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TURBO MACHINES
(Unit 1 & Unit 2)
TURBO MACHINES
VTU Syllabus
Subject Code
: 06ME55
IA Marks
: 25
Exam Hours : 03
Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION:
displacement machine; Classification: Application of First and Second Laws to Turbomachines, Efficiencies.
Dimensionless parameters and their physical significance; Effect of Reynolds number; Specific speed; Illustrative
examples on dimensional analysis and model studies.
6 Hours
UNIT 2
ENERGY TRANSFER IN TURBO MACHINE:
turbine equation components of energy transfer; Degree of reaction; General analysis of a Turbo machine effect
of blade discharge angle on energy transfer and degree of reaction; General analysis of centrifugal pumps and
compressors Effect of blade discharge angle on performance; Theoretical head capacity relationship
6 Hours
UNIT 3
GENERAL ANALYSIS OF TURBO MACHINES: Axial flow compressors and pumps general
expression for degree of reaction; velocity triangles for different values of degree of reaction; General analysis of axial
and radial flow turbines Utilization factor; Vane efficiency; Relation between utilization factor and degree of reaction;
condition for maximum utilization factor optimum blade speed ratio for different types of turbines
7 Hours
UNIT 4
THERMODYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW AND THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
OF COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION PROCESSES: Sonic velocity and Mach number;
Classification of fluid flow based on Mach number; Stagnation and static properties and their relations; Compression
process Overall isentropic efficiency of compression; Stage efficiency; Comparison and relation between overall
efficiency and stage efficiency; Polytrophic efficiency; Preheat factor, Expansion Process Overall isentropic
efficiency for a turbine; Stage efficiency for a turbine; Comparison and relation between stage efficiency and overall
efficiency for expansion process, polytrophic efficiency of expansion; Reheat factor for expansion process.
7 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS:
Blade angles at impeller eye root and eye tip; Slip factor and power input factor; width of the impeller channel;
Compressibility effect need for pre-whirl vanes; Diffuser design: Flow in the vaneless space, determination of
diffuser inlet vane angle, width and length of the diffuser passages; Surging of centrifugal compressors;
AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS: Classification; Expression for Pressure ratio developed per stage
work done factor, radial equilibrium conditions.
UNIT 6
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
6 Hours
head, suction head, delivery head, pressure rise, manometric efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, volumetric efficiency,
overall efficiency, multistage centrifugal pumps, minimum starting speed, slip, priming, cavitation, NPSH.
6 Hours
UNIT 7
STEAM TURBINES: Classification, Single stage impulse turbine; Condition for maximum blade efficiency,
stage efficiency, Compounding Need for compounding, method of compounding. Impulse Staging Condition of
maximum utilization factor for multi stage turbine with equiangular blades; effect of blades and nozzle losses.
Reaction turbine; Parsons reaction turbine, condition for maximum blade efficiency, reaction staging.
7 Hours
UNIT 8
HYDRAULIC TURBINES:
efficiency, volumetric efficiency; Francis turbine velocity triangles, runner shapes for different blade speeds, Design
of Francis turbine; Function of a Draft tube, types of draft tubes; Kaplan and Propeller turbines Velocity triangles
and design parameters.
7 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1.
2.
An Introduction to energy conversion, Volume III Turbo machinery, V. Kadambi and Manohar Prasad,
New Age International Publishers (P) Ltd.
nd
Turbines, Compressors & Fans, S.M. Yahya, Tata-McGraw Hill Co., 2 Edition (2002).
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
In these lectures, we will learn different type of turbo machines, their action,
as power generating turbo machines or power absorbing turbo machines.
You will be shown schematic diagrams of various turbo machines with flow
directions.
DEFINITION:
A turbo machine is a device in which energy transfer occurs between a flowing fluid and rotating element due to
dynamic action. This results in change of pressure and momentum of the fluid.
