteenth cen. tury, and Abraham, the author of “Zeh Sefer Zekut Abot” (Leghorn, 1818), a collection of response (see Jew, Excve. iv, 273), which contains interesting ma- terial concerning the religious life of the Jews of Moroceo, Abraham was the author of a collection ff sermons also. ‘At preseut the Bible and Talmud are studied in the adarim and yeshibot; the Jews of Morocco, however, ate more oecupied with the Cabala; many earn their livings only by writing amulets. ‘The ‘Alliance Israélite Universello has tried to pave the way for French civilization among the Jews by Founding schools in Fez (1883), Moga- Baucation. dor (1888), Tangier (1864), ‘Tetuan (1862), and Casa Bianea (1897). ‘The establishment ‘of girls’ schools in ‘Tangier (1879), Tetuan (1868 and 1897), and Mogador, by the Alliance Israélite Universélle and the Angio-Jew- ish Association, gives a clear insight into the most necessary educational neels of the Jewish pop lation of Morocco, ‘The Moroccan Jewesses are generally uneducated, being, as a rate, unable cither to read or to write; they aro described as being: cliidish and fond of omnanients. On the other hand, they are distinguished for their unusual beauty, this being perhaps the only point upon which all travelers are agreed, The most beautiful Jewesses are said to live in Mequinez, so that a woman of extraordinary beauty is termed “ Meknasiy yah” (E, Réclus, “ Nowvello Gdographie Cniversetle,” p. 607. Paris, 1886), E. de Amicis (lc. p. 19) describes the ‘beauty of the Morocean Jewesses thus: * The beauty of the Jewesses of Morocco has a character of its own, unknown in other countries, It is an opulent fund splendid beauty, with large black eyes, broad, ow Forehead, full red lips, and statuesque form.” ‘Phe Tewesses of Morocco iave been suspected! by Ché- nier and, after him, by other travelers of not being ‘very couscientious in regard to womanly virtue. nore eareful investigation, however, shows that this aspersion is unfounded (see Horowitz, Le. p. 58). The Jews of Moroceo are pious and faithful to the Lav, but are very superstitious. Their rit: ual is substantially Sephardic, although they have ‘many peculiar customs, concerning which Bessa bux IL. has given a detailed account in his book of travels, “Mass'e Yisrael” (pp. P24 et sep., Lyek, 1859; comp. Zanz, “Ritus,” pp. 58 et sep). ‘The ‘most remarkable of these is the custom, still preva Tent, of employing professional mourning-women to sing the old lamentations (sinot) in ease of death, justas their mourning ceremonies in general sti ‘ear the stamp of barbaric wilduess and originality. ‘Ia the interior of the country several districts (¢... of the Berber tribes Beni Metir, Beni Megild, Bent Wagha'in, A'it Yusi, Zemmur Shilh, Statistics. and Za'lr) are suid to have no Jewish inhabitants, Likewise the sacred city of Zarhon is forbidden to Jewsas to all nou-Moslems (Meakin, in “J, Q. RL” iv. B19 et aep.). A list ofMorooee Morosini Hebrew settlements and the rivers upon which they’ wore situated was made at Mequiner in 1728, with, the purpose of definitely establishing their Hebrew orthography for use in Jewish divoree documents. ‘This was published from a manuseript by New bauer in “R. B,J.” v. 249, and was translated by’ M. Sehwwab (i, xxxv. 206). Tt gives a large er of cities which were then inhabited by Jews. Excopting in Tangier, Arzilla, Casa Blanes, Maza- ‘gan, and Salfeo, the Jows live exclusively in their ‘Melia, or Jows’ quarter. ‘To determine thenumber of Jewish inhabitants in ‘a hind where no statisties are Kept and where wide stretches of territory are wholly unexplored fs ex- tremely difficult, aud any estimate must rest upon the hazardous calculations of travelers. The total population is variously reckoned from 8,000,000 to 10,000,000. Chénier, who after 1767 lived for sov- eral years as Freneht consul in Morocco, estimated the Jewish population at one-twelfth of its for- mer number, which, acconling to his caleulation, amounted to about 80,000 families, or 130,000 souls: that is to say, he pliced 1% at 12,500 persons (the great decrease he attributed to emigration and ¢on- version to Islam, duo at least in part to persecutions), Estimates of the present number of Jews vary from, 30,000 to 890,000. Griberg di Temsé (“Il Specchio dell” Imperio di Maroceo,” Genoa, 1834) gives 889,500; Alexander (“The Jews.” p. 17), 810,000: Horowitz (“Marokko"), 250,000; Maltzan (“Dn Jahre im Nordwesten von Africa,” iv. 17), 200,000; “The Statesman's Year Book” (1908),” 150,000; “Bulletin de l’Alliance Israélite Universelle ” (1880, p. 81) and the Geographical Society of Marseil (Bulletin. 