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Biology and Management of The Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis Sacchari (Zehntner) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Sorghum: A Review
Biology and Management of The Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis Sacchari (Zehntner) (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Sorghum: A Review
Review
Abstract
The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner, 1897) is a key pest on sorghum and sugarcane in many areas of Africa, Asia,
Australia, the Far East, and parts of Central and South America. The status of research of its geographical distribution, host range,
nature of damage, extent of crop losses, and ecobiology in sorghum is summarized and research programs in different countries are
reviewed. Numerous germplasm accessions, A/B- and R-lines, agronomic elite lines, hybrids, and varieties, identied as sources of
resistance providing genetic diversity from different countries are listed. Studies on the components of resistance showed the
predominance of antixenosis for colonization/establishment on IS 1144C, IS 12664C, and TAM 428, and antibiosis was observed on
IS 12609C, IS 12664C, and TAM 428 for least number of days to reproduction, greater mortality, shorter longevity, and production
of no or fewer nymphs. The morpho-physiological traits and biochemical factors associated with resistance have been discussed.
There is a signicant decline in diastase activity but increase in crude ber and carbohydrates in the grain due to infestation by M.
sacchari. It is a vector of three persistent viruses (millet red leaf, sugarcane yellow leaf, and sugarcane mosaic viruses). Among the
control tactics, cultural practices, natural enemies, and chemical control together can prevent the sugarcane aphid from reaching the
economic threshold levels. Current progress has been reviewed and ideas for future research are suggested.
r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Biology; Management; Mechanisms of resistance,Melanaphis sacchari; Sorghum; Sugarcane aphid; Varietal resistance
Contents
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
740
2.
Geographical distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
740
3.
Host range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
740
4.
Nature of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
742
5.
Crop losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
742
6.
Ecobiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
743
7.
Varietal resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
743
8.
Virus vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
748
9.
Cultural practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
748
748
751
*Corresponding author.
E-mail address: singhbu@rediffmail.com (B.U. Singh).
0261-2194/$ - see front matter r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.004
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Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
752
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
752
1. Introduction
The sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner,
1897) (Homoptera: Aphididae) has been reported
variously as Aphis sacchari (Zehntner) (Zimmerman,
1948) and Longiunguis sacchari (Zehntner) (Eastop,
1965). Roy Chaudhuri and Banerjee (1974) synonymized both these species as M. sacchari (Zehntner).
Eastop and Hille Ris Lambers (1976) reviewed the
literature on the nomenclature of sugarcane aphid, M.
sacchari, and listed that the genera, Geoktapia Mordovilko (1921), Longiunguis Van der Goot (1977), Masraphis Soliman (1938), Nevsikia Mordvilko (1932),
Piraphis Borner (1932), Schizaphideilla Hille Ris Lambers (1939), Yezabura Matsumura (1917) as synonyms
of the genus Melanaphis Van der Goot (1917).
Table 1
Geographical distribution of the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari
(Zehntner)
Country
Reference
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Bhutan
Botswana
Brazil
China
Mead (1978)
Delno (1985)
Passlow (1985)
Agarwala (1985)
Flattery (1982)
Mead (1978)
Wang (1961), Mead (1978), and Miao and Sunny
(1987)
Mead (1978)
Mead (1978)
Mead (1978)
Megenasa (1982)
Denmark (1988)
Mead (1978)
Mead (1978)
Young (1970), Jotwani and Young (1972), Young
and Teetes (1977), Shuja-Uddin (1975), David and
Sandhu (1976), Alexander and Madhusudhanrao
(1977), Varma et al. (1978), Bapat (1981), Bhagat
(1981), Agarwala et al. (1983), Mote (1983), Mote
and Kadam (1984), Patil (1992), and Balikai (1997)
Mead (1978)
Edward (1937)
Setokuchi (1973), Mead (1978), Hagio et al. (1985),
and Hagio and Ono (1986)
Le Pelley (1959), Nye (1960), and Starks (1969)
Mead (1978)
Hamid (1983)
Mead (1978)
Rueda and Catling (1978), and Mead (1978)
Brain (1929), Muller and Scholl (1958), Matthee and
Oberholzer (1958), Matthee (1962), van Rensburg
and van Hamburg (1975), Anonymous (1981), van
Rensburg and Malan (1993), and van den Berg
(1999)
Schmutterer (1969), and Mead (1978)
Mead (1978)
Chang (1981a, b), Chang and Fang (1984), and
Wilbrink (1922)
Bohlen (1973)
Young (1970), Banzoger (1976), and Meksongsee
and Chawanapong (1985)
Mead (1978)
Schmutterer (1969), and Mead (1978)
Delno (1985)
Mead (1978), Sanchez and Cermeli (1987), and
Aponte et al. (1988)
Sithole et al. (1987)
Colombia
Ecuador
Egypt
Ethiopia
Florida
Haiti
Hawaii
India
2. Geographical distribution
The geographical distribution of M. sacchari follows
the cultivation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum (L.))
