139

Chapter
TWELVE

Power Flow Study

12.1 Introduction
Power flow study is a very important topic for power system engineering. Power flow studies are
used to ensure that electrical power transfer from generation to consumers through the grid
system is stable, reliable and economic. It helps us to make a proper design of power system for
producing more energy. It also helps to do economical operation. It tells what is happening in the
power system, how to perform under different operating condition. Power flow studies are often
used to identify the need for additional generation, capacitive support or the placement of
capacitors, reactors to maintain system voltages within specified limits.

Power flow study

Power flow study is the steady state solution of the power
system network.
The power flow equation
S = P12 + jQ12
=V1.I*12

So, power flow is two types -

1. Real power
2. Reactive power

Real power: The component of apparent power that represents true work; expressed in watts, it
is equal to volt-amperes multiplied by the power factor.
It is denoted by P.
The unit of this power is watt (W).

Reactive power: Reactive power is a power that flows back and forth between the inductive
windings of the generator and the inductive windings of motors, transformers etc., which are part
of the electrical load. This power does no useful work in the electrical load nor does it present
load to the engine.
It is denoted by Q.
The unit of this power is var (volt-ampere reactive) because re-active power does not transfer net
energy to the load. Sometimes it is called “wattles” power.

Complex power: The complex power is the vector sum of real and re-active power.
It is denoted by S.
 140

The unit of this power is VA (volt-ampere) because it is a product of rms (Root mean square)
voltage and rms current.

Apparent power: The absolute vale of Complex power is called Apparent power.
It is denoted by ISI.
The unit of this is also VA.

Now, net complex power is injected into the ith bus

Si=Pi + jQi

¿ ( PGi−P Di ) + j(QGi −Q Di)

Here,
Pi = Real injected power
Qi = Re-active injected power
PGi = Local power generation Real power
PDi = Real power demand at the bus
QGi = Local power generation Re-active power
QDi = Re-active power demand at the bus

12.2 Bus Classification

In power flow study it is assumed that loads are constant and generator terminal voltages are
tightly regulated and therefore are constant. The main objective of the power flow study is to
find the voltage magnitude and angle of each bus. Each bus in system has four variables: voltage
magnitude, voltage angle, real power and reactive power. During the operation of the power
system, each bus has two known variables and two unknowns. Actually there are three types of
buses-

a) Load Bus (PQ Bus): This bus is not connected to a generator so that neither its voltage
nor its real power can be controlled. On the other hand, the load is connected to this bus
so active reactive power at this bus changes randomly. So, we have to assume the
complex power value at this bus to solve load flow problem.

b) Generator Bus (PV Bus): This bus also called Voltage controlled bus because during the
operation the voltage magnitude at this bus is kept constant. This magnitude of the
voltage is kept constant by adjusting the current of a synchronous generator on the bus.

c) Slack Bus (Swing Bus): This bus is considered as the reference bus. It is connected to a
high rating relative to the other generators. During the operation, the voltage of this bus is
always specified and remains constant in magnitude (|V|=1.04p.u) and angle (δ=0). This
bus is responsible for supplying the losses of the system during the operation.
 141

Component Quantity Specified Unspecified

PQ Bus 85% Pi, Qi |Vi|, δi
PV Bus 15% Pi, |Vi| Qi, δi
Slack Bus 1 bus |Vi|, δi Pi, Qi

12.3 Bus Equation

Situation 1

I 1=I 12 + I 13+ I 14 [ Here , I 12=0 ]

V −V 2 V 1−V 3 V 1 −V 4
¿ 1 + +
Z 12 Z 13 Z14
¿ y 12 ( V 1 −V 2 )+ y 13 ( V 1−V 3 ) + y 14 ( V 1−V 4 )
¿ y 12 V 1− y12 V 2+ y 13 V 1− y 13 V 3 + y 14 V 1− y 14 V 4
¿ ( y 12+ y 13+ y 14 ) V 1 + (− y 12 ) V 2+ (− y 13 ) V 3 + ( − y 14 ) V 4
¿ Y 11 V 1 +Y 12 V 2 +Y 13 V 3 +Y 14 V 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (i)