1885) give 100,000; Robifs (in A. Peter ‘mauu’s “ Mittheitungen,” p. 212, Gotha, 1888) has 62,800; idem, according to the statement of Reclus (‘Nouvelle Géogruphio Universelle,” p, 698, Paris, 1880), gives about 20,000. ‘This last numbers prob- ably nearest the truth, BiputocnaPuy: Gribery ems’, Prite deta Zittérature Pistortgur oe Mauri cl-stewn Lane 18 (peste also a8 fhe second att of hie Speeehia dal" Tinperiaat Slarnecos Gonna ISD" Fl, Pasir aie Brow Hulauograpiy pflasocn ite Bil of 2 i Supteicntary Bape ot the Howe Genaraphieat Society, Yoh fussed sep ey by Murtag, London): B, Meakin, Me Moreh Empire, {Shc isio feomtaing # revrew af The mee trsportant wor of Morpeeo) lem, The meen Jerr: The oor ee YAR HEUTE. ENCVEL ¥. 38, eB and bbhonraply there given a M, Se. ‘Tho Mornecan Jews are divided into two distinet classes: (1) the descendants of the first settlers (of whose arrival nothing certain is known), who reside chiefly in the Atlas and hilly districts; and (2) the descendants of those who ut 9 later period took: refuge in Moreceo when they fled from Spain and Portagal. "These absorbed their coreligionists upon the coast, and lave formed there a progressive col: ony, amenable to European influences and many of them speaking Spanish, while those of the interior, whose mother tongue is Berber, reject all modern ideas and scorn Western education, even when offered 10 them by the ‘Allianee Is: maélite Universelle, which maintains excellent schools on the coast aud in Fez, All of ‘Morocean Jews Apt Lin- guists. ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA them speak a corrupt Arabic, since trade brings 28 ‘then in contact with both nicos, but they write it in Hebrew characters. ‘The proportion who speak, both Berber and Spanish is very small indeed ; but, as elsewhere, the Jews of the ports have shown themselves apt linguists, and many have mastered doth English and French; the facilities afforded by the schools have led to a great proficieney in the Iatter Tangnage, Under these circumstances the Jews have risen to important positions in the business world, as also iu the employment of the foreign legations snd consu- lates. In Mogador the principal trade has fallen into their hands; and there fs probably no business. concern in the country with which they are not con- nected through some position or other, Two fami- ties have made themselves s0 useful to France and Great Britain respectively that the citizenship of those countries has been secured to them by treaty. Many others enjoy the protection from Moorish in Justice which foreign service secures, efther as off- ial omployeesor as the brokers (“semsars ") of mer cantile houses, of whom the native authorities recognize two for each wholesale firm in each town. ‘These positions are so much sought after, on ac- count of the immunity from unjust exactions which they assure to their holders, that they are as fiv- quently bought as filled for business purposes—a system fraught with gross abuses and anomalies, Nowhere in Moroceo without such protection does the Jew receive common justice, From the eradle to tho gravo he is despised and vituperated, an apology being necessary even for an allusion to liim in polite soefety. Every possibl Indignities dignity is heaped upon him, and he to Jews. cajoys neithersocial noreivil equality with lis neighbors; they tolerate him only because hie renders himself indispensable, and Knows how, under the most unfavorable of circum: ‘stances, to amass wealth, which he is always ready to put out at exorbitant interest, and of which he may be ultimately despoiled by powerful oficals, Hvis known asa “dhimmi? (plural, dhimmiyyah”), or tributary, siuee he is only tolerated on thai basis, and special ‘contributions are wrung from him on every possible occasion, In most of the towns of Morocco the Jews are foreed to congregate in the Mella = “place of salt"—sometimes called in derision *Massus” “ saltless”—in which they are contined at night by gates beyond which many of the women never pass, ‘Those Jews who do so must needs walk barefoot, even ridiug being fo Didden to them within the walls, tain streets approaching mosyues and shrinesare interdicted altogether. Outside the walls Jews may ride any animals but horses, which are considered far too noble for such despised individ: uals. Tn order that they may never he mistaken for their “betters,"a dark-colored gubardine, with black skullcap and’ slippers, is compulsory for the men. ‘The women, however, may dress as they like, whieh in some cities means, in the streots, placing’a sheet over their heads to hide their faces in the Moorish fashion, and in others following closely the style adopted by their neighbors when indoors, Tn the Aths district, if village has not a Jewish The ‘Mellab.29 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Moroeeo, ‘Morosint ‘quarter, there is generally a companion village at a stone's throw and devoted to the * tributaries,” who re the pediers, the craftsmen, and the muleteers, if not the farriers, of the district. ‘The condition of the Jews of such villages is even worse than of those in the towns; for it lies between that of serfs and that of slaves. Some are under the binding protec- tion