Acknowledgements ‘We would ike to acknowledge our debt Tim Jobs, with wom ‘ve havecollaborstes over a period of evra years inthe wring of | tmatrial fo eachng atonation His comments oa nearly pls of| {Chapter 9 vere very helpful ad hs influence is prvculary evident in our discussion of dail ype. ‘Agee, we are most gratef to Hazel Haalon for uansforming four manure into a beautiful ypescrige with even the spling rises coreted. DCB. RMC CALL. “The publishers are grateful 1o the RL Hon, Denis Healey for fanting them permission to reproduce the recordina snd transcript ff his imerview with George Scott for the BBC's ‘Analysis! rogram, broadcast in 1972, and to the BBC. Copycght Department “They are cleo grateful co Mrs Caroline Mossley and che Communication a Sehoos project tear, Mr Wy and Lovell Park School. Leeds. and fan Symonds the sound ensinen, for permission vo reproduce the recording and iascript ofthe lesson on Energy recorded a the shoofollowed and the main lines of the exposition they are ued to ‘laguate grasped. Our experience to far gives us good reston (0 hope tat working dough the exercises with the ai of the eassus| wilt prove 2 reasonably economical method of achieving the secezary competence, even for readers with n previous export i phonetics. “There comments that follow each st of exercises are ofered in the Hope that readers will be further encouraged fo ener into @ ialogue with cur book and savour some of the endless fascination ofthis aspect of Finguistic orpanisation : t Introduction ‘Most hooks on intonation assume that ther readers are aware of| ‘oth the nature ofthe phonetic data and he asturaptions impli im making a linguistic desertion of ther. In out experience this i ‘often not the case. So, before begining to outiae our owe Nee (8) bebe Panty |r im za . ey (Tesi syllable, he sllable on whic the major pitch movement bepns r underlined and capitalised) Teo terms, may Be sid that in (7) a poten hearer is “ol when 9 mutual acquaintance wil have his twentieth birthday, while In (@) tes "old ov old the equaintane (or will bo. In eter faue, the tone unit having refesing tone serve to match the ‘Seer with an assumed focus of interest perhaps, thovgh aot recesaily, made expt i the prowding dialogue either by 2 ‘question from another participant of by being mentioned by the Speaker himeel One eld parapluase (7) poncereuslyae:“What | {Ssume you aeinterested in, Because an intimation to that eet has tleady ben exchanged between us. is when he wil be twenty, nd hereby assert that ic will be in August” ‘Awe ad above, doesions abou what information to procaim and what to refer to are a speaker's constant copeera and are made ine ight of his moment by moment essersment ofthe stato pay Inihe more extended example below, taken fom 2 docos/patint mere, we cam see Some of Ie factors which imfuence such dsssions: (9) s(r ve come to su: you, p with the wast) r've got on ry ews pnd nderSEats wh has deveroped Dinibe pat hres BAYS |r welt’ Rrtsting rnd at ‘vans withthe pusy * rus Being a cloning Factors Pell find i's tapitaing 7 makes me want to SCRATCH “The only items of information the patient fel it macesaey 10 rockin ae that hs problem i the Fas, that i i also underneath Fischin and hat he ls the ns 0 scratch it The facts thatthe patient has come 0 see the doctor. that his ash (once it has been Hens asthe reason forth vs) 08 hi hin. aed tha tbs developed. are al sigbly evident. wie the fet that he rab i sexe 17 levitating is scarcely something one would need to point out to 2 socio. The doctor could aso reasonably be expesied to know tht the paent gous to work. All hese tems ae therefore refered wo. “The explanation for the patton choise of referg tone when renting the ‘dual’ and the fact that he works ata clothing factory’ may be more complex. Ie ay well be tat the doctor does (, pow the condisons and plc of is employment. but equal say be tha the patent has racially chose, for polieness perhaps, (present new information a f were alread shred. For we mist remember that the rp opposition, ikea ther Lngusic option. s salble for expaiation. Indeed, if tone chokes were simply predicable op the bass of what could be atertained about the contest, they would be of very lle iaerest.Ulimatly, i he [speakers choice whether to presen snformation as ready shared or In example (6), which we se-present below, we can soo teacher ceaploing the system: (6 sr when we rub our Hass opecer | p wear easing ‘ution // (Transcript A p. 148), Thi ne ait of our aia nano ec of which nts [pear casing son [A icon hs jut hern neon by ay eben ea cs cote ft tone wt te pte entinon ground aod seein aes tes we ee ‘aug ton mow spear ous plage ting would feito sintering tone hee sashes yen { {51 he pp our ten ruby tebe chy i renee ‘Wr dicing the doco tri we sgt hat senechoss als beespoe ad ato ae ‘bing ot of pokesee ts onotet emote peer inning er ito ston ar 7B es be fcgrned ie peng of samen U0) ras well wow j/ ‘which can usefully be compared for ec with: (1D :/ as weal xxow / ‘Wesce anther instanceof the same asi inthe following example (12) the coxernment so wasted phe ide "of goveramentinterrzzeace // that| makes moment by moment 1 iscoURSE INTORATION AND LANGUAGE TEACHING Here, us of refering tone by the speaker ~ atthe time a leading mene of the Opposition ~for the governmest'is flly motivated fn the grounds we have already considered: there i litle doubt Shout He having common-ground status in the contest of the poll discussion tours in. The choke ofr tne for ‘Terference’ Jot rather diferent matter. The queston of whether what the fovernment had done to try to regulate wages was reprehensible — fnd therefore tobe described as interference ~ was, athe time, very Truc debatable one. However, by presenting his chosen word asf is sutaiiay hae already bean nepotiated, the speaker has pre- mpied its acceptance by his covpartipant and by bis radio fdience, Agtin we ste the use ofr tone fo insinont the common ‘round satus of mater for tactial purposes. ‘Weare now ina position to draw togeter the ain ideas ofthis chapter It will be obvious that whar we have outlined is an lnzratona explanation of te siguificance of toe: Tone thoice, we fave argued, isnot dependent on lnguimic features of the message, bt railer on the speer'sasversment of the relationship bet the masange and the audings, On th bass ofthis assesment he isons to rafer-to sestions of his Inesog oe part ofthe existing cotnmon ground of to prackinethem [an addtion tot, We mus ster tha tone eee depends solely ‘on speaker's assesment and not on aay teal wor ‘eu. Ke may be posible. by going back over the recording of a conversation, t0 fdzcover a point where speaker procaimed the item he is now ‘elering to, but ask as not he in et referring to some previous interaction or even to assumable but never esablised common round. - ‘Obviously, the'lerger and les familie the audience the more fel cis forthe speaker to asses the area of eomamion ground. ‘Tus te news reader would have bees likely to us erring cone for "Mr Callaghan’ but proclaiming tone for “M. Bre” in the fallowies examples 1 phe ime sunister 1 ¢ me CaLaghan ‘pike prime ssister//p tm, raynand BARRE Inds one of the skills necessary (0 be a good news reader or lesucr isthe ability to osers the extent and boundaries of the ‘roup'scommon ground. Theakill of the ocator ies inhi sensitivity SS bounsuen, which eosble fim i IEP TERETIE govern rom: 19 claimed, but with the assumption that this is how all reasonable ‘enple would view the matter Exercises 1 Baow are @ number of pairs of questions and aftr each pairisa lwanserited item. To which of the two questions isthe transcribed stem the mare probable answer? You may find it heipfl listen to ‘the quetions and the suggested answer onthe accompanying tape fi, Who's going to read this book? (i) Which book ae you going to read? 1p going to read |] r THAT book [| () What wil you do after the mecting? i) When do you ext? usualy cook a meat |/p ia the evening jf @ When do you do your shopping? *xGi) What have you got planned for tomorrow! sip fxuday | ris the dy usualy goto 708% j) 4 (0 Is Jobn older than Tom? (Gi) 1s Tom the younger ofthe brothers? 