worldwide covering Angola, Brazil, China, Colombia,
Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Haiti, Hawaii, India, Indonesia, Japan, Jamaica, the middle East, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sudan, Thailand, Trinidad,
Tabago, Uganda, and Venezuela (Eastop, 1955, 1965;
Mead, 1978; CIE, 1981) (Table 1). It is considered as an
economically important pest on sorghum in China
(Wang, 1961), Taiwan (Chang, 1981a, b; Pi and Hsieh,
1982a), Japan (Setokuchi, 1973), India (Young, 1970),
South Africa (van Rensburg, 1973a), and Botswana,
while it is common on cultivated sorghum in Zimbabwe
(Flattery, 1982), where its economic importance has not
been determined (Page et al., 1985). In North America,
it occurs on sugarcane in Florida (Summers, 1978;
Mead, 1978; Denmark, 1988), Hawaii (Zimmerman,
1948; Pemberton, 1948), and Louisiana (White et al.,
2001), and its economic status on sugarcane still remains
unclear (White et al., 2001).
3. Host range
Although M. sacchari (Zehntner) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is a minor pest on several crops, its pest status has
increased rapidly since the early 1970s. The genus
Melanaphis has 20 species associated with Gramineae
Indonesia
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Nigeria
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
South
Africa
Sudan
Tabago
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad
Uganda
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zimbabwe
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Table 2
Host range of the sugarcane aphid, M. sacchari (Zehnt.) reported from different countries
Scientic name
Common name
Country from
which reported
Reference
Bermuda grass,
Burmagrass,
Common stargrass,
Devilgrass,
Dhubgrass
Ornamental grass,
Japanese silvergrass
Paddy,
Rice
Barnyard grass,
Jungle rice,
Tufted annual grass
Hamilgrass,
Jacquin Guineagrass
Hairy crabgrass
Taiwan
Wilbrink (1922)
Japan
China,
USA (Florida)
USA (Florida),
Taiwan
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
USA (Florida)
USA (Florida)
Argentina,
USA (Florida),
USA (Hawaii),
India (Sikkim),
India (Tamil Nadu),
India (Uttar Pradesh),
India (West Bengal),
Jamaica,
USA (Louisiana),
Pakistan,
Philippines,
Taiwan
South Africa,
USA (Florida)
Denmark (1988)
Delno (1985)
Mead (1978), and Denmark (1988)
Pemberton (1948)
Agarwala et al. (1983)
Alexander and Madhusudhanrao (1977)
Shuja-Uddin (1975), and Varma et al. (1978)
Agarwala et al. (1983)
Edward (1937)
White et al. (2001)
Hamid (1983)
Rueda and Catling (1978)
Wilbrink (1922)
van Rensburg (1973a, b)
Wilbrink (1922)
Argentina,
USA (Florida),
India (Karnataka),
India (Kashmir),
India (Maharashtra),
India (Punjab),
Japan,
Delno (1985)
Wilbrink (1922), and Denmark (1988)
Patil (1992), and Balikai (1997)
Bhagat (1981)
Mote (1983), and Mote and Kadam (1984)
David and Sandhu (1976)
Setokuchi (1973), Hagio et al. (1985), and Hagio
and Ono (1986)
van Rensburg and van Hamburg (1975)
van Rensburg and Malan (1983)
Chang (1981a, b), and Chang and Fang (1984)
Banzoger (1976)
Delno (1985)
Sanchez and Cermeli (1987), and Aponte et al. (1988)
Kawada (1995)
van Rensburg (1973a)
Sugarcane
Boar millet,
Foxtail millet,
German millet,
Hay millet,
Italian millet,
Nunbank setaria
Sorghum
South Africa,
Aleppo grass,
Aleppo millet grass,
Cuba grass,
Johnson grass
Wild Sudangrass
Maize
Taiwan,
Thailand,
Uruguay,
Venezuela
Japan,
South Africa
South Africa
Bhutan
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742
4. Nature of damage
Damage to sorghum by the sugarcane aphid depends
on a number of factors including aphid density and
infestation duration. Sorghum is typically infested soon
after plant emergence, but signicant infestations
usually occur during late growth stages, and in dry
periods (van Rensburg, 1973a). Sorghum responses to
M. sacchari injury include purple leaf discoloration of
seedlings followed by chlorosis, necrosis, stunting, delay
in owering, and poor grain ll, including quality and
quantity yield losses. The sugarcane aphid feeds on the
abaxial surface of older sorghum leaves. Leaves below
the infected ones are often covered with sooty molds
which grow on the honeydew produced by the aphid
(Narayana, 1975). Plant stress due to drought may
intensify damage to sorghum by the sugarcane aphid.