of the local sheile; others pertain to private in dividuals, who have practically the right to sell them. They are not only compelled to do much without payment, but are imposed upon at every tur. ‘They may not marry or remove their families till they have received permission from their so- called protectors; and without this protection they would not he safe fora day. Yet a few dollars has sometimes been considered sufficient blood-money for on of thuse unfortunates. On the other hand, outsiders are permitted to do them no injury, which ‘would be con: protected city families, Many of the synagogues are only private houses fitted up for purposes of worship, and the serolls of the Law Syna- are the only articles of value on the gogues Aro promises. Light is supplied by the ‘Neglected. rudest of oll-lamps or a wick float- ing in a large tumblerof water. Fre: quently even the women’s gallery is absent, and the house Of prayer serves also as a store, a living-room, and even placeof business, ‘The teaching of youths {is conducted there or in the street. in a primitive manner by meanly clad rabbis, whose learning is of | the shallowest, but who eke out a living as sho- Jyetim and molielim. ‘Phe morals of these people, save in the matter of drunkenness, are certainly above those of their Mos- lem neighbors, and in consequence they are remark- ably free from the diseases which their neigh. bors bring upon sidered as in. ficted upon their protector (kasi”), who makes the duty of avenging such injury a point of honor. Disputes of this natirre between powerful men ead frequently to intertribal quarrels, In traveling it, the protégé, to insure is safe- ty, to bear some article belonj ing to bis mas ter, written doe- uments being searce, with few themselves. ‘This is to some extent. account- ed for by the almost equally prejudicial. sys- tem of child ‘marriages which prevails. in the interior, where they usually take place at the ages of six to eight. ‘The lt. tle bride comes home to the house of her hus: band's parents, and her ehanged condition is made known by the kerchief to understand ‘them, Yet there are districts in the Atlas where the Jews are foreed to go armed, and to take part iu the tribal Nghts, ‘The treatment of individual sorfs depends entirely upon the temper or pleastire of their masters, for their chances of re- ress for injury are practically nil; so that their position is in some respects even worse than that of ‘the negro slaves, who, being Moham- medans, may benefit at Iw from eer tain rights denied to those who spurn their prophet. Centuries of this op- pression have naturally lid a very deleterious effect upon the charaetorsof the victims, whoare cringing, cowandly creatures, never daring to answer back, and seldom even standing erect—a people demand: ing the utmost p ‘Tho synagogues are for the most part despica- ble, dirty, poor, aud neglected, but not more so than the dwellings of the worshipers, which reek with impurities and are generally tumble-down and poverty-stricken, except in the case of more or less Tews as Sorfs. a with which sian “\wen_f+ tom mm f+ __ so henceforth her hiairmust be nid: Map of Moroom Shoring Cie Towns Where Jews Teste. den, At wvelve she may become ‘a mother; but her busband, usually her senior by a few years, may by this time have become tired of her, and, if he ean afford st, may put her away and take another. Bigamy is not common; and the Aescendants of the families expelled from Spain permit it only whon the first wife consents. >. BM. MOROSINI, GIULIO (SAMUEL BEN NAHMIAS B. DAVID B. ISAAC B. DAVID BA‘AL TESHUBAH): Italian convert from Ju nism to Christianity; born at Venice 1612; died in 1687, He was descended from a wealthy family which traced its ancestry back to Nehemiah. great-grandfather left Spain on the expulsion of the Jews by Ferdinand the Catholic, and went succes sively to Albania and Salonica, His grandfather Tsaae later settled in Venice; and the boy Samuel was a pupil of the rabbi of that city, Leon of Modena, In 1649 Semuel was present at disputa-‘Morpurgo ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA 380 ‘Mortality tion held in Venice between two Jews (one of whom had become @ Christian) and relating to the “seventy weeks of Daniel. He then, together with his brother Joseph, decided to embrace Christian and was baptized Nov, 22 of the sume year, his godfather being Angelo Morosini, whose hame he took. His wife refused to elunge her faith. Samuel went to Romte under Alexander VIL, in tending to become a Capuchin monk, but was dis suaded by the pope, Clement IX. appointed im Hebrew “serittore” of the Vatican Library ; and he taught that language in the Propaganda. Te was the author of a work entitled “Derek Emunah” (Rome, 1088). Tt has as frontispiece a portrait of thenuthorattheageof seventy-two, and is preceded by asketeh of his life. Riyasouaewy: Barglve, LOM. Magha Ra sO: Wott BibesHoh 