Formar tempos verbais essencial para tudo o resto.

Josh/to eat/the cake.

Present Tense
Affirmative: Josh eats the cake. (josh come o bolo.)
Negative: Josh doesnt eat the cake. (josh no come o
bolo.)
Interrogative: Does Josh eat the cake? (josh come o bolo?)

Past Tense
Affirmative: Josh ate the cake. (josh comeu o bolo.)
Negative: Josh didnt eat the cake. (josh no comeu o
bolo.)
Interrogative: Did Josh eat the cake? (josh comeu o bolo?)

Nos modos Tense o verbo auxiliar usado o to do, na

negativa e na interrogativa. Na afirmativa no usado
verbo auxiliar. Se o sujeito for a 3 pessoa do singular
(he/she/it/nome de pessoa), no esquecer de acrescentar s
no fim do verbo principal se este for regular e es se for
irregular.
Verbo to do no presente:
I do, you do, he/she/it does, we do, you do, they do.
Verbo to do no passado:
I did, you did, he/she/it did, we did, you did, they did.

Present Continuous
Affirmative: Josh is eating the cake. (josh est a comer o
bolo.)
Negative: Josh isnt eating the cake. (josh est a comer
o bolo.)
Interrogative: Is Josh eating the cake? (josh est a comer o
bolo?)

Past Continuous
Affirmative: Josh was eating the cake. (josh estava a
comer o bolo.)
Negative: Josh wasnt eating the cake. (josh no estava a
comer o bolo.)
Interrogative: Was Josh eating the cake? (josh estava a
comer o bolo?)

Nos modos Continuous o verbo auxiliar usado o to be,

em todos os tempos. Ao verbo principal acrescenta-se
sempre a terminao ing.
Verbo to be no presente:
I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are.
Verbo to be no passado:
I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, you were, they
were.

Present Perfect
Affirmative: Josh has eaten the cake. (josh tem comido o
bolo.)
Negative: Josh hasnt eaten the cake. (josh no tem
comido o bolo.)
Interrogative: Has Josh eaten the cake? (josh tem comido o
bolo?)

Past Perfect
Affirmative: Josh had eaten the cake. (josh tinha comido o
bolo.)
Negative: Josh hadnt eaten the cake.(josh no tinha
comido o bolo.)
Interrogative: Has Josh eaten the cake? (josh tinha comido
o bolo?)

Nos modos Perfect, usado o verbo auxiliar to have em

todos os tempos. O verbo principal sempre transformado
em particpio passado (past participle PP).

Verbo to have no presente:

I have, you have, he/she/it has, we have, you have, they
have.
Verbo to have no passado:
I had, you had, he/she/it had, we had, you had, they had.
Alguns PPs: seen (to see), done (to do), made (to make),
ran (to run)

Ter em conta: nas frases interrogativas o verbo auxiliar vem

sempre antes do sujeito. Em caso de dvida de conjugao
de verbo principal, ver tabela de conjugao de verbos do
livro!

Future (esqueci-me de falar deste! importante para

saberes as if-clauses)
Affirmative: Josh will eat the cake. (Josh comer o bolo.)
Negative: Josh wont eat the cake. (Josh no comer o
bolo.)
Interrogative: Will Josh eat the cake? (Josh comer o bolo?)
Neste modo apenas usado o verbo modal auxiliar will e
o verbo principal mantm-se no infinitivo SEM to.
Verbo will na afirmativa:
I will, you will, he/she/it will, we will, you will, they will.
Verbo will na negativa:
I wont, you wont, he/she/it wont, we wont, you wont,
they wont.

Conditional (tmb importante para as if-clauses!)

Affirmative: Josh would eat the cake. (Josh comeria o bolo.)
Negative: Josh wouldnt eat the cake. (Josh no comeria o
bolo.)
Interrogative: Would Josh eat the cake? (Josh comeria o
bolo?)
apenas usado o verbo modal auxiliar would e o verbo
principal tmb se mantm no infinitivo sem to.
Verbo would na afirmativa:
I would, you would, he/she/it would, we would, you would,
they would.
Na negativa:I wouldnt, you wouldnt, he/she/it wouldnt, we
wouldnt, you wouldnt, they wouldnt.
Forma estas frases nas 6 formas (present tense, past tense,
present continuous, past continuous, present perfect, past
perfect)
-Cassie/to make/the bed.
-You/to decide/to become a nun.
-Nick and Leen/to celebrate/the wedding.
-I/to scream/for help.