The importance of M. sacchari as a pest on sorghum
results from its colonization when plants are 23 weeks
old. Despite early colonization, notable increases in
aphid numbers take place only after panicle exsertion
(van Rensburg, 1973a). Therefore, the sugarcane aphid
colony has a relatively narrow time window within
which to increase population buildup. Physiological and
biological changes taking place during sorghum plant
development can cumulatively affects the exponential
growth rates during early and mid-season, reaching as
many as 30 000 aphids on a single plant (Setokuchi,
1977). However, the aphid densities decline quickly in
23 weeks after peak abundance, and the factors
5. Crop losses
The sugarcane aphids remove the plant sap from
xylem tissues of leaves, and in large densities they cause
physiological losses such as wilting/curling of leaves,
and also result in chlorosis. However, the aphid
numbers necessary to cause yield reductions in sorghum
vary based on the plant stage, interval between, and
duration of infestation. The degree of plant moisture
stress under which sorghum is grown as well as the
induction of stress due to aphid infestation also plays a
signicant role in the amount of aphid injury that can be
tolerated.
Sorghum yield losses ranging from minor to severe
have been reported in Botswana (Anonymous, 1974;
Flattery, 1982), Zimbabwe (Page et al., 1985) and India
(Mote and Kadam, 1984; Mote et al., 1985). In South
Africa, grain yield losses reached 60% (Matthee, 1962),
and 4678%, without insecticide control (van Rensburg
and van Hamburg, 1975; van Rensburg, 1979; van den
Berg, 2002). There are few direct and indirect estimates
of the sugarcane aphid damage in sorghum and
sugarcane. In sorghum, the losses varied between
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6. Ecobiology
The earliest detailed study of the biology and life
history of the sugarcane aphid has been on sorghum in
South Africa (van Rensburg, 1969, 1973a, b, 1976) and
to a limited extent on sugarcane in Japan (Setokuchi,
1980, 1988) and sorghum in India (Varma et al., 1978).
The sugarcane aphid forms colonies of lemon-yellow
apterae and alate individuals on the abaxial surface of
basal leaves of a sorghum plant. Some alates have
patterned black markings along the dorsal scleritis
(Eastop, 1955; Roy Chaudhuri and Banerjee, 1974;
Blackman and Eastop, 1984). Reproduction is predominantly asexual with adults being either apterae or
alate viviparous females. Sexual reproduction is also
known to occur on sorghum (David and Sandhu, 1976),
however, the environmental conditions under which
sexual reproduction takes place have not been reported.
It has four nymphal stadia, which are completed in 4.3
12.4 (Chang et al., 1982) or in 5 days (Manthe, 1992).
