{©1PA, 2008-218 Annual Conveton Proceedings, 1992 an2.o. PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION ‘weaty Fast Angus Convention, Ober 192 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR FIPELINE INSTALLATION ABSTRACT nthe coming decade, many kilometers of seu Pinsies willbe contrite tn he South Ean Asan fepon. A lage portion of these Uses wil be I ‘moderate to shallow water The intlition methods ‘cepted males. a major conbaton tthe eos of oosucting hese pipelines The atonal ay bark, ‘hough very tlecvetn deeper waters, sna ery cst tffeie way of tang pe in moderate osallow Grater depth Various tow tecaiues ate erenty {og used te lay pipelines in these condtions Such tow methods complimented by aii ecg 1 amall Rane will coneably rece the cot of instalation o ase pipelines i shallow wats. Such etlson an en methods are very notneat intehavow beac nods spect analytical ecg. {oanalyrandesiga sch tems, Ths paper descbes the Rents method of pp ay an singe pn i for tein. It slo overtews the nontneaanaltieal techniques wed to design such pipelines Is bebeved thatthe neato methods tock by speciale ‘aly method wil prove ase, wells. cost ‘ete sie pipeline systems. INTRODUCTION In secent year the oftore ol nd at indy hae seen an increase of development sy in South Eat ‘Asn and sfeclly in Indopesn In tis epon, ‘omiderable number of soees plies ee erent belng pasa nd sae, with ote oll the ‘ear ature. age portion he Indemesin pein He inshlloy and moderate water dete ‘The overall contraction cons of subi pipeline ae very hgh. Tis mainly de to the sopisssted Sane yupmest soca wih ntti, postoning and Sommisonng “Te repsiof pgs ding tbe contraction sag can ‘ete comming and expense. Accidents ding the ‘Operation can be eaemely capeste when Tossa ‘production sad ter ators ae nkeniso consideration Farther more, such fsre. wil sometimes cause Irevoable coionmestal dtrcin. Hence, sks of coda face pipelines mt ini a ‘ose This can oni be achicied 9 adopting sound ‘Stato technics and xing matemately bse Stays metiod the dso “Tronly well proven techniques and equipment ‘char lay Burge mato re wizetor he station Grubs pipelines. Coerenty, eto the advent of Sonputer, opiate ula tebiques ar sed {bethe emai ofthe pipelines. Indeeper water and ‘eadvere weather condone itis pradent 1 ute hee Slaton methods: Butt in etme technagcs in shallower waters ander sora Nether contons wil bea wae of resources onsecrives, “The objecive ofthis paps 1. To put formant a nou tational method of Piping isuiation Kaowe ss the Rents method {name teshigne for sabes ns known the ‘Single pin 2. To present an overview of computer analyte fechiquer ae fo aalae such strutres, “Te Rents method of tsalation has been around for tometine, bu ie done it has ben implemented. ‘aly very recent. Thowph tis method ha ao been Sed in deep wate, Is Helly sted for challow rters The sage pat it eu te inovaion, We166 elev that this technique is sil tbe osed in “indonesia Hence, e fel that Is appropiate |Bve an oven @ the method andthe analyte {echiques ied to design such stares inthis smposun, 1.1 Sn piping ot ators “The cone ascated with sbies pipelines may be ‘ineed under the lowing items Management spevision a Use poe (Conon coaig. Woign cong ‘Anodes cngnerog. Other materia Instat. Poel rig ‘Tene “Treocig. Shore approad ‘Of all these tems, te instalation cost in certain cases ‘hn be a igh as 3% of total cove This ital ‘Set is mainly de to te lation of consrtion gupment suchas deck Iy barges, Neany winches “To sme extent, he diver ine required for ent nd Imontoring, couttes tothe contacon. cot {aati fee mds sopsistiated equipment ‘ch at tow tarps, aod Adopting simpler Ueda feohoigues which reducer “ver tine wll ge Snsierable son advantages forthe sntlaon of use pplns To wo tis descents aoe, ‘Rent metho of rtlnion and igi pola it are ‘och methods They rue omar veel egipped ‘Wi cme equpmet 20 ents method ppt lsat (On surtace tow otherwise known athe Rents method ‘mas fist ne tsrepion by Sel Company in Braet In'igt4 Since the,» umber of pgeines bre been Stalled lf over Sat East