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1.2.1 Units of Measurement
1.2.1 Units of Measurement
1 Units of Measurement
1.2UNITSOFMEASUREMENT
FROMHANDSONCHEMISTRY
COPYRIGHTPRENTICEHALL
ALLRIGHTSRESERVED
HTTP://WWW.CSUN.EDU/~VCEED002/HERR/HANDS_ON_SCIENCE.HTM
1.2.1THEIMPORTANCEOFUNITS...............................................................................3
1.2.2UNITSINCHEMSITRY...........................................................................................6
1.2.3PROBLEMSOLVING(dimensionalanalysis)........................................................11
FORTHETEACHER.......................................................................................................15
1.2.1THEIMPORTANCEOFUNITS.............................................................................16
1.2.2UNITSINCHEMISTRY.........................................................................................17
1.2.3PROBLEMSOLVING(DimensionalAnalysis)......................................................19
Anaccurateandconsistentsystemofmeasurementisthefoundationofahealthy
economy.IntheUnitedStates,acarpenterpaysforlumberbytheboardfoot,whilea
motoristbuysgasolinebythegallon,andajewelersellsgoldbytheounce.Landissold
bytheacre,fruitsandvegetablesaresoldbythepound,andelectriccableissoldbythe
yard.Withoutaconsistent,honestsystemofmeasurement,worldtradewouldbethrown
intochaos.Throughouthistory,buyersandsellershavetriedtodefraudeachotherby
inaccuratelyrepresentingthequantityoftheproductexchanged.IntheBibleweread
thatthepeopleofIsraelwerecommandedtonot"...usedishoneststandardswhen
measuringlength,weightorquantity"butrather"usehonestscalesandhonest
weights..."(Leviticus19:3536).Fromancienttimestothepresenttherehasbeenaneed
formeasuringthingsaccurately.
WhentheancientEgyptiansbuiltmonumentslikethepyramids,theymeasured
thestonestheycutusingbodydimensionseveryworkercouldrelateto.Smalldistances
weremeasuredin"digits"(thewidthofafinger)andlongerdistancesin"cubits"(the
Page 1
Page 2
Table1:SIPrefixesandSymbols
Factor
DecimalRepresentation
Prefix
Symbol
1018
1,000,000,000,000,000,000
exa
15
1,000,000,000,000,000
peta
12
1,000,000,000,000
tera
1,000,000,000
giga
1,000,000
mega
1,000
kilo
100
hecto
10
deka
da
0.1
deci
0.01
centi
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Page 3
0.001
milli
106
0.000001
micro
10
0.000000001
nano
1012
0.000000000001
pico
10
0.000000000000001
femto
1018
0.000000000000000001
atto
15
1.2.1THEIMPORTANCEOFUNITS
ConceptstoInvestigate:Fundamentalunits,derivedunits,factorlabels,dimensions.
Materials:none.
PrinciplesandProcedures:WhencrossingthebordertoCanada,Americanmotorists
areoftensurprisedtoseespeedlimitsof"90"or"100".Iftheydon'trealizethat
Canadiansmeasurespeedinkilometers/hrwhileAmericansmeasureinmiles/hr(1.00
mile/hr=1.61kilometers/hr;60miles/hr=97km/hr)theymaysoonbeinfortrouble
withthelaw.If,forexample,anAmericanmotoristacceleratesuntilherspeedometer
(measuredinmiles/hr)reaches"100",shewillbetraveling38miles/hrovertheposted
speedlimitof100km/hrsinceaspeedof100km/hrisequaltoonly62miles/hr.Asthis
exampleillustrates,measurementswithoutunitsaremeaninglessandmayleadtoserious
misunderstandings.Everythingthatcanbemeasuredmustbeexpressedwithappropriate
units.
Unitsineverydaylife:Weuseunitseveryday,oftenwithoutevenrealizingit.In
thestatementsthatfollowyouwillfindawidevarietyofinterestingfacts,buteachis
missingacrucialpieceofinformationthedimensions(units)!Allthestatementsare
meaninglessuntilyousupplytheappropriateunits.Onthebasisofyourexperiences,try
tomatchtheappropriateunitsfromthelistprovided.
carats
cm
degreesCelsius
degreesFahrenheit
feet
grams/ml
inches
kcal(Cal)
kilograms
kilometers
kilowatthours
liters
megabars
miles
milesperhour
milligrams
pounds
stories
tons
yards
Page 4
(a)
America'stallestbuilding(SearsTowerinChicago)is110___high.