TYPE:
If the fluid transfers energy for the rotation of the impeller, fixed on the shaft, it is known as power generating turbo
machine.
If the machine transfers energy in the form of angular momentum fed to the fluid from the rotating impeller, fixed on
the shaft, it is known as power absorbing turbo machine.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Energy is given by fluid to the rotor - Power generating turbo machine E.g. Turbines
Energy given by the rotor to the fluid Power absorbing turbo machine
E.g. Pumps, blowers and compressors
Water
Air
Steam
Hot gases
Liquids like petrol etc.
10
u1+p11+V1 /2+gZ1+q = w+u2+p22+V2 /2+gZ2
...... (1)
Where,
u = Internal Energy (J/Kg)
2
p = Pressure Intensity (N/m )
3
v = Specific Volume (m /Kg)
V = Velocity of the fluid (m/sec)
Z = Potential head from datum (m)
2
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec )
q = Heat transfer through
gh control volume (J/Kg)
w = Work done (Nm/Kg)
In a Turbo machine, during the flow process, it is assumed to be adiabatic, i.e. no heat enters or leaves the system,
hence heat transfer can be neglected i.e., q = 0.
Taking pv = RT and u = CvT, the equation (1) becomes
...... (2)
or
2
...... (3)
If the flow through the turbo machine is horizontal as shown in figure and aligned, Z1 = Z2
Hence, rearranging equation (3) it becomes
11
....... (6)
In a power absorbing turbo machine, 'w' will be negative and h0 will be positive i.e., stagnation enthalpy will
be increasing from inlet to outlet of a turbo machine rotor.
It should be understood that work done or enthalpy change will occur only during transfer of energy through
impellers or rotors and not through stators or fixed passages.
Only pressure change, kinetic energy change or potential energy change will occur through stationery or stator
passages depending on shape during the dynamic action of flow in the turbo machine.
12
A turbo machine creates thermodynamic and dynamic action between flowing fluid and rotating element involving
energy transfer with pressure and momentum changes as shown in gas turbines.
Operation:
The positive displacement machine commonly involves reciprocating motion
and unsteady flow of fluids like in reciprocating IC engines or slow rotating
fluids like in gear pumps.
A turbo machine involves steady flow of fluid with pure rotary motion of
mechanical elements. Only unsteadiness will be there during starting,
stopping and changes in loads on the machine.
Mechanical features:
A positive displacement machine commonly work at low speeds and
involves complex mechanical design. It may have valves and normally will
have heavy foundation.
A turbo machine works at high speeds, simpler in design, light in weight,
have less vibration problems and require light foundation.
13
Volumetric efficiency:
The volumetric efficiency of a positive displacement machine is low
due to closing and opening of the valves during continuous
operation.
In turbo machines, since there are no valves under steady flow
conditions, the volumetric efficiency will be close to 100 per cent. A
turbo machine has high fluid handling capacity.
Fluid phase:
Turbo machines have the phase changes occurring in fluid like cavitation in hydraulic pumps and turbines and surge
and stall in compressors, blowers and fans if the machines are operated at off design condition leading to associated
vibrations and stoppage of flow and damage to blades.
Positive displacement machines have no such problems
EFFICIENCIES
Efficiency =
Output
(in same units) as percentage
Input
Power generating turbo machine
Efficiency adiabatic = Mechanical energy supplied to the rotor
Hydrodynamic energy available from fluid
isentropic
hydraulic
14
Efficiency mechanical =
adiabatic = s s = h1 h2
h1 h2s
isentropic
hydraulic
Static Static
If V1 = V2
If V1 V2
tt = ss
t t s s
adiabatic = h2s h1 = s s
h2 h1
isentropic
hydraulic
Static Static
If V1 = V2
If V1 V2
tt = ss
tt ss
15
Problem No. 1
Air flows through an air turbine rotor where the stagnation pressure drops at a rate 5:1. Total to total efficiency is 0.8
and the air flow rate is 5 kgs/sec. If the total power output is 400 KW, = 1.4, and Cp = 1004 J/kgK, find:
i) Inlet total temperature ii) Actual exit total temperature if exit velocity is 100 m/sec and total to static efficiency of the
rotor.