Aa sing ths etd. ‘These istalations have been both in sslow an in deepwater, Forte Reals method, thee vessels fe reqed a flows 1 At ost tthe leading end of pipsie to tothe Piosine 2 A lesierpowerl tow tga taling ed of ppetine {© maintain the pptine i teson 23. Acsilty vn tp and tocol buoyancy tanks, (is vowel is not mandatory, dace on some (reson the fiat top bow Is Wied asthe uity ‘eel after he ter oftesion othe deedman ctor), “This Rem lne veel spread is very mac cheaper than trial pipelay pend. There ze many {rity ofthe Rene method. Basal the method slows (Refer to FIG) 'STAGE1 Pipette or bun i made upon shore ‘The anebly cared ot on oes oF tn cager 6 minimize the poll re ‘Suite cyumy tanks wesc 1 ‘hepieloewkeep isos Iie posible {orvome tanks oun bose dug towing, “Tis must be taken nto conration on the et of fe) for bya) ‘ks in Rent ine (ow sytem STAGE2 Once the pipeline is made up and ete, the toning operation wil commence. A tow cable i ued fom pale to he {Ending Tow Tug A ldback able i Sitched to he ting end of pipetine © ‘maint enon rig bunch STAGES Once the ystems ead the leading Tow ‘Tog wil commence tong the pipeline from luncway. Once the ing end of fence ata sitable dance ate, OC foldback tenon is wanted tthe “rag Top Always malotaning the pipeline in ‘eon, the wo tog tow the pete © the eequred oeaon. STAGES STAGES (Refer to FIG 02) Once the pipeline posoned coect a the lotion, the tension from the leading tow tu {Confer to a winch vi block feabed sacbed to 2 deadnan anchor. “The winch can belocted at platform deck dd th lock she bvtom of chet ek. ‘Wie mating the reqeired tron the fiat sring of buoyancy tanks Stripped. Once the pipeline as sablize, the second ing of buoyancy tanks ate ripped, This sequence i repeated ath {he pling sets the wes bod 1 seen that th Rents metod i ey cot effective te to the nature of veel alized. The metbod Is ‘Sealy soiable for shalow waters under favorableweather condtions. Ifa nimber of pipelines ave tobe Testa inthe sume vit, ths metbod becomes vey fot eflecive nce the onshore tec ite abe Fevsed. Tie isan of ppctines wig the Rents tethod ir awaye card ou daring favorable wether alow, {3.0 Sine poi In most suis pipeline intaliaons, above water surfce vine ate egies. These iim may be det "er insalations, ip pipe teins, ppline repair ‘Carey, the iv re eae outing the ‘eline above the watereuace by mean fs barge ‘uippes nim a mer oa Apel ae sown ia FIG 13, “his metodo iting pipes technically sound and tas worked very sucess oer the year, he only dsadvantge being tie nd cot tors mach 1. Large barge equiva accommodate a number of 22. args tine and die time quedo Gein 4 umber of dvi cae at the seabed 3. Barge time required in conoled Hing and Towering of pene ‘When compared o this tandard metho, the advan- tages of wale pla i (SPL) ar, he considerable ‘Stings on barge and ver oprnions. Tete ‘Cost vantages canbe suman: 1 tization of smater tare equipped with & single dvi orig device sich 9 rane 2 ‘Minimal iver tine snd slated barge tine due to theta of sage be 3. SPL climinaes cena titieg and lowering Sched nce svg om Barge tine 21 Single pot HPL) detain SPL can be defined ashe iting fa subs pipeline ng angle cable a shown in FIG G4 In 0 er, ‘hs spied SPL waud cae oncrese inthe prose ‘hiss overcome by incorporating acouner weigh ata freetermined postin he iing cable Te positon SF thar cunler weight hat tobe determied fo oosaction and opetatnal purus and 8 vale hast be optimized by srctrl analyse. 