11019 TOM rise pEDeT -(@Are both John’s parents teachers? (i) fs Job's father who works athe hospital? 2p 80 ff peas if ristbermes fa, asthe £(@ Is that the way 10 he station? (i I he post fice down that see? ‘ND / THATS the way rte the post office 2 Aer he responses above to make them the orer question in cach pi. By simply ebanging tones, for p 10 oF from 10 p35 ecesary 3. Read sloud the following tanked items, giving pasticular ‘tention to tone choice, and thn listen wo the tape @)—panewidan, eis what yu yn! ()—FweeunealtonD + peer o20 brscOURSEINFORATION axD LanKHAGH TACING (© {inapareet ofno9Ks |)» was ing on hie Able i) (8) |p ican assuse you pi don’ (2 yp should wey (pc go in suguse 4 Use the symbols pand to indicate the one i te following Sentences, a they are spoken a the tape. (You may find worth teil To tr to pres them Here you lise. (a) whae you wane 6 anew ca | (b) {je can't afforp some {e) sf she parcel of Books 7 was lying om bis Zable | {@)_jf10 tell you the TRUDE don't LiKe it (o)/Fishoulde myst go in aust 1) Bring together dhe smiar pairs of sentences shat ar separated in exerts 3 and above, fr instance ‘Anew ea i what you want, What you want isa new exe. Consider how each sentence would be ikely to occa ina discourse ‘contest spd how this might lead co diferent tone choiees being tmade in the 10 members of each psi. 6 Using the recording, and he following base transcription, mk i he tones (dey are al thar r orp) in these exacts (3) \Sapeanenty |) te didnt seraser / the Last question 150 alruait (the kts of che paper was Reasonsble Well paseatandsrd/axyay j/ overate 7) wasn't {200 enough | and he Fane /) (by this SEAR + sees the amnivaksaey ofthe EENDIng four soctety stun theelore pOper thatthe egasion should be REED sn some WAY /) not fiery associacion of thi RISD "can BOAST// of gory 93 long 3s OURS NOR i | may SAY 7 Of such ‘cord of publ gvice1/ ts to Caebrate / this, [Mary AND ths Aecord | that Weare gastere here For each occurence of refering tone, consider how the speaker ean lepcimsely presen the mater of tone unite aleady exiting common ground roe 21 Comments Theanstersio exerci are 9, i. ks dine ota, “The question-ansverpovern of estes | fs unavoidably a tomsy evi for providing Snaphoricaly recoverable matter it int sxelypreseding text is ifcul ond examples that do nosound fil since mate tat ss0 obviously recovereble would usually be omitted in many essex Who's ping oread thishoot? fp [going to rad it) ip ta going 0 ipcam if "ip seid Ic wl be usa so reconsider tex alrmativs forthe dicusion of prominene in Caper 3 “The answers to eserse? at: WEF Poll Oi Paifea id Heil MiP iri pail five pos HitMD Tipit itp ot Nowe that in both versions of (), (e) and (9, ‘No’ could have a referring tone without disturbing the ft with the ppropiste ‘question. The signieanee of such 2 change wail be considered in Chapter 4 ‘Exercies 3, 4 and 5 exploit the fact that certain minimally sonirasied prs of wentents seem to elicit greditably dering iscibuion of tone when people are asked wo eed ttn aloud. The line of argument tha question Sis inlende! to engage you iis something ike this: to iuroduc ering ioe ato the reaing of 8 sentence. the reader must make asumplions about & posible discourse seing: the only Bass he has for making assumpeiss is the lexis and grammar ofthe em and when poople ape i sing lifrent readings (0 sentences tht ier only ina singe feature ‘hen the difeence mus edt the way that fears iahueness their view of how the item sly oft into discourse. So. in both ‘A new cris what yeu wanr and "What you want i new ea” he clase what you want i usualy ken 1 he the conversttonaly= {BNE forus of interes: and fas the relerring tone repacless othe Ofder of constituents. But nove that common preference dos aot G\22 scOURSE NTONATION AND LANGUAGE TEACHING ‘mean that this isthe only possibilty. 1 comes only slightly less readily to mind perhaps that 4 new ca |] pis what you WANT fis for istane, situation where he speakers trying to persuade theta to buy ket fora raffle which the fist prizeise Mini. “To ake anche example, "T shoul’ ry to go in Avs seems most katy vo cecur whet the possibility that someone wil ty t0 20 ‘august has recently Been meted. "To goin August.” will then ‘Be conetsauonaly present wile "T shoulda ty.’ will be aewly fheered. Without the negative implication, the ie i treated as & ‘rggeston responding to some such appeal as ‘When ought 10 try {o go? It sbould be possible to imagine less obvious contexts in loki the aerate readings would Bt, botk for this and for the ‘other examples in the exer, “Tranaips of recorded extracts m exercise 6 (Ge) fjrapeanenty (fp be didot atnexer | the CAST (Gestion |/p 30 agwouGH the REST ofthe paper I ‘res muagonable//r well PSs standard |! p atsyway (7 ‘Poverab |p it wasn't go0D enough jp and be Exe // (0) je this esa ses the ansivensary /)p of the sounig 1p of our society // pit ENED /)rterefore rope 4) aha the occasion 1) p should be waneep pi some “uae |] p aot every |) r association |] ofthis ERD /) ‘pean was |r of a History // ras Tong as ous [I p NR Tir toay say [fp of such a scord p of public sevice {ip itis to eauebrate |) r this story jp AND |r tis ‘atord |) that we see Galered bere ip ORIGHE |) Key [As we sid in the Iauoduetion, the vocal cords vibeate for exey ‘oieed Segment ead thus every voiced syllable has 2 fundamental Frequency component and pereivable pith, To the listener some syllables appear to bave steady pitch, some a slight pich ‘ovement, and some, which we labeled conic syllables ia the previous chapter, have a marked pitck movement. So far we have ‘enor relative pitch level and concentrated on pitch movement butt willbe evident fom the trees listening (othe tape tt al the syllables before the tonic are not uttered on 2 monotone Taf, sve discover marked variations inthe pitch of a speaker's voice ia ‘ery short setces, The teacher in Transcript A varies fom 90¢pe to 250cps during the fs hee ines on . 148. There ate thre Factors which affect the pitch range exploited by 2 particular speaker on a particular occasion: 1. idesynerti. The nature ofan individual’ Yocl cords dete Jains the absolte lit of his pitch range,within which be ‘exploits a much narrower eange for speaking. There are quite Wide variations between speakers and although on average Women’s voices are an octave higher than men's, we cam ‘eadly think of men with high ana women with low voices, 2, socio-cultural The pits ange chosen by ewhole social group ‘may be rstcied in some way: Finns esi that Frais fpeking males, unlike females have no atonatio’,aprat- nly because the piich movement occurs withia & ers ‘arfow range, while Swedish-speaking Finish males tend © exploit only the higher part oftheir vocal range, 3. emoriona. Frequently speakers extend thei nocral range 19 xprese excitement, Surprise, anger. oF narrow it fo excess boredor and misery.