Voz ativa e voz passiva (active and passive voices)

Active voice (frase no passado past tense)

I gave icecream to the dog. (eu dei gelado ao co.)

Passive voice:

Icrecream was given to the dog by me. (foi dado

gelado ao co por mim.)
Ou

The dog was given icecream by me. (este tipo de frase

no faz sentido em portugus, mas pode ser usado em
frases que tm complemento direto e indireto em ingls
porque faz tanto sentido como a primeira utilizao.)

Outro exemplo (frase no presente present tense)

I throw the ball. (eu atiro a bola)
I = subject (sujeito)
Throw = verb (verbo)
The ball = Object (complemento direto pois responde
pergunta o qu. O que que foi atirado? A bola.)
Neste caso, a voz passiva fica: The ball is thrown (verbo
auxiliar no PRESENTE e verbo principal no PP) by me.
Agora juntamos um complemento indireto.
I throw the ball to my sister. (atiro a bola minha irm.)
My sister = complemento indireto pois responde pergunta
a quem. A quem que a bola foi atirada? minha irm.
Temos agora um sujeito (I), um verbo (throw), um
complemento direto (the ball) e um indireto (my sister).
Neste caso possvel transformar a frase para a passiva de
acordo com as duas opes:
The ball is thrown to my sister by me.

Ou seja, complemento direto + verbo auxiliar no

tempo correspondente + verbo principal no PP +
complemento indireto + agente da passiva
OU
My sister is thrown the ball by me.
Ou seja, complemento indireto + verbo auxiliar no
tempo correspondente + verbo principal no PP +
complemento direto + agente da passiva.
Isto s uma troca do lugar dos complementos. Tudo o
resto se mantm igual!
NO ESQUEER QUE NA PASSIVA O VERBO PRINCIPAL FICA
SEMPRE NO PP!

Vamos tentar esta frase em todos os tempos.

Past Tense:
Active: I threw the ball to my sister.
Passive: The ball was thrown to my sister by me. OU
My sister was thrown the ball by me.

Present Continuous:
Active: I am throwing the ball to my sister.
Passive: The ball is being thrown to my sister by me.
OU My sister is being thrown the ball by me.

Past Continuous:

Active: I was throwing the ball to my sister.

Passive: The ball was being thrown to my sister by
me. OU My sister was being thrown the ball by me.

Present Perfect:
Active: I have thrown the ball to my sister.
Passive: The ball has been thrown to my sister by me
OU My sister has been thrown the ball by me.

Past Perfect:
Active: I had thrown the ball to my sister.
Passive: The ball had been thrown to my sister by me.
OU My sister had been thrown the ball by me.
Future:
Active: I will throw the ball to my sister.
Passive: The ball will be thrown to my sister by me OU
My sister will be thrown the ball by me.

Conditional:
Active: I would throw the ball to my sister.
Passive: The ball would be thrown to my sister by me.
OU My sister would be thrown the ball by me.

Agora vamos tentar uma frase interrogativa.

Active: Do I throw the ball to my sister?

Passive: Is the ball thrown to my sister by me?

Agora com sujeito indefinido:
Active: Someone throws the ball to my sister.
Passive: The ball is thrown to my sister.
Neste caso no necessrio acrescentar um agente da
passiva pois o sujeito no est explcito.
Outros sujeitos indefinidos: One, Anyone, No One, People,
Somebody, Anybody.

Agora com um verbo modal (isto s resulta mesmo na

interrogativa):
Active: Why do I throw the ball to my sister?
Passive: Why is the ball thrown to my sister by me?
Outros verbos modais: How, Do, Must, May, Can.
Como vs, basta saberes conjugar os verbos para saberes
formar a voz passiva de uma frase ativa ou vice-versa!

Mete estas frases na passiva: (se quiseres n xD)

-I bought new shoes yesterday. (comprei sapatos novos
ontem.)
-She walked the dog. (ela passeou o co.)

-They are getting a haircut. (eles esto a cortar o cabelo.)

-We can sell some tickets.
bilhetes.)

(podemos vender alguns

- He doesnt appreciate snails. (ele no aprecia caracis.)

Para a matria das conjunes e dos adjetivos +

preposio, ver pginas 65 e 71 do manual! Mais tarde
mando algo sobre as If-clauses ;)

Beijinhos,
Carolina