Again,
I 2=I 21+ I 23 + I 24 [ Here , I 21 =0 ]
V 2−V 1 V 2−V 3 V 2 −V 4
¿ + +
Z 21 Z 23 Z24
¿ y 21 ( V 2 −V 1 ) + y 23 ( V 2−V 3 ) + y 24 ( V 2−V 4 )
¿ y 21 V 2− y 21 V 1+ y 23 V 2− y 23 V 3+ y 24 V 2− y 24 V 4
¿ (− y 21 ) V 2+ ( y 21+ y 23 + y 24 ) V 2 + (− y 23 ) V 3+ (− y 24 ) V 4
¿ Y 21 V 1 +Y 22 V 2+Y 23 V 3+ Y 24 V 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …(ii)

Again,
I 3=I 31+ I 32+ I 34
V 3−V 1 V 3−V 2 V 3 −V 4
¿ + +
Z 31 Z 32 Z 34
¿ y 31 ( V 3 −V 1 ) + y 32 ( V 3−V 2) + y 34 ( V 3 −V 4 )
¿ y 31 V 3− y 31 V 1+ y 32 V 3− y 32 V 2 + y 34 V 3− y 34 V 4
¿ (− y 31 ) V 2+ (− y 32) V 2 + ( y 31 + y 32+ y34 ) V 3 + (− y34 ) V 4
¿ Y 31 V 1 +Y 32 V 2 +Y 33 V 3+ Y 34 V 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …(iii)

Again,
I 4=I 41 + I 42+ I 43
 142

V 4−V 1 V 4−V 2 V 4−V 3

¿ + +
Z 41 Z 42 Z 43
¿ y 41 ( V 4−V 1) + y 42 ( V 4 −V 2 ) + y 43 ( V 4 −V 3 )
¿ y 41 V 4− y 41 V 1+ y 42 V 4 − y 42 V 2+ y 43 V 4 − y 43 V 3
¿ (− y 41) V 1 + (− y 42 ) V 2+ (− y 43 ) V 3+ ( y 41+ y 42+ y 34) V 4
¿ Y 41 V 1+Y 42 V 2 +Y 43 V 3 +Y 44 V 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …(iv)

I1 Y 11 Y 12 Y 13 Y 14 V1

[][ I2
I3
I4
Y
= 21
Y 31
Y 41
Y 22
Y 32
Y 42
Y 23
Y 33
Y 43
Y 24
Y 34
Y 44
][ ]
V2
V3
V4

So, I Bus =Y Bus ×V Bus

Situation 2

I 1=I 13 + I 14 [ Here , I 12=0 ]

V −V 3 V 1−V 4
¿ 1 +
Z 13 Z 14
¿ y 13 ( V 1 −V 3 ) + y 14 ( V 1−V 4 )
¿ y 13 V 1− y 13 V 3 + y 14 V 1 − y 14 V 4
¿ ( y 13 + y 14 ) V 1+ ( − y 13) V 3 + (− y14 ) V 4
¿ Y 11 V 1 +Y 12 V 2 +Y 13 V 3 +Y 14 V 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (i)
[ Y 11 = y 12+ y 13 + y 14=0+ y 13+ y 14 = y 13+ y 14 ]
Again,
I 2=I 23 [ Here , I 21=I 24=0 ]
V −V 3
¿ 2
Z 23
¿ y 23 ( V 2−V 3 )
¿ y 23 V 2 − y 23 V 3
¿ ( y 23 ) V 2+ (− y 23 ) V 3
¿ Y 22 V 2 +Y 23 V 3 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …(ii)
[ Y 22= y 21 + y 23+ y24 =0+ y 23 +0= y 23 ]
Again,
I 3=I 31+ I 32+ I 34
V 3−V 1 V 3−V 2 V 3 −V 4
¿ + +
Z 31 Z 32 Z 34
¿ y 31 ( V 3 −V 1 ) + y 32 ( V 3−V 2) + y 34 ( V 3 −V 4 )
¿ y 31 V 3− y 31 V 1+ y 32 V 3− y 32 V 2 + y 34 V 3− y 34 V 4
¿ (− y 31 ) V 2+ (− y 32) V 2 + ( y 31 + y 32+ y34 ) V 3 + (− y34 ) V 4
 143

¿ Y 31 V 1 +Y 32 V 2 +Y 33 V 3+ Y 34 V 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …(iii)

