Safarnama Turkey PDF

1

3
4
5
14
27 !"
32 &'#$%
43 ,+# ()*(
63 ./$0$079 )71/612345
97 8'9:1:'
105 ,AB@?;<=3.>
130 AC
145 +IGH FDE
161 LAJJ5K
173 M
NOPOQR

STUVW,X.YZH[\]^_#àbcdef.ghi+#.YZHB
zefuvJWwxyB#àrstjWklmUnWo6pcqd
cd{|}~+1W.YB#Acd
cd1#,]k#B,;W]c"wk#W]
aA',aU mubashirnazir100@gmail.comB]d
c|}@

September 2009

A" 3l= # cz| "$= U l
+clB|w3zA}/WwW,|
czB]w+|zBW
ll$"a|5{$7c#w{w]"
,;cd',w#c|W
+ w c =* B c ' 5 { + c z w " U
c7$^# (| (cz|
w ] # U l " / @ | +
a " k#cl '
+B1
c}wU$+k1lA"$0cA"
cA|+k# (5]3
1(
('6((cl!""$f#Ww{c$%+#1;/.&#
.& +, A { -B k . U ) ,a W * k # 5 W ]
c}/\J$0*"1;/
lc1klAc2k'3~W+c4kl5|
w W cq d | 6 # 7 8 9 : { l ]; < c4 k
c{=)9>1W1d?+|U@|
lCUDE FUG; H+c B# '5ArB +|
L L ( U =* + | + c
+ /' c M /' k W N | c l O ( I O7 JK
W W ] c , /5 9 l W 1t P W z Q R S T z UV
l X # , 8' + N " 5 Y + c d Z 1[ B \ $a
c{#Y
LL
W 1 w l ` I _ " c(^ ,5( d ] " O7 JK
cFUwa,51
whiw1jkzcde"wfwgdb<+mUnWo6p
vJ ".YZH \o] ^ cq'6p +# ,} l3mn3à
Wqdrn3sacdt/;u"wv\]w+xc
o' | ] c d ' { W z 1 : y ] A " W k :
cq# (#}W~;1'~(
U?
?"1cqW1.#1c|""A
P W Wcd = A:+c./ ef?"o ]
#cef?=;}rD1o'd1"]
c'Wef?ki,W#bd1PW3d?1b
,& " W $ W ? / # ki , W m # = W A #
3 5 W ] c| .T ( 2 U = c ef
Bo'#clA]J" '+3"
c 5WJ kw (cdk?Bwcw

W ] 1;k1c/ #ki,# ,? 1
WzUVwg#+'?c}W="+
W w 1 P W ? 1 + + c1 2 w); + c 1
cUqPWk#c5
$#"/'"#?k#cA"k'U=lTo2
. ,a W k| l U ) 1 c k w c ," W k # cl
3o'(32cl,aWk|lkwyW]cl
c6;A (cr$E
c ] ," o' cq ] E( 32 '
#(32 (cA](3>k# (cw$"Bo'\}#c;
(c|r1
k#$f#ca$"l]Wcdzekw$
"l$$"ki,U;1yz,c"
1]W21/w{z# (c|'cd}"?Bo'
9 z 3a ' c ' # c' 3' ($! $!( z ) c l
32 k w c W 1 k #(c $} ] ^ ( 32 k W ,J
(c
(
48/cd
(32 c +U " /w{ 1
B (c B o' cd } " ' k ' W o' ( 3 k # (cd "
ô k,;1tclA" AU l1?" U
&kw5Wcda|
c&#
5 "!"!:c{#/;$i,".# gWc#ki,W.1
"/hi".)c#*+=,."#/-)%&'(c$+a
01da|}A2B."W3cq456#b:dal
."zdA798"o'9W]cdl :;3&'#k."
cd$f#Bo'>k<B."cda|l=
$E@c|(c"w)}'5?zz/U "y
,;Ackw1?#1 (cr
c|?B Ckw
,E F wl D / w c ; ki , W 1
Bo'(323IJKL+c4|PWkwG#wH
w{'O&AcU.T"1"1k# (cU.TN;Mcd'N
R
cl1iN+1,;Ac."PSTUL VQ
?W11kwPW1[A'5,;W+';y
k#cl?X]k,i,/w{c|1o
#lo#[,; (cdx1yqZ:(32cwlY|1o#
k w W1](c_.& 1](32 c ] ^c\ zo
? B w : 1 [ l ` l / A}/ y a c} " + @
c4
dcl/5BbW]}'$#$wcW (/5(
ki,W1PW]@kwcl$e]BwfghJ
$lk@i+$"cd}B?jWwf#
3d{l#o(32';olpBw6qWkc'lmn
(cd{rJ
yR
#stuvccccw\
xw,'q
. 1 \ o c & 1 k : # wz 1 cq { 1 1 [
,#$5ec}"{:kw#~c|,|w#
1#W"?B :cd?"bW1:cl&$f
cd zdA?AebW
]'W1N&'1.U'hi cq }A}/131.3
cdal15'ef?"b3cdalef?"bA}/d_cdz]
ca."##c{lwcq|?zU&'$
1ca|l |#bW11BB,;] U 5W
wHz#q5W"b]#{,]e#?k
cwl5W
qlw,#`:cdPW1["d:+
cqPWB@W
+,B w1cMBB1x^+
cq:,q".Y:cqI5W1
W1cqvJ"BfW]cd|W (/5(+
4#k/1d/5 W1Ad."B^W]Br#$
kwHqZfW]cqm}/5wH#cd
B?@,d} W1Bw1cd W1#r
clB#]ydl"/5 W9#}cq
/Z k /5B9 : c " w6: d/
c|}."B/5aqZBwi
5 W w : # / .H cd Y l 5 W r d ,
kkl>U,;,;l<|BcqU(Credibility) 51,
:@cAU1cUcdUkJ
wt:U/;W-Bkef$
cNAB,;w:9W]
cB9l",;c1
3z3/5B.Er]^~dYl5
Wwtk,?,cdz|
w{:3d,/|#@k.E}cqkz:
# B , . 1 # ] ~cq d B j W w W
cdlef
U # r q z ) W .E # , 1
(c<5Wo'P]qo'(3Bo'.HBll{;Bo'cd
.Erj#cdS|ABz5Wwdx]"]
Bo'."]@U:#,f1cdU#
c,/'"W]
:# Bk ) w W 3w{d
db 3A}/ :cB$ cd $ B P W d
+fq4w/'"/5):dw{cd:
: cd \ / B , d a U w cd a l , /' "
l:\yl\]c|l|lq
c|
d.1tcd{|]" w{Qcd,kl]6^
cd$"|l.]y#]
;o#$'}w1]l?"1@
U&w;):cd&wck."q'
cqwA}/Bw6

(cZl#1(ze'c+P#F"]
cd/O1tWFcl$f (Zl#(}
#'$31|
#.W:>$+c<Uw$k:W??"1
cA"? W
kwki,W k#c|l
W + (( W cd + : 8 / 5 W "
RR
L
W } : w cd l l ; ' cd l #(
(
U=+=+ewg| (e(l (U( ((l55
c
RR
l (8( ('( | | .
L l B r : >
c|l#.# l
# 9c " w l w 1
10
Bd,xcd W k B ]W ]d ." .

ydal"\ #"!Z+d,]cda|
!ZZ
3d}%]WAW]cda|$\o#|l!
cd/1B'$31|
j W ,* + d , k - U # W 1 , k & '' ( Q ) Q $^
' $ 3 1| 9 q . y / # 0 W ] +, d } 1 k
" o' cd a| ' 2 1i 33 3* # 4 ] 3d al " \ # Ac {
dF
:wl;1U: :Q9}(3$^&''(Q)Q$^k5Q6@?78
ko'$^xkwc}/B,;1ko' (qo'<@<
)Q$^c=>k5Q6?7@$^xAJB}kwyc}/
3bG (c$CDUd$CW1U1cE1F,;1( }k&''(Q
PKLM NMOH3IJ
Awl1( }k&''(Q)Q$^dU5Q61Q7RS
wlW1tTW1U$Wwl)#1?UVcWU
E]F,;1l#k/(3} (w#] :Q$^}(3>k# (c
3bG (cE F,; ] Y 3 $ D 1 P wBG U X D A c
PKLMZH3IJ
| l ; E ! ( } k & '' ( Q ) Q $^ d U 5 Q 6 A*
W^1cl , _| , ] | J 5 " P[\ ]G E
.E3laBw7) aFE3lb#]PWaFEck PPW`.&9G
w W 1 ,* W ! c l , _| , ] | # ] l a &
dJB"]AU]3llAc3B1Q[3dBw
PKLMeH3IJ3bGcdJB]
}Ak&''(Q)Q$^ qrUhi^ g*f.A

< " .k l m n/ B 1 cq l U ' o hJ # U ' j cd
\ p B o @ ] 1 ' B o @ q ' # o B cd
11
+I / r s t $ ] # A c -B m ; B wu l v
cd#)/'
PWmBhJ/B,1W&''(Q)Q$^k[
zywwAc,* W!}xo
$=UWz{Brkw9W]cN-Bk&
l c {P W1 3PWWw| d,xc}
c$}#dW+Uw[B~c;
? B
,g sa W e 3 3; 33 ] # o P
WB+c>cz'#'$31|#]|
l.&cef,&W=;81jWk#c4# ((
' 15 A e U ' .H cd a| P W wf W # 1 1 : =; "
cdw"k]=;jWw"cq|
UB:=; (5(caef?"UBPWkl#$l.W+
'5"Wwi,#c| =; ((W"100el#
"'1Udek#cYl&'A}/ '1UY
cdl\
# . l B 1 1 &' # l A v ; > z + ]
k#cqAPWAcpk5@cwl
#%dB\Al[.&$6
xk:|AUz :lBW.>B^W]c
c
PWkl:."wWk=7$6|+
c15kcefO=hJ+m# ((WAk#cl
cz|5
12
$",&
k#PWkef,&#;W.c{|aef,&55#PW
z+kwclUA}/A3wl{|.#c8@nF+
o=".=@yc,.W {#.#1
cz,21#c#((W.W1clBn6A}/
:,&kwcACWJ"8+k#
, ] , 1 cl $ # ? W 1;/ 5 5 W ]
/' 3 3 }kwcw[A/=*(5##
cda|$U'W B B3U'W ,AW]cd\
W k # cd | l N5' ] " ] o kl # b 9 1t
# W 1960 d k w c(# ( " a 31
("Q7JNfWwW`c?#"o61
z/glyAc"#1330-31kQ7c(
L 'hJ+BcdB1c
"#1998kw"
cYlef"Ww;/ ]c

c 5 U A W ]
www.turkeytravelplanner.com
\o]clef,&
www.allaboutturkey.com
]cd$0"cAS|"++U#
:#]c/5WB,k:d}pPk
cqd;,1#."]q
13

a }M 40-45 / " c U F # A c .} ' W
B+|kcrD_15,]]c
# ] Aocq # A$5 A2k# c'_c}
"."w['oB./#4."<A&'W.>}
ckwcw|d$
#/
d , x cd A}/ (Flexibility) # ] 3 B " / } l ." d
#ql #cd|Flexible Hours #w
o_."_qZ."0A}/Wo'AW]cwl
c|6o.7|'11qZ."#.o'c|6
0]d"1#]jPWTWn/w
d | B = V . A}/ ." # w - ) cq | ' " r`
al z # .' ." " ] d al { ' U # U ' N ./ ,
\A}/B"cd1/BwN3w8"#.cd
/Ni"]AW]cd|lz(Productivity).]d
l 1* < ) w{ d , x cd W A{ B . ] A 3d l ; 0
cq|
k|;c'#:lT,Wk15 $rD
cda|B&w l15#(( :ca|B15"w)
{wt
DW q
], w,]cdU$5 % rD" A
14
+Bwc{ ."]cd$ r D]# z$fcq ' U r

lU&'+cd.""UU1
w( 3 M /' U W c ' ." : c z |
l];Acd+"Û]'b."c(
cUB
} N P W w" w c _ # ZH r P W h W ." "
) : cd / w N B .E k ! Q cq " w" Ns
l @ k!Qk ef .g # H B
cd
k;bW]
'c1kAc"w)k."#cYl@"rD"A
k # 3 B A2 A2 d ' ! " c z B w{

c $ k# $ " n/ W & w @ d ' 1% & ; c I
d ' 1(" ) W $ ' c _ P W k ." 5 W * ; ; W ' '
B w8" W ,- ( ] c l + ;" ! W U
&;W1/313.31=^3zcd.".z
B " ; W w* A W 1 c d 1 w B w N
c0|1"k$
B 9k ,fcqo;+ cstAz ' 2 34+#.1
2 # ] cq A}/ B ,T5 ) w{ cU B 9 d U .g +
kw7)B[:W;<3393cd78{]cwla}A}/,Uw6
c>B9d1k|
U'[:B9cd}?BstW&#w6`=
#1qz@W]1t.d1|B]AAS|"z1t
cd[:e
FL
#cqdA/BWCWwDEEwcdA$CC+
cJ w7) W ; w w } AG k wH I ] 3 { ' y
15
W ] W ] c} 1" + B K 1 k # cq L # @ # ;
dl-B c#c2k{)WwENcl9M;
.Q,|5W1w$",5,;OW1cwP##;W
cwla.QwT#"\R=kS#cw'
U #?/,;x U'j . #;W.E1# zo#
d V z ,W # ,W c A k wH al z
U ?/W 1cq l# .EX cda# z{".Q{
}/U'dalx"cdYzM;B#;W.Er
c|
+ I # q W wl N[ w cd Y l ef # Z x o ]
d \ " = P + k # cq X \ w P W
R
R cdSTRe
clh]#^L L _!`31%3a3bSfL STg
6=}R
/g#+B:ciljUrDAcl1"^
rDA:cw{/g3l/gU'.Hwgckc6
wq0|,;All"k'PWAmBncd||l1TW
D:cPWkBPWoD1T3PWoD+cql
j d ,C l ] c l 1 U l k /g ' l W o
cd}PWwfhi1w}p
stWkl#uvUW 'rc}'#q/gU
$ c'{"]k#cB;}PW]$Uczl/
Wx/gcl<l#.1la/UUWw/g
c{Bn/R+#c1k/U5W5
W N " y cd } w, . " y B y ] k c N z " { A| 5 W wl}
16
Nc{#~Bw'"clU\A}c{w17
z ( A( l W N c # ) + c @ o "
(Y(lWN5c{Q (+(lWN
!!#ycz (A(l#WN{=,
c")$M;A+cd'
k ] W ,E ] c ` ] W ! Q $ c " ,E ! Q
* " ] B 1tcd ' 5 @ q B 1t : # ,
c|lPWkg"U*W,E"
cd55W+qW+N6+"t]
,T51txcdawtWzM;,#]cd"]x
|l. #Ncd|U'[\st|lA'U m5;W
#"]"st|UkB+1tM;3da|'1T'
cd"];z{da
6 W+#]M;3q l1#+N
Icd \y d\]d yd] cd6
] cq | l l ]6 W F" # ] q 4 B ;O
PW1]"cdPW1W1tcdpU'B
cd.W ((#|}U'B#/1tcd

