EXPERIMENT – 3

To Design the Use Case Diagram for Railway Reservation

System.

Use Case Diagram :-

A use case diagram, at fundamental level can be described as a representation of a
user's interaction with the system that shows the relationship between the user and
the different use cases in which the user is involved.
A use case diagram can identify the various types of users of a system and the
different use cases and will often be accompanied by other types of diagrams
as well. The use cases are represented by majorly ellipse. A use-case diagram
can help provide a higher-level view of the system. It also provides the clarity
of the flow of distribution of work among various segments.

Basic Use Case Notations and Symbols :-

Use Case
Draw use cases using ovals. Label the ovals with verbs that represent the
system's functions.

Actors
Actors are the users of a system. When one system is the actor of another
system, label the actor system with the actor stereotype.

Relationships
Illustrate relationships between an actor and a use case with a simple line. For
relationships among use cases, use arrows labelled either "uses" or "extends."
A "uses" relationship indicates that one use case is needed by another in order
to perform a task. An "extends" relationship indicates alternative options under
a certain use case.
 EXPERIMENT – 4
To Design the E-R Diagram for Railway Reservation
System.

Entity-Relationship Diagram:-
The ER or (Entity Relational Model) is a high-level conceptual data model diagram.
Entity-Relation model is based on the notion of real-world entities and the
relationship between them. ER modelling helps you to analyse data requirements
systematically to produce a well-designed database. So, it is considered a best
practice to complete ER modelling before implementing your database.

Uses of ER Diagrams:

 Helps you to define terms related to entity relationship modelling.

 Provide a preview of how all your tables should connect, what fields are going
to be on each table.
 ER diagrams are translatable into relational tables which allows you to build
databases quickly.
 ER diagrams can be used by database designers as a blueprint for
implementing data in specific software applications.
 The database designer gains a better understanding of the information to be
contained in the database with the help of ERP diagram.
 ERD is allowed you to communicate with the logical structure of the database
to users.
Basic Entity-Relationship Notations and Symbols :-
ER Model:

ER Model is used to model the logical view of the system from the data perspective
which consists of these components:

 Entity
 Entity Type
 Entity Set

An Entity may be an object with a physical existence – a person, car, house, or

employee – or it may be an object with a conceptual existence – a company, a job,
or a university course. An Entity is an object of Entity Type and set of all entities is
called an entity set.
 EXPERIMENT – 5
To Design the Data Flow Diagram for Railway Reservation
System.

Data Flow Diagram:-

In Software Engineering, data flow diagram is a way of representing the flow of data
of a process or a system. Data flow diagram also provides information about the
outputs and inputs of each entity and the process itself. A data-flow diagram has no
control flow, there are no decision rules and no loops. The data-flow diagram is part
of the structured-analysis modelling tools.

Levels of Data Flow Diagrams:-

Data flow diagrams can be drawn to represent the system of different levels of
abstraction. Levels in DFD are numbered 0, 1, 2 or beyond.

 0 level DFD is also known as context diagram. It’s designed to be an

abstraction view, showing the system as a single process with its relationship
to external entities. It represents the entire system as a single bubble with input
and output data indicated by incoming/outgoing arrows.
 EXPERIMENT – 6

To Design the Data Flow Diagram for Railway Reservation

System.

In 1-level DFD, context diagram is decomposed into multiple bubbles/processes.in

this level, we highlight the main functions of the system and breakdown the high-
level process of 0-level DFD into sub processes. 2-level DFD goes one step deeper
into parts of 1-level DFD. It can be used to plan or record the specific/necessary
detail about the system’s functioning.

Level-1 DFD