Again,
I 4=I 41 + I 43 [ Here , I 42=0 ]
V −V 1 V 4−V 3
¿ 4 +
Z 41 Z 43
¿ y 41 ( V 4−V 1) + y 43 ( V 4−V 3 )
¿ y 41 V 4− y 41 V 1+ y 43 V 4− y 43 V 3
¿ (− y 41) V 1 + (− y 43 ) V 3 + ( y 41 + y 43 ) V 4
¿ Y 41 V 1+Y 43 V 3 +Y 44 V 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (iv)
[ Y 44 = y 41+ y 42+ y 43= y 41+ 0+ y 43= y 41+ y 43 ]

I1 Y 11 0 Y 13 Y 14 V1

[][
I2
I3
I4
= 0
Y 22 Y 23
Y 31 Y 32 Y 33
Y 41 0 Y 43
0
Y 34
Y 44
][ ]
V2
V3
V4

Example 1:
a) How many lines in the following power system?
b) How many generator buses are there?
c) How many load buses are there?
d) Calculate YBus

Ans:

a) 7 lines
b) 2 generator bus
c) 3 load buses
d)

Here,
1
z 13=z 31= j 0.2 y 13= y 31= =− j5
j 0.2
1
z 14=z 41= j0.125 y 14= y 41= =− j 8
j0.125
1
z 23=z 32= j 0.1 y 23= y32= =− j10
j0.1
1
z 34=z 43= j0.25 y 34= y 43= =− j 4
j0.25
1
z 24=z 42= j0.25 y 24= y 42= =− j 4
j0.25
 144

1
z 25=z 52= j 0.2 y 25= y52= =− j 5
j0.2
1
z 45=z 54= j0.1 y 45= y 54 = =− j10
j0.1

0 0 − j5 − j 8 0

[0 0
y= − j 5 − j 10
−j8 − j4 −j4
0 −j5
− j10 − j 4 − j5
0

0
− j4
0
− j 10
0
− j 10
0
]
Y 12=− y 12=0 ; Y 13=− y 13= j 5; Y 14 =− y 14= j8 ; Y 15=− y15=0 ;
Y 11 = y 12+ y 13 + y 14 + y 15
¿ 0− j 5− j8+ 0
¿− j 13

Y 21=− y 21=0 ; Y 23=− y 23= j 10 ;Y 24=− y 24 = j 4 ; Y 25=− y 25= j5 ;

Y 22= y 21 + y 23+ y 24+ y25
¿ 0− j 10− j 4− j 5
¿− j 19

Y 31=− y 31= j5 ; Y 32=− y 32= j10 ; Y 34=− y 34 = j 4 ; Y 35=− y 35=0

Y 33= y 31 + y 32+ y 34 + y 35
¿− j 5− j10− j 4 +0
¿− j 19

Y 41=− y 41= j 8 ; Y 42=− y 42= j 4 ; Y 43=− y 43= j 4 ; Y 45=− y 45= j10

Y 44 = y 41+ y 42+ y 43+ y 45
¿− j 8− j 4− j 4− j10
¿− j 26

Y 51=− y 51=0 ; Y 52=− y 52= j5 ; Y 14=− y 14 = j 8 ; Y 15=− y 15=0

Y 55= y 51 + y 52+ y 53 + y 54
¿ 0− j 5+0− j 10
¿− j 15

Y 11 Y 12 Y 13 Y 14 Y 15

[
Y 21
Y = Y 31
Y 41
Y 51
Y 22
Y 32
Y 42
Y 52
Y 23
Y 33
Y 43
Y 53
Y 24
Y 34
Y 44
Y 54
Y 25
Y 35
Y 45
Y 55
]
 145

− j 13 0 j5 j8 0

[
0
Y= j5
j8
0
− j 19 j 10
j10 − j19
j4
j5
j4
0
j4
j4
j5
0
− j 26 − j10
j 10 − j15
]

12.4 Power flow Equation

Current into the 1st bus
I 1=Y 11 V 1+ Y 12 V 2 +Y 13 V 3 +… … … … … … … …+ Y 1 n V n
Similarly,
I 2=Y 21 V 1 +Y 22 V 2 +Y 23 V 3+ … … … … … … … …+Y 2 n V n
I 3=Y 31 V 1 +Y 32 V 2 +Y 33 V 3+ … … … … … … … …+Y 3 n V n
.
.
.
.
I n=Y n 1 V 1+Y n2 V 2+ Y n 3 V 3 +… … … … … … … …+Y nn V n
Fig: A typical bus of the power system