W A c z ' ^ [: , ] I l { A| c { '
R
cdAU{A|}'"
D L W]cd?+3~
U w da|}w (
cd$7WU5d'/gW#ycda|}
kw :m"$W/# jW Bwv k!Q
17
+ c} ; # w k : g l : ] l c}

/#fql.#1t#wgq/}&w{
cqd1#,wC|cq|J
U,;]Bkwlc|m:qd''W]#
U | } B l 3 3{ $ W d }
# ' # f : d B # l x W ] c|
z-B .XW w $AdYl" ]Bw c lom}
cq
WwB
B : c z # /g wJ l c { . " k P " /g
wB(3 (cd{|}7lJd(3k#czl];
cBkhiPWw=+# (c'zJ :cW
nWB7cwBw]+,}5Bkk
7cl'.;#l<#C+k#cl#
B {l< "cl5W x cl` Bj
75+3-# (c"3dt]3^(32= c
hz"6J@#W+,c"c+"
cl
U c l&' :c2 k"lD=
w*!M; cz|{ W Am *
B]W]]#W"kw+cz#
ctk?"]lvz
18
1N'
cl}U]$Ba5k9{#<c$=An/;k#
[,#1cd'#W$Ba]Ww)
{'w'+cd'$7U,gIcz'n/U'
c=)+U+
wn/cdllATPW1tz{W]daz{dyw'
1tcd"/1txcd."";PW&'d|UU/
"ycll/]da];1t#d|'U
l#WN5'PW1t,;ef#cd"]N5'da
"*# N5'-#k cq,W*-P W1ted N5'cq
cl"#/A3
# r 5 A c z | 6 x + 5 5 W 5
!W.wcd|\A1#$55W5l1A
A^ " # w6 w ~ # _| cd \
cd#~
?y
AT"]cU'#/=}CUB 1Wwk#
+#yc't+5Wwl}clA}/dal
da+c{l?#w{A|U.g]jcz||
1 W N c z s "
' Y U 7 o # B t ] c?^
#z:cda|(](B.g]cz1'
) P W
c , $B z " y ] W 5 wc d l
cq<
.<c{'" (.(#kBrW{' (A(
19
~cq àlUw5 [" W 1#

[w c
T.c}Uk{w @k$W]'w:#
,.IdA/"cda (]({'Br"AU
cdnWwy ((B.g]#1'~cl
t"A
]: cz'3~W /gn/j<cl{'3~Wn//gl];<|
l. :.I(!Qwg" 'ABcd.gWz
]k!Q3l?fWzUV;WF$5^c
#$Ww<W$l,<rr1#w]c#w
m#i#$kww !.I""6#<]cl1
Z # (A(; W ( # } W~;1'~(~o'|]c A
cq
%
W 1k wg .g A c d l # ; W 1k ,& : ; W ' AB
%+?#)w'()*wcl]kl
B w+W , #y 2 k
20
gWw-W F5Wwl} c z,
|lh/'3llz@3\.B.ca|}kwW
c/'l.w{WA
.g ,|; # W /' B w & '' ( Q ) / ' W Q y z
1q l].T A $5^+=W 1i W F#rJW @c z# w0B
&''(Q)Q$^9W]cdalSTU2W3WrJ+J<
B5 + 5 Q 6 T m 4 W o' } w5 0 ] B F k
.Y(Jo'|,W.YPW1iWFc44B5Q6Z5.
cqZ# (à6WFN#
7="8}
+'xcz?^?^cd/UUW?^:
17c1klw|cz| .A|A;z?#Y
a } wg l /U U W a k # t z < c { ? 5 W w9 w
;/N\Wwkw):c8}a}wcdVwW
cl
l 1 W 1 B cd a' l /U U W ! t z M;
]c5Wwl}wA;];wq'w5_#+#!c,
cdFUw;d#7=W8}";'zd,
W d a| l ? # w 8 } $ # 7= c$ ' 8 } 5
W<r=:c{l?8}#.A|5cdl;Un/1
cd/UUW.A|1
>A?
@czl$lzwcl#)R@5".A|
W . A| d > A? d A( " 1 } + cd F U w } A
21
W wC7 A k B $5 ~ w cd " 1 W w w 1 cd m (
^ b r U # ] W 1 c } . B w w* 3 1 W "
cl&'\"iWE'/,D
d<cq.F:dcqw,Hdal.$^#
clw,$GHPWH!IW!Q3B]cdw,J#
B cd X L N cd } " EK o H k ! Q d " $^ ]
"]l`2kHNO|UMWN1
d|N"Pcd{l#5Q2k5WrAcl`
cRB,;]{?3q
W U W V cd ^ U V 1a T \ ] w + o c z S 1 k :
7\[vJe"Z#1W[c6l+"XY;
c{ ` w{ # 1 W ,}] c k : B )^ _5
c1kB+";WXY
, ^ # 1 W ,X ,}] 3[ k [ 1 W ]
W]cTWjW/g"3&okwc"1a\w
w{W1cc]\F/"5cl#Wb#
c71t)\.E/ePWwl.d#0W,;b
) c A ! w* : 5 W [ # ! c \ " ] l # ]
= U : c z h " 1 P W .E P W . E
k ]c ) 5 W g' rJ 3/ 3p k w # ) .f };'
&''(Q)Q$^ cdJ# {'" c} h#L z @ ]
c6l:lz<cd/\ilBWk
b.E]:dal.&|k"w6gwvBj
#
gWg#}7cd3~W+=gq1v3~W+=#cq
wv^g+=cdAlFE+jdAmnBgcq1v 100
22
cq,{o]cq# gW
(' # 1 W p cd " w< q W gb W Q @ d , :
w{ W 1 n v r $ # 1 W ,s 3 t # 1 W ,u 3(
^~cqkzg,wxycdw{ZH+"
]q|
b ,Ecd3 : 1# wv qzSU180 k[ [g# W]
; # g' o6 3rJ cq g { W /- w ] cd z + " | #
W1cqdg\^Wcql~gU}yWcqg1}
h "~]cdi40e # wvdi100 "~#w7).H W13d$f "[[
cal"N"@wBngcdzUV
]"B[cd"$jd6`"1
efU1jW:?""$]kwcYlo
3 c l $f ? & ! Q , ] d l # U : 3 q .E ! Q : +, q Z
cl' W[#r1v
^V.W]c|WU]q'ABoW9z<M;
5 cA'B]U
gW A ]E+#{W ] X]A

c}U g]@Xkwclx
,}]_5c |w^B:;WXYd.YA@w"!Q
k#wr~k:c]PW.E:3cb:#wW
W1|@3'&!Qc[:W g#g"1#1]5WH
6l+"z{3Z/1Bz@:B~c\" g]c
1 3 3$ 3 9 W ] cq d q rJ ' c
cd5Wrf1
Wkwc@#]cd1PW]dzg@
? U cd l U k B , r A B
cql?#}r3}B31|l
23
.[[:ql.[[]w{W1cg"[#1W[:@
,w ^ A c W < # $5 : q Z # $5 ] i " l w{ A c W
.#$5]AkwclW,w.^:q
."]:q+PW1iW)'AcW#$5<:d
5W#)]B.WQ:/Bw,kgc#
c$GBH!Q|,;#1]3<k:1c
' B 3 w{ ) cd Y l . ] " ,; ] # b Q
k'B],cdYl.""3W[31iWlw{cq
cZ l " : U ] d k : W w" $5 ^ U W 3 cd
F
]dz+S= qd{l#w7)1w{
e UWQ d=>" Qk:clr` B"
c:#]
]z",S
+ \ { l ]; < c y : c 6 l 5 : W > A?
U]+ l]W w);|# u cdl
"

" 47U'1'~#w"cwlW
(c}PDA3d#n/]kd PiGz(
Bww1:cd}zPk!Q"|3l3N3u3$;3y3
U'6H@W9k]q|Uw1*il/
cwl
w ! Q cd u w 3d } P k ! Q 3n/ A 1 ^ #
Wn/Bw,,a3N3'AM;da:@jWw~
~w'Bh9Wn/])5;OIw{cda:@j
M;da5W{3!w1tcdw'>Ardcq
24
#:c|A)'BN3l]d!]:w'
cdk"W]xc \:d
(^
# ? .T # /g k ! W W ] c l (^ w 1
B "TW]c W,^ ,(Â W ,kw
Bw151UrDAk#cq|'#)1,1calAT
5W 'd/15'k/wcdk`.T
]|#9W,^1W|}B=+
c|AW
#"1kw{1WW.W1c$lA/a};k/WQ7#
q cl.w#1++# :
1)k#c/#w'W POKMGLK#k/W1ki#(
1 )W1A}BkA1<WA;cqd]\
3T3J.W]c1W,A/'cA/1 a1kw7)c#w/;A/
c$`1l]#|)W,33
; $. W A W ] c / k w W ] c # H 3/ , w k w
W 3 ! 3 J 3) . W c w \ J W 1 1'~ # w{W 1 c
Q W A c AW 1 1 c 5W j c 5 W , g c
wcd| P;G$.AcdH"J5WIW!
k!QW]c/|AW]cdHH\W$/A$
(c$$\ /w)kJW1]y
B1t>J;cda'U,* WiAdB1t#W
cd# ,W z+J " 1c u B5W +1tq }
1t cq ] " B 1t (^ = 3/ # 1k # W Q 7
c."W/B]}l", ]Ad6J
25
w);cd Uwwd]$;Uc{|'/g
' l c d l # ' A : { l . A| c d ' W L
clN5'#'"1#aefàcdW:oE
26
!"
cq P U ' W @ q Z # o' S cd m U n W o6 p
9W]cda|(Asia Minor) Bpcda ('(d")A+
#}cd"o6}p'cda (}(3d}#w
cdV16
LW]"
R L R L y( 5 W . A| cd ? # w B '

cd a (L
cda'y"wda| (L'(BP ]cda|al # W.A|
]d (AJJA|(Y cdal # Y + 5W ' 5+'
cda (LAJJ("W
+A;'5cd =)(];'( l5A;AJJ A|$]W$%
Y WA|cd(( } (Â|(d |# Yz
cda (L("]]'Wcd
R
V 1 L STSL ' 3:| ] w cd F U w $ "
27
R
.#rcdm,AB"UL STSL '13cd
F R
a|l# A}cq,}_WwWcdV
]T3~WA#r}wcd|l#.o,d
d
. 3 U " d L SL r 1 W w} w 1cq | #
cdm#
l [ # ; W ; U ' a # ! " : l
c
#"
$%.}' W]| BwE;W o Ac $%/'" k :
()*(!+mUTW300 w: z$% d ,x c|#
90l (12(:1B c,# (45(1 W]cl
w{ l :| : w c .X 1 U ($7 1/6( Y , +
AB " (@?; <=( m U 1 k : 1 c (. >( l w ( (
k : ACcACll (](3(1/(: W]c.>{W,
28
c$%{w"w ()( (5(

Bt {saWwE W ]|l1à]55W dW
c&#
#;WWcd1tk/Wwcd'àL'W
qZ?#1Bà:PWN5'cqp'W;'o$5w]
o.2500 à//
.700.2500 ""
330.700 "d)
1453330 /;
13001071
19231299 N
$fa1923
."=;$'/}
t@,&cq1U':|1
qil
o. Z /"à/

dal.&q'W;'Nt#7cqp'Wk/Wà/#
c''/;l#0Wfqd9c;N;#k/9
dal.&,sacd{/W N' "'#k/'
cll;W1T'WNdpcdx/"1T'W.I(
.L. Z /""

.2500ca|}"" w,'#k/]da| ,]" "B]
F
# ; W ' k w c 1 W < 6 - c k . # ' k wD
L W
.E # r W 1 c 1t A}/ wxy : E W 1 c i +
29
F
A"w6BA;cUwoA#"n"wD
L cqU'
kwxyo]'$ /''caB#W.1400 ca|
c
F
W , e " 1 cd (Assyrians) ' U P W ' 5 5 W wD
L
|U,wcda| (Mesopotamia)!r/1
clU'l
/W.EN6|cq}#wEW#r]
33y:33y'##k/]c{/Ww' |{
cz3y
OO.L "d)
}.Bd)#{W1k!QBW1'~cl.I(/'"Wd)
AW d) # k/W.I( 1
!W1c d)kw ;W
gC 1" i c B w# W y c $ B wl c W w