Solution
Since this is an expansion process drop in heat or drop in temperature will give work to the rotor i.e.
h0 = w (J/kg = Nm/kg)
Mass rate = 5 kg/sec
w = P/
= 400/5 = 80 KJ/kg or KNm/kg
w = h0 = Cp (T01 T02)
For isentropic expansion process,
( - 1)/
T01 =
T02s
p01
p02
0.4/1.4
1
5
= 0.631
.... (1)
.... (2)
tt = (T01 T02)
(T01 T02s)
T01 T02 = tt (T01 T02s) = tt T01 (1 0.631)
= 0.8 (1 0.631) T01 = 0.295 T01
.... (3)
t s
2Cp
2
= 190.424 100 / 2x 1004
= 190.424 4.980
= 185.444K
= T01 T02 =
79.681
T01 T2
(270.105 185.444)
= 0.941
16
(v)
Gravity head (gH)
(vi)
Power developed P and
(vii)
Viscosity .
Obtain dimensionless groups and explain their significance.
Solution
Using Buckingham theorem
Turbomachine = f [, N, D, Q, gH, P, ]
Performance
Taking N, D as repeating variables and grouping with other variables as non dimensional groups
a1 b1
c1
1 = [ N D Q]
a2
b2
c2
2 = [
N D gH]
a3
b3
c3
3 = [ N D P]
a4
b4
c4
4 = [ N D ]
Parameter
N
D
Q
gH
P
SI Unit
3
kg/m
rpm
m
3
m /s
2 2
m /s
Nm/sec
2
(N=kgm/s )
2
Ns/m or
kg/ms
MLT Units
3
ML
1
T
L
3 1
LT
2 2
LT
2 3
ML T
ML
Equating powers of mass, length and time in the LHS and RHS of the terms, we obtain
3
1 = Q/ND = ,
Flow coefficient
2 2
2 = gH/N D =
Head coefficient
3 5
3 = P /N D =
Power coefficient
2
Reynolds number
4 = /ND = Re
For model studies for similar turbomachines, we can use
Q1
=
Q2
3
3
N2D2
N1D1
gH1
2
2
N1 D1
gH2
2
2
N2 D2
P1
=
3
5
1 N1 D1
P2
3
5
2 N2 D2
1
2
1 N1D1
2
2
2 N2D2
17
Loss in efficiency and head in a moderate CF pump (With reduced Reynolds number)
18
1.
Pelton Wheel
4. Steam turbine
2.
Pelton Wheel
5. Centrifugal pump
3.
Francis turbine
6. Radial compressor
7. Steam turbine
8. Steam turbine
9. Centrifugal pump
10. Gas turbine
11. Radial Compressor
12. Axial Compressor
19
20
GROUPS
DV V
as Q = AV = D V
3
3
ND
ND
ND
4
1 = V = 1
U
Where, is called speed ratio = U = tangential velocity of runner
V
theoretical jet velocity of runner
For any giver turbo machine, speed ratio is fixed.
For a given pump or fan of certain diameter running at various speeds the discharge is proportional is speed.