(b)
TheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorkis1250___high.
(c)
TheNileistheworld'slongestriver.Itis4180___long.
(d)
TheAmazonRiverinSouthAmericais___6296long.
(e)
Thecoldesttemperatureeverrecordedwas128.6____inVostok,Antarcticain
1983.
(f)
ThehighestrecordedtemperatureintheUnitedStateswasinDeathValley,
Californiawhenthemercuryreached57____!
(g)
TheworldrecordrainfalloccurredinCherrapunji,Indiawhere1042___ofrain
fellinoneyear.
(h)
ThelargestrecordedhailstonetoeverfalllandedinCoffeyville,Kansasin1979.
Ithadadiameterof44.5_____!
(i)
ThelongestpuntinNFLhistorywasbySteveO'NealofthenewYorkJets.He
kickedthefootball98____.
(j)
Thelargestseedintheworldisthatofthecocdemercoconuttree,whichmay
weighasmuchas40____!
(k)
Theworld'slargestmeteoriteislocatedinSouthwestAfrica.Itweighs650
________.
(l)
ThemostpopularsoftdrinkintheWorldiscurrentlyCocaCola .Morethan
210million______wereconsumedeachdayin1990.
(m)
ThelargestdiamondintheworldwasminedfromSouthAfricain1905and
weighs3,106_______.
(n)
Earthisthedensestofthenineplanets,withanaveragedensityof5.515_____.
(o)
Theworld'sfastestaircraftistheLockheedSR71Blackbird,clockingarecord
speedof2,193.67____.
(p)
Thelargestgoldnuggeteverfoundhadamassof100________!
(q)
Onelargechickeneggcontainsanaverageof274____cholesterol.
(r)
A16yearoldmalerequiresanaverageof2800____ofenergyperdaywhileaan
average16yearoldfemalerequiresonly2100____.
(s)
TheUnitedStatesproducesandconsumesmoreelectricenergythananyother
nation.EachyeartheUnitedStatesproducesover2500billion____.
(t)
Thelargestpressureeverdevelopedinalaboratorywas1.70______,usedto
solidifyhydrogenin1978.
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Questions:
(1)Whyisitessentialthatallmeasurementsbeaccompaniedbyappropriateunits?
(2)Individualswhotraveltoregionsoftheworldwithpoorsanitationarewarnedtofilter
orboiltheirwaterbeforedrinkingittoremovedeadlywaterbornpathogensthatcause
diseasessuchascholeraortyphoid.Ifyouweretravelinginaregionknowntohavea
pollutedwatersupply,wouldyoudrinkwaterthatyourhostsaidhadbeenheatedto100
degreesforfiveminutes?Explain.
Page 6
1.2.2UNITSINCHEMISTRY
ConceptstoInvestigate:Fundamentalunits,derivedunits,SI(InternationalSystem)
units.
Materials:optional:dictionary,encyclopedia,chemicalhandbook.
PrinciplesandProcedures:
FundamentalandDerivedUnits:Thereareonly26lettersintheEnglishalphabet,yet
withthese26lettersitispossibletoconstructallofthewordsintheEnglishlanguage.
Similarly,thereare7"letters"inthe"languageofmeasurement"fromwhichallunitsof
measurementarederived.These7"letters"aredistance,mass,time,electriccharge,
temperature,amount,andluminousintensity(seethefirstsevenentriesinTable2).
Theseareknownasthefundamentalunitsbecausetheycannotbeexpressedinasimpler
fashion.Allotherunitsarederivedfromthesesevenunits.
Distanceisafundamentalunit,becauseitcanbeexpressedinnosimplerterms.
However,volumeisaderivedunitbecauseitisexpressedasthecubeofdistance.For
example,whenmeasuringthevolumeofaboxyoumultiplyitslengthbyitswidthbyits
height.Theresultingvolumeisexpressedasacubeofdistance(d3)suchascubicfeetor
cubiccentimeters.Densityisalsoaderivedunitbecauseitisexpressedastheratioof
mass/volume,wherevolumeitselfisaderivedunitexpressedasafunctionofdistance
cubed.Thus,wecanexpressdensity(aderivedunit)intermsoffundamentalunitsas
massdividedbydistancecubed(m/d3).