5B$#&W1'b}ZH"5# 1c%
ca\wEc4k];
B ; ] # . 334 c ' / W ( i{ 1 } # ]
wW]c$l?#w$*B +,|W] )k=W16
R
wD.L TSL 'PW#1cz\63z! -w6\&'

czw!
#c}".W)'rk/TW1lhBwW]
Uz$313.AAWkwc$l#!1+
B k w) W o' W o' cl 3 . I ( 2 # c
c|wkw}4
30
KZOOO F
R
R L T879
k 6
A5 F # 330 c = n j U{ ; r ] # W 300
" kMi U .g W $%Akd A;Axc}~ n"W$G :j

ca;/;5+o]c}~!"]}
W ' : F # 0 W ) B . k wv 1 W 3 5
U ' < c= k > $? # ; ] # 1037 c$ l " \ wE
8kwBN,X;]U$ /W cz!w@UwE
c!U
OKZO N
< 3p < 3o6 k w W ] c ) M k AT 1B A; N # 1453
BwC W ! k wcD B NlAR" ,fE#/
3 Fcl'$ / B ]''c 7G A# 0W #/
lHH#/'W3Ic$lU'N #d"$/W ]
W i]kGDz5WJ#]c}5"k#
cW
$fa O

] W $0 - ,X 3 F U wB 1 cl ! @ U ,X; N
" #mbBw6)c K WD ;k3
cd|\'OLk$0-W]cl
31
&'#$%
c||a"wM#r5cdl#wu:
!|'A||;cd| L':''
a|)7BY#1;/cd ()7(z'Y+5cl
U T z w c z ' U T + @ ^ A W ] cd
cda||U'WvJHW./} Fsa_" (DE(
N#
'=k!w{wgcdO}1Ww5Wwl}
lt'=w{}wgcl'=^\A}c."'PW
c|QBN#,R;a
T6=UV#cqSPW.kw"
.EWk^kww.YV.Ww{cd|Ww.Yd!
eW.kkwdlh!cWkL#,uB
cq/B#.k1d,xcdX6
B133YeW.kkwcq#]w.YW
#1cd/]1200w\=#cdlefZ[Fk/B1d,xc}
+U,}kcd|'=^_g"q'=23
cql,`W].,d'=
# d ^ w\= 3q a } ! wg 3w{ 9 W ]
] z + .E q Z W N P '= : cq z : '=
cd
,]cA{B,'=db$",;]w{d~PWb'=wg
32
U,1:W<c|}vklA{B,Nad|cd)eNk'=
, f/ U / Nt 1i W wg w| 1 +, q 1 U o' j
U$i"+#1cd}`hi9Bk!QcZ:A/"ql
cq|l+"w;w6h|1tdaYJ,
q.BBW W 1'~] . d ,: d
c=#
1c|a"wMwwcd/UU;":
cl$aiAcdW
j#$%
#y5#)'3.A|q1U:Scd/UUWAJJA|:
+W]cda|l5M;|]W'da|al5#$ycdal&
cdAJJA|d=)Y+k
; A y ,; w c d ' z UV W W 5
5 W y d c m U 5 c y z + c
DW $%/g UWAJJ A|cda|l *1tsT ]d,zo
c{| r
cdo6|p|W];'cdm#wfd"$%
cd#P6rDcq#{'Bww1d;'|w
" j " k ,E 1 c " k j P W B l d k m n W /g
wa#/UkwB#/gcBn/oWpkwqW/gA
Ws"z.c{" ?)A#1c"Ur
ct""1WjAkw6#
33

|1iu;+#c1| "w):c1|Uj/g
rDPWw6 (c? "?o,E(3#'
]c)#wc1| "):c?zU
c z l U / " Aw | # ' v c &' v ,
czxv;WdTBw7)1M/ '
:z$;Wy5 cz: :N#1c6)A}/#v
l z } F F B @ ' z 3 U "
Wklw{&':"|}&w{c A
&w @B~~WT|+;15c1|
c|B
l"]$^kwc&'#PW$]k#
kw^k#c,;W,^k# cw]~rAc
AU1@]cwlNJ+U,gsaWw~r`"&'
9o'c_( *= Ak#"$]c1|<l
(c}B
w!Uw']H qw (3}&"kw
$;Ww/}cdl1'BNc1o'AcNl
c ;"N Bcqlzl$;W o'cdl
[ k o' l o' cl 48 / }= " d l l
(c@kB<o'cW;T
B B 1t d x c} A " k k B < \ " k ]
,;`W]ZH3O3&3B[Byc[ : :
A},[|BwAW]cdk1 ] #dk
B 1t d l g j l g cd \ [| [ " ] W ] cd

34
$W.7m+W_|cd&
'+ , & , & ' ..... "! # $ % &'( ) )
c|lUkgw|.:"g B :
3" B d U < B c ,; 9 ; W ; W [| <
(./0 1(l5fWdUgAxcd\"TT
B1t1bl#]cd[cdk1'~Uck|l
cda|#w|7[W]d\#z;
' 5 $ w c | U " : k w B w)
k|1|< c@1Mk '+,$A'
cl.kM1Z]Bw}#+,l6",
w cd=A:+cl`w7)WEcJ"kC15z
W l q 4 # wl W b ] cq ' # < rJ 3o6
" / 1 q w w} U x cd / " w) k S 3 3 1
5 P W b W 1 q B ! x U ,g sa cd al
cda|{w{Bwwd,xcql:
b cdalh/Bw7)]+,dal~PW+bB
cda#rB$C,gsa3
Bk+o}1kA;W1c=/+PWBkj
c r a6 B A; ) W w c " j a P W T
c}PW`.n]B\wBkjw,k3+kw
/5)c2 k'J r ,gsa #j
#0W$A7.wJ3|W.E)+#.Ec'w}h
./:B#z$fcd1 z{ArdYlA{.fNi"13db+"/'
k w;WwcdY=)ki +c\ "]c PW
clzSj."b]Wl
35
U / l j W / + w c' $f , 15 #
PWl.&cdef$=6wcza:'+
1 c ;" cd = # a W " P N ] W ]G +
c{|"]wdl#b3
;"A#]{1AcefWW "+3~
k:czrkwWlA"
:>BkwU',wc5 "c}C>z
c';rD:cA"k|;@
"
,aBwd.7Wwc2kTW":;
wc'#W(6( @+zcqUkef
zWw{c&"+$=@Ukwcd$*?
cq"wq_
+ c w " k W w c # r D : ," W "
d Y $?= cd Y A}/ @ # $ # +, P c " $?=
c P 125G2.62$?= P175G3.60 >$w1c$
9:{l];<#];W]l 9000 :$= 2009
z=# cdalx# "$$?=cwl# "
c$U{ ,]c
wg#1AJ'$cd$,Hk:'#
}'$"/#{c1k{;;#cdal|
$W] c1{w}'}c{."-Bkb'
d`"] c|};Bwwz+zT#+3}c
clkc'."#&'lw|;W
36
lU;5"w#cowU}k#;
+cz#$?=czwkg;
R
9
lk cd TS k+$#$W1cwB
c"$?=]z<cda|
"$%
# cAc zUVc~z "$%;
F R
Hk#,Hz ;cA/"wB,]cY"$%\9U7
)"wcl#;{+:yl]]"c"Y+
c@''3Nk:w"1lAT"]cl
z$]cl7"#l<Ac{#A/"$"$%
. ,a W U W 1 3 l A . + A ($( 3~r k # c1 k
w k w cq B ()6( # 1;/ ()6 AC( 3~r 1 k # (:::$( 3* l
c}
>&
c#'B$%Acm()*(Ud| AC$%:
d"lU55W=+#5c+|
c
cda'OQ3Q1#}1cd'R#$%
d
L S
]+cS+ '"1cz'+UTW. %<w
d d
}.`"]cw (1M(fL S'_WNdc!oW
#/]kw1v]3lw=yc|\Ww/'
c,*"w1."k/\5W/'
,W+U@mn1^#c{',+"'@3$%
mncdHUw)W.Y,C@3WA
3w+^ qw,
w)W.Y@63U1}lS3Ww}l"~3}l/'
37
w 1 # ' q l .H # @ w d cd

d W'.f|J'3mnqWA^
cqz
cq
n[cd 1k@A3efBn[# '}'#
w1}B[[3A;q +#w*J
];1B#]AduB1#@qA c
5 h W < 1~ j w ) W ] B .Y U{ n [ w{ + cq
d }' f <B# @ dal]; ,]3d W w*J$ # $
cq,W@Ad,xcd}
Ae]B1tk
dal.&AS|"V&''(Q)Q$^1'~weW.Y:
]B1tW <1~cd} i"Fu mn w 'k@
B 1t U k 5 5 ; } n W } c $G B n W } A a| U ,;
# A Qca| }x# 'A/3 |5BU X ]3a| #w/
c.uBwtwWmn#<1~cdYl\
cdl"<PW1#]W
q 1 B , k PG .Y :j # A
@cd,}9.Ydc|':5W@a
d #,F mn,e cd {|al':.Yzla,,
cd,k@B/WwvjB.Y cd.".Yk:U'Y
];'
W];'@ \BW 7cd| |AC:
cd|#"Y:1kl<A@c1."]\|$\
];'1W/1c2k'/&'W/1dz^/';:
clBWd)kB/1c{'"
38
] : c { o6 B p d a P B P + W + e B

c (AT1B(."]c|l#p:WB]c#o6
UW }+:{l];<c5t + U: z
w}.H3}c{}+"1Ww=|wcqd
.'/gW]}U+Bc1[UzUVN"]jU
W 9 # -B k ' B t , ] k c Z
cqd$ :w,]clx51]ci'F;
G AT1B];'
" ! :' P W " $: w c ' A/ $: z
c$?#Wzo]c#$"WB"$:W

1 W AC $% + cq : # c d U A; :
dR
/ # r
cd " # g W ] ~ h " ] c1 W L %
wB.Hc{l]"w&,5z'(Uw(wW
39
, U cd al ] " ) , d | ' ( W ' + % U
c!ck&#=
dBWhW[A*cl= da|#;W=wB
\3~Wkl$?=# c"h"=w1
c U ' ] A , $ U c d ' ' W + $ 9
F R
cl+^+Uk.cwk#c}'}-+@z;$%
A APW J# l / z3~c lt .; w
c
!/
P
G
AC$%
P
G
" 0 w k #c 0 k 2 m ' : W k / W

c}"k# (c (3cr>]1im1U "c@2+
{ " k w (c 1( 3 k # ( q ' w o'( 3*
c
R
(cd U A;:
!/: wW (<a( (3
c z w M c ' 5 t 34 UV + z c d

FUAJJA|(!/(cA("y55W1l=
cw}$5Ww/gw6Wyc{'@A("c
7wc{'#Wyc (!/(U('W!/
40
cz#UV#-;W8/N
'!/cUs@U]cz||(/((5(+w
"rcB9YcY,zUV+z5Wc'" (B9(#
UY ]k: # Ws%]cd`wa [:34zUV r
c
B9Y
q ,; < : w cd sa + c}' " (
/=( '
B9
y y
S
>+"1cq!!#cd!;+cda| (= L T {UU(
_ # : zl W ] cdW ?+
c ("(
:#cda|@= r#w6cAUd'M5
UwB#lA/@#czl#+wc|#Ww1
d
c$80W120DBl4CWcq$A
| w : W &' 15 cl l &' " ' 1U
cE&'""300W]c$%:c''W ()*(
41
$cdmU>
40cUG^^ dF'W.]
. w # H W d , x cd | l &' , # w6 1 # w 3|
cda|lIdal^'15
42
,+# ()*(
#-;J7wC l#c6|:
U1da|} BwwC#rlA/@ # czt5
cdal];r0]cq|1K
A|+kwcda| ((Bl#c~r"l+k#l#

xk#cU].@c1}#wzw}
(Terzi(U1"+w{3k#wg c|lz$.W +

cda|$U'W B 'T'#1;/+,1"z/Lc{'O
| w{ ,E q / A | ~r " 9 # ? 1 c ,H wB
]#1;/lM%q%&'+#1;/AW]cq4
Wlc|#l+Nr>:;W]1cda|'#>q
>
# W $^ c AT B " % &' # W ,; 9 .& c 7 " O

c|l+w,3d^k#c$"lcA{ :
czSloWhYcl1=*" (lP(Ul+z3~
l P d # 1 }- P( 3* Q ,; A cr R , O W l k #
15cA '#l ok :cq0|?)z# l#(cd
cl
S#$
5 +c1")*cz|#/;wT U +l
\$"cl>"wUwWo6|zw}U
1 u;cd|''' J ] # ]V c6
];]W"OLBd];SM;:,$] c
43
cX'#w6)Ay da