2. Head coefficient
2
3. Power coefficient
3
1/2
(1)
=
3/4
(2)
1/2
Q
3 1/2
(ND )
Dimensionless
=NQ
(gH)
2 3/4
x (N D )
3/4
(gH)
1/2
= NQ
=
3/4
(gH)
21
= P
x
3 5 1/2
(N D )
= N P/
5/4
(gH)
2 5/4
(N D )
5/4
(gH)
NP
5/4
(gH)
SN
Turbo machine
(Power absorbing)
(Non dimensional)
0.24 1.8
1.8 4.0
13.2 5.7
0.4 1.4
Equation
=NQ
3/4
(gH)
where
N = radians / sec
3
Q = m /sec
H = meters
g = m/ sec
5
SN
Turbo machine
(Power generating)
1.4 20
(Non dimensional)
Pelton turbine
Single Jet
Double Jet
Multi Jet
0.02 0.19
0.1 0.3
0.14 3.9
Francis turbine
Radial flow slow speed
Mixed flow medium
Mixed flow fast
0.39 0.65
0.65 1.2
1.2 2.3
1.6 3.6
2.7 5.4
10
0.35 1.9
Equation
= N P/
5/4
(gH)
Where,
N = radians / sec
P = watts
3
= kg / m
g = m/ sec
H = meters
22
Specific speed based on model studies only for hydraulic pumps and turbines are adapted in design practice for
incompressible turbo machines.
N D H Therefore, D H/N
OR
D H/N
... (1)
From flow coefficient,
3
Q / ND is constant for similar pumps.
23
OR
=
Q1
3
N1D1
Q2
for model studies.
3
N2D2
3
Therefore, Q ND
2
Q N ( H/N) (H/N )
Q
Therefore,
OR
3 /2
Q=C H
2
N
2
C=N Q
3/2
H
Hence,
as D H/N
3 /2
H
2
N
... (2)
where, C is a constant
taking roots, C1 = NQ
3/4
H
SN
Pumps
Ns = NQ
3/4
rpm
Centrifugal pump
Slow Fast speed
12 95
95 210
172 -320
320
24
Since D H/N
3
5/2
P N H
2
N
Taking roots,
5/4
P H
N
SN
Water Turbines
(Power generating)
Pelton turbine
Single Jet
Double Jet
Multi Jet
Ns = NP
5/4
rpm
Equation
H
3 30
17 50
24 70
Francis turbine
Radial flow slow speed
Mixed flow medium
Mixed flow fast
60 102
102 188
188 368
Propeller turbine
axial fixed blades
256 578
Kaplan turbine
axial adjustable blades
428 856
Ns = N
P
5/4
H
rpm
Where,
N in rpm
P in kW
H in meters
25
x N1
N2
D1
5/4
= 59.81(180)
200
5/4
P2 = 38874.86 kW,
Problem 2
3
An axial flow pump with an impeller rotor diameter of 30 cm handles water at a rate of 2.7 m /minute running at 1500
rpm. The energy input is 125 J/kg and Total to Total efficiency is 0.75. If a geometrically similar pump has a diameter
of 20 cm running at 3000 rpm, find its
i) Flow rate ii) change in total pressure iii) input power.
Solution
Data
Pump 1:
D1 = 0.3 m
3
Q1 = 2.7 m /minute
N1 = 1500 rpm
E1 = 125 J/kg
t t = 0.75
Q2 = N2 x D2
x Q1
3
N1
D1
3
= 3000 x (0.2)
x 2.7
3
1500
(0.3)
3
= 1.6 m /minute
Pump 2: D2 = 0.2 m
Q2 = ?
N2 = 3000 rpm
p0 = ?
P2 = ?
26
Similarly,
gH1 = gH2
2
2
2
2
N1 D1
N2 D2
Nm/kg = J/kg = kg m
2
sec
m = m /sec
kg
2
E1 =
2
2
N1 D1
E2
2
2
N2 D2
E2 = N2 x
2
N1
2
D2 x E1
2
D1
2
Problem 3
A small scale model of a hydraulic turbine runs at 360 rpm under a head of 22 m and produces 10 kW output.
Determine its:
i)
Unit discharge
ii)
Unit speed
iii)
Unit power, assuming turbine Total to Total efficiency = 0.8
If a prototype turbine is 12 times the model size and its efficiency is given by the Moodyss formula p = 1(1 m)
0.2
[Dm/Dp] ,
iv) what is output power of the prototype
v) type of turbine runner if head available for prototype is 250 m.