In1960the11thGeneralConferenceonWeightsandMeasuresadoptedthe
InternationalSystemofmeasurement(SI)andassignedbaseunitsforeachphysical
quantity.Table2showssomecommonphysicalquantitiesandtheirSIunits.Thefirst7
(boldtype)arethesevenfundamentalunitswhiletheremainingunitsarederivedfrom
these.
Page 7
d
m
t
Q
T
n
I
a
A
C
meter
kilogram
second
coulomb
Kelvin
mole
candela
meterpersecondsquared
squaremeter
farad
m
kg
s
C
K
mol
cd
m/s2
m2
F
concentration
density
electriccurrent
electricfieldintensity
[C]
D
I
E
molar
kilogrampercubicmeter
ampere
newtonpercoulomb
M
kg/m3
A
N/C
m
kg
s
C
K
mol
cd
m/s2
m2
C2.s2/kg.m2
mol/m3
kg/m3
C/s
kg.m/C.s2
volt
kg.m2/C.s2
joule
kg.m2/s2
newton
frequency
heat
f
Q
hertz
joule
Hz
J
kg.m/s2
s1
illumination
inductance
E
L
lux(lumenpersquaremeter)
henry
lx
H
kg.m2/C2
magneticflux
weber
Wb
kg.m2/C.s
potentialdifference
volt
kg.m2/C.s2
power
watt
kg.m2/s3
pressure
pascal(newtonpersquaremeter)
Pa
velocity
volume
work
v
V
W
meterpersecond
cubicmeter
joule
m/s
m3
J
kg/m.s2
m/s
m3
electricresistance
ohm
emf
energy
force
kg.m2/C2.s
kg.m2/s2
cd/m2
kg.m2/s2
*TheofficialSIquantityiselectricalcurrent,andthebaseunitistheampere.Electricalcurrentisthe
amountofelectricalcharge(measuredincoulombs)perunitoftime.
SImultipleunitsandNonSIUnits:Someofthemostcommonlymeasured
quantitiesinchemistryaredistance,mass,time,temperature,volume,density,pressure,
amount,concentration,energy,velocity,molarity,viscosity,andelectriccharge.Allof
thesequantitiescanbemeasuredinavarietyofdifferentways.Forexample,distance
canbemeasuredincentimeters,nanometers,miles,inches,feet,fathoms,ngstroms,
microns,kilometers,yards,lightyears,femtometersandmils.Differentunitsareusedto
measuredifferentthings.Forexample,interstellardistancesaremeasuredinlightyears
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SIunits
distance
meters
mass
kilograms
time
seconds
temperature
kelvin
volume
cubicmeters
density
kilogramsper
cubicmeter
pressure
newtonsper
squaremeter
energy
joules
otherunits
Page 10
ngstroms
astronomicalunits
atmospheres(atm)
atomicmassunits
bars
barrels
bayre
boardfeet
Britishthermalunits
bushels
Calories
carats
centigrade
centigrams
centimeters
centuries
cmH20
cubiccentimeters
cubicyards
cups
days
decades
degreesCelsius
degreesFahrenheit
degreesRankine
dynes
dynepersquare
electronvolts
ergs
fathoms
feet
femtometers
gallons
gramspercubic
centimeter
gramsperliter
gramspermilliliter
grams
hours
inches
joules
kilocalories
kilograms
kilojoule
kilometers
kilopascals
kilowatthours
lightyears
liters
metrictons
micrograms
microns
mils
miles
milligrams
millennia
millibar
milliliters
milliseconds
minutes
mmHg
nanometers
nanoseconds
ounces
ouncespergallon
pascals
pecks
pints
poundspercubicfoot
poundspersquareinch
quarts
slugs
tablespoons
teaspoons
therms
tons
torrs
yards
Page 11
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Wecannowanalyzethedimensionstoinsurethatourproblemissetupcorrectlybefore
performingthecalculation.Theonlywaythatwecangettheunitsontheleftandright
sidetobeequalisbydividingbythestrokevolume,heartrate,andtimeconversion
factors.Noticethatwhendividingyousimplyinvertandmultiply.Theunitsofthe
unknown(thetargetvalue)areyears.Sincealloftheunitsontheleftsideofthe
equationexceptyearscancel,theproblemissetupcorrectlyandwecanperformthe
calculationanddeterminethattheheartmaybeexpectedtopumpalittlemorethanseven
years.