So, current equation can be written as

I i=Y i 1 V 1 +Y i 2 V 2+Y i 3 V 3 +… … … … … … … …+Y ¿ V n [Here ,i=1,2,3 , … … n ]

n
I i=∑ Y ik V k
k=1

Now the injected complex power into the ith bus is

Si=V i I ¿i

Again we know,
Si=Pi + jQi
So,
Pi + jQ i=V i I ¿i
 146

Now conjugate both sides

Pi− jQi=V ¿i I i
n
¿ V ¿i ∑ ( Y ik V k )
k=1
n
¿ ∑ V ¿i Y ik V k … … … … … … … … … … … … …..(1)
k=1

Voltage at the ith bus can be written

V i=|V i|∠ δ i=|V i|(cos δ i+ jsin δ i)
Also self admittance at the ith bus is
Y ii =|Y ii|∠θii =|Y ii|(cos θii + jsin θ ii )
Similarly the mutual admittance between the i bus and k bus is
Y ik =|Y ik|∠θik =|Y ik|(cos θik + jsin θ ik )

Equation (1) can written as

n
Pi− jQi=∑ |V i|(cos δ i− jsin δ i )|Y ik|(cos θik + jsin θik )|V k|(cos δ k + jsin δ k )
k=1
n
¿ ∑|V i V k Y ik|( cos δ i− jsin δ i)( cos θik + jsin θik )(cos δ k + jsin δ k )
k=1
n
¿ ∑|V i V k Y ik|(cos δ i− jsin δ i)( cos θik cos δ k + jcosθ ik sin δ k + jsin θik cos δ k −sinθ ik sin δ k )
k=1
n
¿ ∑|V i V k Y ik|(cos δ i− jsin δ i)( cos θik cos δ k −sin θik sin δ k + jcos θik sin δ k + jsin θik cos δ k )
k=1
n
¿ ∑|V i V k Y ik|( cos δ i− jsin δ i) ¿ ¿
k=1
n
¿ ∑|V i V k Y ik|[cos ( θik + δ k ) cos δ i + jcos δ i sin ( θ ik +δ k )− jsin δ i cos ( θ ik + δ k ) +sin (θik + δ k )sin δ i ]
k=1
n
¿ ∑|V i V k Y ik|[cos ( θik + δ k ) cos δ i +sin(θ ik +δ k )sin δ i+ jcos δ i sin ( θik +δ k )− jsin δ i cos ( θik +δ k ) ]
k=1
n
¿ ∑|V i V k Y ik|[cos ( θik + δ k −δ i ) + jsin ( θik + δ k −δ i) ]
k=1
So,
The Real Power
n
Pi=∑|V i V k Y ik|[cos ( θik +δ k −δ i ) ]
k=1

The Reactive power

n
Qi=−∑ |V i V k Y ik|[sin ( θik + δ k −δ i) ]
k=1

These equations are called power flow equation.

 147

12.5 Gauss-Seidel Method

The Gauss-Seidel method is also known as the method of successive displacements. To illustrate
the technique, consider the solution of the nonlinear equation given by
f ( x )=0
The above function is rearranged and written as
x=g ( x )
If x is an initial estimate of the variable x, the following iterative sequence is formed
(k)

x(k +1)=g(x ¿¿(k ))¿

A solution is obtained when the difference between the absolute value of successive iteration is
less than a specified accuracy, i.e.,
|x (k +1)−x (k)|≤ ϵ
Where ϵ is the desired accuracy.

If there is a system of n equations in n variable then

f 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … … x n ) =c 1
f 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … … x n ) =c 2 (1)
……………………….
f 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … … x n ) =c n
Solving for one variable from each equation, the above functions are rearranged and written as
x 1=c 1 + g1 ( x 1 , x 2 , … … x n)
x 2=c 2 + g2 ( x 1 , x 2 , … … x n) (2)
……………………….
x n=c n + gn ( x 1 , x 2 , … … x n )

The iteration procedure is initiated by assuming an approximate solution for each of the
independent variables ( x (0) (0) (0)
1 , x 2 , … … x n ). Equation (2) results in a new approximate solution

1 , x2 , … … x n ). In Gauss-Seidel Method, the updated values of the variables calculated in the