;cd7H+#A
M;3H+#'
c l . Z z UV # 0 W ] 3d Y P k }y
\ BW]^ 0]cq 4AU;B U /W -=n [
. # w7) d " kl W
d / c| 6 l ' # [ )
\ W ] d A 1 P W st d w,
| } c|
1WX5 Jcdl.H"##0W]dx#

q/,`ycq|/ ,`W1#0 W] $"
cdal/'"z{W1i
@|BNT1g]#zfN@9#f11t
B w / a ,` / 3d ] J + cal / .f P W 1t z
,]c#w`W//W,`wJd_1i+ca^
c,1i9#
,dal.#,+1tcd}]a5b"1tk!Q
dl".+cdl,o;+w+cda|l.A
cw$AU/'+]jx :c$",]\k
ce,;OW#7'ld
dA7,,:1cfg=U'W$Wwk[
:cdl,{wBcdPW u]h{AB
krB,}]cijBo;<cdl,o;+Bjw
r,}|k^B+9wo;wcoPW
cgl
B W + cd { | al # w $ l # k B 3y
q=6=C'cqdA/N/W}A :wi20#g'
44
" w6h m} kn 3w6ho # wld = 1U 5/W + 9 #
W , # w,k $ l cl ? k w o; w d p w 1 " k| l +
1BW;z7UqT=*IW1^cdp#wBkp "$
cdS+"W;Wlw
(http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/24/1042911549349.html)
,ql5W1V,rBw1BWrhJ
cq|l+"w6huN
2 + 3 4 5 $ #1'~ds|#]&'"N1tcd"z :
dal1 113cq7w}hB1t55Wt=Ncd
[ cd l , , 9 B ] ] cd | u / f 1* +
Bw*#l1cl]d-BkB].lk
] W q S w B q} ` ,v 1 q | ? 5 3, xy
cal"k']W1*
{ # N cd k " w o; w # x q h [ 9 W ]
"kr B,u N1xd a '" 1y cq yU w
1t B .f ] k ! Q cd al ef .f Ni : : AT B [ cd ;
cd}~.ApB"#w*JN'.d,xcdU'W,
"]z71iBcdaU1iA"]|"#9
kl<cl{'B")]awJBc,`,k;9i
q l 1* J y $5 cd s B w 1 " d a| : 1i # ,
Bwl}A/,vAda' N)#,U=1x"|:W1i
cq|A
~ W ] j P W k1 w} U 1t } N' k w cq { ! Q
cda|l+"XAd}N'y1tcdPWkB
cda|.B,kwEA{d78A
J ."9 B J1'~cdz Uc]# ] AS|" 1'~
45
"1t
;+# ]V| 'm" X5W1da,j
c
" :
#1'~cdh5W :Bu
w{
wl.Ad\Bw1'~cPW dzl
;PWwJjd
+B1td."+
cd]"
c
;B
cl 1t + ] m= = U w w w cQ
(3}k&''(Q)Q$^d,x clA#3]VA
(cdd
#
: $ l q 4 : cd # w{
]clvBW1i@dw@c_=B3ywl#wv
BxWwgk':cl(B"
#PW
c
}hJcda'$B+{#$@,;
L
q
Acd$;W)zi+ :cdk=B#.+ w(
(cd PW,kGqIz#]
[ cl r\ dB3y ,E W

z
;\k:B wWcq~z\[q
cwld|bbW1}wldw3wld5Bw,kWkc}

k| j W }y \ w d # ]
.
-=1Bncdl+PWn[,; ciU'
c|N5'a#ww7)3yAkU/W
cd5\"xk Y
46
|)*
'w:}i"S]k1]cM/'1'# cYl^
B w" /']da|} B=w{czUV/'1 c d ];
c| l ) d a| $ A}/ B = W 1 cd l ]; l #
cd}~ ApBk/B #q /BHf1;
?,$|W=a|ozdl-B;W]d1
#=l3%Bw{W1cd$fx",Ejz :w{c
c.'Bad|1"
cN"#l4+;Wc'+c1|:W
~r " ki k # c w); &' + w c z # W
c#ki7zki5l
W|ltmPW +c5Wwl}t+/#
k| k' q l 1; U 1n ; W m 56 w{ c P
1i + 9 # ] l " + w cq $
czA;"@PWk|m'/91
# ] " i " c $ B k w P ] : +
cd|)#kiwwc"PW
/ # w b W 1 d / . # c + / # U
.+#1c5W1n#l5A+#kB~Wc
B#/'#y.cPWke5W1
)Q$^,B"qw{IW]cHk.W/ c
)Q$^#ikw0@#d</ck#V&''(Q
c V&''(Q
" . e W d a| l . < # ] d al 1t y # e
dw6"]k+c
47
A#,13dal;OjzeJ"]5Wwd|.HW1t
{],jaz{ :da{w)F'cda}|l$1/,
l"WB]#)1]\wd
k,5Wwda|l
<A#
r P W 1 A d | ' + , U ] a 1 d { b } .E } ca| A
cdalPWkk#U&1dcda|7~"st
dalA}/;OJ"w7).H5Wn+,d|lw}A}/'#ARWnx
cal."15'b#
B1PWql@,;OW1t#
]dal
'w{3|UBF'dal<WAR]cd.""W
/;wa.|
cd|'B]jJA
AJW5B]9Al]jU,WzJB]AdJ"]+
B]d#,d}/5VkB,+cSTU
] c ` [ A d A d " ." 9 ] c + # ,S
jWc}"B.(,EkwjjWcq=w#kw
#WsB1kx}," PAWQG Q1;BwHwkw
ccccL
]=+}+A,d+W1tcd ,j"E
9 ] cd lz l 9 W ] ] cd alB W , ] A da ,
AW]]cdlW>JdlefJ
,+Aqld.w}W]qlr1
]dAj#1.WUU APWw1
ck|{A"a'BPWU
a|l"#kda-BkWnB1da,}WAW]
VJB1dEW,cd.""#mBw/Ww1d
cda"Q%mB1da."PW,;OIcda
PK 3nG
c /' " # ? ; k # c ' P W , . # l T /

. cq0|}B.kwcw;/w
48
k7W)*2kclà1499U}"kwc0|
c|vJo$5500
|'$5Z)*
|'$5 )*
(K|"(=*"
]cdBAWAmdA#1^#
40"Amcd$]]'W75cd|A'
k,Wl).1#W5Q6Tmcl#
\ ' . . w" 14o' ct" b "
c<kwS~
6.}.""/Uk5Q61WT
cd a| ' 5 l w} " W A m ] c w k U{ Q
} B A; k' | gC 1H $ W # 1 .Y #
wA}/1Uwtk1UwC,Ec9M;W]"c
wtPWk#,' |A;#."1k1UwC0|Ac
1 w U ' w{ ]cd k r ,}
49
cal.$#$W9",}#WNq|
cA; } q 4 o' { # ] 5 Q 6 T m ; W X ] # $ W .k
Y}$0Y:+".ko'(3k5Q61Q7RSd1+
(cq4o'qA;o'U
d Rd R
l ; " , P W 1 ,; cq / " AJ + # $5 ,E "
$k]? BA#/]c/$AJ+#$5
W#$1W/-Brk/\w<W]3al#
`$W#Bk#"A;c|w{Wk/\w<W]B$
cqUW$04q}y
$530 :"Am#à'51400c{w,"Am1^#
60
|?#]BW5Q6&''(Q)'9cd
] cd A}/ $5 ] " 1 cq 3~ W A m W cd $5
d'#x,]cd$5200"Am#à'51500o
$c{1lA"Am cdPW1k!Q
cd~#$XWAdx1e"1tclUkl
.#;Wz'+c#wU:;
W 1M c A; N + ( . @?;( . " ] cd ' $5 ^ } k
d
L S
c z t , z UV c W # c z ' " '
x # k wB c $ z A}/ c } , z UV
w{}zAS|N"wWlWwBo'=/
cq
z 3~ c z # @ c d # l A , + z 3~ W
1 PWkk#cP1"+
:y$c}`JkwAN;M$0
cl \ /' ((1;/3 O Nw' 3 25ww"
50
cglA}/Jl.&c#J]@
.&W
wBcl1=*" (.&(+|c|:WkU
h+]jl$zPWkVe.&w{W1cdefsaB.&#,
3al."kkV#wo;Wkl.f"#'cd
,${+.&ca|."]N.A/a#|.&#k/]
#w&1cl.&APW wJc}VAD-)#al#
+.&0]c}155Wk)clOAW
ca}|=,^
J wg .& I w k w q l " w& W # Q 7
7 ,; 1t
; 9 c W 9 | B w6-)
7l"
w;Wwc-BkB]6kw
q1Q
q @ B w6-) , . ) cd " { W b ] x c B ) W ]
M\wk#cdlBh+k-)cqPW PGk
}cJB3dW.&.""cq|#.&5WwJw}-)d
cql=w}-)0k6W]
Ac|
#y5cd z"@ :
dal.&]
' x # w/o)cd }=k}y d #
cq4w.@w"#])Ucdal
a|.";^5W.&
'c&".&#/A:W
a| .'U .T WW cd| BW W kcd
:il,@,]cq J#1l.&@/cd
cF"#.&9
51
,)*
9c!"A+(Wcd| l{:
PWc|lef,&#;Wwal,m*?
W]c}.#,
k# ( PL STg6 (32'@+c%U1"
cl"1
" ?1,]c ef~ # 1^ W c."1
(cwl # A w 1 1( 3 k # (q ' w o'( 32 r c
c{N5W1# lN.W1#1^2kl
1= " 1ql #;W,H3 . E):
,;wN( 2#/Wk1=cd#;"1x3q
clA/",;1U'#,;1] (c/A4
k1cd"z+W2kA#;W]3]W:
W " 1 U ' W cd ." 5 " P W )* b B ,V
#.Ey5'}HA&''(Q)Q$^,;1cd!#vJ
]WwgcdA/a}1a|W1WkJWal<
c|l|r1}|=u
,&W)*kwc1UàFYc1vA+
Wo'3d(32cl"A,;UWW1k#c:
(cq'W" d
H
<l:lT/czl1|cdF]15W,
c$'<Ucd|:1"'c-Bk^<
cqlgw#q1U:Sc$8#z
z 1 d al W ] W w6 cq | l g | $ @
52
c|1UzUw,w}'5Wk1cq|l
c{#."+^wW/,]
W | + c " * t c k t # ${ ) : c ? # W t
c l = . W 3 B c l - l
c
i # $ W w* ! c "

A c z ] " k !' P W k #c z < w N
c"BOWl
.c"k7U'W#c'57W3U'W
c-Bk$B#k#c'z+"+a|}7aB#czUV""1
9""7{l];<c1kl#w%#-B]&##
.3/cq/N'#,,cd}$~@
cl|"$l'#k71#kW
LL
O7JK
Wk|O7K
J L L :c(W)PW1",c;:lT
cP
@ + W A c p * B +
# W )*
L L #cO7JK
L L ,#W)*c|,g
}$7qB,5JK
cm1Ww="wa,5cBYO7
L L #vJW=W1:;)*
,|cUO7JK
R
A}/#w6$5wcdU+:c$l
3~W)*cdlw,xcdJ",w,; cqlt?
c,.w/M;%cz0",k!
dl1+l#2@|wcl#w:|
Bcd||U:''clx#3#1c
53
cz#BN5';1#/
)
>"O7@
Ucd'l<4c{'AzA }+UWw
1zc<k]c.}'Wc{'r+#wr
c|ABw5Wwr
8| 9W1cqlr] ,7 n/cd}6ek!Q
rB,71A;qp#Jy1t|3rW]cq|1tBw|q
d{AA"n/]cd:{
.f"cdlBwr,q
B,d*.z1t :#,;"]cd:9?f{"
cd<'WW]d\",;"iPWk.1
aw PWk.Pc 5 ) wU +U
cd}/w,w{kc/15'="k.Pcz| w
]cd#,oN3l>APk!Qcd,1t
cd*!Q.P??lCAT
"1q5@WxUw#,|cl=w@W
54
@ W W w cd al ]; A " ] | l / ]A , al A}/
cd',l
L L :#czc6#":_rwcdU.g+
JK
z ' ^ | w W c } , " I | ! B ; ] c | O7
+ # c | + k # c l + ]{ - 5 + w c
B +"1;/c%+#1;/kwr|.g]1k#c
C|UYHcdYB}'#w6"wW1
c|
UNDDozEFw@UYc"YB
]; hi U Y G c U ] : c l + + P W k| U Y H c z
Y B l l Y { : c l H= wr I W Y r cl
; W 9 W A w W Y c , A}/ # wa . 1 c'
czlJUNoc{l"Y
3~ W ] c U T Y G W ] c Y + c1 | Y :
^+f',wa Hc{wa55#cl}K
::w]c$0"L=j#]c,+
3$',# c};MW ]"31~t cq
U N # , ] ci ' , F B Y G c} # !
cwl{Fl
kH.Y1clv+wcl2O#5KUYG
"klNcW;Al.&cBl !c-B
cl
'PQ+#Yl.&Urw{cM/'kNcd||Y:
NRT"]d|`YycdalQ#YHN"wS;cx.f"Nwcd{
n//+NYGcda'#YG3Bw{3#,M+
55
a| #,+NRTW]cds\5w{YTjW
cUV#ucd
YB
Y
Ppanoramio.comG YG
YH
#]clXPWk,;|+clW/k!#}K
z ZZ7czxAZ,;$=w}/YB
cl2[PWw c
Y k # c z l \* ; W kl r U ] c% w)[
U V # l c z $ /' kl . k W M wg " + (
d
+c$#'^B$ ^
L U 1# cz lV
a]cd_`)A/aA/a#7/kwl.&'
czS"cc=#bBw%l*
56
a
1d7N;W,:[ cda1d|aFE#wBwE
#.E9cd".E}A+BAdalOW1tcd.EzaBW
cd|UWle.Ez3da|alO
.w{WwBc{.E|,WwEda|]"aFEw{
gWwc|.E#df"aw{W1c|a
cdh"#d,xc|1tA}/#
gWwc|A}/#
]U'hil,9Bw|cq&+q)cdz
cd|&
A}/cq lX z) d cd g?fWqw{
' P W kh B > ] ) cl g B # d a| } # w7) 1
9 W ] c L # B n G2 " } 3= 3ij } ~ q 9 z @ o'cq
cq | l + " 3wl 4 z ." } 3 ef !/ 3| A ." # ;" )
F R
3q 3q # w q ) x cq 7 * P W 3g k B
cq')
+$qWwo3qxw}
k <cda|}.| "+$]2U,;cd|B]2lw{
tw'|+cnX#woo?]W1m^
.HU#1w1c."9#/;3WZAq1
]25W1"$3cd$]2 W])cl@
r)k]34*#{W$c}qU1"wlp
cd W,EAc'B1"W]=#
: :.EclPB@q4ef,CA]:
P W 1 3q ] # ." ] A q d l P W cd l ~
cqZ).g",|B.EAd/Axc.EAdx.""k
W w j " k $ d l s < w7) w^2 l
57
cdal.]"k
ccccEccccE
cd}Kz<wl.& c|W 6| YT: w
ccccE( 32 c d | | + c l / w
{wc{|tN'#l5>+"MUT (ccccE
cz$ro;Wcl.&luw
z c z l ]; ' : r ,S /' 1 c d 1
] # ; l T /c$ ` w6/ J
-B." ! {#" # @ c Q +WJ c kl
c."N$/'B/}~?+W'B9?c$
d
R
(w;
v ( m U w ,E l .& c " P W ! ' ?
cUkl1vxicqIJ
$% : c | )* { : W
Y 5 T c .U " B
.x$?=.@#cd| jWU=AC
] k # c d ' m U + $ c| l T |
W>< cd."d-B,;c~rm=$#;
#3'y_ Wm#c{lcBO7,;y
(c.&cccz=cccm( k
] W o'( 32 cl l B U 1 } ] B w{ c{ O U W .&
| ? .& B o' w( 3* | U .g + 3~ W AC U ] k # (d
.&Ac|ACW ET" ^ += P W @B WGW 1}7 (c
cQ.&
3dM1 & M2 c| lUAC:
lgC,#Ww c}'}-+|c}"O-4Bw
58
c G:c}$==kc2[#l~wc
1iU "c$;#Gwcl~PW}W
# c l#=+$; PW} W1 (c(3~r#;W]
(c(3cr>$;+k#c5;=kwc#Nk
I/)7
l 9 c ' 5 W wl} t , + 6 } -
W Y + c l O()7 ( . " ] U =* + c z ] W Y +
L
c"U(WYc"w(Y {((
(W@+,;@wc}'" (('Y
11wclA/$: +wc'U .H : jc| (45(m
c5"A/$:9@\'W#A}/"#$$$:
;k|B ()*1(sa+$UTcdUM:
l 1 U j | w : cq | o ' W # ] c' |
wc}~I_,c| (/(ll ((
|wW"w@WU]l/]AUwct"
cl
wB
A/]c w}rz + : ET"700$%:
#rk:cqlzwd,]cdzr#dal
w)k|w{[=#cl{ABt
lw}Bw)rck:B"5W cz
c
|w7)cdX.f"w7)w{W1'#x,]
59
] l , w y # cd | A z , ] r