Adults normally survive for 1016 (Meksongsee and
Chawanapong, 1985), 1437 (Chang et al., 1982), or 28
days (van Rensburg, 1973a), and produce up to 68
nymphs female 1 with an average of 34 (Meksongsee
and Chawanapong, 1985), 4589 (Chang et al., 1982), or
96 at 18.031.0 C (van Rensburg, 1973a). Alates
produce fewer nymphs and have a shorter life expectancy (van Rensburg, 1973a). It develops 5161 generations, averaging 56 generations annually under
screenhouse conditions (Chang et al., 1982). The life
span of each generation is shorter in summer than in
winter (Chang et al., 1982). The number of days for
nymphal development was increased with a decrease in
longevity and fecundity in aphids reared on sorghum at
25.0 C and 16 h photoperiod (Kawada, 1995). There is
also evidence that the performance of the sugarcane
aphid varies in its adaptation when reared on sugarcane
alone, while those reared on sorghum are adapted to
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7. Varietal resistance
Aphid density and plant damage under natural
infestations have been used to select resistant sorghum
genotypes in the greenhouse and eld conditions
(Setokuchi, 1976; Pi and Hsieh, 1982a; Hagio and
Ono, 1986). Seedling and mature plant evaluations
displayed similar results (Pi and Hsieh, 1982a; Hagio
and Ono, 1986), however, seedlings were preferred for
easy handling and control of infestation levels (Teetes,
1980).
Sources and mechanisms of resistance: Several sources,
levels, and mechanisms of resistance in sorghum to the
sugarcane aphid comprising germplasm accessions,
parental lines (A/B and R lines), agronomic elite lines,
hybrids, varieties, and locals have been reported from
different countries (Tables 36). Resistance to insects
has been characterized into three components as
antixenosis (nonpreference), antibiosis, and tolerance
(Painter, 1951; Horber, 1980; Smith, 1989; Smith et al.,
1994). However, antixenosis and antibiosis resistance to
M. sacchari in sorghum do not differ with plant age
(Teetes, 1980). Both alate and apterous virginoparous
adults showed a stronger tendency of preference to S.
bicolor and S. halepense rather than M. sinensis.
Tolerance to the sugarcane aphid injury in sorghum
increases greatly with slight increase in plant height, and
has inherent advantage over antibiosis and antixenosis
in that it does not impose selection pressure on aphid
populations, and thus may have greater permanence.
Setokuchi (1988) reported that M. sacchari failed to
establish on resistant lines under eld conditions
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Table 3
Germplasm accessions of sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid, M. sacchari (Zehnt.) reported from different countries
Germplasm accession
Origin
Classication
Resistance
Level
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
44
84
718
1063
1117
1133C (SC 202)
Country from
which reported
Reference
India
Japan
India
India
India
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
India
India
Japan
India
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
India
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Japan
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Balikai (1993)
Hagio and Ono (1986)
AICSIP (1988)
AICSIP (1988)
AICSIP (1988)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Mote and Shahane (1988, 1993)
AICSIP (1997)
Hagio and Ono (1986)
Balikai (1993)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
AICSIP (1980)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Hagio (1987, 1992) and Hagio and Ono
(1986)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and Teetes et al. (1995)
Manthe (1992) and
Manthe (1992) and
Manthe (1992) and
Manthe (1992) and
Chang (1981a, b)
Manthe (1992) and
Manthe (1992) and
Mechanism
USA
Mexico
USA
India
India
India
Bicolor
Durra/Kaura
Bicolor
Durra
Durra
Durra
R
MR
R
R
R
HR
India
Durra
HR
India
Durra
HR
India
Durra
HR
Ax, Ab
India
Durra
Ax
India
Dochna
HR
Ax, Ab
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
1840
2312
3796
4657
5188C (SC 245)
USA
USA
India
India
Durra
Caffrorum
Durra
Durra/Dochna
R
R
MR
R
HR
Ab
IS 5490
IS 5887C (SC 248)
India
India
Durra
Roxburghii
R
HR
Ax
India
Nandyal
HR
IS 6416C
India
Nandyal
HR
Ax
India
Nandyal
HR
Ax
IS 6962C
India
Caudatum
IS 8100C
Japan
HR
Ethiopia
Caudatum/
Nigricans
Bicolor
HR
Ax, Ab
Ethiopia
Caudatum
HR
Ax, Ab
Congo
Guinea
HR
Ax, Ab
Ethiopia
Caudatum
HR
Ax, Ab
Ethiopia
Caudatum
Ethiopia
Caudatum
Ethiopia
Bicolor
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Taiwan
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
IS 12612C
Ethiopia
Bicolor
Zimbabwe
Japan,
Ethiopia
Bicolor
Ab
IS 12645C
Ethiopia
Bicolor
HR
Ax, Ab
South Africa
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Teetes
Teetes
Teetes
Teetes
et
et
et
et
al.
al.
al.
al.