Inadditiontoinsuringthatyourproblemissetupcorrectly,dimensionalanalysis
alsoyieldsotheranswersenroutetothefinalsolution.Inthisproblem,thefirst
calculationindicateshowmanymillilitersofbloodtheheartmaypumpwhilethesecond
indicatesthenumberofstrokestheheartmaybeexpectedtoperform.Thethirdproduct
indicatesthenumberofminutestheheartmaybeexpectedtooperate,whilethefourth
andfifthcalculationsindicatethissametimeconvertedtodaysandyears.
h6.0years
72strokes
min
70ml
stroke
pint
3473ml
24h
y1d
365.25d
0min
4
7
9
8
6
3
1.7x10pints
=
8.0x10mlblood
1.1x10strokes
1.6x10minutes
1.1x10days
2.7x10hours
3.0years
Anotherexamplemayhelpindicatehowusefulthistechniqueis.Let'ssaythata
painterispaintingafence300meterslongand2.0metershighwithpaintthatcosts
Page 14
Questions:
(1)Analyzetheunitsineachofthefollowingequationsanddeterminetheunitsofthe
answer.
(a)Theproductofdensity(g/ml)andvolume(ml)=
(b)Theproductofconcentration(mol/l)andvolume(l)=
2
(c)Theproductofpressure(N/m )andarea(m )=
(d)Thequotientofmass(g)dividedbyvolume(ml)=
(e)Theproductofvelocity(m/s)andtime(s)=
(2)Dimensionalanalysiscanbeusedtosolvemostwordproblems,regardlessofthe
subject.Solvethefollowingproblemsusingdimensionalanalysis.
(a)CalculatethenumberofsecondsinthemonthofDecember.
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FORTHETEACHER
Scientificnotationandsignificantfigures:Whendealingwithverylargeorsmall
numbers,itisbesttousescientificnotation.Scientificnotationisamethodwhich
simplifiesthewritingofverysmallandverylargenumbersandcomputationsinvolving
these.Inscientificnotation,numbersareexpressedastheproductofanumberbetween1
and10andawholenumberpower(exponent)of10.Theexponentindicateshowmany
timesanumbermustbemultipliedbyitself.Someexamplesfollow:101=10,102=10x
10=100,103=10x10x10=1000.
Exponentsmayalsobenegative.Forexample,101=1/10=0.1.Also,102=
1/100=0.01and103=1/1000=0.001.Followingaresomeexamplesofnumbers
writteninscientificnotation:
30=3x101
150=1.5x102
60,367=6.0367x104
0.3=3x101
0.046=4.6x102
0.000002=2x106
Writinganumberinscientificnotationinvolvessuccessivelymultiplyingthe
numberbythefraction10/10(whichisequalto1).Multiplyinganumberbyonedoes
notchangethevalueofthatnumber.Forexample:
(3
Itiscertainlynotnecessarytousetheaboveformalproceduretowriteanumber
inscientificnotation.Aftersomepracticeyourstudentswillbedoingitintheirheads.
Youmaywishtoexplainscientificnotationasfollows:towrite142inscientificnotation,
Page 17
Scientificnotationmakesitpossibletounambiguouslyindicatethenumberofsignificant
digitsinameasurement.Supposeastudentreportsameasurementofthemassofa
reagentas230g.Howmanysignificantdigitsarecontainedinthismeasurement?We
don'tknow!Thedigits2and3areobviouslysignificant,butwhataboutthezero?Isit
justaplaceholderordidthestudentactuallyestimatethemasstothenearestg?
Scientificnotationcanhelpthestudentandusanswerthisimportantquestion.Carefully
inspectthefollowing:
230=2.3x102
230=2.30x102
Thefirstmeasurement2.3x102indicatesthatthereareonlytwosignificant
digitsinthemeasurement.Thatis,thestudentdidnotmeasuretothenearestgramthe
zeroisonlyaplaceholder.Thesecondmeasurement2.30x102indicatesthatthe
studentdidmeasuretothenearestgramthezeroisasignificantdigit.