27
Solution
Data
Model
Nm = 360 rpm
Hm = 22 m
Pm = 10 kW
m = 0.8
Qum = ?
Num = ?
Pum = ?
Prototype
Dp/Dm = 12
Hp = 250 m
Pp = ?
Type of turbine = ?
= 0.058 m /sec
i) Unit discharge Qum = Qm /
Hm
= 0.058 /22
3
= 0.012 m /sec
ii) Unit speed
Num = Nm / Hm
= 360 /22
= 76.752 rpm
3/2
iii) Unit power Pum = Pm /(Hm)
3/2
= 10 /(22)
= 0.097 kW
Efficiency of the prototype
0.2
p = 1(1 m) [Dm/Dp]
0.2
= 1 (1 0.8) [1/12]
= 0.878
From model studies,
Hm =
Hp
2
2
2
2
Nm Dm
Np Dp
2
Np = Hp
Hm
Np = 101.13 rpm
Dm
2
Dp
Nm
250
22
1
12
x 360
Similarly,
Qm =
Qp
3
3
NmDm
NpDp
3
Qp =
Qp
p =
Dp
Np x Qm
Dm
Nm
3
= 28.155 m /sec
Pp
g Qp Hp
= 12
1
101.13
360
x 0.058
= 10227.273
28
= 101.13 x 60626.021
5/4
(250)
The performance parameters h0s, , P for a thermal turbo machine can be expressed as
h0s , , P = f [
, N, D, , 01 , a01, ]
As stagnation density and stagnation sound velocity change through the turbo machine at high velocity, 01 and a01 at
inlet conditions are selected.
Turbo machine performance = f [
h0s , , P , , N, D, , 01 , a01, ]
Using Bukinghams theorem, to obtain dimensionless groups, we get by taking 01, N and D as repeating variables
and grouping with other variables and following the procedure as usual,
29
Parameter SI units
MLT units
h0s
N
D
01
a01
= Cp/Cv
L T
Dimensionless group
2 3
ML T
1 1
ML T
1
T
L
1
MT
3
ML
1
LT
Dimensionless
J/kg OR Nm/kg
-J/sec OR Nm/sec
2
Ns/m
RPM
Metre
kgs/sec
3
kg/m
m/sec
--
3
01ND
= f
, 01ND , ND ,
3 5
3
01 N D 01ND
a01
2
01a01 D
... (1)
... (2)
30
As ND a01 , stagnation sound velocity and ND/a01 is taken as blade Mach number.
Also a01 = RT01
Using the laws of perfect gases and from I principles,
Isentropic enthalpy rise
h0s = Cp (T02s T01)
... (3)
Using relationship P/ = C
P/ = RT
h = CpT
For stagnation conditions,
( - 1)/
T02 = p02
T01
p01
... (4)
R
( - 1)
and
a01 = R T01
We can write
h0s f p02
2
a01
p01
...(5)
=
RT01
=
2
2
p01( RT01)D
01 a01 D
RT01
2
D p01
... (6)
T0 ... (7)
T01
, , T0 = f
T01
T01
p01
N
, T01
... (9)
31
*****
32
UNIT 2
ENERGY TRANSFER IN
TURBO MACHINES
33
34
Referring to figure,
1 is inlet; 2 is outlet of rotor
V=
R=
=
N=
U=
=
(N)
(Nm)
(Nm)
35
36
=
=
=
=
37
Vu1U1 = V1 + U1 Vr1
2
m /s OR Nm/kg... (1)
Vu2U2 = V2 + U2 Vr2
2
m /s OR Nm/kg... (2)
CASE 1:
Taking direction of rotation as positive
Vu1 +ve and Vu2 also +ve.