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
(1995)
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Table 3 (continued)
Germplasm accession
IS 12661C
Origin
Ethiopia
Classication
Bicolor
Resistance
Level
Mechanism
HR
Ax, Ab
Country from
which reported
Reference
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
IS 12664C
Ethiopia
Bicolor
HR
IS 12667C
Ethiopia
Bicolor
IS 14048
IS 23250 (Sima)
Malawi
Guinea
Caudatum
Bicolor
Durra
R
R
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
India
South Africa
India
IS 33843
Ax, Ab
Ax, antixenosis; Ab, antibiosis; HR, highly resistant; MR, moderately resistant; and R, resistant.
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Table 4
Parental lines (A/B- and R-lines) of sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid, M. sacchari (Zehnt.) reported from different countries
Parental line
Resistance
Level
Reference
Mechanism
A/B-line
2B
9B
27A
33B
42B
R
R
R
R
R
India
India
India
India
India
53B
104A/B
116A/B
117B
129-3A
R
R
R
R
R
205B
296B
2077A/B
2219A/B
4692A
A 36227B
AB 31
AKMS 14A
ICSB 53
ICSB 70
ICSB 84
ICSB 90
ICSB 101
ICSB 2730
ICSB 2731
ICSB 88001
ICSB 88014
R
R
R
R
MR
R
MR
R
R
R
R
R
R
HR
HR
R
R
India
India
India
India
Taiwan,
South Africa
India
India
India
India
Japan
India
China
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Balikai (2001)
Balikai (2001)
AICSIP (1998)
Patil (1992)
AICSIP (1990, 1998), Patil (1992), and
Balikai (1993)
Patil (1992)
AICSIP (1998) and Balikai (2001)
AICSIP (1991, 1998) and Patil (1992)
Patil (1992) and AICSIP (1996)
Pi and Hsieh (1982a)
Wenzell et al. (1998)
Patil (1992) and AICSIP (1996)
Kishore (2000)
Balikai (2001)
Patil (1992) and Balikai (1993)
Hagio and Ono (1986)
AICSIP (1991)
Chang (1981a, b)
AICSIP (1997)
AICSIP (1991)
Patil (1992)
Patil (1992)
Patil (1992)
Patil (1992)
AICSIP (2003)
AICSIP (2003)
AICSIP (1991)
AICSIP (1991)
R-line
2R
5R
China,
South Africa
China
Chang (1981a, b)
Wenzell et al. (1998)
Chang (1981a, b)
47R
57R
C 43
C 81
ICSR 160
ICSR 161
ICSR 162
ICSR 165
ICSR 172
ICSR 174
ICSR 194
ICSR 38111
ICSR 89008
ICSR 89009
M 148-138
R 128
R 131
R 132
R 1413
R 354
RS 29
MR
MR
HR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
HR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
China
China
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
China
China
China
India
India
India
RS 67
India
RS 291
RS 530
RS 649
RTAM 428
R
R
R
HR
SB 1085
India
India
India
China,
South Africa
India
Chang (1981a, b)
Chang (1981a, b)
AICSIP (2003)
Balikai (1993)
AICSIP (1991)
Patil (1992)
Patil (1992)
AICSIP (1991) and Patil (1992)
Patil (1992)
Patil (1992)
AICSIP (1991)
AICSIP (2003)
AICSIP (1991)
AICSIP (1991)
AICSIP (1990)
Chang and Fang (1984)
Chang and Fang (1984)
Chang and Fang (1984)
Balikai (1993)
Kishore (2000)
Patil (1992), Balikai (1993),
Kishore (2000), and AICSIP (2003)
Patil (1992), Balikai (1993),
Kishore (2000), and AICSIP (2003)
AICSIP (1997)
AICSIP (1989)
AICSIP (1998)
Xu (1982)
Wenzell et al. (1998)
AICSIP (1997)
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, antixenosis; Ab, antibiosis; HR, highly resistant; MR, moderately resistant; and R, resistant.