‘We mention hese factors inorder ogre hemor Stesion iy atom adidas pth range pode ast del of rinton shou iho iadsiual mall” Sis scat Bikground andi oti sas, ul that however ach he wide oe aes the pl rng. ve il sll explo the sane sll number ic nro sone hngushi meaning Ive take the eather spss rangeol 9p 2p ther sill ache unde ulnber af pc kvl fe cou cone, at thee fsaow some measure of aztexmeat iba Engh speskers ‘next nguiscaly thre pic ontass. Crystal (1969), ile Suggesting tha nisidual sable can be signed to one of nen Dich levels fs hat one con oly yl exepoa acches of tirana oorurng the peers normal ch ost love Iipheriee has sora Swat (1905 bere bat ‘ach sents Sr selece etoup bas © gamer! key opi of te Ov aad ‘iingubed three ers high aid apd To. but Be fe hs tis ‘arioa sera ie purpose ater than preening monotony. On the ther hand Haliay (1070 whe not seeing ph evel as having ‘ny seoeraluable messing, door eit ashing soins hes ezted with parculr pitch movement or example the fling {semosiona. ‘sporting a fac) iid (1. i ost sting tein (1 igh (1 0s ust staring to ei eked, huey Up snd eome ine} fof) Li's just staring wo gain jp (el, "The t would) tobesystom wre outlining hee tare areal tree ey cies igh: milan tw. ba we difer markely a our iene onthe siecance and recognition of pich ve isl ne wae choice of dich ve! as inderendemlymensinaul second” we argue wht fachooe unit eles anew for pic evel ab therefore expat ore Sarin than See thi and erally. id key ot dene the mom for the speaker ~ insead ey chokes are made and ‘stognsed with rstence to the comparable ph choce 9 the ‘mapatcly precoding tone ie In other WOtEE Ih are 89 sole ales (or high, mid and Jw Be, een for # pra sear in acca gven igh hey tone unity wel be omer than an rnd key one uni. TRough prising t st. ths esate Aproben hearty praca exe the ime phenomenon ae) Tone asa Nave 2 tar aoctericin como ithe ‘eve hee oftheir tonemet nove al pcs whch Feftnt to ther Hngoistc aie he aperan face thr Reg 2 syle anon fo pcteding neighbors ne ontnce not fs cqueny of atone ab Pike 8 py We cannot anlage dire fom Pike's stement about toe ‘oguags and sy ht cite eltive ph othe whole one ei which ic sgnicaa. hecase there is consderabevaraon ie ‘ie pitch bernera sabes inthe sme tone ni ater he Bch eel of one eral yb slave tothe eg ofthe sme ‘rosa labs in the preceding tone un, which sieiesat. n> ‘ter words, de key owe for gen one rts eae one! ‘anyone in each ose uit nd theo gles Ia Chaps Swen We have dissed the stereo thaw e wi ea ‘poston to ge simple ues or eyitg the sale where bey oie resized. bu as hs salable seine, thous by ‘ens ais the onc sll, or simpli see lin hs -hapler only example io which ie) and tone choke do co-accu ‘By imposing this resievon upon ours, we shall product ‘asianes not unl those that Hla hander of tee ‘aransofihefaling one, Imports however, wetear hey a 08 independ, simultaneous choi, sc han as ¢ seams pending onthe speakers having sted » ganic tone Ue [eovisooally we regard the pte el hat deerme ea ht ‘hic he fl oF + Frclaming Tone kegns, then enact he same onidradons canbe shown to ply eitng tones the pach Joel at which the faling elemento he let esos hs sa Sigiesace 1 we conccatae for he moment hes on tone Us which hve citer allora alli. an hve bo tbe one ad he ley eoice in the same ibe, ws can proceed oo he sumption ‘haciberelevon ves a= diningished as Flows gh A26 oeounse RTONATION AND LWeUAGE TEACHING ‘The exesion of oar detriptio nner chapters wil involve usin plying our generations about the “mening” of fey to tne buts whch have tne choies oe than the two 29 far disse High key Foceach and every one group the speaker must sl high mi or dow key. We take i forthe momen hat the mid key choice the ‘eoval o-unmaried ope and that what must be explained i the sigiiaae of move o low or high key By choosing high Key, the ‘Speaker marks th mate of the tone ita coast, a the folowing example igh ogror (2) mid p were song to MaReate tis year fpr oot low (Tie wassciption sysem & phooologial not phouetic and thes oes oot necesarly ve 2 great del of information about the ‘eitive pitch of yale ather than the one carving the key cho, ‘Te symols marking tone weit boundaries and toe choise wl slays be placed oa te midline, respective of parol Ke of ‘ermiationcboies) “The shoe of high key for Bognor’ indicates that or these ‘comerationalists at this parol moment ime ease to tet Hogeor and) Margate as mutually clsve, choice exbauting fetus ofthe world. Thus again we have an explanation of a ‘stomion choice in terme of interaction semantics igh key ‘ales speaker ip create their on louyncatic conrstng tt, Indepedea: batt et contrasts provided by the lnesage and als of thos provided inthe werd, For ample, tbe adecsves el aad "EW cesie et values rom he relauonsipe with ate words in the pubiely available language sytem, but for a two-car fami, ‘ovnng a fed ear aad a new one, there may well eas peste Telauoaship betwees the two words which fe not Knows the Tangoge community at Lage. but wich can be made avaible ‘omecatinaly = by choice af gk hy the vale of red” can be raked as imply "bt new and veer Special caeporistions of experience cyte’ ovt a8 sea ntereaning stems, may, ans bypotheicl case a he eps vai fora long ate group cotinues ora one as they keep he cars. Others, mote asa and ephemeral re create wr? {pain within the context of teraction. proposed aso genre ‘rath that the choi of igh hy presence matter the tne ios Pi the content of an exurnnah-ald opposition. Ths omminicatve vale ofthe ater in igh hey canbe repeated by "X aot ¥" where the value of ¥ is assumed to be accesible to (and ‘nay ont be ace o) he beac Im addition to weecing key the Speaker mus io mark the one nit a prolong o fering. fia exaenps )above the peas ‘ele refering one for Bogor, be would be ndating tht he ous st of options was akendy common grouad, perhaps beans both knew tat thera had only wo shoe vant vas eat tae or ke otk; by choosing proclaiming tone the speaker mould be ncugig spar of his sews wha ke two option nee ‘To put another way use of high key with refering fone ies ‘at the contrast has already been enabled cher within the ‘eleretal framework de partipans share rls ke wider ss high © mid (134 bw ed wost oft //¢ bu you ca have wha’ igh ver it you tee id be ‘Wat procsiming one onthe otber han, the speaker can exit a coneast not yt aseatod to by be audnoe, igh (8 mid 35 Soon 25 be'é hed Eatog!/ phe changed ow ‘gh sess gear mut ico ” W tis case the luo ote speak continuing with something lke of allthis support the iteration that he is hee making 4 polar dsiscion tetween ‘changing into tems gar (uit eappropiat. inconsiderate or otros unaceptble tbe ‘creumstances), and aang on wth the washings’ Ordos ‘anything ele (acceptable Ite Bs alternative the one that he speaker implies, he the closed set maybe sd w have notionaly‘symmetric embers ihe 8608, then is eisance depends upon ‘huins up an opposition fee ove ported poss abd lal ier poasibiner "Tye hener mot desde. pec what impiaion i inten, but the speakers message eludes the resus tha some sch enongblehuneneonaeclassiescion St be erable nd scope om, ‘Ope sbvowssouance of paniculrig ithe Kind of oaniog say that volves mare than ust denying a person o Obj = tharis wha there a pled ating of he namo jon ai lotr poses Inte folloing example: inet sae (6) nid p ise eurabet fp pees tow ‘lasbule ats Pate sil’ iopreseted conratvely sake ‘conversion sting would ave grounds for inferving whether tbe inanded coowan was with én dbeady familie ‘ise, "oower, ‘nero eve, on ey i eephons ine Paar nse AL sty amore itetyintoduston, snd cersiniy one les worrying 0 Eabe, woul be igh ste wie (Gh mid |p hiss euzabes jf p ‘This prising msnsing of igh tay enables «speaker indie tt eas chan gen word or phrase wih etc, fad by mpbossion rected ll thers ih anger (mid he overnment |) phate so rie be ig imc senso hs Cou nd comers a word may te dissed the one word above ‘tke ati or appropme eh _nowided exactly (8) mdr wou say 1p ray kor 29 igh ful anyone had arma /) tw We sould, a this poi. emp to clay de way in which we se ung the concp of conan. Thete so cours 3 generally reeogonse, Soumurio, sense in which sl Hague lems ane ‘Contain ht deseo, bowery, heer i ot ob ake ' referring pina paradigmatic eatonship exing betwen iemsia he agusas “a0 that choosing or sane, ee rneaninglly not choosing daughter. mother, “ter, es “dua Raber the acon contanviy which eos of igh ey conteys iss soda cons, closed cs ofa reat by the paruspans as pact of ibe commen ground and avaiable nd Jnteligie to mat the time and pose of terse ~ aad omtines ony te ‘OF course at tines there an apparenly simple celatonstip berwese the sistema sigeicant conte and one of SNe lingua conro i he utr igh (9) mid phe dat ay 3 on bt we Know he by igh sana eal be the impision is noe tat he does speak Ena sacieve by ssocining the comtasiviy dered fom high Kay wik ao ‘wammatial stem of pony In this cso the akwaenlly ont tars bappene io be expec prmimatcly.l the next exam he