( x (1) (1) (1 )

preceding equations are immediately used in the solution of the subsequent equations. At the end
of each iteration, the calculated values of all variables are tested against the previous values. If
all changes in the variables are within the specified accuracy, a solution has converged,
otherwise another iteration must be performed. The rate of convergence can often be increased
by using a suitable acceleration factor α, and the iterative sequence be comes

x(ki +1)=x (ki )+ α ( x (ik+1)−x (k)

cal
i )
 148

Example
Use the Gauss-Seidel method to find a root of the following equation
f ( x )=x 3−6 x 2 +9 x−4=0
Solution
Solving for x, the above expression is written as
−1 3 6 2 4
x= x+ x+
9 9 9
¿ g ( x)
Apply the Gauss-Seidel algorithm, and use an initial estimate of
(0)
x =2
The First iteration is
−1 3 6 2 4
x(1)=g ( 2 ) = (2) + (2) + =2.2222
9 9 9
−1 6 4
x(2) =g ( 2.2222 ) = (2.2222)3 + (2.2222)2+ =2.5173
9 9 9
−1 6 4
x(3) =g ( 2.5173 )= (2.5173)3 + (2.5173)2 + =2.8966
9 9 9
(4 ) −1 3 6 2 4
x =g ( 2.8966 )= (2.8966) + (2.8966) + =3.3376
9 9 9
(5) −1 3 6 2 4
x =g ( 3.3376 )= (3.3376) + (3.3376) + =3.7398
9 9 9
(6) −1 3 6 2 4
x =g (3.7398 )= (3.7398) + (3.7398) + =3.9568
9 9 9
(7) −1 3 6 2 4
x =g (3.9568 )= (3.9568) + (3.9568) + =3.9988
9 9 9
(8) −1 3 6 2 4
x =g (3.9988 )= (3.9988) + (3.9988) + =4.0000
9 9 9
(9) −1 3 6 2 4
x =g ( 4.0000 )= (4.0000) + ( 4.0000) + =4.0000
9 9 9
The process is repeated until the change in variable is within the desired accuracy.
 149

12.6 Gauss-Seidel Power Flow Solution

In the power flow study, it is necessary to solve the set of nonlinear equations represented by
(6.27) for two unknown variables at each node. In the Gauss-Seidel method (6.27) is solved for
V i and the iterative sequence becomes
P sch sch
i − jQi
¿(k )
+ ∑ y ij V (k)
j
(k+1) Vi
Vi = j≠ i
∑ y ij
Where y ij shown in lowercase letters is the actual admittance in per unit. Psch i
sch
And Q i are the net real and reactive powers expressed in per unit. In writing the KCL, current
entering bus i was assumed positive. Thus, for buses where real and reactive powers are injected
into the bus, such as generator buses, Psch i and Qsch
i have positive values. For load buses where
real and reactive powers are flowing away from the bus,Psch i and Q sch
i have negative values. Now
n n
P(k+1)
i =V ¿(k
i
)
[
V (ik ) ∑ y ij −∑ y ij V (jk ) j ≠i
j =0
n
j=1
n
]
Q (k+1)
i =−V ¿(k )
i [ V (k )
i ∑ y ij −∑ y ij V (jk )
j=0 j=1
] j ≠i

The power flow equation is usually expressed in terms of the bus admittance matrix. Since the off-
diagonal elements of the bus admittance matrix Y bus, shown by uppercase letters are Y ij =− y ij and the
diagonal elements are Y ii =∑ y ij . Then

P sch sch
i − jQi (k)
¿(k )
−∑ Y ij V j
Vi j≠ i
V (k+1)
i = … … … … … … ..(3)
Y ii
and

n
P(k+1)
i =V ¿(k
i
)

[ j=1
j≠1
n
]
V (ik ) Y ii + ∑ Y ij V (jk ) j≠ i… … … … … …. (4)

Qi
(k+1)
=−V i
¿(k )