168 22 8 method of analys “To demontate the characteris of P-L, 4 dealed Ahnlyan was cused out Tae SPL probiem ean be ‘mathemati defined shown in FIG 5.1 sen 1, "The counterweight dareses the effective tension {pipe ip. Te sear the postion a the ouster swepht lnted by physical and operational 2, The lfc ofthe cour weight incense with the Stes Oy tes thant ote igts te reatio the barge cock. 3. The equlvlet effec of the counterweight wil be "Spear foro atthe Bein point, the able no ‘eanfering any moment. “The SPL Ge cles: mal wed for computer ay shown in 10 0 The pipeline eid no umber of pipe fate cement Toe ates modced fc pps ts pt tothe davt oct level, Ie Inptoe to model somcty the ue evel and the oto of he dv ppl a hs wl etemine eparare ange of the Mt cable which hat onset elect on these during the Bal tages Glib ting operate The pipeline com econ Sut be col models to Scout for set sd ‘Sating weights fotos dy an ubmerged weight tmodeng rhs the peline overall Gael mt cnet for yeoman modi. “The init modeling ofthe pipeloe wil be atthe {eabeds The tension in fe eae nail be iced in ag il the pptne Ui reaches fe required beght Shove the mater evel At each of these Intermediate ‘ngs, the pipsie wen mlepsty checked. Once the ‘pets is a te al poston environmental lading och a area, waves, wd could be appli for 8 ‘Sompet sation. For the SPL. stem, te foloring parametric say twos ere ot The mode nulfed was 12 inch 0.3 Took wall cksem pps a 150.0 m wate depth ‘Prtiinaryamlys as cried out without counter ‘eight andthe els he analy fe shown in FIG Ur From he cares, tbe flowing observations can Be made 1. The pple sate overstese, 2, ‘he ates bide wp rapidly upto the 64.0 eveltn seduces gully From his, we an cone hat the inal age itm aS PL sytem 8 very eshive and 3. The initial tenon rap rates the pipeline ff the seabed Prelninary eson of 10.0 tonnes rises the pline 1 level 107.6 wean anal 40.0 tonnes ae ‘eed for the Gal i (Once twas estate hat the ppe could pote ied ‘out withthe introduction of a counter weight and Sncrening it from 006 tonnes. Ts typeof anya Iacassy to rv san optimied counter weit ‘The parametric stuy cated ou repeated the aasis aig he cater weg 1D to ae fe ‘The rls of the analysis are shown graphically | FIGS US & 0%. From the cares the following eluoos can be made 1. With couse: wight the genera ses puters the pipeline scm sini pipeline without une weighs, se. the ste sescs Bul up apily atthe inital sage of the Ut and then eauens gradual 2. 1 seen ha an incesie in counter weights feds the stem stress. For this particular Pisin alee the optimum courter megs x0 rones curate suc anal as tobe cared out when Stew nop ol the saben ppeines ave aed ring the omtracton age. Accrat salt are ‘eared fo are at economic equipment ang an Imoreover to voi any acients uropstlaon of ‘he pipelines. [Amalycal metho ised forthe design of fied ant foaing other trvtures such a Jackets, tpades, ‘emi sbmersbes cannot be usd forthe dgn of Salmusie ipl Speci analy! echnigus ll have to be tue to dengnsiraetres of timate. ‘Thee eructures come under the seston of fend rcs [A subsea pein in ‘ostallaion tage becomes & Aexble structure, A exible tract can be defined st {long slender acts with Tow sacar gy ‘hen compared os ng (rat). General hese Thrctutes ate bigh onal sites, bu very low on ‘Sending sien. Dose f this Low egy, tone Structres are eal ok age deflections that ear lrg the lsalltion tages or due to the changing ‘ow paterar of the oan, The large deformations ‘hese tres ace objet, may De due to gle ‘ccrTnce like a abs pptine ding iy sate ‘Aternatvely, a exihae ina Single Buoy Rooting (SBM) syrom x coninouy beng subjected to many vations of postions in short pends of ime 4.2 Curent methods fans “The flowing methods re presenly beng wed: 2. Coteau theory 2 Sealed model sais 3, Rigid structural anys ‘Caerary teary “The caernary theory & used in the analysis of some problems lie pipe ly. Ti theory compel igotes the nding ses, ‘erefore meaningful ret ean ‘nly be cbaied for baited pplication. ‘On some pipe ly prog thi theory wed andthe ‘ves ited io gets fowig roi. The sitened ‘Stemary theory whe te slfening eects are ‘Sonudered har improned the madeliag, Dut never: ‘eles te te sl fms ited Mode snaps Swttatory rests hae been obtained by the we of {his experimental mde of analysis Bat this method is ‘ery expensive: Further itis doubt whether the non Towa encouneresin these pe of probes ould ‘ly simulated by meane of led down model ig structural ante We eleve that the steal analysis methods ‘Sched i hs oper il be economia t ke when ‘Sompared with eqpesacnal method an wil produce Tene more sosr fe the scual behavior Of hese fomplen sacar 1 mast be potted ot that these methods wll not Produce a lone bound saton as inthe case ofthe {all eeton theory.4.31) ot anatssaeded ‘As diced earlier the lati mal defection theory iSoo suitable tor the analy of lectures The ae seumpton inthe sate theory the tape Of the sructue remains the sume afer long. TS ‘sumption snot valid for fe stuctures, “The fling comiderations wil veto be taken ito eneeration fo th taf fenrurutre. 