inp opponson's tl Besnewn oma itso ‘he language: igh (UO) p He id's say 4 soa but we know be oe igh weap engl ‘bt this ine the feel items “ead and speaks are opposed Hower ne lxicl tem y defntion ate open clase his30 oiscounse aTONATION aND Lance TRACING ‘opposition depends ona situstionlyceeated easieation a which the two canbe cegarde. for present purposes, ase conta Tn eat of the above exampes iis fein easy to pres the contestation, but i the following example igh cure (40 ni 190 couse iri prpssed my "ip Yserdy bw ‘would notte posible. without acces tothe mutual understanding ‘upon which the poripants are Building, to know wheter the Imp coirant was wth = bat Raven macked the eto the rays or” Bt salen packing my case late as ot ‘uth boo I necded to chek cetais references dn comb eis orig’ pos". or vitally anything Low key ‘A seala ssow kno mara eile watoeipmbich, fsa eraser ng, «en conecaonl Comex Solem nian ce ue Poaeape ‘gh eptually 2) mid | 1] pe gave it our sscnbours tow ih mid fp a Tow” he soninons ere the speaker chooses ow key to mark heater of thew one ‘sa enstetallyequvaleat~ lw key conveys the information lathe speaker as olson sea abou, hat "ihe Rabneone and ‘oor geighhouts” are. this context synonymous. Had the Speaker wished to nce ha ashe Robson as opposed hy ofkis other neakbours to whom the git was ande he sald oo by cole of high hy igh exesuaty (in mid fr we eves 9 our scours igh gotinsons nid pe "1 tow fo the nex example the low kay item i¢ a grammatical clause igh (04) mld fp the tare was asec |p the speaker was tow i Iniiscasetheeis an pled causa or because’ elation: inthe folowing example an ped reel or therefor celationshp: igh (15) mid phe speaker was fp be lecture was 8 iw ‘canst "Now isthe st ove group tha stats the ‘cus’ while he second ‘Hae he ‘result; Bt te change fr mit low key is obviously ‘compatible with both kinds of reatioship. The eommon meanings simply tat he one statement simpli bythe ther = tha the wo se exstenaly equivalent for this peaer a this ime. The presse lopcalelsionships~ which coulda fact, be mage lnguiscaly ‘explist by the addition of Dente’ ab repay ate hee ‘etved by the bearer from ober sources aps surprisingly, the equvalensrestionbip marked by ow “hey olds ares wernces. When a speaker teas in low key he india at hee i an egualencereionhip between what he sys aod someting tbe previous speaker ha a igh wbiedoo (06) mid: 1p what append a ” oe gh mid p00 ouay ff AH] " be ansing asin ‘A’scomment i beat a8 something lke ‘That's a mck 2510 sy ies rani again. The two sateren no pay and “ising Spun” re preenied as iotrchangate formulations of tbe sane ‘mater inthe world of tents apd ekvison that A and B fr he ‘moment sae, A comme seendar implication of the low-key ‘howe in uerapceintal postions wt the speaker Is ead a ‘fering 2 more cxeunscted formulation of what weet before So. in hisease A's retort pus fae point on he matter supp by 8. fis seal to characte such wer of low Key a8 rear. ‘bur inponant to remember thatthe rearsine faneion at-asironmentlcontions drive ofthe mote general opine LUN mi A: phere do you do your suring ge sid 8) Pi po to the supermarket j foe yesaty Here Bs tok of ow hey asthe eof esi “asaly with A's qusston equvane iimoked is orér 1 mod the question before B ansiers iA posse pos would be Ifwhee dou do our shopping” means "whee do you uu do your shopping” then Tgp to the supermarte. Inthe net example B sity refomnaates he qussion before answering ih (03) mid: (jp have you board th eu yet} low igh mid Bs someone tok 1p eepoot won tow tar ‘The ‘gusrdes tone of Bs weply drives ffm she narrowed re tent of what in the ceeumstances, he Is prepared the tearing the esl to mean. For asanes, be substiues the ssse Pete forthe clasve "yo and thease taney be heeds sarrying the implpon that ering at second hand caverta ore ested eld of refvencs than hetring Sims inthe lowing ‘Sample Bsibstiuts Oliver for he acting ik U9) md As p bey sate ating as very co9e be mail Bt se excelone low case tbat ony.) Navin sessed the unesion: of high and ow key sepa ne wil now tring them togaber for compo, snot alae mo imme parca in given eet ha the fonctions we have ‘haracirisad a6 cantracine and reine ave dileenn, We el basin withwo casey where 49 thik hes mc dob at thee sigh (20) mil A: pi wonder How i do inthe wes tow igh (a) sour prope ws ike i rtd Bi fow (0) sue people wil ie i By choosing hgh ky speaks B emphasis the potential lage ones and opposes Someta orone by chosing le key be reformlats te novon doing wel, 2 theft ht some people test il ike A las ansparet example igh (21) mid: 1¢7 sic worth ing forte eters fe igh (a) eo med ip oe coming Sow 8) (fe 30m 4a the frm we have proposed, there dee not sem 4 be muck 0 choot teteen (3) comanine Tonics romabese Cott ‘heres and (b) restive Tom-uoay-Tom I wear it thnking tat (b) sounds rather more ‘gud than (2) tay Be becuse athe ter Bares wth respec oni Ton bu wou ‘soning to guson the sumption tht undesie s queton "oe narows the saps of the question Refers answering fe ects oansver for anvone bit Tam, ad since As queso hae Jed sf believe he culo a9 ihe chasse bea he anno ‘isting doubs upon the Hlebhood of soyone bet Tom train op ‘Sect an inerpeeion” as tsi can onl be highly speculate 2 Teves ou of account lela sutonal fetes which rol Drobably be operative in any fel coment eis teases ofthis ind hat ave ed to he profifertion of “audi Tabs. sch 36 omar ad sere inthe inom ‘manuals ne reason for essing this empl some da se24 BcOURSE ISTONATION AND LANGUAGE TEACH to show the kind of relationship that exists beanoe he generale siscoue functions weare yng to sont and he lol nang of ‘ny parle comeataized intonation contour [i cece 1 This tie die which opening it more kay tobe followed by the tnaseribed it. In doe so. make sure you can rath bole toneand key wit the rastripion pen. Only highan id ey are Savoie i tis exerci 8. @ expect you enjoy ving in London? 4) You don't ean you seusly chose to lie in London?” sip Spits an excing place 0 tv (Where xn ad the manager (i) Where can 1 fad Me Robson? 1p you meas ser nonos p e's ove a if © (@ Lthough it was supposed 10 be good nt (i) Thanks for teling me about the film I did ejo it 1p eS yp pengmas’s fms always ABE // 14 Tea think wy they don’ have someone on duty (Gi) Leuppose they have obivesomcooe Guy at sine of ay? Hp say's 00 dy (far a kao () 2 tncach cancubod item i exerci | alter the ky io one toe tun omy 50a to produce ake rejinde othe oter spon of the pr ting ete wo keep the one ehoces the sme, Check bo Toot ad zy with te recorded version. 3. Tehis exes. the choice of high or fw ke inthe soon one ‘tsi of the tem he fea of our aension. tn ech aie which af ‘ew inferences, (oe (cam be are popes made fom the Intonation ofthe arsed ite! 4) The neighbours are fans! gardener |G Tee nagsbouts normally epee the ynden our weapous(; pare ABSOINE wor as 1G) Henry's family ae wel-nowe fr the saa inerens. (Gens family are mostly prety sep when omer Io 1p ma enry’s arom pbs © (9 The speaker uly ds ceramics» faxing topic (i) The speaker never could eet intereed in things Eke 1 power was om exis and 2888 yy 6. () The hearer is expecsed to be surprised by Jane's ation (i) The here is expecte to regard Janet aon se characte lac of her, pe dia ae te Job fp da I 4 By aerng the key ofthe ssn tone unit in the examples in fxerge 3 make ap asenion which could bave the alee ‘plcsons, 5 Read aloud these wansrptons, an cheek your version agaist ‘he recorded one (9) Ht oun side 1p played gaol p and oI) ©) Hr suena 1 p the mach was SA © Ip they consites ne 3 wel-Kao%a ean speci) [ip youvequie RGHT 1p ms uae {6 Listen to the recording oad identity all the tone cos, Theo emf the ker of the fat one ut in each te, (2) {00m side played sted 1 ad Lam v scat ©) pheycomtes mss he wenn at ps t EE spect » poke (2) jgyou'e quite wrone 1 Bie 1gee 2 bring together the sir Hams in eerie San 6 above, and conser ow the els comrassie in eae ep to ela tn siicine ofthe diferent Ke chose Nov how mabey ses be the most natural