1.2.1THEIMPORTANCEOFUNITS
Discussion:Itisverycommontoforgettoincludeunitswhenrecordingmeasurements
orperformingcalculations.Remindyourstudentsthatmeasurementswithoutunitsare
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Page 19
m
a= 2
s
Thus,byexaminingtheunits(dimensionalanalysis),itbecomesclearthataccelerationis
theratioofvelocitytotime.Thisdiscoveryisconsistentwiththedefinitionof
accelerationasthechangeinvelocityperchangeintime.
Asecondexamplemayfurtherhelpshowthevalueofdimensionalanalysis:A
faradisameasureofelectricalcapacitance(theabilitytostorecharge)andcanbe
expressedinfundamentaltermsas:
C 2
whereCrepresentschargeincoulombs,srepresentstimeinseconds,kgrepresentsmass
inkilograms,andmrepresentsdistanceinmeters.Ifweknowhowaquantitymaybe
expressedinfundamentalterms,wecandiscoverrelationshipsbetweenitandother
quantities.Forexample,knowingthefundamentalunitsofcapacitance(C);potential
difference(V),andcharge(Q),wecanseetherelationshipbetweenthem:
C = capacitancefarad =
C2
Page 20
C2
Ifwemultiplytheinverseofpotentialdifference(1/V)bycharge(Q;measuredin
coulombs,C),thentheunitsarethesameascapacitance:
1
Q
Thus,byexaminingthefundamentalunitsofcapacitance,chargeandpotential
difference,wehavediscoveredabasicphysicalrelationship:capacitanceisequaltoratio
ofchargetopotentialdifference(C=Q/V).
Thisexampleindicateshowananalysisoffundamentalunitscanelucidate
importantrelationships.Italsoillustratestheconfusionstudentsmayexperiencewhen
solvingproblems.NoticethatCrepresentscoulombs,whileCrepresentscapacitance.
Studentsarefrequentlyconfusedwhenthesameletterisusedtorepresentdifferent
things.Fortunately,therearestandards(Appendix21)forthedesignationofsymbols
andtheseshouldbeintroducedtostudentsbeforeconfusionarises.
SImultipleunitsandNonSIUnits:Thisexerciseisdesignedtoshowstudents
thevarietyofunitsthatmaybeusedtomeasurethesamequantity.Whenstudentssee
thecomplexityofterms,theywillhopefullyunderstandthevalueofusingSIunits
wheneverpossible.
Page 21
energy
SIunits
meters
otherunits
centimeters,nanometers,miles,inches,feet,
fathoms,ngstroms,microns,kilometers,yards,
lightyears,femtometers,mils,astronomicalunits
kilograms
grams,centigrams,kilograms,milligrams,
micrograms,atomicmassunits,carats,ounces,
slugs,tons,metrictons
seconds
hours,days,minutes,centuries,decades,millennia,
nanoseconds,milliseconds
kelvin
degreescentigrade,degreesCelsius,degrees
Fahrenheit,degreesRankine
cubicmeters
milliliters,cubiccentimeters,liters,bushels,
gallons,cups,pints,quarts,pecks,tablespoons,
teaspoons,cubicyards,barrels,boardfeet
kilogramsper gramspermilliliter,gramspercubiccentimeter,
cubicmeter
gramsperliter,poundspercubicfoot,ouncesper
gallon
newtonsper
pascals,kilopascals,bars,millibars,dynes/cm2,
squaremeter
bayres,torrs,millimetersHg,centimetersH20,
atmospheres(atm),poundspersquareinch(PSI)
joules
joules,kilojoules,ergs,dynes,Calories,kilocalories,
kilowatthours,Britishthermalunits,therms,
electronvolts
1.2.3ProblemSolving(DimensionalAnalysis)
Discussion:Dimensionalanalysisisaverypowerfultoolforsolvingproblemsandcanbe
usedineverydisciplinewherecalculationsaremadeusingmeasuredvalues.Inthis
sectionwehaveintroducedsomesimpleexamples,butitisuptotheteachertoillustrate
thistechniquerepeatedlywhensolvingproblemsbeforetheclass.Studentswilllearnby
example,andifyouarenotconsistentwithusingunitsanddimensionalanalysis,they
willnotbeeither.Dimensionalanalysishassavedmanyteachersembarrassmentwhen
solvingproblemsinclass,becausetheteachercancheckunitstodetermineifthe
problemsetupiscorrectorincorrectbeforeproceedingwithacalculation.Insistthat
studentsincludedimensionsandperformdimensionalanalysiswhensolvingproblems.