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Table 5
Agronomic elite lines/experimental varieties of sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid, M. sacchari (Zehnt.) reported from different countries
Agronomic elite line/
experimental variety
Resistance
Level
Country from
which reported
Reference
Taiwan
China
India
South Africa
India
India
India
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
India
China
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Japan
India
Japan
Mechanism
HR
HR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
MR
R
HR
Ax, Ab
PNR 8537
HR
Ax
PVR 10
SA 967
SDSL 89426
SPV 97
SPV 101
SPV 102
SPV 224
SPV 232
SPV 236
SPV 243
SPV 245
SPV 257
SPV 291
SPV 303
SPV 378
SPV 386
SPV 422
SPV 492
SPV 504
SPV 625
SPV 969
SPV 991
SPV 998
SPV 1002
SPV 1004
SPV 1051
SPV 1053
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
MR
R
R
MR
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Ax, Ab
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
India
South Africa
South Africa
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
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Table 5 (continued)
Agronomic elite line/
experimental variety
Resistance
Level
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
SPV
1054
1155
1178
1359
1380
1413
1450
1452
1453
1462
1465
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Country from
which reported
Reference
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
India
Patil (1992)
Kishore (2000)
Balikai (1993)
Kishore (2000)
Kishore (2000)
Kishore (2000)
Kishore (2000)
Kishore (2000)
Kishore (2000)
Kishore (2000)
Kishore (2000)
Mechanism
Ax, antixenosis; Ab, antibiosis; HR, highly resistant; MR, moderately resistant; and R, resistant.
8. Virus vector
9. Cultural practices
Among the cultural practices, early planting results in
the crop escaping from aphid attack (van Rensburg,
1974) and high plant density promotes low plant vigor
and concomitantly reduces aphid abundance (Flattery,
1982; van Rensburg, 1979; Setokuchi, 1975). Cutting of
forage sorghum before the rst week of aphid abundance prevents not only the damage but also regulates
subsequent increase in aphid density on a ratoon crop
(Setokuchi, 1977). Since the sugarcane aphid overwinters on ratoon sorghum, S. verticilliflorum, S.
halepense, P. maximum, and Setaria spp., their destruction before the sorghum crop is planted reduces the
carryover of the pest. Mulching with rice/wheat straw is
another practice effective in reducing colonization by
aphids. Sanchez and Cermeli (1987) used yellow traps
with water to capture the migrant aphids in the elds of
sorghum to forecast their migratory pattern and
population dynamics in Venezuela.
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Table 6
Hybrids, varieties, and locals of sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid, M. sacchari (Zehnt.) reported from different countries
Hybrid/variety/local
Resistance
Country from
which reported
Reference
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
R
R
R
South Africa
South Africa
South Africa
Peterson (2002)
Peterson (2002)
Peterson (2002)
R
R
HR
R
South Africa
South Africa
India
India
India
India
Hagio (1987)
Xu (1982)
Mote et al. (1985)
Hagio (1967)
AICSIP (1982, 1987)
Hagio (1987)
Hagio (1987)
Mote et al. (1985)
Hagio (1992)
Mote et al. (1985)
Mote et al. (1985)
Teetes et al. (1995)
Teetes et al. (1995)
Hagio (1987)
Manthe et al. (1992)
Chang (1981a, b)
Mote et al. (1985)
Setokuchi (1976), Hagio et al. (1985),
Hagio and Ono (1986), and Hagio (1992)
Hagio and Ono (1986)
Hagio (1987)
Hagio (1992)
Hagio et al. (1985), Hagio and Ono (1986), and
Hagio (1992)
Level
Hybrid
272 x 3122
846 x 1469
1158 x 132
1175 x 551
1470 derivative
1670 x 1110
(6BRON161/(7E0366Tx2783)HG54)CE151)-CG-3-BGBK
(CE1518BDM499)-LD17-BD1
(MaciaTAM 428)-1-1-2
(MR112B-92M2Tx 2880)-SM3SM1-ML 52
7511 x Kang 60-P341
7511 x Kang60-P400
CSH 13K&R
SPH 634
Mechanism
Ax, Ab
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Africa
Variety
CSV 8R
Sel 3
R
R
Local
Boushi Kaoliang
Dabor
Dagadi
Dairyukoku
DJ 6514
Gyushinpaku
Hakubai Kaoliang
Jogri
Koumairou
Kuchkuchi
Lakadi
Ludende
R
HR
R
R
R
R
R
R
HR
R
R
HR
Minasel
SA 1429
SC 110-14
PJ 4R
Senkinshiro
R
R
R
R
HR
Japan
China
India
Japan
India
Japan
Japan
India
Japan
India
India
Botswana,
Zimbabwe
Japan
South Africa
Taiwan
India
Japan
Setokho-2-gou
Shoukoubai
Shoumai Kaoliang
Suzuho
MR
R
HR
HR
Japan
Japan
Japan
Japan
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, Ab
Ax, antixenosis; Ab, antibiosis; HR, highly resistant; MR, moderately resistant; and R, resistant.