1, No. r. LG. MORPURGO: Austro‘Ttalian family, originally from Marburg, Styria Carlo Morpurgo: Italian writer: born Juno 20, 1841, at Cairo, Bgypt. He hus published the follow ing works: “ Moaaieo Poction” ; * Caio Marzio Corio: Jano”; “Seene Romane”; “Un Tocontro Fatale.” Minuiocearur: De Gubernatis, Dizionario, Emilio Morpurgo: Italian economist and dep. uty; sceretury-general in the Ministry of Agricul: ture: born at Padua in 1986; died there Feb, 15, 1885, OF his works the following deserve special mention: “Saggi Statistici e@ Eeonomici sul Ve- net”; “Ia Statistien e Je Scienze Sociale”; “11 Davio sul Mucinato”; “L'Istruzione ‘Teenie in Talia”; “La Legislazione Rurale”; “La Fluanza”: “Marco Forsearini ¢ la Repubblica Venezia nel Se- colo NVIIL"; “La Democrazia ¢ la Scuola unciocnarier: 2 Vesta Terliten, 185, 9. 8 Giuseppe Lazzaro Morpurgo: Italian ccouo: mist; bom at Triest in 1762; died there Aug. 11, 1835, He founded in Triest the frst. Austeian life. insurance company, under the name * Assecuraziont Generali,” now one of the greatest insurance com: panies of the world. He wrote Hebrow poctry of some merit, and took, as president of the Jewish conununity of Triest, an active partin Jewish affairs, Rahel Morpurgo: Italian poctess; cousin of S. D. Luzzatto; bom at Triest in 1790; died there Sept., 1S7L. At the age of twelve slic was able to read in Hebrow Babya’s “Hobot ha-Lebabt,” and at fourteen the Talmud. At the age of eixhteen she hegan to write poetry. A complete collection @f hor Hebrew poems and letters was edited by Vite torio Castiglione under the title “Ugab Rabel” (Cracow, 1890), on the occasion of the centenary of heer birth, 8. vc. MORPURGO, SAMSON BEN JOSHUA MOSES: Italian rabbi, physician, and liturgist; Dorn at Gradiska, Austria, in 1681; died at Ancona ‘April 12, 1740, When a boy of seven he was taken by his father to Venice, where he received is cle. mentary education, He then studied in the Unt- versity of Padua, and graduated as doctor of mest cine, “In 170 Morpurgo published in Venice his “Be hua-Da‘at,” a philosophieal commentary on Jedatigh Bedersi’s “ Bebinat ha-‘Olam.” At de end. fof this work was printed a satire upon the eaba- lists by Jacob Frances, on account of which Mo purgo wns persecuted by the mbbis of Padua, At the same time he devoted himself to the study of ‘the Talmud and rabbinies, and in 1709 he obtained arabbi’s diploma from Loon Briel, chiof rabbi of Mantua (Preface to Morpurgo’s “Shemesh Zeda- Kah”), Soon afterward he was associated in the rabbiuate of Ancova with Joseph Fiametta, whose son-in-law he subsequently became, After Fae metta’s death (1721) Morpurgo was sole rabbi of Ancona; snd he continued in oilice till his death, ‘Morpurgo enjoyed much consideration as a dis- Unguished rabbi; his objections to certain rabbin ical decrees are to be found in De Rossi, “ Biblio- theca Autichristiaa,” p. 68; and an approbation Of his, of 1716, was inserted by Lampronti in his “Pahad Yizhals," i. 85b, 0.e. pa. He corresponded with Abraham Segre and Moses Hagiz concerning Moses Hayyim Luzzatto (see “Kerem Hemed,” 49). Morpurgo proved a skilful physician during an epidemic of fnfluenza at Aucona in 1730; and in recognition of hhis services he was presented with a testimonial by Benedict IV., who was Archbishop of Ancona. “Morpurgo left a mamber of responsa on the four parts of the Shufhan ‘Aruk, whieh were published, ‘with notes and preface, by his son Moses Hayyim Shabbethai (Venice, 1748). He was also the auihor of a prayer beginning “Anna ha-El ha-Gadol hae Gibbor weha-Nora,” to be recited by persons visiting the cemetery DipusocRarue: Carmoly, in Reowe Orient EUR Fad at Sli, Bac BS be far nn Ct Halt et, ML. Ser, MORRELL (MOREL), SIR. Sco Souonox B, SauveL ov Fatarse. MORRISON, LEWIS: American actor; born at Jamaica, W. 1., 1845, Morrison served for four yearsasoffiger in the United States army during the Civil war. After being mustered out, he went on, the stage, appearing in 1865 with Lawrence Burrett at the Varietios Theater, New Orleans, Subse- quently he played “Iago” to Salviui’s * Othello,” and sipported Edwin Forrest, Edwin Booth, aud Charlotte Cushman, Some yenrs ago he formed a company and prodiced “Faust” with considerable suceess, In recent years his leading charzcter has sen Mephistopheles, His wife was Florence Roberts; his daughter Rosabel is an actress. Rintioonapmty: Who's Who in America, 1508-5 s B. Ms. MORSE, GODFREY: American lawyer; brother of Leopold Monst; born at Wachenheim, 19, 1846; he removed to Amerien in Sept., and went to Boston, where he attended the Brimmer Grammar Sehoo!, the English High School, snd the Public Latin School. He was graduated from Harvard College with the degree of B.., In 1870, and from the Har- vard Law School in 1873, receiving the degree ofa1 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA HISrES LL.B. Tn 1890 Tufts College conferred on him the honorary degree of