Work done/kg or Energy transfer in Turbine
Work done/kg
= (Vu1U1 Vu2U2)
2
V1 V2
2
V2 + U2 Vr2
2
2
+ U1 U2
2
Vr2 Vr1
2
V1 V2
2
2
2
U1 U2
2
2
3) Vr2 Vr1
2
CASE 2:
If Vu2 is ve
E = WD/kg = Vu1U1 + Vu2U2 (Work done will be more)
38
2
= V1 V2
2
+ U1 U2 + Vr2 Vr1
2
2
CASE 3:
If Vu2 = 0
Degree of Reaction R
Degree of Reaction R is the ratio of Energy Transfer due to
Static Enthalpy change to Total Energy Transfer due to Total
Enthalpy change in a rotor.
R = Static head = Static enthalpy change = h
Total head Total enthalpy change
h 0
2
R=
... (1)
S
=
1
KE + S
1 + KE/S
KE + 1 = 1
S
R
KE = 1
S
R
S=
1= 1R
R
R
KE
1R
when
Examples
1. For axial flow turbo machines, centrifugal forces can be neglected as U1 = U2
39
2
R=
(Vr2 Vr1 )
2
2
2
V2 ) + (Vr2 Vr1 )
(blade shapes become very important for energy transfer)
2
(V1
40
3)
4)
41
= 5Vf + Vf + Vf Cot 2
2
4Vf (Cot2 2)
2
= Vf [Cot 2 4]
2
4Vf (Cot2 2)
=
Taking Vf = Unity
Cot 2 4
4 (Cot2 2)
42
INFERERNCE
WD/kg or E = 2 (Cot 2 2)
R = 2 + Cot 2
4
43
0
For 2 = 10
E = + 7.343
R > 1 1.918
E=0
R=1
The machine is rotating and Transferring no energy as Vu2 = 0
0
E = - ve
R = + ve
E = - ve
E = - ve
R = - ve
The machine is power absorbing reaction type, Vu2 is very high.
Static head is less at outlet than at inlet.
WD/kg or E = 2 (Cot 2 2)
R = 2 + Cot 2
4
Problem 1
0
In an inward flow radial turbine, water enters at an angel of 22 to the direction of rotation and leaves axially without
whirl at outlet. The inlet and exit diameters are 0.6 m and 0.3 m respectively. The rotor speed is 300 rpm. The flow
44
velocity is 3 m/s and constant throughout. The width of the wheel at inlet is 15cms. Neglecting thickness of blades,
calculate:
(1) Rotor blade angles at inlet and outlet
(2) Power developed
Solution
Data:
0
0
d1 = 0.6 m ; d2 = 0.3 m ; b1 = 15 cm; N = 300 rpm; 1 = 22 ; Vf1 = Vf2 = 3 m/s; 2 = 90 ; Vu2 = 0; V2 = Vf2 ;
K1 = 1 (blockage by blades neglected).
U1 = d1 N = x0.6x300 = 9.425 m/s
60
60
U2 = d2 N = x0.3x300 = 4.713 m/s
60
60
V1 =
Vf1 =
3
= 8.008 m/s
0
sin 1 sin 22
Vu1 =
Vf1 =
3
= 7.425 m/s
0
tan 22
tan 1
Vf2
U2
1
= tan [3/4.713]
0
= 32.478
45
Problem
In a certain turbo machine, the inlet whirl velocity is 15 m/s, inlet flow velocity is 10 m/s, blade speeds are 30 m/s and
8 m/s at inlet and outlet respectively. Discharge is radial with absolute velocity of 15 m/s. If water is the working fluid
flowing at a rate of 1500 liters/sec, calculate:
(1) Power in KW
(2) Change in total pressure in bar
(3) Degree of reaction
(4) Utilization factor
(VTU Dec, 2010)
Solution
Data:
Vu1 = 15 m/s
Vf1 = 10 m/s
U1 = 30 m/s
U2 = 8 m/s
Vf1 = Vf2 =?
V2 = 15 m/s = Vf2
Q = 1000 liters/sec
P =? Kw
R =?