cdz<$l/
1 k # q w, + B # wI o' 2 r + ; +
Nt B o' P W ] cq 4 B U .g 9 o' > c $ + # !
r#1wl"Bo'U'jdl",4#13wl"5
1clef~A;W9kwcl"kcwlI,
cwl1t}A55W,4
zWU'F/,#1q"kB9o'
clx\q^."B}[9o'cd"xc|
cddal.&]
hw{W1cA}/.;q~B,X
:U"]3da| :/U]d|]B,T5
/W]&cd.H#Wmnd\"]ca|
R
1BWd\"1Wcq'5^L TW#/
cd,/|B#da|$PW3g
$W'
w{iwgcd'`|wWcz|l
W # w9 c_ P Ww9W$ " ' cYl/"w9
cz'Y+W]A/cc3~W/c
cU{O}55+#cW,!Q
9W]cdz$""#czl];"c5}
# " ] 3d | " U . W " & # cd | $ A}/ 1
R
T
-_W eB"Uwc$?"wc#l#c}'}-+c
U } k # l " ] c l A + "cda| ( ( U . W
60
cz|UQ120}#;Ww

I c W ( :( d c d | U w
5 > U w U
e#,E1cq."W]PWkl/W"5Bqlw)
| | : # ." P 9 B cd al ` B B A "
<1t#,cAdP]W1tAk!Q cd
c@A#>dl-B]da|B#/;Acdaz
A2dak;"1cdAS|"w1,H:1cda|Uw"]A
cd@
l . # ; 3n A cd a = "
# W 1t x
}nBdpdal.$^y#W]cd]3|
d}U'#1'~k!Qcd\;B$^]AlYznlU<
c > : 3 # A k w c 60
5 & 7(" &5 8" % (
98
P e,G
d.Az;B,^#Al+#d
;}3n#W1tylclIW!Q@"
A5W]r"][[WwEAW[[W;Al.$ ^B
:3|?o@}nqB:]c-BmU]3
cq=Q^
B cq U ; q ) ^ 3q U < : d a| } ` B B # w5
:cq!#g).3q:cd"w :# 3
wEn z. cdz :,'d :3qW
+ l ? # ; ) d , x cq # w5 W w" mn W
cq|l
61
dal515'"U#$W1cqBU)UIw{
Ucdalx#WddA5c$GBW1
cNl<;31tclU<B1tkl
Ry
545(U.gW (/(cd]WF (l}*(:
:c|U ()6%
c"IcltUw=wc==cd55W
w7) c'5+ wBc{ c{l ^ dF ' W.
z7j"f9dlB=5wcl=:&Cw6k
cd
,cd;"Bwl(Noise Pollution))'/'d"1{x
z|lcqU$W1{w.Et.
d| lB}}(O/}():c{'3~45+,{
c
] c /' " /' k $0 - # d , , 45 # à
'1,c|AS|"+I1$0-oE'lcqpUw'
cq$
62
53
./$0$0+I$0cef~$[W$%kwcl.#1881Acda|N;"@B$0c | \ 2 W A W # $5 ] cl ST U 2 W # A # 1902
k#liH#1914cA"kw1#1912
# q UjW'k #1915 c"5"
cef,fE WUkw#1916c@k$0 NkGDc?#lJB]#iH
3$ 3. 3 3P W W A N # ] c} U ,[ W
ckN6UclFU5W/
45#1919/'"/'kwB#,X1c" W1k$0
c}#?.X"1@ef)#/']kwB#W] c
!"@BAC$%}A"!#0W,$0-#]
cd1W$0-\,#19381923 c}
} 1 c l ` B B O " U .E W 1 c + $0 }
w # k w # k w c l w{ W (Young Turks) 1
| ] . w P W ` ] c| } } @ + B 1 c=
cd
- ( ! .f " 1 c ! wl; N U o $0 i " 0; N
c1OLWB0;mn]k$0c (m(A (0;

c l A B n } ] W $0 " ./ OL
WkBWmnj!OLiW#nB} :kw
cHw}U1P
63
]Vh+c ]Vh P W J# N U]Vmn
U u W # ]c H U ]V mn W # 1934 k $0 c

c}B]VPW wJc?
"k$0c.B #N wg
U155WB c%#EW c}<"!/

c]V]V"6J#bA$H
cBEOL}BEmn#2W$0 i"Emn
]k$0c|#31;/#N #
c|"}#
1'~|#1;/1|#1933 #1;/1'~/31
c|#1;//c|#1;/,
Mkwc-BB3y#k$0 "3y
k=//Bw" }/U]Vc:U"Bw
cf:U@+BW1c,
"cc |,;BJc #N i"./
,;c$ HU ,;WcP W k k $0ca|
.k
c$l.]W+#0W,W$0d
c|BmnaHUwli]&mnk$0 Uwli]&
.f wT k $0 c .f P W w # b .X " .f wT
c/'"?W~|#++=*kwc-Bk
! 1 ! 1 l i " 0; k $0 .X " ! .f J'
cU!+ :
q$*W."=;$'l1|,1
}@+B`"/'"W,;b#/3bkaq*!
3UXh68NOL+3Um+cU]"U@+BW1c
k?^w6Bw:ka3Um+cB,`Ni3 k
64
k G= . $; , # ,% " k a c$ p wB P W ]V 6 c ,
/' k P /G c 7 a $0 3$0 - U ' W $ c = ( (c p
c=U'WB ((PW}Bw)"#
,; PW NG c Y A | . 6 } / U ,; ] k a ]
+BWwHU.E,]c$o3+$1U P:Gc
c!N
3U .E 3U1 # 1 cq _ , W ] cd ./ $0 } .U b W a
cccccd?./OL3$U+3b3!
$=#M5U.E+Bàw/B1;/kalA"
c}~ |#+WAC3BU'WP+W,f1;/c}
http://www.allaboutturkey.com/reform.htm
qIu&'+APW,EOLcq|'w{#;W$0#;W,9+c7+W[u1+BW,Emn
cqI"z\,W1 : :B:,]3d,H
F
.+W9 cda|=" S l ",W 9w{

.+W9:cqlB,.W]:l 5@
"cdYzM;"cq-B~~/B,.W]wl~B
" Y # ; W AS| A A " , W ] @ d /
c
U 'j wgI ,I # 13$-Bkwg# W$0
c|1w : w1l cq ' /
cqZ 5
.Y./OL3.
# 0W 5# ] cFY}lOL B! d +# b W @
aB]#1cqw.Y}OLBq'#'w{
65
]c{/'"?WwU/l~&'B$0-k=+Wwy
c|AS|"à!{.fOL.dok/'"
a|EBW.f]ca.A3$=PW!#<1~'
W B < ] A; cd U ' W BA; < k cd <" : !
N c W , W } B W l n + " ! cd $ U ' W
"Wnncd ("(+,n]Al
cl."
B A; # wH} 1cl } FY j 3g 3 3s 3 # ` W ]
F#n"Ic+Wu]+,lef,=
cl,ze,A;,]3da|$#A;
, + A; mn U c ef .g hi + B mn P W k n
/'#,mnclef,=B1calA+"}|=
"]#mn'5,}W1,}W9cFB"
ca|}d~KJ#,ka|"k,}B]ca|}|
p,/+Jc."!1tU.W.|
c|}"/'df"A|h+U<]Wcql
Bkwl;Bwl;kc$lA|h+#rc\"]
\ w63 a " . U . W k B w6/' Fk & + c
c{|
J ! Q A ! k & '' ( Q ) Q $^ cl " .Y # $ A
!Q#,o',]3/W!Q+&''(Q)IcU1'~
A{ef<"kkB9Wo'c$l,Uo'cA
9 P W 1 cV / W ] } d ; J Q : cd ef A
V1'~3lw,9J"]A3d_Aj}=B+
cd
66
W 1( & ; : 2 } U ' l 1 34 9 1Q [ # 1'~
[\#WQ6&''(Q)Q$^c(qG;,
c|G;
} !333hi.H# ]ca| QBw7)#a' [\:By
k "#]kl+# G Bcl B,kJ
BwUc.HU.9W4.H+cl/'
d Y V 1'~ 4 # $ W 9 c # ? [\ 0 ]
BW{;jU 4[\c 1A3wl
9 4B9 clf5W .kA} " ,;]B4#, / c l
c"]:B431Aal 5U,;
+czM<W ko'AJ+cq_,WW5Q6Tm
k o' 3 k $^ W Q B ( 3 l @ U ] l k 1i
#;Ww//. (c,;k1ikm(3}ko' (cql1B
w7);c| U .kBN&' 1a|# o'
BW 1 k5Q6m c|} ?# w
9W AT
cl#])\y\]ko'c
/' B .k W 1 W ) wE W j { " z \ : .f " : .Y
c$:
+ B w W ] U . W < ] .k # }' A W W A m
w{c}~QB1Bkwd_#;Wwl;c}."h
wmnB]Wwc1"k$,=l~5"QBkA;
V1'~c:/#Bwmn1W]czefU&
WWwEal|;h9 "A;c$lA|h+U
W;/'#b;W5]dc|5/P
cA}/# g
67
Bwmn#bc$f,x#o6W]jzw{ :
+caorA"X+#,#o69W]A;
cl w{ W or % wl; c l ! or # , mn \ / $5 w
,xc|MkxA/Bk<c|FA" 5or#9
cA'#b.; 5ord
5 " o6 [ cl . + # o6 1 W 3 lC ^
cW]#w;/ef[w6bkwcl .
W I Enlightenment Renaissance w{ W 1 c # ] k w W ]
c{pb.cl].k#
"]c,"nk[llY,F#0W,5@
"}W
k[PWkg"$f,]c1"w7)Unc\
mn,kwEUcl.$,* W#w7)#0W
c-Bk,f#.f
c|}#Bnko6[c\"]cz~\]^ $
?U]1c|}"\/BnclB"n#w[\W!
} . " ./ OL B F ] c| ,E W } # , E [\ 3d
&n#,[\#d.f<./OLc((df"OL c
cq|U'#i1.j|
# W $/ W w c " N 6 # ] cd m 3~ W o6
./ OL # ,F 6 @ +I c z ." +I F ( (
= B./OLkwm"k!yc+IJ"$0-c?.
cd"\9#]-BkU
#]d".Y#]dzlOL}Bwvdal.$^
B./OL.Y)Icq~,* Wq./OL)I
cq~':
68
~ OL B N5'; A wl | . [\ # l ` U n 9 } l B
dBcdl.&,;+~OL1v;B"+d
#/W#cwlA# :Q}( dal{!QA}7wl1vOL+#
<B!cw9##/[\%wla-Bk?U
+k|l.#/1vOL (cw#l W1
"]B1vOLBcdpB"d<
cdp1v~+1tOL~+;dcl
<ncd'#,;=B./OLAwl4)Wno#b9
c|;EWn9U]$GBcdal;O1t#d
l;Oo';Bn/Uo'1"n9_FPW
/ B.Y: cdl {ncd" w
#b xc
c|l!z.Y)^W]\"];U1
wg d 1s $ ] # @ cd B ./ OL # , .
q ; ] # !s d w) W n s U{ w cq " ) W n
#U+"1PWJ;nwd,xcdp$!s
cda|}0OLB,[\cd
B W mn # .Y cd a F w ./ OL . .Y
k.Jcdal AJ " #.YcdFB":#]cd
U.W3mnB\,/|,;]&.Ycl,%9PW
cdalzor#.Y#yW[+c
r#Adaw).Ycd./OLF".Y
B cd # .Y ? U c ? U 1 ) B . . W ] 3wl r W
cwB3#/[\w?U.W#/#1v
Wwmn0;#<1~cql.,^#;W}mn#@
" ] # Nl , ] # 1 @ c '
69
q>B(1l,Bw7)1,;]cd#'W1973W1
cq ;PW$#9
w':+"wmn#d-cd}1FY+U')'1
qlYW.k/51W1BW'c ; Uw7)U.WBw
+EPW1cdlZH"*1"dcdef="/51
A )' + P W k " ,; ] cl / . W ! Q l 1 B d ."
cd}.W (<B}FY(
w+WEwcdaPW*dA+FU[[WY
1 W ] cq | 5 W * , d a| AS| # 8 w W } "
Bcda|X*Ww#+W1#8,
5 W ]cd , # wR )' B 1 ] A d W V 1'~ - B 1 9 d
cd;/U1B.Yd$/'mnBwb5
$+#.fW1PW13q4"1[U1Awl#
AaN|~B*1" W cd | @ B$]cd
cB,<B}FY
# cd F U wv i 5 " ;' 1 cd k $ + # . ]
]Bwb0]cda|Uwv :"1qEFYU!
6J/'dS~/'mn1#0W]cd{|;=U1B.Yal
k/ W &(Q)Q$^j B " cdefm" k}k$G.Y
;=B.Yc=x#à'5Âwvc|EWz,Ug#
cd|.Y<9W]czl.{.Y#$Ww