M.A. Morse taught English lit- erature Tor a short time in the Eveuing High School, Boston; he was admitted to practise lnw before tie Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, July the United States Cirenit Court Oct. 2, 1874, rind the Supreme Court of the United States Feb. 8, 1879, ‘From 1876 to 1878 Morse was a member of the Sclisol Comittee of the city of Boston; from 1882 tir 1883 heserved as member of the common council ; aud he was elected presidentof thgt council on June 48, 1888. During the years 1882, 1883, and 1884 he swas assistant counsel of the United States in the Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims. Tn 1887 he wasclected a member of the board of trustees of the Boston Dental College; and in Sept., 1896, was chosen delegate to the National Democratic Convention, which met at Indianapolis. From. 1897 to 1808 Morse was chairman of the Massachusetts State Committee of the National Democratic (Gold) party, a8 well as ehalrman of the Boston City Com- mittee of the samo party; he is (1904) president of the Leopold Morse Homo for Infirm Hebrews and Orphanage, vice-president of the Boston Home for Incurables, vice-president of the Elysium Club, president of the Purim Association, aild a director and trustee of a large number of other charitable organizations, A MORSE, LEOPOLD: American congressman; merehunt; bora at Wachenheim, Rienish Bavaria, ‘Aug. 15, 1881; died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 15, 1802. He attended the school of his native town until he ‘was thirteen years old. Five years later he emi- grated to the United States (1849) and took up his residence at Tamworth, N. H., where he went to school forashort time, ‘Soonafterward heremoved to New Bedford, Mass., where he started in the re- tall clothing business in a store on Water street. In 1951 he moved to Boston aud resided there until his death, In that eity he laid the foundation of a very Jarge and successful business. ‘lorse was five times elected to the louse of Rep- resentatives of the United States Congress, winuing his election each time as a Democrat in'n district havinga supposedly Republican majority. He was delegate to the Democratic National Conventions hield in 1872 and 1876. ‘Morse founded the Boston Home for Infirm He- brews and Orphanage, situated in Mattapan, a sub- urb of Boston (the frst Jowish institution of the Kind in New England), the name of which was changed after his death, ‘by an act of the legislature of Massichusetts, to the “Leopold Morse Home for Inilrm Hebrews and Orphanage.” A MORTALITY: Death-rate. The bulk of the 's are known to live fu the most overerowded and. unsanitary sections of cities in urope and America, and would, a priori, be éxpected to show a higher vate of mortality than their non-Jewish neighbors, Dut, paradoxical as it may at frst appear, wherever statistics are available itis conelusively shown that their death-rates are much Jower than those of the ‘r1ees and peoples among whom they dvrell, notwith- standing the fact that the latter live gererally under better sanitary, hygienic, and social conditions. ‘The mortality of infants depends in a great measure fon the social and sanitary environment; yet most of the available data indicate a very low infant mor- tality among Jews as compared with the surround- ing non-Jews, J. G. Hoffmann (*Betrachtungen ber den Zustand der Juden im Preussischen Staat,” in “Sammlung Kleiner Schriften Staatswissen- schaftlichen Inhalts,” pp. 330 et seq., Berlin, 1843) ‘was the first to point out that such is the ease in Prussia, From his figures it is seen that, while among Christians nearly one-fifth of Mortality all the legitimate children (including of | still-births) die before they reach thelr Children, fifth year, the mortality of both legit- imate and illegitimate children of Jewish extraction is less than one-sixth of the num: der of births. It must he remembered that the ‘doath-rate of Mogitimate children is very high, and that these are included in the statistics of the Jews, bout are excluded from those of the Christians. The number of illegitimates among Jews is, however, very small, ‘The same author also pofuts out that 11 out of every 1,000 Christian children in Prussia (822-40) died before they reached the end of the first year of their existence, while the death-rate among the Jewish infants was only 129 in 1,000. Ta the same manner it is shown by F. J. Neumann, (“Die Sterbliehkeit Ehelicher und Unchelicher Kinder, Insbesondere Inerbalb der Jadischen Be- volkertng in Baden,” in “Jahrbitcher far Gesetzge- bung, Verwaltung, und Volkswirthschatt,” 1877, i, 151-164) in Buden that the infant mortality was much lower among the Jews than among Ue rest of the population, as may be seen from the follow- ing table Israxt Momraurry 18 BADEN. Protestants | Catholic, | ews Period ot te, Yoo a | aoe [an | a [tect So. | asa. | si, | 18, | 38, | 18 First weeks 