choi when motor of these steam insted Comments Inerercies | and 2. you will probably are that he openings which are based on misapprehension, (ai), (i), (a) aa (x foto ing high-ky reiponse which in some way cores the missppre. heson ‘is tbe ease nov Y as you seen ohn You may be es erin sbou the our pairings. In fe, een sir an eseon ot gpstion whose implsstons ae penfetyactpable to he bearer, 5 Terpct you ej ng in London? the ler can expoit he conueave force of high Key: Ihiah Rey yes ihre heard a some ‘nd of emphasis, is bacause it mens, in tee of ater dd paraphrase, "You ae nt wrong! compacile reaps mit, Soy "You're o: kidding” Pssbe poses for high key expomneoe ches would be:"Woere ca {find the manager Vou mean Me Rebins of al rope. Well. “its ou, tha some misgings about ce ‘lm, Buti rumed out tht it war good ale a ‘wpa enough. ics Mary, nov ono the kes. who i 08 buy Wehane orion witha doje aftr the acrpabie question ‘or serio. butt espond in mid key aera mvappechendog one Seal ete acces minipprehenion ‘exerts 3 and. hgh Ke i he sso lone uni signs he spetkersexpetation that he hear wil iis conea supe In (ai for instance. be neighbours are eadenng tt nek aedeing, which would be far more charaterate’ Low Sey Indias that the coatea of the toe unt goes witout navi simply mentioning Hey’ rather make vonecst to 08 sn memion his protestion. Note that both inpeatons can be ‘spetered in writ 6) an exclamation mark. is inactive to ‘oles studing ems, sch as augue evi indgnan” "ha could be appli to both the high ané Kw hey fone was kev 7 some ofthe spas rex situatons that could be imagined for Everts §.6 and 7 are bose, be sme in Chapter tom the referees people appear 10 hav nice eadng eta Smee oud. For reasons thst wil be considered im Chap 3 they fea ‘rn new siteces ws igh ke. bu sts cies oa ha ‘na key must seeely be motivated by something inthe te Surprisingly’ encourages oie of high iy forthe mach was ‘neal 5 unfornasy"doss oo “pine badly" encourages choice of ow kay for “and loa eating ae sesidemconsoqunes, Sut pied ese (ay doesn u're mute wrong’ encourages high-k “do fe i, but Youle quite sigh is eten flowed by lwsksy “lik i Shh meray ceteracs the areament, te two being ease aly equals ' welbknown Heart special” is usu se siionl fomasoo, ans hs mide, bat sbetuton ofthe erate srl can suger thatthe spciainand is eotieation wh Jone are leads Keown 1 panpants ia the hypothetical ‘dicoure, and sores inf ey tig chosen,3 The tone unit nour discussion of one an hy so fr we have taken the exence ‘nd ecoaition of one uns for grated now we mur dai the awe suture and function ofthe tone une Seperiilly oor amass looks very similar to others, be here ae ome uc liens end readers who are femilas wth oes sje tbe wary of assuming det corespondenc betwen the deseripthe We aly the toe wit ino three seprents, of which dhe ee sod see optional =n 4 (Bate Soren Ton sep spn ‘Thustone units may consist of simpy «onc eran, and many do; ‘nee considerable number const of tore than the we le (0 Hp 900 es HF a hse 1 ‘Most ose units. of sours, do bave mor has the mini, toni, ‘emoat aad then th question of egnentaton ance, Wit tie ‘ulate folowing the tonie there iso analyte problem ees ‘hough the pitch movanon of te tone aay be continued over surely sylebles for reasons which wil te explained le, toric emer is considered fo end withthe one sal, The 2h tone segment segment (2 [p.2200 | ess knows (frase |S) famed pee mene Girrwe Ga) 811i pou | ays coming jf Homevr whle de fiaboundary ofthe one seen i obvious ‘oblate learaing ro ecopnse where the tonic sepmeat hese rw TONE unr 39 is more dieu mater and depends on an underseing ofthe DIE of prominent eb Prominent sales {0s ot always es, n the Lecture on phonology 1 be su what Stenifeance fe aished to such terms ates cent slen™ and ‘prominence’ We hope we are not grauitousy adie to the confson by redefing two of tee ers, accent and promineay 10 Gt the coneepual framework of out own deserption, sea. essse th smb ek = foatieummarie atts ha tears eect roles or eaters of SEBS ney rove stout eas ‘ont atures tht enable exes co rake the dine, The ‘xpresion Saad-acan altovgh tutlogous (om our pot of ‘ew. may serve usefully ab a reine that we ae et et ‘to aber, oper ena a Beteconesteamnieas Viet wu Tome DENY USOESITEG with @ word by FETE Cl, we are not eccohy "WWE spproch che const by Uyiag to hte te Kin of meas ‘Giacion mold Utica dal we aaa a ‘nares preives prominence, but shal fer the tine Beg rst at the examples owes wil enable te reader to fllow the argent, ‘ying only tar dis eatue, eal the others that mae vp fhe ‘f reanigfal contasts coletvel abled "intonation can be seacted with eran esrree pcan, We are now ia posi to deine he scope the onic ep wl simply the preseason ime Rein wih son SSG ‘ish pominee unl sac oot (eam ane om he ‘serpent gromsnem sya Wife ntaied inl are willbe dstngued by aaceine) (0 1 phe wae cong o 29 (paar a veny rate story (9) piewass wepnesday “The tenle sement test with she fst promins4 counse tones 480 ANUNGE EACH bensfonh called the-on, and ends with the las prominent syst the tone ery commonly these are one and he same Sibi There are hus by dition, no peemiont able in he rok al nie pene roctte rman (Conese | enti segment (60) hea amp ee (a) havsa [veya sa | oy i) ivvesa | sin | peatoy snserbedhaveealyonsor ed (our nual, pow AEST te mening itence th he Grmal eesnatien deca? We ext tein was someting fay sore Ts fesmal ecogid hat nan) elcommunatve satan say Site words ofan teens ae more rks dca To sone (Sun. essay 3 Teaue ofthe langage syste Ty the Sir He nas goo 1g tht no ganna sate oan We can soit the wh she ot tat oly end ey ‘een scutes for isting aon wich the or ofthe inte beng excl ered, bi" ‘key have oromieece Over and above ase iy the sual unestandig tht crite booeen partes To paar Slog: xn ad etomovs 10 what he ear could esol be expe to guess te nthe ase of sue sel bien of pominos se te deine 3 ssl ales abt ~ peal, deers wpon te neste ipsa at se, | Cases ns 8 3 hee Mons, ‘es i sen of esas br a ae | fone sexe esate a Lt rds having arene sls po ve pominegs, We have sors nin ate areca one 8 which the scented word cece he eelice (69) say's toning ‘ne way of demonstrating dhe non-informing sate of ‘oni ere isn consider he one ul 5 an appropri if sete rather. Improbable response to Who's coming? alterative. and move ey, responses. whet ae ssformationly equaling, would be psa (oF ssp aan. Silay Tony |s made ao-geomiaent, x8 be Heard 8&4 pole reponse to “what's Jobany dong” 181 jahans’s coming st informavionalb-egatntakeranve pbs coming or ist pean ‘Wheo acento splables ate nox-prominen wid the soni spent ests sr considerations app, sen housh the re ‘whch pen ther omission rte sbstuion of promo fore Soavnfrming consent my be ore compl (00) Wha will Johnny? (pn johney’'s eosin (1 Hasevaryone rive pony’ seoming oucarow Andiciseas to show that wnacconied words prominence under these kindof discourse condition tad oproiae nes being SSE Lo woenad ones The tender “ll have no eiffel Ih inventing segs ia which “is nfrming, snd theefor prom (12) pjohnay& coming 11) ohne cong (9 9 ay Semi “Te folowing sto content for variants oF oof 0 spscimen ‘one tis wil furter demonic te pont we wih oak tat ‘omnes although sed 4 fentre ofthe spl mas be {egared ss havi is sigicnce ached othe ble Wer ee Boing. 