'#mndal.&cda|l.+#}1mn+
# w} mn #1 cq |l+ "A3 BW BA
U wB cd a| } E B w7) U . W n cd | A}/ @ w} OL
"0Bncq|/W.kcq|ef/Ucd|s<w
70
qAcd| wcd a| ?Bw7)cq| gWU .Wcda|

cq(1}FY(B
OL mn ]#cdhi5W }mn : $d
.9jnw{qOLBq#cd|#wH}
" d j d # B n " ]cd |
cd|AB]#wOL@jqn. :k
-d0lI&B|$Ucd1v;'i99db<
] 3 -B mW /Bn ;./OL U # 1 k$0
Wcq1vB[cd$l.2"+##0W
}7]c| .W ]# , [\wl .W Q# ,
:#/Wcq: :Q}( qld!Q[
(cq:w{3wl,[\wg
i"0;N
c}3+#1919kwl2U1iWD )Wt
# àW]cl#z i" A md ci"m # $ W1
HA;Am#à[wv3~AmlI
Uw7);B1i,d~4BA;1vd,;#cilPW
c{|#w4;xcd".Y
W y k c { G5 ' .f z + w4; 0; N
kw# ;]cA;' A x]WW 1)B,[
A;Ad"[cl5;##]c}i"0;
mz.m+,d,kl16U@#]cq}5W
c
71
wg
c| 6 " 9 3 3t 3A7 A^ # 1'~ cd a 8 " W .Y
cd"Hf&''(Q)Q$^xcz8"W @#]
W #.f]cB.f|b#wbW<1~
.Y",] c}$"1#,W/c}># gWwJc
c.:+W!/B #k$0-cJB
U u k w c = ? / " = ;T W / < + k w 5 5 W B
#]V<Aqb|a"~}!/A1k|B cH
w?}Bw5>kwc}~S|B"kwfW./$0clw}="N}
1dA"V1i+w{W1c}=1UB@o3M >#
./OL(w6)[W./OLdbk=BT1iB%
cqB#11AA" (d#
w)W1Ad}U]VB+ k,E1#0W,1
- dcdX .fNi# c|l A $\ ]B

}|U.WnAw.BTd,]cd3|!n],1W$0
cd!nU'wT3U.W./OL
U . W n A mn V . B cd | 2 + w{ W ,E OL # ]
cq{/'Ntq|'#1C)daUw7)
]cq~D)qHUul"1;T+$0 w7) mn w{ W 1 d al .& cq | $ F 5 W /' E 1t
lUyq']"nstww{3lATwgcq,h
cda|=h
Amn Bcd/'X+# Wwlmn ;T9W]
mn ;T A cq G r` ] d g w7) # d a ; U w7)
OL9W]c\,/|k;U9.Yqlwl
72
d IH
clGwD.T Tz@k,E

g W ,E OL 3n [ # ] d Ac J| +

cqlU.g
i"./
$0-ca|
z,"]3al3~_Wwl;cX"c#N
1 Bw2,;WNkwPW]c}i"./kw."~+k
# 0 W , 1 W 1 c l i " ./ # # 0 W ] ." ~ + U ' j c} ~
cdUW]$l.c @$l@cN
,1;/
# 2 N c l V # à .E 9 z @ $ , 1;/ k $0 w55W]c}"}#Bk$0c|#1;/
B,Fmn}/U,;]kwc-Bm1;/ByTk
c}"k#1;/1;/B1'~,13/kwc|1#y
." # / # , A | O # B l " # ,; ] K0
]z#/$05"@#W1'~13/#1;/cd
c{B
dz<M;c-B"6B.EU'cYU'x."$0
W1,;W6 A W]c|~ }]L UW 19
r"6FYW1cl5W.Excda|l.U'
'Ac\"-B]Mz/.Y#c$-Bk
cqIT1~FY[qA/BwB1vcA7N'O
73
!.fJ';T
.H W F 1 " 1 k k U1 l B 0; + k $0
$0$,/|.XW+ :#cFU$=WP+<.f1
c=A|U}QB 5 kwc
1$=]$0}0]B./$0$0#aW
q,/9B$0 3K0OLW#Ac}~. 55
cBU,;91
?U,W$0
3!x"cc./$0#w7.c.#k$0
$r`"!#PWRBSkwlUw2:#
.BTkwll3}#/B.Y)#?W]c
cV#b9$à.l W
./$0IA}/w7)mnci?IJ|B#@U,l]
+ r" U # 1;/ ? cd / B $0 k ,E OL q $ # @ !n
The Rise of Political Islam d."r]cdAS|"à]J|#$?r
L
r k w cd YJ k T 5; U V r cin Turkey
qd"]:wcdAS|"à
k|Uc{W"]#,#wEW'k./$0
wl.Io#clXrO"kvB#ww.Yl?",
B ~ . ] " @{ FY # wB k weI 1 c $Y , U .k B ! k
c}#/Z
c?(1873-1960) <1\#w721cl",[##k/]
~@kwjZH+ :c]1'~FU,^6000kw
B_5nkwcOUW@lI&B@kwclef
74
G | ! K0 c l B ,v W -B k ' :

. ` # $a W 1 bc d" _x \ &' c 5 " w
cq:k
1938 c x < " .Y # ; W W ! k w72 1
cllw$0c*1k5OW1W,T$0#
w wle # j|1=+ Www.Y :kw
R
c$ l . u W wg0 # r # 0 W , 1 W 1 c = f W wD.L TSL '
ef)#,;k1]h1#1950c,/|6C#1946 B!
cJH(CHP) {U1FUwg0c
." B wl mn k wc -B k B wi w wg0 \ 9 k ]h 1
-B k B } 5 W w w k w 5 5 W ] c ,/|
# ' W 1961 c} W U k B ] K0c
c2k."kmn#0W$/'E
k! c:jW/;;k_Wl$^##W1970
1'~ } ~ F/B ~ mn c -B k ef U& ww .Y = P W k g 1
c$ -B Q )}' + B ,F W .Y . # ] c "
c{l#:jw.Y#]}OL+$f,
@Bww.Y#0W,fk$/l/#W1980
]c,/|"Ukwc"!$A}/U+o] clef
$[ U c ~ U w;" " k w7) mn # 0 W
.Y# 0W ln1opoc ww.Y# %wm6
c?m"k/.Bww
/A}/Wc2klq w),c\+".XWw
zM;'#wyc|B\#,W1'#4
w .Y P W W W 1 c 15' P W 1 l r # c y5 $
75
xy ~ B w) k' , k w c1' "W w

clefs/#.kBww.Yc\"]c:,
cU,}W<1\z+I(7(U#r]
1 t # 1(" B5 W +I ] c d l ) # 0 W +I ]
~ 1 W & k E + . W MNP } =' FE k w c ?
"W AA" 1c=MSP },FE#1972 kwW ]c}
c|}|{ ,u.Yd
c=Zw#!W5WK0ef/rBkMSP#vW1973
UW&k#1980cd+#!$(=1
)#
c=ATW#1983k1W]c}~1 BMSPW
d SL y
"]c|BkefU&1jWxTU UWFkkww.Y
? AC $% # ef U{ # w 28 k AT # ,; } W 1994 c \
c7/1#0W$lefU{BAT#,;FEW1995c
c{"/ ]#kcFk"],e"AT
#3 BFkW AT , :, ~ |o ok 1
clef
76
cdlUWbkjWdlA.W<BIk
F
Tg
z
}U B1k<B]#1997c-Bkk= +W 1x
{ W,}Www.Y.HkW]c$HUAT]
cH#2001k)'U+.W|k1c
=,(AKP) a,}+clPWww.YW]
cd|#WUBàww.Y#c
K0k'34%clef"/ BAKP#,;W2002
]cUGz}1 W1c?19%eBCHP
W1U13Nt,`kAKP9W
c4wwOL.k,"AKPc}/U.Q
o # ,; W 2007 # 0 W } ~ ! B ! .k # k AKP
c$lWk!9ef46%kwc"
cdz|#W|Www.Y#
PWwmnb#l]wBmncd!AKP\W]
77
cq
mn mn cz l " W U& .k E B
|wg#'de".kc}BeW.kkw
~cdi"/P3Y3e".kW/}wl]W3,=
ef"kww.YW?U0]cd,1:,
cN=xq]bLkmncd
.,]3q$."A+#$W1cdF"wmn]
Ap/}da|li.YARA3=cAd"wv
cd1'~ (J(1"1|Ek+#v~cdal
cd." !.k# .YcBBE]kw7)c|:"]3
cl3~W.Yz]3l]#!.k
cA"w7)OLB,Emndk#l]
A"kwmncA71"}1OL#
dg"+#1}OLmnclefU&.k,
cq
alz1#0WkWrdB"lw}mnW
A".BTOL;okwmnWwcq/./OL#ccd
A cd { x w{ c 5 " w6 # 0 W -B k g
U,r]cd==#.]k!
cPBAwgqZ'U.g]A#z
]3d#
nw;W-BAk"BnjW.BTOL#
d<A*"=]3_W.Y#;W
cccdzT}UW.YD \$/cq#.kW/.Y
^ " ; + # ; W q ' wg . # 31 W 3 + S
P c|,B@{bqA/#mn/ wB/.Y
G
78
)71/612345
W}} (O/(}} (O/(w}cdAmU45
FU cd"(Amazons) 1345BW6N6cdm#7=W1
jsaB$f#c|"~+1PWk10|
'45(+WÂ|(6cq,#45cz6e
cd
lcB#;W,]c45#W,):
;Wl1k#c+z3~cl];Y"l+c$##k
W1: (cwl\lBo'cwla#(32W] (cd'Bo'(3*c~r#
l+,A}/hiBW='#l+@clb
c}EU70 WcBk
c |l< W134+cc k@ # 15#
w)wcl#l+#cl+WkcZH"l#15
l.&clN5'A'a_r."]k#cwcl=#
c'#{=+k#cq (D(
c?# Wtc^z< :cl];==

#c #lc35W17W/zPW
R
1#,c",NBL S1 UojWRk
c5l+
.]cl1|n#1'Bj+#A7kwwI
. U . W & '' ( Q ) : d .g " ] c } B 5 P W "
W l " 5 k [| 9 cl . .Y # 0 W q d w"
d.<.xBAp"l#{B1cd1#bP
79
1 W !X W w 1 d ` c# 9 z d # .Y B

cqd# WstU.]Wo')+,Rk&''(Q)Q$^
:"NF5]#0W]3d$Y"1W5w{
" ,W W ,S , & '' ( Q ) Q $^ .Y # w
k : 3 .
B1.Y"5)#wd6"$Y]cd}*w{
cq cBz1])Wd\"]cq|Uk)
]H.Y" " U9Bcd.z +#
gW"35
1cz|Bw{UkH.".p"d,;cdB
] cq|'#1PWk")mn|,;B$Y]W
cd"B&''(Q)Q$^cdU,Wz;"5"1
. I . ) W d A d + # ]
W/9WQc|B1W5d`"*]cqv#1
J ~ B 1 ] cz A7 , 1Q 9 " v B 5
,;] cl,k,.B9a|,ErjW!
cBAp9l$Y"1]w}B,djB
cwl.EFYdP]
/;"45
,;cFUw3 3/;cm#W l #/;:lT
] # BwA #1 )" 7wc z # w1
$HHWc'+wcwl,5W@B=0
cla|$#=hi9dc##,w
12+cl k|;'#:@1"+
l.&c|6U)65c%k#1;/kwc~r"k|
,kU +cd| kU:cda|z5B5w
80
+ m : 1 z 3~ c l # W $5 80 m l 2 + # Nm; 1 + c
W { P W + U w W w c z # / W k 1 z S ,
c|l15'/lhBG<"c,a
Af"
c{'AL5Wwc'U)65;:lwB
'/+"w/gwcda|lzzN"]|'cd"\"]l.&#
,$0 - w#/45c } FBw/g # l
cZB@#"'/+
F R
cdU)65lI&B=*W12:c;:55W5
A5=y P Afcy|;l=|
clQ+
x W ; d V }7 # ; c$ l ; z c d l $; U 1'
d U W } : c2 kl y : | c d . # y ,
H
( 7( . " ] c 1206 " + l / w c " ( S ( c
cl$B",#]34]c
k# PW 3m9c tU'k t k#
W w9#W w c.g,zUV+cU1mU +$+
3 m9: lAT"]c@L #k cl11
cd
wg{|}U,+WkBw6c}'/"Sw6U+$Ww
cdS].:'
l15M;Wywc ((cl5:cl:
$D!9r+PWk +B{l."B#W+c
U],;}c#W>-=#{ka
81
cd?#yU,gWr]clt|
c;'NA/a
)6545
,;(W)65
F , z UV + U l 4 =l U T 5 5 W

ww{w{3:wgwgc#rk,.]1clO/L e."1c
l A/ , ] 3 # 1;/ =l + c = =l P W $ k
/L e w= U # c wl A 1} B W 1 d $ cq 1B
c+g'
F R
l f > + 1 W y c}' 5 W wl} t + z ;
F
cz|#Wwywc (S9(clKkw7)U
F R
' ] # /' W c | # + : cl a &' + " w
F R
" / 1 " ' c% T
' z ; ] cl l &' + c
cd$3~W):c{'3~
/#
cwEBk: 3c#3/k:l;",,;PW
+(W $((: cdj 1;/3Jw
82
3~Wczl31wgl+(Wywc,
c.:AH !Q+,#W#clw}
+ cq w W P W k B / ) I w{
kwcW/1+3qWkUWH!
cqw>1k#c."B/)"1+"
zl:B/)Id+3q."B/)I
W !Ql ww1@cdBz/ A}/ # k ! Qc
clfPW/I
"9W]cdal}wN"
cda||!."cda|A5N
1"l.&Pc#"}#1;/k.
"/'])Ad/'BW#l.&#cuW1
?cqBkU#,$Y
\ y:
q\] +cdefB/'PW
cdef/'3wl0#l`",;]