85] 280) Second wea 3) ur ind week, tat) Fat Forts week. Eis] 105 Fit months ceeoc | as] Fa iat ity 200000] yooe | a | Hint year im) | 2525 From these figures it is evident that the infant mor- tality among the Jews was from 8 to 10 per cent Jower than among the Christians, and that the chances of surviving the frst, the so-called “evitieal,”| year were much greateramong the Jewish children. ‘The same author elicited also, from the mortality statistics of Baden for 185%, Usat the death-rate. in eluding still-births, was%2 per cent among the Jews, fas against 28 per éent among the Protestants, aud SL per cont among the Catholics ‘The following was the infant mortality of Posen in 100 total deaths: During the first year of life: Catholics, 88,14; Protestants, 81.85; Jews, 29.12 During the frst ten years of life: Catholics, 30.88: Protestunts, 38; Jews, 43.19 (“ Sterblichkeitsverhat- nisse der Stadt’ Posen,” in * Vierteljabresehrite farMortality ‘THE JEWISH 32 ENCYCLOPEDIA Gorichtliche Mediein,” 1869, pp. 269-280). Tn Mowsdeburg Bergman’ (*Die Sterblichkeitsverhalt- hisse der Stadt. Magdeburg," 1858, p. 94) records that from. 1897 to 1896 the mortality during the first year of life, excluding stfl-bieths, was as fol- Tows: Among the Jewish boys [4, among the Chris tian boys24; among the Jewish girls 13, abd among the Chistian girls 31 Ta Amsterdam the mortality of ehildren under five years of age was 8.85 per cent among the Jews nd 11.32 per cent among. the Christian poptla- tion, In Frankfort-on-the-Main also, the mortality of Jowish children under the age of five was not Sucsalf so high ns that of the Christians, Gla tor has shown that in Vienna the mortality of in fants duting the frst five months of life was a fo, Jovs: First month; Jews 88, Christians 16.1; second snd thind months: Jews 18.0, Christians 17.7; fourth, fn fifth months: Teves 45,6, Christians 52.8, Wolif reports that among Christians S91 Togiti- mate childyen ont of 1,000 reach the fourteenth year of life, white among the Jews 802 reach this age (Ueber die Windersterbiiehkelt,” Erfurt, 1878). Mayer shows that in Fath during a period of ten years the Jews lost by many and tleath 10 in 100 children from one to England. five sears old, while the Christians lost 14 ("Ueber die Lebosserwareung: der Ismclitisehen Bevolkerung Gegentber de Ghristlichen,” in" Deutsche Zeitscaift fOr dic Sta tistik,” 1863, xxi. 2), In France Neufville found conditions to be the same, Daring the frst five Years of life 12.9 in 100 children of Jews die; of 100, ahildven of Christians 24.1 die, Tn Taly Lombroso Shows that in Verona the Snfant mortality of the Catholics is nearly double that of the Jews, In his work, “London Pauperisi,” Stallnd says that the rnovtality among Jewish children from one to Sve Years of age is only 10 per cent, while among the Ciiristions it reaches M per cent. J.-M. Rhodes, atthe meeting of the British Medieal Association in 82, presented figures showing tnt the infant mor- tality’ in Manchester, England, “wuched 108. per 1,000; ‘but in the district of Choctham, which i= Trg inhabited by Jews, the death-rate was only 134--less than two-thirds of the average for all the distviets of the city. The sante us Deen shovea to In Ger- be true of London by various expert witnesses in their testimony before the Royal Alien Immigration Commission. A. Ruppin reports that in Prussia in 1882 the pro- portion per 1,000 children (including still-births) that survived the first year of life was as shown in the following table: hehe sews In Bulgaria, according to II, Rimalovsky (“Zur Statistik der Bulgurisehen Juden,” in Nossig, “J0- dische Statistik,” pp. 816-221, Berlin, 1903), the mor- tality of children per 1,000 population was as follows: Morrauty oF Crmprex 1x Bureanra, Ages in Yours. 51010, | sows, ews pte eit $Sotaunnuedane Semen ‘This shows that during the first year of life the mortality of Jowish infunts is higher than that of the non-Jewish children (excepting Armenian); but that in succeeding years the death-rate of In Bul- the Jews is lower. In Poland also it garia and has been found that during the frst Poland. year of life the mortality of Jewish Tants is higher than among the Cath olic population of thatcountry, ‘Thusaecording to Iwo Wengierow (“Die Jusen im Konigreich Polen,” in Nossig, 2. pp. 293-810) the death-rate per 1,000 births duting the first year of life among the Cath- olics was 140, and among the Jews 148. This ap- peared rather strange to Wengierow, considering, ‘the fact that love for their offspring is very highly developed in Jewish parents as compared with the Catholic population of Poland. He, however, shows that the cause of this high mortality is to be sought in the distribution of deaths according to sex, which shows the following significant results: Against 100 girls of Catholic parentage 107 boysdie: against 100 girls of Jewish parontage 182 boys di ‘More boys are born to