1. Large detections ‘The ractrer ate subjected to large deflections “Therdore lage defection analy eho mt be vest “The techiques wil tke into consideration the folowing 8) Nomtincar srr ilies de tthe change in 1») Nbotoear charge of srr! sifoes due 0 rember arenes (ares ening 2 Boandary comitons Nominear boundary conditions ike sit pipe ne. 2 Leding Thee strate can Be subjected otc and dynamic Toning sate Some sutures unergo a gra hang of se state ‘or defection. For these satus or conions 8 ‘Sead tat sna wl provide satisfactory wlton A slmasie ppc nis ay’ stateissuha structure “The piptine subjected only once to this severe onaion during its despite ) Dysamie “The tose of 45. M wll be bjt to dame eu ondions whens unr son th proceso ouling ot ‘idng 4 Sonatina anata ehalaes In te cate of tate cutie unas the solation is 1 implied bythe te ofthe small Sefeton theory. ‘There are many computer programs ip the musket foe that nays, For nowtnear analy, the avoaable “omer programs re eye. Even compte program ir ued the analy snot stelghtorward at Tethe elation Thi ae tothe fact tat inthe ie ‘tne sation, interaive tenis ae wed “thst for cle mltoee right forward ati. ‘Secompidon methods are wed For the analysis of nonsincar structures, special yl tectriuer Have 10 be used. A satable ‘method flows 1. Selet «computer program with n-tinear, a kes apubtes (eg. Ansys, Nasa, Mares fe). om the progtm 19 be wid, select a suitable fte clement with large defection ominear ‘Graces. Thr ean be a pipe elemest or beare Compile frite clement model of the secre Daw care must be pen to the length of the ‘ents, An example problem shown in FTG 10, Define boundary sons. ta te case of the ‘rumpie ped otend A and oles ated B. 21. Apply an arbitrary tension fore onthe structare by placing suppor tend B bys sence “This tension fore wi sien te sree (tress stiening). py the sf eight of the pipeline in fod eps. ay py amo rue 44 Bing support 8 to orignal postin. This will prod pedo eae ston for the suueture the soit sage 5. Move te end B horontly towards A opin in toed step, Inia movements east be very stall, [pada ing up othe rst eternal ress 6. tg compute progam, it shouldbe posible {move ead Bn conden whens. (ost maybe wed to ts stabe programs) Te final of the intermediate stages of these nivel give the required tate soon7. Aa dyoamie analysis is required sucha the action ‘fa tanter ons BAL howe the dyeamie motion (time dependent) may be aplied Once the sai solution compete “This ono he etniqus wen th analy of ssbve pipelines dering comtraction, is een thats method of izing general purpose fe element program can he very ome corsuming (Fat, special compote programs witb for the ayia of sata piplince hive Been developed ‘Thre progams fate been made wer Wen) Taking the temedte mowing and iterative raya Sequence atonal. PIPELINE such ogra denloped y Zence Internal Lid lndon. PIPELINE computer program was ase for thesis dened nth paper. AS PIPELINE camper progam PIPELINE i pci computer package tale for ‘he desig saben pple. PPPELINE pesforms fst Simeesional aotinesr Satie sues aalys of a8 shore pipeline cing Imation and operation. PIPELINE can Be wed aie many appestion, me pe isan using 2 lay barge with stinger or Pipe iting, lowering and pling operations. ie towing operations ~ pe spaniag problems onan itgular seabed ioe installation star-up, recovery ad abandon: ment proces. PIPELINE wie finite ference scheme to soe the ‘ering egtonsyiem Thi sheme it coupled twin a dampangprocedute in order to achieve fast emergence, PIPELINE performs age defection Sait ofthe ppsine snd allo theater to mol Ppstine an contents with any umber of soatings current loading