[ (k ) (k )
V i Y ii + ∑ Y ij V j j≠ i … … … … … … .(5)
j=1
j≠ 1
]
 150

Y ii includes the admittance to ground of line charging susceptance and any other fixed
admittance to ground. Since both components of voltage are specified for the slack bus, there are
2(n-1) equations which must be solved by an iterative method. Under normal operating
conditions, the voltage magnitudes of the slack buses are in the neighborhood of 1.0 per unit or
close to the voltage magnitude of the slack bus. Voltage magnitudes at load buses are somewhat
lower than the slack bus value, depending on the reactive power demand, whereas the scheduled
voltages at the generator buses are somewhat higher. Also, the phase angles of the load buses are
below the reference angle in accordance to the real power demand, whereas the phase angle of
the generator buses may be above the reference value depending on the amount of real power
flowing into the bus. Thus, for the Gauss-Seidel method, an initial voltage estimate of 1.0+ j0.0
for unknown voltages are satisfactory and the converged solution correlates with the actual
operating states.
For P-Q buses, the real and reactive powers Psci h and Qsci h are known. Starting with an initial
estimate,(3)is solved for the real and imaginary components of voltage. For the voltage-
controlled buses (P-V buses) where Psci h and ¿ V i∨¿ are specified, first (5) is solved for Q (k+1)
i ,
( k+1)
and then is used in (3) to solve for V i . However, since ¿ V i∨¿ is specified, only the imaginary
part of V (ik+1) is retained and its real part is selected in order to satisfy
(e (ki +1) )2 +(f (k+1)
i )2=¿ V i∨¿2 ¿
2
√
e (ik +1)= ¿ V i∨¿ 2−( f (ik +1) ) ¿

Where e (ki +1) and f (ki +1) are the real and imaginary components of the voltage V (k+1)
i in the iterative
sequence.
The rate of convergence is increased by applying an acceleration factor to the approximate
solution obtained from each iteration.
V (ik+1)=V (ik )+α (V (ikcal) −V (ik ))
Where α is the acceleration factor. Its value depends upon the system. The range of 1.3 to 1.7 is
found to be satisfactory for typical systems.
The update voltages immediately replace the previous values in the solution of the subsequent
equations. The process is continued until changes in the real and imaginary components of bus
Voltages between successive iterations are within a specified accuracy, i.e.,
|e (ik+1)−e(ik)|≤ ϵ
|f (ik +1)−f (ik )|≤ ϵ
For the power mismatch to be reasonably small and acceptable, a very tight tolerance must be
specified on both components of the voltage. Voltage accuracy in the range of 0.00001 to
0.00005 pu is satisfactory. In practice, the method for determining the completion of a solution is
based on an accuracy index set up on the power mismatch. The iteration continuous until the
magnitude of the largest element in the ∆ P and ∆ Q columns is less than the specified value.
Typical power mismatch accuracy is 0.001 pu.
Once a solution is converged, the net real and reactive powers at slack bus are computed from (4)
and (5).
 151

Line Flows and Losses

After the iterative solution of bus voltages, the next step is the computation of line flows and line
losses. Consider the line connecting the two buses i and j. The line current I ij, measured at bus i
and defined positive in the direction i→ j is given by
I ij =I l + I i 0= y ij ( V i −V j ) + y i 0 V i
Similarly, the line current I ji, measured at bus j and defined positive in the direction j →i is
given by
I ji =−I l + I i 0= y ij ( V j −V i ) + y i 0 V j

Fig: transmission line model for calculating line flows

The complex powers Sij from bus i to j and S ji from bus j to i are
Sij =V i I ¿ij … … … … … … … … … … … … .(6)
S ji=V j I ¿ji … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..(7)

The power loss in line i− j is the algebraic sum of the power flows determined from (6) and (7),
i.e.,
S Lij =Sij +S ji
 152

Example
The following figure shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generators at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltages at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage
magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of
400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2, Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100
MVA base and the line charging susceptances and neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by
the Gauss-Seidel method including line flows and line losses.

Solution:
Here,
Line impedances are- Line admittances are
z12 = 0.02+j0.04 1
y12 = = 10-j20
z13 = 0.01+j0.03 0.02+ j 0.04
z23 = 0.0125+j0.025 1
y13 = = 10-j30
0.01+ j 0.03
1
y23 = = 16-j32
0.0125+ j 0.025
The load and generation expressed in per units are

−(400+ j 250)
Ssch
2 = =−4.0− j2.5 pu
100
200
Psch
3 = =2.0 pu
100
Bus 1 is taken as the reference bus (slack bus). Starting from an initial estimate of
V (02 )=1.0+ j0.0
V (03 )=1.04+ j 0.0
Now, V 2 and V 3 are calculated from (6.28)
Psch sch
2 − j Q2
¿(0)
+ y12 V 1+ y 23 V (03 )
V2
V (12 )=
y 12 + y 23
 153

−4.0+ j 2.5
+ ( 10− j20 ) ( 1.05+ j 0.0 ) + ( 16− j 32 )( 1.04 + j 0 )
1.0− j 0.0
¿
(26− j 52)