1968). In ober words prominence rcs te iaahers eben sa he nod in geri emis TS sh ‘aed eT aon lc ce toe ol presenied ss recoveabi Reais ganas or sgmantaly reset Sak Ee (051 (Lwentto sem faker) ps he was Nor in he mee esters) Stag (G91 He been working oop and he Wastin he est of are) sue UP Mid worry him tp esas he was i he fy prose ‘en of ual 119) HeTooked ate well) p but he waanin the ges “Thos eamples ofcourse make he ition sem spr anc42 oscourst rover aN LANGUAGE TEACHING te have delivery chosen ones where what is not imple in he ‘mondately preceding tone units preseated a informing through romney, bt on eed only imagine nn encounter between ease {ends to eeatessuation in which (19) (went ose my Fther [fp and wae’ the best of esterday) seu // ‘woul be quite feasible ‘We are tow in a potion 10 make cea and empnsise the fst that, unlike othe deserption of intonation, we seal ionationl ‘meaning a cased bythe tone seen promieneinestes bath ‘ie tounaries ofthe oi semen and Lenser MIRE inch ae rng scious Rico: vie he nate ive umn Sale ote ay ‘ee meanngs oft oe sod key cote atsce gee a sent oeathing oe Ky, baie ooo ae phys eluaon of te choi, ax we now eas o, ke reget ‘seat the fst, and tone oe ast prmtaca abe the egneat. ‘The resin of promises We sui ear tht prominence, ike the other categories we have esrbed, could be stowa to be asocined ith eran pict Plesoret. But i alto shares with thee other exlegories the -haracterti that heares probably don't rely on pick stone nes ‘hey preive i. The phsioloical mechani that produces sere, Fonctowsar anol and any change in one ofthe variables of ph, oration and inensiy is Ukaly to be accompanied by earl ‘BEM. perhaps compensators changes inte other would te 2 minal vo underestimate the diffe of decing Wh i ¢ sive instance. conuibues most to 4 Rees secopnion of nguseally meaningful chic, and is arguble that the te desl equauos of imtonation with pitch srition, whith we folow bers. standing tempuation to jit sath 2 misleading smplietion. Mos people fa tht the sity to recone what ‘weal romiaece depends at kas ar mack upon nts as upon ch and readers willdoubdes ne relive lteny diagonally ‘weil, Neverthe. wl enable ust pete comisetcy Inout sour and teeny to avoid enanglemea wh matters 90 (at rose er ‘only impertecly undersioog) if we eonsentate Bete on pitch. 2 ‘othe words, osm sto show tht theres a onset Feston- Ship between pth variation ad the dtution of prominence ono aim that ich ste ony mesa of reseation, nor ever te ne on which, operationally, we pricy a shove, Trequeneyagsns ime for he menosytle ‘Go wth peeling tone, lok someting ke 29) 119991 ‘The adckion of endiie elements cent pncipaly, i she Prolongtion othe les steep pata the are which we hall ler teas the guroson Sh ts fh Moan (20> pap ome »/ 291 p29 bome sow “The sucesion can in at be lengtesed wil within fay wide |) ies. 0 te enera pater or raesmine omg with or ming | else serene can be sepreentet hentai a“Hh course neonTION a LascvAG TEACHING ‘We ean now compare tis with ‘Go as peominent bot not ore sable 23 peo woe This ine the fli es steep, and there i no sastenson. The Imeroltion of ap scented sabi Bercen the two prominent toners io the ppearens nota sutenson but of 4 mores Ts evel eae ata comparatively hgh eve a (291/90 bome sow 1) sod the level race if aio csrsctrinie of scented syllables in ese semen 5 A = ae (29) go mows now 1299/1 p go bome pow ‘This of examples sips matters by avoiding the ie ction of evo factors which compete the seul display the iene of unacenied words ana vous pment. through ‘Bing auc ants would ned 19 show bow thee alert [ILE has We are concerned ony wth acoustic evidence san 5d air rcopntion we ea ord tapes over hem. Toe ‘al ot preveot us exploiting the genta buss me now have for ‘isinguhing prominent sili: from ri yates on th one and merely acemad ones on the oer, Te iseepnton of nucseted sable sare consis proba oo I yoni omni son ao erie thelarafs ingen hoteroarahacpenien oe toe urs oe era wares comer iin ncomatcd st endo ans se ovothopam antimatter ease eh ai ce dca mee te crepes nge po fee at ons ic son wi mean meres aen oe pealeesia ieee eae ‘ents op ers eae on), Soitweimasin replies tothe question Whee th perritet™ me night ber (©) frm she cupboars i ere always ino, (U0) 1/4 ite cupboard | hy dont you eer remember) Jn deaming th prokining faring son we upped tht the cows fnctioned mom psnecly a crs of te ate of ‘oaal emrgne or pom-onvrgsc: that cy whee ete Bething ssa! the coon of tne ai en ce to Feet = or isa = th parpint lane repos fo {ocaly-dtued torsnon ground To site # sexu tonal ‘eal fntnn to chon the more dae tr sj, ‘ery toc upon stir spt hecowent of tcacon (Plerearaie Ina sstios the ssl us whi ermine who seas hee ad fo whom, tnd in any stators yen iste Sistratedieremly. For inane. po oa teachers function wo fotiow up sta vse papi anne: pie not ‘expose respoct Thins nto yh pulse jt thas asl nde dso hey at se dang someting ies fom the texche, sma tey ate eng chskys We beoporo uth arn ina ech ese inn Fevton whofe she seating nausea| oBcoURSE INTONAMIOY AND LANCLACE TEACHING } tnd then to argue that tbe feedom to make choices io the nit ‘pcm is ony avaiable oa domizant speaker, o, 2 eve, tone Who swing the s)stem fo elim dosaane, “To begin aborting tiside, weresy compare the consistent se i of rion fo elerence o common grove inthe patent's tenet, | ‘hich we discussed fa Chapa (00 pw re cow to ee you | p with the pas fr ve or on my came fp and wndergac // ‘which has devzope ia the LST | pds avs Henftrtro te tatog// vith he once’ use of + one in (12) p wow fp brome cameo sewoos jj 4 18 | Fosete «teens, MOEN IHD my BREAKS r+ ha ome fonds, tcc Glues 74 and bad Some roast r+ and tad an Wer bj EoG r+ andi hada cup of ex |) r+ and ba a ‘at ‘BSE //p aod ea came wo Sco /) Bout en pen teokig ion of te pit of wat ester dog that expr {ot mfr comeratoal pro th orn oeduned fat eis eating’ he pup ine saree of the ‘sven of things that go to make sp the reared aot of | “reaka. But neraad shove hex cotdrsony twist ease in wich both speakers choi selec #estoweipolaag | Seemen them andthe lowstrarans. Tat tn bo wt 9 fpreal observation tala smesenstase, spats do nt fel temslves in postion totem he an of mati the femal ebieérepeseted by rt tose ad. ss 2 pede cea) to thie to cose r+ tone cen Secunia ii ose coinaee. ‘Wee concer the omibiiy 0 the pio besoin: (03) + Fe covet you |p wth the mas fj oie for 00 my ‘This would slmostcerily be heard 8 an aggresive opening, ‘becuse iis inappropriate tothe paten’s rol The intonation hice fis. much more easly wih an uence ke: U5) Jy p wae #76 ve cone 0 you sou the can [1 you Sob me vised oae on rose 55 le, of cure, easier o exer the diferece involved in thee {wo opesings than o capture i ay simple sateen The ease ‘hat one would be ight andthe other not ems to be atte ower: 1 the fact that bot the peer aks onthe ce ole sharin of the eastvator of hare mater and i he st he oess0 in reumstanes in which the dominane relationship would normally ake this am inappropcate ting todo “The active role of course appropriate to the teacher when Sting asa teacher, bot og would expect haf be wee speaking fo the doco he would say (05) 11 pws 1p berone wen to sence) his osNing p' had « noted jf ‘Tones rand r+, thes have values which ate dtngushed most soerally, exactly lke thse of the pinay tterrngprocning hoi, by reference to er seal inpleations Angin the ca the elvan aspect ofthe comet of interaction iste oleate that has been desrbed here se dominance, Both choices ake reference to an ares of presuned convergence, it he r= option fepresens 2 Kind of serventian nthe speaker aks a poster inkiave in invoking common ground. A dominant spake soe who is for the tne being privieged to tere in this Way 0, ‘reciprocally, jtevention implies doltance, ‘Clear eases ofthe yeker rend’ is bearer of mate wich, ‘tough teted as commoa grounds mney not convention Aly present ean be thought of ra ooeead of «continua he ‘the are instances ofthe eof + tone is tone units Where fs ‘mater bas 00 informational value and where the communi usetion i simply the sseron af dominance. Between the wo. te onion of the content abd the socal components ah be ‘resent in varying peoportione band p+ Weave arged that hole of pocsiming tone with an informing toae uni like (18) pies ain Indies hatte speaker consdes the matter ofthe onc semen‘6 ecounse NYONATION AND LANCEAGE TEACHING tote news, What then is he signeans ofthe marked p> opsion, the weesal ‘Te ewonation manus sty gos this choke as “supe” or “porto which cenin creumstancesiizue. The explanation we ‘re hat y showing the pt tone the speaker signals a he is ‘Shula ly adding information. de common pound bt ls to is sv store of towed. Ia other words the