U1 > Vu1
Vru1 = U1 Vu1
= 30 15 = 15 m/s
1
V1 = (Vu1 + Vf1 )
2
2
= (15 + 10 )
= 18.028 m/s
Taking discharge as radial, Vf2 = V2
tan 2 = (15/8)
1
2 = tan
(15/8)
0
= 61.928
46
5
Vu1U1
2
Vu1U1 + (V2 / 2)
15 x 30
2
(15 x30) + 15 /2
460
562.5
= 0.80
Solution
Inward flow
1 inlet;
d2 = 2.45 m
R=?
2 outlet;
V2 = Vf2 = 15.5 m/s
=?
H = 160 m;
Vf1 = 10.3 m/s
1 = 119
P =?
d1 = 3.65 m
Q = 110 m2/s
47
V1 = 2gH
= 2x9.81x160
= 56.029 m/s
2
1 = 119 indicates
U1 > Vu1
0
0
0
1 = 180 119 = 61
tan 1 = Vf1 / Vru1
Vru1 = Vf1 / tan 1
0
= 10.3 / tan 60
= 5.709 m/s
2
48
2
Vr2 = (Vf2 + U2 )
2
2
= (10.5 + 40.8 )
= 42.129 m/s
Given
3
3
Q = 110 m /s and w = 1000 kg/m
Power developed
P = Q Vu1U1 watts
= [1000 x 110 x 55.074 x 60.783] watts
= 368231.924 Kw
or P = 368.232 MW
2
Vu1 U1
2
Vu1 U1 + (V2 /2)
3347.563
3347.563 + 55.125
= 0.984
49
3
H = U2
g
For a given pump or compressor D2 , N , A2 and 2 are fixed, H and Q are variable.
H=
U2
g
H = U2
g
[U2 Q Cot 2]
A2
(U2Cot 2) Q
gA2
H = K1 K2 Q
2
where K1 = U2 /g
K2 = U2Cot 2 / gA2
For backward curved vanes
0
2 < 90
K2 is +ve
[HQ] curve has ve slope
For Radial vanes
0
2 = 90
K2 = 0
2
H = K1 = U2 /g = Constant for all Q
50
51
or p0 = (h0)
2
= U2 [1 (Vf2 Cot 2)]
U2
Taking static pressure rise due to centrifugal forces and relative
velocity of flow known as diffusion effect.
(p2 p1) = (p)static
2
N = kg . m . m
2
3
2
m m sec
Degree of Reaction R
R = (p) static
(p) stagnation
2
R = Vu2U2 (V2 V1 )
2
Vu2U2
2
Vu2
2Vu2U2
R = 1 Vu2
2U2
52
Solution
Data
Internal diameter d1 = 0.2m
Outer diameter d2 = 0.4 m
Speed N = 1200 rpm
0
Vane angle at inlet 1 = 20
0
Water enters radially Vu1 = 0, 1 = 90 , V1=Vf1
Flow velocity constant Vf1 = Vf2 = Vf
53
Vf = 12.566 x tan 20
= 4.574 m/s
(a) 2 = 30
tan 2 = Vf2 =
Vf2
(U2 Vu2)
Vru2
Vu2 = U2
Vf2
tan2
= 25.133 4.574
tan 30
= 17.211 m/s
WD/kg = [Vu2U2]
= 17.211 x 25.133
= 432.554 Nm/kg
0
(b) 2 = 90
U2 = Vu2 = 25.133 m/s
2
2
WD/kg = U2 = (25.133)
2
2
= 631.666 Nm/kg
From velocity triangle at outlet
0
0
(c) 2 > 90 = 100
tan2 = Vf2
Vru2
tan2 = Vf2
Vru2
or tan (180 2) =
tan 80 =
Vf2
(Vu2 U2)
4.574
[Vu2 25.133]
WD/kg = Vu2U2
= 25.921 x 25.133
E = 651.48 Nm/kg (J/kg)
*****