om any ection ie contact wih Ratireguarseabed lateral an ai friction on Hairegua eae contre splestion of tension at pipe end eat it tray prong Soma + automatic geneation of ramping roi. tachment fables t any postion log the pipe tachment of buoyweightpoit lads at any ‘ey controling parameters foreach aplication have Seon idetied ad the user may change these para ‘moters and esta rom previous analysis. THe ‘rel or performing parametcstses (eg. the elect tapped nd ensea om spend rs ita pe ay nae) for fieuning 1 complen operation (c the fect of shnging cable tetioas a 2 Mg operation, ‘The static equim configuration of the pips is computed ing a dypamic. relation technique ‘scorporsted thine damping Ia ths Lchac the ppe stem inalows 16 wate (adaped) and ‘wc ine a Kinet energy peak detested all nodal ‘elo compart reset 270 athe Systems restated. Enemy the ences) of the stem ‘lepersod to rately sero when he static equlium, poston reached. “The ppsie i diced aoa sere of nodal point. tnd the equavon stem 1 soled subject the Sppropate boundary conditions Drag forces ae ‘modeled uring Norrwon"eqeaon, The euaton of ‘motion ofthe toms setup by considering ie pope a {lose Bear end suming Sel sain and forge ‘placement her. “This nontincar equation sytem is analogous to the ‘rem doxebing the byes of open chanel fom nd, by adopting te techniques wed in open channel Mow ery, te guation stem may e sled ry teeny by wy af an inp fate dere Sheme ‘Contact eevee he pipeline and a surface is modeled by considering he uae a ana oundaton with Sonstaesfines. The oda maser are opimind in ‘onder to achive fst convergence “The crtsion for qulieum automate controled svithin he pres y sling Llerence vale forthe Tarest nda vl. This ai ett 0.005 ws “The modeling Mattes wsed Within the PIPELINE,Anat Satie uals with optional cute Toning and = Row Siity for parame sly of deren ‘Stace Del, Mash and Applied Fores psi Jed by cos sectional popes aed properties of eouigs and comets (Cunge clement enh slong ppsae Cables atached between any ed pit in space any postion on he pipe Boyt laa apie! at any potion te Cable an boy force weighted to nears des. SoundaryCindiene: = lone ted boundary condition, Pinned ser boundary conan wih ses pled enon Free boundary condition. Apidae boundary conton ‘vironment Condi = Curent sped in any ieton with alowance or Input of any wer defined caret protl, Fat seabid with reston a frision mods (aia tia, ser-dened regular seabed with rsncton 20d frion nade (sl nd Iter, ‘The paamcers for controling the analy have all ‘cen opined and ae se within PIPELINE according to the peo! analysis o appa being suled, A Imalyer cont of 3 buléup period and sass Deri. The >a period aed gradual spl) ores, o dang the ppe Dounday conditions from erp cots to tl conditions ano ntoduce ny ramp, singer or ieguar seed The analysis feted dhs the period im wich he pipe sem Sooerges ft quam postion 1 ‘59 CASE STUDIES ‘Two cate suds ate encloned thie paper to mostra the anal techies wed. The (WO ‘ee odie undertaken ae 1, Rent tin in shatow water 2 Single poin itn shallow water DESIGN CRITERIA Stoel grade: APE SL 2 ‘Yield ses: 397.80 Nin? core costing tk: 3.97 mn Den: 1.30 Um? Weight coating: NL Prptine lent: $00.0 m (er seston) Max water dep 13.2 “Te pipeline bundle wa nad fr the otoning 0 1, stalin (1 and 2st) “The design considerations ae: 1, To determine minimum tensioner requtements horn aliaon 2, To dtemine minimum tesorer against bellying for com cuenta aad Io (od the masium ‘operton! eos caret ‘5.1.1 Equivalent Pipeline Seton For the computer progam PIPELINE, the wo Piptinc in the le cul ot be modeled hence a "pislent single pple section hus o be computed. Fovthe oqialent ection the flog factors must be "Sulet f the behavior the ndex0 1 Suites 2. and bee weight 3. Surface wea for hyétodyaanics For the to inch ipetine ‘Soule seston mes adopted Pipi cuse diameter = 219.10 mm Wat tiskoes 1633 om Comesioncost thickness (umm) = 33498 mm Corrosion cost deaty = 00ums 51.2 Pipi ntattion ‘The ial approach a the destination s shown in FIG (2: From inl ana, tas dete