Jews than to non-Jews (sce Burns); and the mortality of males is also larger among Jewish infants, Wengierow attributes this to the lack of antiseptic precautions during the ritual cireumeision of Jowish boys. ‘This isa rather far-fetehed conclusion, not sustained by statistics of septic infection of boys due to circumcision ‘The samo conditions have been found to pre vail in Galicia, Kitz presonts figures showing that during 1882 the death-rates of ebildren under five years of age were as follows: Roman Cath: Bi per cont: Protestants, 88.6 per cent; and Jews, 56,6 per cont, For Bukowina, Schimmer's statis: ties are: Monranaty or Caupres 1v Buxowsxa, sews Nonsews, Age. Bors. | Gin | oye. | Gini Qnesearana under) 9 | 2 | sag | ao Pinevonthyean---| iz | ing | ie | igs Bebtotwnte | lke | AB) TM] TR ‘The eause assigned for the great mortality of Jewish children in Galivin and Bukowina is that the propor- tion of illegitimacy is very large among the Jews in these countries, nd the death-rate of Jewish illegit imate children in general is much higher than that of legitimate children, But the apparent frequeney of illegitimacy among these Jews is due to the prac-33 ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA Mortality 1 of omitting civil registration of marriages among them ia the small towns, as las been poiated out by Kitz and Schinner (see Buerns), To Russia the infant mortality of the Jows in the Pale of Settlement is much lower than that of the Christians. “According to the figures of the census of 1897 (sce “ Voskhod,” Mare, 1904, pp. 116-117) the age distribution per 100 total deaths was as follows: In Russia. ‘This table shows that during the first year of life ouly 25.08 per eent of Jews die, as against 40.91 per ‘cont of Christiuns. Prom 1 to 10 years of age the death-rate is bout the same for Jews and Chris: tans, After the ageof ton the percentage of deaths fs perceptibly larger among tho Jews. ‘The low mortality of Jewish infants in the Pale of Settlement is also seen from the following table, whieh gives the number of deaths during the first ‘year of life per 100 births: Dearns oF INPANTS 1X PALE oF SerrLeMeNr, Deaths per 10 Births, Months, _ ‘cristans. Ta 8 8 districts are the most overerowded and insanitary in ‘those cities, This low mortality of Jewish children is best illustrated by the life-tables prepared by Jolin &, Billings in hiis “ Report on the Vital Statis- ties of the Jewsin the United States” (Washington, 1890; reprinted in Jew. Exeve, v. 807). From these tables it is found that, according to the birth-rate statistics of males and females among the Jews in ‘Massachusetts, in 100,000 infants 50,684 would be males and 49,316 females. At the end of the fifth year 41,781 male children would be alive, and by the end of about seventy-one years one-half of ‘them would have died. Comparing these with the general population of Massachusetts, where 51,258 children out of every 100,000 are males, only 86,727 would reach the end of their fifth year, and one-half of these would have died at the end of about the forty-seventh year ‘The genoral rate of mortality of the Jews lias also been observed in various countries to be lower than that of their Gentile neighbors. ‘The following are earlier duta with regard to the comparative mortality of Jows and others, mainly derived from Legoyt and Lagneau: Dearn-Rate Pen THOUSAND, Reference. Itaanean,p . rene Ishimmer, “statis be i igor ies” p08 IHegort te. p18, lisepe ge” a Pine’ sctenutaue,” 18 pa " ‘Poseany ori. p. 0 AI these observations are confirmed by vital sta- Aisties of the Jews in the United States. From the reports of the census of 1890 it is seen that the mor- tality among children of the Russian and Polish Jews jn America is lower than that of any othor race or nationality, as may be seen from the following table: Monranity of Cumpnes Unpex Frereen Yeans or AGr IN tie Uxiren States. 1 Be iB # inna ot omer. | £2 || miagnceotaetner. | 22 ak ae iwungary Bohemia rane Tiled Ste Ilana ‘The vital statistics of Prussia, which are fairly’ ‘complete and satisfactory, show the General lower deatli-mte among Jews in a Death- very striking manner. Ia that coun- Rate. try, according to figures in Mullhall’s “Dictionary of Statistics,” the annual Aeath-rate has been found to be per 1,000 popula ton as follows: cnrssuians, sens. Mates. Females. ‘ales, | Females and from Axthur Ruppin's reeent compilation the ‘mortality has been found to be as follows: ‘Phe fact {s well established by other statistical ovidence that the districts mostly inhabited by the immigrant Jewsin Now York, Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago, eie,, show the lowest mortality of infants and children, and this in spite of the fact that these IX.