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Table 7
Natural enemies of the sugarcane aphid, M. sacchari (Zehnt.) reported in different countries
Natural enemy
Order
Family
Country
Reference
Pathogen
Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas
Hypocreales
Hypocreaceae
USA (Florida)
Hall (1987)
Parasitoid
Aphelinus maidis Timberlake
Enrischia comperei ashm.
Bracon sp.
Lioadalia flavomaculata (DeGeer)
Lysiphlebus dehliensis Zehntner
Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson)
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Hymenoptera
Aphelinidae
Elasmidae
Braconidae
Aphelinidae
Braconidae
Braconidae
USA (Hawaii)
Australia
India
South Africa
India
USA (Florida),
USA (Hawaii)
Diptera
Coleoptera
Syrphidae
Coccinellidae
USA (Florida)
India
Hall (1987)
Seshu Reddy and Davies (1979)
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Chrysoperla sp.
Chrysoperla basalis Walk.
Chrysoperla collaris Schneider
Chrysoperla externa (Hagan)
Coelophora inaequalis (Fabricius)
Neuroptera
Neuroptera
Neuroptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Chrysomelidae
Chrysomelidae
Chrysomelidae
Chrysomelidae
Coccinellidae
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Puerto Rico
India,
South Africa
India
Thailand
Puerto Rico
USA (Florida)
Australia,
USA (Hawaii)
Dutch Guiana
USA (Florida)
Gilstrap (1980)
Gilstrap (1980)
van Rensburg (1973)
Seshu Reddy and Davies (1979)
Meksongsee and Chawanapong (1985)
Gilstrap (1980)
Hall (1988)
Gilstrap (1980)
Gilstrap (1980)
Gilstrap (1980)
Hall (1988)
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Lygaeidae
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Chamaemyiidae
Coccinellidae
Dutch Guiana,
Puerto Rico,
USA (Florida)
USA (Florida)
South Africa
India
USA (Florida)
India
South Africa
South Africa
Gilstrap (1980)
Gilstrap (1980)
Hall (1988)
Hall (1987)
van Rensburg (1973)
Seshu Reddy and Davies (1979)
Hall (1988)
Seshu Reddy and Davies (1979)
van Rensburg (1973b)
van Rensburg (1973b)
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
South Africa
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
India,
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
Thailand
South Africa
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Diptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Hymenoptera
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Coccinellidae
Hemerobiidae
Cecidomyiidae
Coccinellidae
Cecidomyiidae
Aphelinidae
Anthocoridae
Coccinellidae
Thailand
USA (Florida)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Florida)
USA (Hawaii)
USA (Hawaii)
Puerto Rico
Australia
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Diptera
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Coccinellidae
Syrphidae
Syrphidae
Diptera
Syrphidae
China
Puerto Rico
South Africa
India
Puerto Rico
Thailand
USA (Louisiana)
South Africa
India
He et al. (1987)
Gilstrap (1980)
van Rensburg (1976)
Gilstrap (1980)
Gilstrap (1980)
Meksongsee and Chawanapong (1985)
White et al. (2001)
van Rensburg (1976)
Seshu Reddy and Davies (1979)
Predator
Allograpta exotica (Wiedemann, 1830)
Brumus suturalis (Fabr.)
(Syn: Brumoides suturalis (Fabr.))
Ceratomegilla (Megilla) inonata Muls.
Chilochorus nigritus (F.)
Xanthogramma scutellaris
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Acknowledgements
We are greatly indebted to Dr. Mangala Rai, Director
General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New
Delhi for his constant encouragement and keen interest.
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