to have four ‘model bed fe teal sown FIG 1, For the Stepped par ofthe pple the equal! section rth Doyen (Su oa) wn doped This wt Aetieved by adopting a zero corsion thickness. For the remains @f the pipeline the buoyant pipe ‘ection wat med. The fone force wo pied st ‘he leading et of pipeline by ean of able clement Stehord athe deuiman tacor st the appropite [iton a seabed Comper analysis was cri oat on the computer fred forte int und the second stip prune ‘tes ante cared ou a enh fhe hese postions to opimie onthe tension requirements, Grape! Inereetation ofthe ouput for bending moment and ‘Sess nly els ae sbowa i FIG 1-12 5.1.3 Deformation do to eos crrets ‘Due tothe feiblenrae of thestuctare, thee canbe ‘insiderabie aera deecos ve to cow coe ‘Genera sess det this deformation ow. Whe toning if an umaceptable eros caren dors oetur "xceaive sates in ths ppetine cond be avoided y pontonng the pipeline Janeth caret hd ferminaing the" foving operation. Towing will ecommence in the reguired drecion at favorable “Tia cou caren and resin “belhing’ of the pptine can case ntaliton probes exec C1 [ito be inal jot trench. The deformation can be tedved by insesing the teadoner td ot BY oping stable tstalintion proce. hice study sna was cad out to compute the maimum operational erent fe normal Rees Tine taliation. or the analy, the equfleat spine bundle 3s ‘cocibedin So. wae opted be te ne bing boy. The ite cement model afpted sshown in FIG ILA parame sty wan carted out for varying ‘ent velo The suing deformation da tothe ‘Sent shown in FIG 12 5.2 Pipeline tea pein it ass ascarid out Te finite clement ‘model ma forone pipeline. The tal lngth wa 00 ‘eters vided ito 6m cements The sige cable was ‘modeled Ses above the waterline “The rests ofthe assis ate shown in FIG 13. From the uy eared ou, fan e concesed tht counter rit nt reused forth pareaa i CONCLUSIONS [eis seen tha pene astalation imei shallow Sterseld be effet cared uti sell Tiger equipped wth low capacry winches ‘These frets ae cout dectve and th vestele required ule mobi very aly. Horever, the related srctrl anys of these ‘methods evry nonlinear inte, mote 30 ‘han the conventional methods. Te executions and ctrl design ofthese methods neds planing ant ‘he we of rophisteted computer Popa REFERENCE, PIPELINE wer maual (Zens leas! London)m usauoy = 1 manoFIGURE 2 - Rentisline instalationaympaussBuny armpauonst pea yn ad eK € ANOLE soutscs ut @ @ @ @ @ @ © : 7 |W + TCoaa = TSind = 0 Tora (TSN =) FIGURE § - S,P\L mathematical definitionABLE PULL PONT Sat ero "OND SUFTENT PIPE LENGTH DWDED WTO AINE ELEMENTS es Ccouterweicit 6 = came DcPARTURE CABLE PUL. FIGURE 6 + Proposed S.P.Lfiste clement model02 - 4 + a I i) nee G & wo. ~ i 3 200 t g 00 e 1a 20 30 40 80 60 70 #0 9D 100 110 120 130 140 150 160, Ccouamieo SIRESS eee APPLIED CABLE TENSION FIGURE 7 S.P.L without counterweight variation of ystem stres & pipe tip level for Imcrementaleabe tensionm 09. 08. PELE MAK ULC (8/94) os on 10 20 30 40 50 50 70 a0 90 1 wm 0.0 COUNTER WaGeT [WH 1.07 COUNTER WEIGHT ‘WH 2007 COUNTER WEICAT ‘WH 40.7 COUNTER WEIGHT WITH S.0T COUNTER WEIGHT WT 60.0T COUNTER WEIGHT Q ® ® @ ® © [OP cy te ese ny 190 110 120 130 140 150 160 2/9) > PIPELINE 1 LeveL T= APPLED CABLE TENSION FIGURE & - S.P.L with counter weight-variation of stem stresses for incremental able tension for incremental counter weighsPIPELINE wax v.c (64/04) | | “25°81 WMO UNTER WaT | | | —— counter wesc (9 ie aoe anette eu eo ae = COMAINED STRESS / 24 PRELNE TO LEVEL FIGURE 9 ~ 5.P.L variation ofsystem stresses for incemental cable tensionSATAGE 1 INIT. ELEMENT MODEL STAGE 2 STAGE 3 SELP WRIGHT APPLICATION 1 TOAD STEPS SATAGE 4 RELIEVE INITIA. ‘TENSION STRUCTURE ® ® [BU INTTIAL POSTION STAGES, MovE END o ‘TOWARDS END A ne LOAD STEPS SATAGE_6 FINAL POStTION (CLEAR DROP Test ApeLy DyNmuc Toxpine ® ® FIGURE 10 - Non near anaityal techniquesa syns su say aun 3 ans pieSTRESS RATIO (u.c) DEFLECTION (M) LURRENT M/SEC| wicune 12 Rents tine streses and deformationSTRESS Uc or =p LeveL (w) CABLE TENSION (1) FIGURE 13 ~ Single point it tress and deformation