information is mad ae doubly now sso ida Know it was ug” and eae ithe sontat' a surpried,desppomtd.clghied. For thiseaton the p+ toe common Wien one percn is eng out Smerestinginferation from x nosspaper of bok (08) ffi saya p+ ithe cma thar makes mau This meting of p+ ie even more evident in responses to unespect news Sch (09) |] 9+ mea jf (20) (p+ ant or almost anything Baspbemous or obscene. Ther mater con- tibtes shin 0 ter formation value swe mos ttbte ‘utever communsaiv function thy have co co-oecreiog ato: ‘Rube chowes, Extend paraphrase Ue "Thats 2 sprit,“ ‘lot bls ior How eaula yousey (reo) sucha ng help to tring out ther conimon mining whcb isthe equhaleat of “Seething kg Ta srs my world view” This option, kee p+ Stn, tt be elite by dominant sper ‘We can now ea the caper 6) representing the elationships ‘esa the four tones we have consiered as 8st of Scions facing th sper she Bein each new tone wnt onmaiaiedeson roo one ie mater prochimed? <> p a atte ase dominance” te mater refered ist tone it suprie’ stustioas Note the ilere key chs of the tone unite that oon5 be Key and termination swe said in Caper. ere ede ot pc of Sera eels sheet sino jut ena sere uagh rcagyictwe ices sgt oe English a particular tone unit in high key may bet a measurably ea aPC clean mcs Far ines Spat in noes rene pol fr bey Ser "ue ic north "or or een he cho he See nea ichare cunt etn: of ch el ony nso tarts Sarmincs be ey of he oro Te oe be ‘tala or anon oo el wh ot elk Seal ae ee es ees ames ta sa SEAS) Svinte on enue oe te Sepa cow anne ys fe ge atc ‘ei omer a ses a ssnent and the meaning of th choie apples fo. he whole ‘Sen; but se pitch of the tne slable eases gehen a independently messing ycem we cal EPRIRTIA| and so which there sea se igean cota, igh aan low, To 9018 ovfuvon ale exsmpe up to this pin ave Bad ph concn wean Key and trmazaion uci fac all combintions of key ‘snd termination ase pssible. wid he exception of high Ke with ibscerminstion end low key sth ph emination, As bot sens fovea thse form choice thre sno toed {0 aher tho pape ‘Rpeentation we have od for hey ey cermin it ca (0) mid) p bee colnet () 68) low ioe ev asi rmsanasion 8 In howe tone wie which have no separate ons yb Key 2nd termination averted simultaneous ts and sermon i (Our discussion of kay’ 0 far has implied, though not lacus, theenistnce of phonolopl unlarger tan he tone unit Thee he in fet ben a numberof propos for sng up sich uit (Comtal ané Quis (1964) sugges a ‘subordiating’ relationship tecnesn pats of tone ani, wile Fox (197) and EMenouy (G98 argued forthe exitence of pedable saquenes of tones ‘ur proposal ie quite dire, We pgs thal te downed de of pic sin fet exploited a 20 orzansing mectonisn and | Seoenite a ponolopel ono fete lng the pic sequence, | ‘which egies immediately followings tae us with ow einai Sod ielader sl mozeeing tos unite unt te next one with termination, In other mode we ate saying that addon (0 ‘chentbing cece doe the speaker marks the boundaresef "uals ‘tis lterance by chery 20 flea producing x low ptcod tonic Spikb We reurve uoil Chapter 6 inher dsussion of the Snifencs of high id aud low termination choices and as the faeor which iafsnee ‘chasing for tbe momeat its suf ‘ te aundacfSich eauoe te aed Ciceatonpund tate puro of Ey sed emesis a Epa wisi lovlororiczusv meanog eed hes move ‘oid eons oad ie eqns inpsinas bw —eniaion Tr Oe folowing example we tee 3 teacher easing to pups rep “to tecp it goings ani sading sovuansouly the pach {Touce andthe deouseut ssene i ow nai igh sam i Omid (p00 tow ing |p ha i wil ao 98 ie bow soso. aon the roa’ been equiva io inatsituasion toto Resp it{2 sscouns rtonanios ano LaxGuAcE TACHI ping, si wel might have teen, the eacher cou just at easly sve ed the sequence wih igh 0 nee jf 8 1 Mp coive ip onibe If oe ro | where ‘oad woul realising bots key nd ennination choices. In trample 5 the ear i son to choove low hey bu to avoid the ‘emia sgnience a low trian: igh ager (9) mid (7 1 aig I 0 that it wil ih ‘mit oan () Tow the and we could imagine hm conning ‘end not. ‘The only resto onthe key eboice of medial tone unis rises ices Grom he fat hat ey i determined on eae basis ty ‘omset sable wich nora the same pitch level the preeding one wl be eras a expaceet a an ajacent tein he sya, sop meng hahey bee falowed mat ow jh na od maa! Ly ce ur of suse mse the ita be BaF pei gained hear te siilgaip of he tas peo gees he pct aes ‘Spence i eas we Wl GS ner eee Pt a Set ln HS SE ‘The fete sgicance of key cas somtimes hanpens. speaker esis a new sequence i high ‘ey and al he sone unis have mitimal tone eepmen the shore ‘out, requiig tite tone unis fori completion, iavaves sucesie choices of high, mid nd ow key. fn order to discs the significance of key choices we take the above ay an unmarhed ‘enon and dicuss other options in terms of trbance of ater of downward seps. This of course what weave aeady oa na ess forma way in Chapter 2. in our previous dscason of igh and ow ke. la the Following example, raken {fom the begianng of» oew ey Ano remanon 63 seautnee we have the key choices heh, mid igh. sad of he ‘expecta bh. mid low igh vey (6) mid (19 aos ow MoE road (fp 100 they |) ‘igh se roads eveyuhre nid p W pa [nis only the second high key choice that ned tot explained, don this oceason the impleatonrare, int secquenty mae ily lea when the speaker continues they're tote wee We lived in London before .- However, even without this cotiaa. ‘Mom tke eet of ebocsing Mp Ley would be to set th fat othe roads being wide pains some assuned expecsation that hey woul ‘otherwise. Ths again we sr bi Ley carving the corse ‘eltonsip between features of the interaction, while the following carpe low key caves he equiv relaonsip: ‘igh (0 rid jo ereiniog what isnt pend a tow ‘wma is wrong ‘This uterance oecumed ia ¢ legal dcstion where, for obvious ‘essou, determining wha I gh and whats wrong are een 38 ‘ve and the sae sey, ‘What. then i tbe sigmiicance of mid Key choices fn Chapee 2 we sugested that mid Key was he uamarked choice We ca sow agua tote comment ad apa te mening 0 381) iis fou ay Eee Gr co ee paviain ould ot be compa wit toes aad te provatiog Gaoate. conan. the folowing crip we econ ees of he peak boing ‘ree owe Tt the seen fomultion esoage rol (the Be cng ha could Be ued) di (9) mil (7 een peopl encounan ope jf igh Id] p10 coxe son and actly pres ems) toweh iq ad the spasker chore low Eey he wool have implied that, for resem porote, the two form of prsasin counted a hese ‘Bing Aes sy hosing mi eye pis atortht he ate Seen sh of ting pai me some hs SC eer ea ning we ew) Ta the not example we sgsin sea speaker aveiding ow ke (9) mid 73 4anG# moms oF pop |p something He wate bw ‘A lw fey choice would indicate an expetation dha the 180 fxmulations would be accepted as equivalent by the hearer: tha, 25 far as carten preocrupatons wire eonstbed, the fact that Sonathing ikea fall yar large munber had ben taken os fegovated. The fae tht in our example “omething He hal bat i Ry indicates tat it i-nopernencly imc i ' lnge tute’ A possible puraphic woul! be" lage number: Lo be ‘more pres something Is bal "Thus we argue tbat sucess choles of mid kay are decisions by ite speaker lo mick the mater of the poreaar tone us ‘paca as addional or addoo what ae gone before as all Tu the et and st tone unt inthe following sample mid °/p”” Becognined | ifienteognied phat ik 100) mi ore p 8 Maree a SOLE pe fad r= SeHoO4 phen smnsone LAS fp Tow - We can now repress the meanings of ner Key choles igen sontesive Sut V1 sn ee ase 08 low kee sonine x and exemplify thee meanings inthe flowing example: ih ©) ander 110) mid pe wailed tb) 1p apd 4a 1m erin (ewe the seo ow key 0 eripbaie the wl word exgetaton that suming it wellnighsysonmeus wh fd thee ssh slerseion-bound equivalence between the Io tone nis To understand version (a) one mus fest ete «coment hic be noma expetation would tha the personales about ‘ould win whea he gamble. Here te speaker draws anton co the (surpesng)interaciombound opposiion Between ihe tw, ‘when the