q3"}l1"_5d,xcq':#]#A
B.WwihJdZH"/'w{W1cqlw{Wz1,
, ] 3q b # 1 ] + ) : cq d A /' w{ A d ef U hJ
l m W W w w{ +, q B | #
:q/']cd["/'1t.Ydcq
c/'$1/#/'w
PW.Whicqp3000'W;'Ntwcd'+
1#wcd.B#1;/PW1cda| ($(d_
cl]dl
83
R
+ cl # : = nc m U w ( y c R
{ l ]; w6 @ c z / " c} $= U ] B k # c z | U U
c$U:#c|#yll$|'
U 1' c l 1* + w6 W y 5 c 5 Af z UV +
cdBy}7$;czl;*VV$;
zow\cR|W c ltoU
M; 1 + c | . P a l 1 O^ U o c o
c/
'c|FRywa1 (1*:W+
W ! cl H .Y 1 c d ' 6 C W w6/ ! W 1 w +
c}B@|WoAWk+kwcl#;w
1;/kwW]c,k@6 kwc'?xiB1i1
cl"1a7WA,#
t"R
Af"yR
c5Wwl}tzc'{U{{W*"1:
cU :$;w ,;c$;U1'cy|; =#
cl}"55W5A;k9dl]$;$UW5
84
R
T
L
'5=*+cd$3~W12:l;3U e'3)*R
:,]3wa+@c(53)7( OU=*l}1" #
W Y : # z c N ] # { } + 5 5 c |
A}/ Y ~ A Uw c # Ww YN c $ (
c,
Y z | a k # c $ F Y , + # / 12
1/6k#cWkwcd ()71/6(."dYAl.&c}d
=*"]Bo'WW+c|6U)65A;o'(32Ac~r>"]F)7
(c|'
)7
"]\wgc{?#y}17U)65c1|y55W}:Y
1cdl#12:c" (;'(c"yw{3{|N
85
dal$ ((+w{W1cdal$" (;'(5W.WwW

cAi
12
Ntwgd'+cdal#w"]cdAmU12
c }' W $% d m (c }'( _ A " 1263 w cq p 7000 ' W ;'
c1r$%:|]cd+
c N~ : + F cl ) w{ W wv # 3 } 3 ' 12
,H: o6 c 7 vJ : + y l ef FE B 12 # b
s ca| } 1s W 1 $ w g| # 12
cg|/]o6y12,H:
Ww{UsWk&'#c )rB)_
&'+cEA;W11B+A11kA;
U kl [ " ] cq NT 1g !Y A; 1* l .& / 1 y W
1]c|A;PWk/{Bl$n/wW)rB
k)rBck]c$'wBA;!W]31|;''
# /g 12 )rB 1 W ]c l * " U | 1|
cl
# k/ ] c k N # d { " ] P W U ; ] # 3 F
31/310kw|WA|cF r#k
R
R
R
L 1a
cnUL STSL '31;'3:|1WÂ|U1
.|"U)65wclwWAz''12
'|:55W5\c6'@:wc
F R
; # A : c ' k ; @ z ; 12 c z $ 5 5 W 5
c1k^BkV # ;;=k #c l ];Wkl
86
3lal#o]c{t,#;Yc';
c'{#
Af")71/6
:W]c'W(((J6(W12c1':Wkl/s;
w(,+55Wc{> ()71/6 (|wwc$ ( '()
l+:cl(,|cPlU5W]:c{O'
Z}W1"%,^}:B}]cd55W}
cq
1/6}
8'#}
W W / n/ U w 34 w 1 c " | w W }
t,+z3~Wc}'" (AL y (|c_12c1,;
B5UW]cz#,8'+3c5Wwl}
W } U w{ 3 z # } 8' wgc z # } 8' + U T W ^ ] c
c @ 5 + ( W } 1 W ` 1 c @ (
cq|A.Ucll#k/W/WQ)Icdz<"Uc
]; " ; c { 1 " = 14 " c w P W :
87
kl/s8'cUW.$=k#cl
cl':W
A}/ +, { l # W } 5 5 W = c$ l = W
} c { ' " 5 c$ l W = c { |
rWY1/6ct"5z+cYl1[U
F5Wwl}A3@kt#W12c_#
c34
wllU(BclA)"UU(+WY
l ,z+U (W Y c i|c +1 W Y
#YzS5"]cl=A5+w6WYc
l= wc{1/6}|+WYcdlA"Z.|
czl<':w);w
A1WY
(W)71/6
W/ wWYwd|Y/"tWY]
d
UY]:#zHcdmU]U+YcltxT
E"1300$%:c|A1 ll-H
c
w ,E A}/ # 1 c A}/ w6 # ) ( W Y
W c { # A $ , l k 1 c ' U w"
88
dF"w*w{cliw"]3zl];S@,$A/
m z UV . w cl l Y z M; F cq | ;
z ' AU; c
# wJ AU; 1 c d ^
c
:d;

PWk#wbC"[c2k#{':$f,]
3533c| .HB
# }1U."]Br}ycq$B
U'"#1zc1k|.""W
jW}yW>%3
r C ;W ]c ; B
U /W #c$ U;"W

+BWdg,E w{ cdU#w
cAS|"à
Um]:lcqu
15cal$"wJU#w/ocdz#'

# | . P W k r B ]l wJ # ' c l # W z
l \gk ww j wB Wu ] # . WJ + c a| . B
|.".A 1c|JuzxB 1c
cdalUw}W
'A"
JB,kc;B,k#.f|Wcxw
# # 3lC l cefU& w mn W 1B.f]ca|
1t # # 0 W +I ]cl . +I / W W | 30;
A A W 1 B c \ " /' ] c$ = u + /' E
c4\9lA"1z5W/' c.w63
b.PWwJ#k.f.f|Wb
wW1W1iWW.c"U5c{p

89
PW `]cw ,J Al.+#
A}/PWBwJa|}~A^}|B,FW
W ` ] 5 W }y ,w @ ] W ] W wJ c l gk A}/
c}"P
.fNic${ W,FW
#WA;+
I3%PWk.HBF]c}.,"/'BAFB
A; B F ] k ,u A t c% wq
Q = 3%
c$A wJ # #0W i Hc1#1;/5
]lwJAkW ,]3,/|w6/+#+
cAWr
k}yWc:#B
k,wW}y#'@W3I
A}/ 5 3 } '5 3n " 1 a | } B
/ = " k $[ B
y c} 15' ,` wJ P W k ,} 5 5 W ]c
a"rJb'JPWkrB]lW1lf
c}
w'6kP]Wcwvy'#$@W3IH
#b
W3IcilefsA}/wB]c-B-kB3B

#<1#0Wd'
w#0WbW}y#'
cd{|ali"
[ W
; W 1 ,E r cq l ] ' B )6
" ] mn d J ] , c i "

#bdb$"]#.]cd{U#w]
cd
B
a|B[cd<#bc,*+ Wn#
}
#/PB1v+9W]calyU1",;]d\"]n+,
w ' w{ cd a ]; # ] 1v d \ "

" ] |
90
W ] | }
# / P cl U .g W ,* , w}

cqZ
] d , k { , z + P W k .H B ,F W

# A
A/;E#/})d,cd{kwcW
,
c|PWk,FW
B<WjW$
;$
: }( { k 9 U 1 c | U ( W Y : x
c}k# (c6( (c
c~r$^ ((
c#c}k# (cN;c(
xi c ' L _ W r l .& ~r $^ x k #
|1;/+ wcz1c0|
l'{",&r\wmS5W1wczr,;+%
c{
l,;wcqlWl.&c2r"wl:
+cluA;kw,kcUwkWkm$520#
ltW/w c|?lBo'w{c|6 WYAG
d
%&'+#1;/~r#;W1c2+;W+cxT
c,H@k$1;/Nc}'#]"$
k ] c l v '5 A A; + w c .& l +c1 ' @ :
.#/W]c'A (c( (c:( ({( ~rl&'?
c| { A @ c| {
A"/c}$+@,;1oc']W2N{@
1ir"1c2Nl.&#czUVl#/
91
c"N&'1okwUWoc
1
:|U.W@o]^k#
15#c}=]k]~r" c|E,5]3,;B
;+;.<<c|#/^k:
W (dz<13l'kw(32l !cd|W
cl'=L
E l E c l ` w6/ # U ( W Y
c.""}wc<UPNWlT/c|
| # A (c a F ( 32 A ' + #
cq'wA@O&5W$[Al.&l1cl
" k : 3 l F $ U l + c2 k l P W k : l T /
U(WYlcA wFkU=*W1k#PW='"kc
zU'W5W]c (;(w'$3$A#kc{l"c
] (cz$(3c$#k7/
W w)k$;W !c$W wc$c' ?xiB
cll@"%$;c$!!WS5W5
#Acdw"w6c6$.(WY:W"lTk
cd^B)71/6:#wW]calh@
P;3$;
# , " V V $; , 5 c ' \ @ W ] $; '
,+WlcPWkt#l~c{l#;rd
jW+}c$ wN# lta #1W lct
{:Bw./+"l]c|iwwa|=#w*a1N
c z#
92
';N!!
cA"k";z$.k:Wcdz/:t*zw
+55W1},Bw(wW}c{| YO}|"Wl
cltl|+W}cW/U}U,g#1c
{#}|UM+:c}"BwD.L L S$#"/#1
c$PW3g[/N"];UMc
8'$;
}1/6
( W Y # " ' l { c | # w); 9 { A $
wc$l&# + |'c z |UW +w cl
@cda'#=1Sz<tcd|U:#W
cd|6l$;3d|U:cl#w);:$U
$c$U:#cz|#ox
P5+c{A("lc{'',w);
'U"=.GMCw% wc{| ON=w=#}'
l}v"/glkwUB+li~"$cl
clzA}/W$A
q"kwc."+"#Mcw)
:cd]#,"VV$;cl'&/j#.W
c1kl/s"kU]WUA#cdl/s
^ 'w1t aq ,g 34, wcd,1^ #
93
1tw}'3^1[U3}38'a1W13=c
cqwi#6]l||6cq1[B\W
)cNl]W1tPWkl/s]dFi#]
cd6Hs5"PWFicqPW1(]3q.)
a|Ab$"]W]cda|]da'<1+3l]]W1t
l1+A"]l3^.#/d@1tcd
cd
B/sUA}/pww]AdlB]W1t,g,#k!Q
# ]cdX? j P W# d= . k ! Qcdef
]c|Uw'j6HA3#]clU#i*
lU?3#]clFk]"+(AB1t#
cd
l,:UsA{l."x{ABk'{.g]
UDw@N""cd'{#o:cE#-"+
czt,zUV+z'Y1/6c':''c{
. ,; M # ,;" i , @ cd \ B 1t d t < Af " N
cd"ww}
U : P z d c z 8' + w c ' # l + ( Y :
z UV U # , " { Q 5 $; + " N # u k W 8' c '
cA;Wk.'cl{:W".wc{l];
m#c'{U+@+cz#zl.
#wlW c{UWcl1:'{U@y
l / ]V c ]; : hi B # ]V W
''c|U(WYA;:c|1zl];
c{''#0o/z+Yk#.g]c{l
94
F1N6Icd,;xYB(WY)Icl)w
U2"+cdzUV/clPWk>w==#Y)I cd
6d34#5"PWkB]$cda|}$ =#N1
AJ + cl A/ " ] @ | 7 @ $= 5" # _ F cd a|
"5Ww|@kcd}']38#5""$
"$|PW+W$cladl"PWkB|cd}
cd/
Af")71/6#w);
F
wcdU$Wk!Qc)WwDEL EzU.g]
"k1t99+:B1Wwt#wl;TIcd
"wtcdW1;/33/3,)1tcl."U'
?fWw#wtW/dk[cd{.f"dx
95
(Authoritarian) ; + cd=fQkwB(Pluralism) ,cq l

c|BWwt#1+,q4.".;
96
8'9:1:'
W#1c{UW)'w'clCU:
wE$Wc1:'$0cA"m'k:lTc
" | 1 + # 1:' A , z 1:' # /
c|
wc| ':#cd ( '({((W}Y1/6:
+@+|clU(W2kU{ BA;:
y AwlW BT) c l4< S5U (Wc'
cdxi=w{+cZ/#lA/a(W
\5Wl)`"1cz|wT(W
clBw7)k:d,xc|
'wc ((."]cU1"+k#c''k#
d
L $(."'
G2''W#5a."#1?=''WN6#yc (J>
d
L $U@Wxca|U'W$B
`''#]l?"J>
cz'\Ac"B"Bwz<cl
{l];<c'+#1cla"w6'
d$ (/( : c ] < < c { B N A; c
c.g3;
#,]+ "C c| '" c E":+
"kwcll."+
,;Bn/W,]cwk
1c#Dz#? .cd$*? zUVcBO