-8 Years. Among sews. | Among Christan, TEE cesseseees ns ae ieee mc) Ba ae HT i Bist‘Mortauity, Mortara ‘Case Prom these figures itis clear that while the general mortality rates increased during the period 1822-60, that of the Jews decreused; the decrease continn ing to such an extent that in 1897 the rate was only 14.73 per 1,000 population. Among the Chris- population deerease manifested itself between 1878 and 1807, but it was not go large as that among: the Jews. The mortality of 14.18 per 1,000 of the Jews in Prussia is considered by Ruppia “so low that it has not been reached in any country in the world, and is the ideal of hygienic and Sanitary achievement to whichall may strive.” It is remark. fable that this low mortality mostly occurs among. children under fifteen yenrs of age, the number of deaths among whom is much smalier with the Jews than with the Christiaus. ‘The mortality of persons over fifteen years of age is only a little loss among. the Jews than among the Christians; and during the five years 1808 to 1807 it was even 0.4 per 1,000 larger, as may be seen from the following tabl ‘Among sews. | Among Cbristians. Years. unger 15] 15 Years | Under 19] 15 Years ‘Yeurs. [and Over ears. jana Over np | aa | ne Sm | ge | it | ioe 3% | ion | ane | i037 Hungary also possesses good records of vital sta tistics, and there it is found that the mortality of the Jews is much below that of their non-Jewish neighbors, Lombroso’s figures show that the rate (Or mortaticy or Chiistiaus under Brey years OF aZe in that country is 14 in 1,000, while that of the Jews is only 10. Kordsi shows the same for Buda- pest for all deaths, For 1885 to 1893 his Sgures oman Catholies..+. 22 cea per 10,00. Lntherans een ian rs From 1886 to 1890 the mortality per 1,000 of the population in Budapest was, according’ to Kordsi, as follows: gees F |B |e wos 8 ON) aL 2 18 In Austrian Galicia the available data tend to con: firm the low general mortality of the Jews, notw standing the poor economic’ and social conditions under which they find themselves and in spite of the high infant mortality. V. Kitz (“Die Bew gung der Bovalkerang in Galizien i, J. 1882 mit Rucksicht auf Konfessionen,” in “Statistische Mo- natssebrift," 1883, p. 550) shows the mortality per 1,000 population to beas follows: Roman Catholics, BB.2; Greek Catholies, 48.0; Protestants, 29.1; Jews, 20.4. In Algiers Legoyt (“De Ja Vitalité de Ja Race ‘THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA a Juive,” in“ Jour. de la Société Statistique de Paris,” 1869, vi.) records that there occurred one death, among 22.5 Buropeans, and only one death among: 85.8 Jews Acconling to Boudin (“Qéographie Médicale,” fi 216) the mortality in Algiers in 1844 and 1845 per 1,000 population was 67.7 among the ‘Europeans and only 83,0 among the Jews. In Bulgaria, where the general mortality durin, the period 1893-90 was 26 per 1,000 population, thi number of deaths necording to religions belief ‘was as follows: Jews, 22; Greek Catholies, 24; Mo- hammedans, 27; ‘Armenians, 44. In general the ‘mortality among the Jews was 22 and. In among others 28 por 1,000 population, Bulgaria. A point worthy of notice in connec tion with the mortality ia Bulgaria is that the Armenians, who, like the Jows, live mostly, in cities, show the highest mortality rate, while the Jews, in spite of being townfolk, show the lowest (H, Rimalovsky, “Dio Jadische’ Bevolkerung in Bulgarien,” in Nossig, “Jadische Statistik," p. 816). ‘The mortality of the Jews in Warsaw, Poland, is also less than that of the Christian population, not- withstanding the fact that the infant mortality is very great among the Jews. According to Wen- gierow (Le), it appears that in 1889 in 1,000 popu- lntion the mortality was: 28.1 Christians and only 17.9 Jews. ‘The same is the ease with the Jewish population of Russia, According to the census of 1807, the mortality in the Pale of Settlement was, 26.8 per 1,000 among the Christians, while among the Jews it was only 16.8 (* Voskhod,” Mareh, 1904, p12). States of America the same phenomena are to be observed. In spite of the fact that the immigrant. Jews live there in the congested tenement districts of cities, their rate of mortality is much below that of the other races and peoples in the same locality, From Billings’ statistics of 60,880 Jews living in the ‘United States on Dec. 81, 1889, it has been elicited that the average annual mortality was only 7.11 per 1,000 population, which is “little more than half theannnal death-rateamong other por- In the Uni- sons of the same social class and con- ted States. ditionof living inthis country” (“Vi- tal Statistics of the Jows in the United States,” p. 10). In the “Report of Vital Statistics of New York City for 1800 "it is shown that during: the six years ending May 1, 1890, the mortality ‘was as follows: Dintiplace of ‘wer. Bigtnplae of ‘oluer anosely Sows) + ‘The Russian and Polish Jews are thus shown to have the lowest mortality. Moreover, their low death-rate, as the census report points ott, does not fully appear in these figures, because a considerable