Anotherexampleofdimensionalanalysismayhelpillustrateitsusefulnessinchemistry:
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65gZn
1moleZn
1moleH2
273K 723mmHg
moleZn
consumed
moleH2
produced
V1 litersofH2
atSTP
V2
litersofH2
at300K,723mmHg
(5)Calculation:Thecalculationisdoneonlyafterananalysisofthedimensionsinsures
thattheleftandrightsidesoftheequationhaveequivalentunits.Inthiscase,theanswer
is1.2litersofhydrogen.
Thestudentmustmakesurethatallunits(dimensions)arecanceledappropriately
toleavejustthedesiredunit,whichinthiscaseislitersofhydrogengas.Youwillnotice
thatwhatmayseemlikearathercomplexproblemisreducedtoasimpleseriesof
multiplicationsanddivisions.Virtuallyalloftheproblemsencounteredinsecondary
scienceclassesmaybereducedtoasimple"straightlineformat"whichhelpsstudents
structuretheirthinkingastheysolveproblems.Withalittlepracticeyourstudentswill
findthefactorlabelmethodiseasyandconvenienttouse,andisahelpineliminating
errors.Ifthedesiredunitdoesnotappearinthefinalanswer,yourstudentscanbesure
thatsomethingisamissandcanimmediatelyproceedtolocateanyerrorsinlogic.
Studentsmaynotbefamiliarwiththestraightlinemethodforsettingupproblemsand
mightnotrealizethattheverticallinesreplacetheparenthesesinastandardalgebraicset
up.
Manystudentsgetconfusedwhendividingbyfractionsbecausetheyfailto
specifyunitsand/ordonotclearlyspecifytheorderofoperations.Forexample,whena
studentwritesdowntheproblem3/4/5,heorshewillget0.15ifthreequartersisdivided
by5,or3.75if3isdividedbyfourfifths.Suchconfusioncanbeeliminatedbyusing
thestraightlinetechniqueandrequiringthatfractionsnotbeexpressedinthenumerator
ordenominator:
Page 24
Answers:
(1)(a)g;(b)mole;(c)N;(d)g/ml;(e)m
Page 25
APPLICATIONSTOEVERYDAYLIFE
Business:Everythingthatisboughtorsoldhasdimensions.Alandinvestorneedsto
knowifatractismeasuredinacres,hectares,squarefeet,orsquaremiles.A
commoditiesbrokerneedstoknowifsoybeansarepricedbythebushel,peck,kilogram,
liter,cubicfoot,orcubicyard.Abuildingcontractorneedstoknowwhetheradeveloper
hasgivenhimanorderforconcreteorderincubicyardsorcubicfeet.Itwouldbenearly
impossibletorunasuccessfulbusinesswithoutknowledgeoftheunitsofthetrade.
Retooling:Inthe1980s,muchoftheAmericanautomobileindustryswitchedfromthe
Englishsystemofmeasurementtothemetricsystemofmeasurement.Changingthe
measurementunitsrequiredamassiveamountofretooling.Forexample,whereaone
inchboltwaspreviouslyused,a2.5cmboltwassubstituted.Becauseoftheslight
differencesinsize,itbecamenecessarytobuynewtoolsetstoworkonthesecars.
However,theeffortputtheU.S.automobileindustryinamorefavorableposition
internationallyandeconomically.ManyotherindustriesintheU.S.eitherhavemadethe
changeoraremakingthechange.
HomeEconomics:Recipesalwaysspecifymeasurementsinunits.Youneedtoknow
whetheryourrecipeismeasuredintablespoons,teaspoons,cups,quarts,gallons,
millilitersorliters!Whencookingdinner,itisessentialthatyouknowwhether
directionswerewrittenforastovecalibratedinCelsiusorFahrenheit.Whencomparing
theratesofcompetinglongdistancephonecarriers,itisnecessarytoknowtheuniton
whichthebillingrateisset.
MonetarySystems:Eachcountryhasitsownmonetarysystem.Althoughcountries
mayusethesameunit,itmayhaveadifferentmeaning.ACanadiandollarisnotworth
thesameasanAmericandollar,neitherisaJapaneseyenworththesameasaChinese
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