second version, choice of a hey serve to mph: ‘he fet that tbe sabe performs bo atin, abd thi Would Decurwhe hoe were no station expense ang Reto bees sequences ‘When we come to examine the sgnieance of snuenceiiel key hoje appeats to be explsinble in snr Irs Titel ey hoe eee than thir cae she ey ls thereto ot Ibe wl poh sequence to the pocding econ Esse fo explain ae plc sequenes beginning ia igh key; te the contrat meaning of Bigh tay server 10 mak te oleh quence as distinct and spore Sm what has gone befor 200 ‘husst peal oor wth & change of top Tate flag ‘ample the teacher ends ae sasion of leon wih x hort fummay af bi point shat "when we are working We ate ang nergy ane then begins 4 new subsection about ears wing pol generate my U2 mid cece using jp |e wten tow pew) sik mad eee mt ts te . Sintra (1972) sated 9 asl st of word, right, wel! "00d. “DAC, ‘now. which they eid oeeurrd a Ue thou ther unl Kiel meng and were ed by echt ndeate boundaries ihe Ks. teen of one age ad the being of(66 pxscounse nirousTDN AND LANGUAGE TINCHNG the nex: (p. 72). nresingly, they noted that these tens, when (ey were used in this way, were toni and had a high Taling acing a caries of ny ey caier : ‘igh Mow barons came to 09) mid tp Ne 2005 f+ this hgh ‘mid wonning/| tow When to sequences are los reed, when ome sos season a te ot sed by nia ade} ‘id ey. The teeter begs Heo came to choo (ese eee (+ Vad some cine aD my auras, igh a9) mid 4675 tow igh mid] + adi had some roast jf low Pinch coquences tha bein ie owlkey ar, perhaps understands, rinrthe-da—thee re ot many pons a which on ‘Hmntecusty wens to ends chunk and tgin something whch is ‘eyualen in some way ~ in our converetonal dat we have 90 feramples that are more than a single tone it in length. The folowing is # typi emp high ware 5 mi in ext) pevowecare Hes teow ky one unit does ao mare ban eeat the nomination already implicit i the questo, bu intrusive to compre tis ‘sth another occasion when the chairman ofthe dies snes Hany Steet afer anser co igh (15) mad pany iow utr has ended 3 ich sequence H susan (©) drone 2 HE ey AND ToMENATION 67 ‘We can usefully surmarice what we have sid about sequence Init key choirs by daessngdifee readings of paste of prose from an ecucatioal textbook, The mos key wesson Wik exo ow imide” asp na somentat oe igh Ind} wom po mao! ioe igh ime I ings analy come win bis expaience md execs / comes {Comes they touc intnatey and obviously his own wa Ding or that of bis family a fhende), ‘The new sequence binning ‘things badly come'teds to be readin smi ey bese most readers see sin some nto an expan of the fr. But aot al venders interpe the tom in ths way. Tit ‘posible to regard the matter of the two sequences as exauly Sgaialent aad mack this by ehowe of lw keys wl thd Posi so suggest tha thre a9 conseton betwee be tno Sequences at al ae to mar thi sepertenes by igh key. 1 Read hse uanseiconsof simple pith sequences and compare ‘your readings wih the recoded anes, (2) 1p i po vou rue: puta Tas ir eaement OCH sap ©) 11 bow 1) you et you aust go (ip Usha’ stand in 1 We CORD UY 1/710 OT ey(a) 1p ia 8S» the ont peoke in eavour 1p are the siden 2, 2 In exersise lah shove Hem” cond have come air “do 0 Ink bor woul! then probably have Been aon-rominem. More tvr forthe ich sequence remain seturaly emirate wth (ees toa indily preceding one, hee Would now have wo bet high hey choie at your 1p do °" henry |p tha e's Fir sateen of Oe og! Conse sternative versions of (O, (2) and (8) by siiey reverng the order of te fst (wo coastuents and making 20 ier aceecyadjmente to eta the ver fal om bi Key {o low terion, Consider why the iems we have chosen for Il contest ore ested i the way hs eee sopges they 3 With the Yelp of the tape, prcite the aernaive ways of Aeteving sequence cioaie ites pis oF tequenees 8.00 roe BEBO MOM yas ofthe HP ery every evening /* (6 fre SEBO yas oF 81 Pay! be ewe pps foreman one sf rv CAE sp me 1) PE ee evans BATHMAS to plese vent in fae ry seemed to pease HOSED Pay fran > ree uy asp emainaros 6 00 Lip wet. fr ure whe) pand i ip we Por LP yaa 4 Pact he flowing, sending pastels the ey aie ich opine the now pitch sequen whove boundary & Bee rue OF 1 (oh) p 22 i pv ras rar of the way 7 BY i i ee pu oe ne (1 » why 25 jy 05 fn ENED FV sa soy ny uipive Sovsine iMPOHIBE © saat yoy cone tony Hp we souks 1 oon think there’ any poi in saving ver get any sup 2281!" 79° coumagemet! 5 In this exercise, che second pich sequeae io a series represented as being spoken by 2 oew spake. Listen 10, and facts ech ofthe response 2, and fe) afer the inition: bool think Hw 1) pis 00 gop il 4 pj) p you nar |p ss (0) 7 8 120M 5 YO WH VET age TOI yey? oe (vote th exience of pitch sequence boundary afer "yes 1) 6 ne ie sequence follwing these ae no nema chokes of eh key (ay rH sacra sor sen ees |p for ‘Seeral yeas rbot YOST of he ime //p ey a ben tuaoup p30 wast suresng pth: hey DOE ECopne cach other |p when tey FRAY Hicoes Y vr10 oucourse eranami® ato EANGUAGE TRACING ‘The second tone ust coud ve high key, (ey) 78 84 sx fr tad 9M ers he it Swoald have the contrive spices “it wasn", as you may ‘suppos, that iter of them had one Tes the feast of ‘hooting high key io the other meal tone unis and compose 8 ‘it that points up the contest impbestion, Comments ‘Teena itens i execs | ae scaly alvaysunaforming unless they cary rural lformation, The tlauoaship Between sequences tha are articulated by however“ the othe hand ot fac is aleady made clear in susted Speech by tbe choice of sequeacental Ky. S, for iastane. ‘onthe the apa is aleady implied io 9) Jy re OE 9 yp 10.08 pup ithe phrase ncade a al aly tobe nom prominet, 200 ty on the other hand A) tte Up t0 08, ae Siniady weesn eet (a) pr 8908 FL 00 MST BO BOWE gu (08) ci he 7 a apt ‘Nove the silat btween how dese ems are sed in discourse aod the use of “righ "now" and so on to mark boundanes io tleerom dsoure (ce page 6) diference is that the ater are ot oem icuded redundant er ia the sequence they have ‘ot bee usd to cory the Key che 9, 7 pbeOREE RE sever ow |) r+ his Nomis sounds improbable. Bock types eas. however, be non-pomineat ‘ore the sequence nial Key cic: (Hi po0w ve sev01 (end Sey AND rmaNATION TL (by fits te PO vou ‘The reason fr including the vote ‘Henin this et hat vocaioes ate nearly alvays uninfoming. We do not normally rosie ie mina hi name. We ay ih el i tha i im we are aéesing, but in situates spec, hs oo usualy se evident Mostoften, the oamingo anadeese. is prominent a Al, ses to eaey svetural formation: as Tor nance in out fxample marking «damon lade formal a of eating one ‘contnbaton and inviting snather exer 3, you may fd eibeuly in accepting the (i esons scree utrances They do, in fay represent fay comin ‘eves for losing sequence. Inthe () versions thee is 2 Bat phrase iat iscsi regarded asa paraphiaeof omeig tat bas one before and so both equate ow ley and sequence closing lowe ferminadon are taasparenty appropri. By éefnon, what cquaive i uninforming. Equally, what is uoinfrming remains ‘binforming ii prominet but alow key. Sot the atence of prs thats notoally equivalent, unalog eemese,(which (ould be nop-promiset), ip the eater coue uit may be made prominent aod toni simply to close the sequence. Exerose 4 i iteoded to pve farer demontstion of how courasive, adstve and equatve reationips between pitch Sequmcs cag be marked by the iil Key choise. Execse 5 focus upon the specially Tatesiag ease where this choice foiacdes with "yr atthe beginning of 30 uteraace. Inthe ext ‘apier we shall refer again to the sgiicace of partir key oles with ye o's the various items at abate thes but onthe bss of tis exercise we exo ih Ley yet = "er notno" ~ "You ae ght the apesker make a judge: i key'ye = "Tagree’ or associate mel wth ha’ the speaker confi tbe polity of the others Soninbuton: low hey yee! = is empty of coment. sgsifing only endo. sequence, and wel inepretabie ns ome ‘hung ike" ave Read Nove hatin she exer. 90 occurs fe he end ofa sequence, ‘tnd uncer these cicumsances the sesker bas 5 Ureeway hose