#Wl+w4#$%cIJ; l.&
o'#cqrcd'#o'%da"']2c
97
c'
#}W}
F
S
F
T

EL
w !":|c:|W]c'"c}'(l(W/
k:|lW]y?#6U^\1990 cUTW^

c}1"/'wH}
W . I ( B W . J ~; c d l # n/ } :
( " , P W { k .5 c G} .f 3.5 wH W 1 < Nt
d
1WÂ|A|BG}c={#8}k.fcd (L SL r
cd;:]c};'wBkw3}'w"
" .
(Gog)( ( }( }( # < 1 cq 2 + W . (Magog)
# G}
}Iykwg.f.5c}<r,]cdA;
3$e,l#1 cdiA}/
U1skw#c}4B]kw#$cl
cl!z1Ug'rJ#à.&W]cUn/o6#
(&9(J~;| +z.cl P W $W n/AJ #wgG}.5
cdV#
.f # k/ ] c 3y 1" i k w # z l G B wg .f o "
(K!L+W<.5c';wg.5W]cuGJ
y5o'|]clh"n/;;BMw.I
cqZ (#}W~;1'~(
c|l" } U n/o ]dl1N !X # ~;1'~
1vAcNU.YZH#)w6aakAoW1clz<
d a| c N U / p # , 6 k A W } W ] c l
W G} cq F U z } " ] 3rJ O . # A
98
1#wPmn.W}Bz<rG}U$WU{lA
cd
q-Bk/q}bWd}'"6+#HfI
R"n/
'd$ ^#@UHf1c|l"#]A1+#Q
d
L R
cl;'.E+BbW6B.cdY|~&SSTg
B6w#ecl.#fB6]dal.UTY+e$^
.f.5WWw}7k!Q ,;]A1#}WU
clz < c | l U n/ l /' ) # !X ~ cd 1 B wg
B e U d l U U ] # ] V I^ k 7 Wf
)Q$^k 9lO(nXk5Q6A* dU
c} &(Q
, wY w6 3w 3wZJ cd , k b W 6 9 B }
"!X@cdlr7~;1'~cq# Wn/]#
cN]W[$E
\
` a$B kwA;1Q+cd}'"\s#1'~
#VA^cql1#1'~,Wl1WA|+"1c}
d
.E + ] W1 1 Ww Ay \ wc 15 P" { +k \G
B B o' : cq # n/ ] } :\ ( k w7) 1 c ,; B z
(c6+1W1o'#&]"
61W1D#3&;cd"A3dk( kw
yc'( w7)}BNWwkwy (cd)cwl\
(cwC-al]U]#3( kw$l' P6'G
( Pk \ G c PW 1 1 ^ #] Z ' = U ] } . 6
99
cd<A"iB]A'"Wycd
PMNM VG
} # ] U .E ;' # ; W \ d al .& | ]

cd d } ~ 6 Bn # H A 1 U B 6 l o' k w7) I c
c m # W $} w W /_` \ 3 5 6 l \ s
F Ra
# cd m U ] :| d a $} d m A| d + " 1S9
cd|z!Q$f#cd# (1cd(J"]kb,E}clz6A
}
wc0;^PWB@l|l#:|55Wy:
L;c$= yAf'"y]k:$
cFUw
A}/# wclA}/0' d55 W }!+:
W+=cl+""'U.g+c{leUBA}/B,
ydalt".~~A3~WBw{Stz<wc| (Y*(:W
cd$U}a}:cd'Ua}
d w W L $ W } cd + # w} W }
Y*cda|#WkEwgdal#:|laBw}!5
c $| "}k: o '=c l \ Y l'= +U
c@Af"Ywc|UW:#zcz| Ul
cY=)Y},'=cUTW25 ew (1v:'($0
, ] c k ; f # / # ; W 1:' cz A \ 1:' Y
c l g & a " w* 3 w : z F S Y 1/6 #
"}c{'A#5+m1 Wwf
c"],
100
8' ( 3 c { N A # 8' z UV + # W

" 5 c2 k Af " ] W 8' : cd $ ( cz #
1"+w c$l 8'k'$Pl]#z
#S5c?w;/_#Pk#c@skk:
chzUVpw;
'=Y*U}
Ai A } ! k # y cz # T Aj A N k "
xi B ,f W 1 }y " 1 d al .& ] (cq ,f W 1( 32 cl
cd[",fW1Bw)#;/+d\B
kW]1+wA;Wm1:'
c2k55W }:c|" 'k : g
$)+Bw wW}c'5Wwl}t+|
101
#wB}kwdA/c{lWw*}#1c
cl."k.P
Af"1:'
d
S
L
c A } d # W w f U Tk : c l A |
#+a5+:cd|ll''cda| ( (B]
}
#,Yjjc'U{l];<U,gIcl
wm.&cl#(w}A;U.g+c'U
* " ! Q k : cd l " B w6 k no= { d l Y A/a A/a
clwl WclYWk
z| (qp6(mz3~+wc|Ud+:WkET"
laUwr #d<qcd_PW (q}(.gc
'Bw]|W"]Acda|r"Ns#}
cd$[#.kqt1#wEw{dMc
wc (.>(k:Wk/U,]+3~Wqp6
@|c .>z'|qp6+czlF}
c k#}'=*" (8'9:(
8'9:
# " B 9: #=* ! + 2 U .g ] c1 ' : W #
102
#W}c{O1[U+}#+wc}~
c8'9:."cda#,8'+UW]}d|'^
L 8' c l 200 / w 1 c l wT P W k| | w W 8'
A}/N#wW1c{l?#wNwc#"
cNUw(
P www.panoramio.comG Y9:
8'9:
M;cAS|/+"8'wTclw +:
xc{=,A;"uNa]cz#a+8'$
cz?#}|'
U -B ] k : c d -B k| 3~ W 8' l I . U w I w
Nk8'cZ # lw : dlv " ,N+,
cz\"
cl$Uc"w|PWsk:w
wg z| (W''xc1[Uwc|W:
103
U}>PWkBU.g]cz#,8',Er.+
</<k:Mzl.clt1wc$#{:
c|$A}/A}/"81a|l .>
tNz"Y]1WwcY9:c$UY+:|
c1 $l c z U ( W ] " Y c{
R d
L $'+#Wlwcl"
czl$PWx
cd|6l3~W(.>(:
104
,AB@?;<=3.>
c{rzl1c{t"wy+.>
cl1W }' l+( W z< c -= l@d *"
# 1 c z # @ c d / U l # l
kww;Wl~13d (([o]c15N$l
c}~ ('(
Wkc.^5Wr`kwcl;+U "Wl
< cl l " 7 ^ c l z k # $ 5 c "
kcl}'#{5NAkl)wz{l];
kwlT/c|/UcPWA#l#lT
c,@wg}A
.Wcd|\4000 àd'+cd".>
F#k/]c%'U]1)"'kwbyd,
c } . " n/ . (. >( # T d , x c a l ' "
W w6aa w} w # W Q 7 cd { vJ " wz # à , |)
q #clA{#0W1
W ] { " ] cd A}/ ~ " d + # w W c P. >G . / :
l ,; U P { W ] cq } # ] cl m Wwl W 10 Y lA{ ;
cq
Rd L
+#cP
W+U'Wc$l<#.>w;W
c@'w;35=1"w+P]3wla :#kW
clB:Wkefw-=
+cdl&]
105
17Q)
k17cq&/33Omn+o'cq?17Q)#,[_.>
+Iw.Y+#kwc",}$W.@
c=
Nf 6 . + : # d F < " 3 # wI , k 17 Q )
"1!FE 3c"W+#AXAc"
W~c 3y2+U21Wwxycl
;W j W : ` " c d U # k k w # 1
1?pU'hi}yWz':U'[\WB.kkwcd."WHAT
cdp$W
#, :cdU~$3$" aW.kqIÙ,;]17
$5X5 k w W ` ]cl. O " ; " .Q W w
h A U ,; ] B w7) ;" ! w" X3 w A W
#Al]zT,klef1c&#k
c$[;
q1AcqZW,Bwzo'#@BW17
W " / # , )c q 6 U ' A q 4 U w / , )
;W.U1q1Acq/'WWNfmn
< + ac B k @ B w 1 A B w7) d .f
W wgcla| .Q " 1 j wl : /' W # | A
cwl+m
17 c dYl # w;/ 3 ,-3 N|3 V3 3 " wI 1
cd|Uwww.fgulen.com531BwI
106
"'
w{ C $* U , ] + k # c l ' W &'
# C * W c P W k ' B
+ ci ' ,; # 1 P W m U o & k # c2 m= #
c
,; x B k w
,; c 0| ? B
c}'5xw{U,cd15"m$]32
w{ : c { + # l # , }' }
d
R
T
S
f
L
5= W W x "3C 31jkw " 'BPSTUL V+cl
k#c2m="Uc"+k# (c51B( ~r
k w c$ ' # 1 ,; d * " c -B k
,; w l M %
U $ k 1 c l A; # n/ w c B k' U o 5
R
| o B , ,E PSTUL V c z l , U S 1 c & $= W ] c
k| (@?;<=(:cd{?Uw{=h3q{zl
cPW
1.
R
A#a (L STSL '(r#'cwwUk|1.>:
R
m # W # ; d b # +L STSL ' # A c ? r % "
R
R
W 1 " d " 1; ' U L STSL ' c l } k ] \ 1991 U L STSL 'cd
cdubA+Cd?#1;'
R
; 1 " ] c u 1 W / G 1 . " L STSL ' # 5 2
@#;]W1.# k/ W/&''(Q)Q$^c/W.
~kBwEWwjc}."1WBwz1kwcl
w}J W c' 1 # c 5 W w # ] g A 3 }
3$f#+,5Wwjw}J wvW1+,5W1
107
cl$/.A^1cI1QU,',
%5 8 , 65 1 %5 2 5 A F 9 G
0 H I
5 ; D .E 6 @5 0 5 & 6 ? " 5 ; %5 5 8
5 A B5C$ D .< 8=2 >
5 6 ? .+
l # n/ 3~ F c #72 O ( O + 8 QP R( %
5 2 S
( F 9 2 S
5 ; .E J5 + K
2 L+ (
M N 5 (8 " 5 ;
ylA1Ac#o3d="zQc|lA#$5W]q
PONZ .Gcd1;M/Ada&dQcws1Q[U)lQ
/Acd,; k D}n "wvkl$/,}'y

w#rc3~Wk)$%)'r%lBw3Ny
qq*c)z$3.rk
pc^$3~W PAGkw# W1z r\e
M k w # eL % $ \ ( W ]; ; B w N # P AG B
R
5WHUV]WkcU PB6AG1J_k5 W P$%AG
\yw1\]B#(}k]cwlPWkU>#
J\]"' (c='Blf52A
cA"k|lq PGAG~Mk]lA
cO.W.W)k]3dal]A/"W1A5
dc.WdW] Wn/.3w
cv{Bkw,cdÙ
W1Q[#k/.[y#,}'A1U1'~
qclz<#W]zW$BW,}'1cwl# g
W^Mi'O&W,&''(Q)9'#e
kPW]ckq U1k]wgl 12
A ] w Ww| PW kv B k W }
R
W
/#1;'k]#e K$5L STSL '#e Oqkc>~U^
" , c ' W w } A{ B PG A . .g
A]clh)# gWAJHU.gWBwv#$5Ax
c%lr;okl,&$5]3$#.A^w7w
W]c1 kw# Pe LGkc%;xBw.
108
F
$ 5 W PG 1D.`9L T W ' } A{ B P I*G SI A .X 1 1{
c"1]
A
Al,BIc(Silk Route) Acd| .>:
cd."hi9Ac'w#3d|da|B.~~A
o6c|,\o6jWd."WwHj'+
c|$?W1wca|}/ .>wga|} 12 W 15
1 cl#1 ,W1rllr1 331/ W]
c}|6 55W'}lla3I#w
#;W1A3~Wl"N?3{3,#1
a|\l#r+c}|lPWAwcl
,# wW'wca|$"Wlal A#$
cl
k 1 # , .~~ A cd $ -B AJ k ;' A; B # @
,,fW1#1cd"wB1#1cd
UA#:wcdl$A;8hBb]!Qcdl:
dpcd{l/'"]7"\$%;'.YwN3d
c|llA@

109
S
P www.panoramio.comG " 9
k .k 3 W w w;~ e # +I W w? c B /' +I t U ' W $
o#w1s1c}'#PWcFglw?yc
A B 1i q W : B s q # 1 c }S B w ] W /' +I
c#wW]c}dB#1sc}Wd
w;~PW/'kw7)cz)Bb#r]l!
c-B3Td'$zU]c{$f15UB"13
Wwcdz+I+#13wcd"1z<
clBzwAT.W/'%qU1|PW.k3
'c lt@ ,# W c.g " !; ('(
c}
>|kwc~r#;Wk| (@?;<=(+k#U+
3d|wg^k#cl]"]c$11]c#W
c$'+#wo=
c"Q,{|}A;Bc"=W'
R
1;'cdmUL STSL '13c'"UA |@?;<=:#
cd3~"w
Af",
34 zUVt"]cd/16000 ]cd.g ",'} ,AB
/ "1+,w 1#yW a k 1#y# lc
w , W D 1 # k/ W 1960 k w cd 1
11AWqa1cd1# (#(k
qc5]tz5W1l#yll
+l5c%T
'.yUn/;/3
cal.&$;)' ]Wl;*W \c6

(G1T'dUc,'ABc|#.DD W+{+B
C k w #6 W ,' c l / U s ,E W P. I
112
c<l~"]]c1
W,'4ml`+.cd#4/;W,W,'AB
cccc"1T'9"llwc|`BT#w6l
kiAcBkl.c{~#w6wW{8^r",'
]( ~rWA|,'k#c{oa'Un/"
" ( c} l w ' ] k ] (c ,'( (d #
+"sAq)cd\"+#w]l Wcd
cccc(cd
;cz|/M;cAyW (OMK.>(U(W
W 6 ,' 1 + " wl< w | l a w}
{
w cwWw.woWw6#6W,'U1iW1c\
cccclmgB\#,lczBw
R
UV+#WL STSL '( d#Ac)rB]^,5%'
d cq ("(l/wsda|cdm'

= WU NU$5jr Ucq|l :1#k1W]
(cd/"W cda|al#]]q|
P www.panoramio.comG,
-B."F,@?;<=
] : cd A k a )rB t x 5

c{'w}"cF ]#,clH=#w);U'
] Ucdl];k*A'W,"W
113
y 9H L TF
cl'\^cSL W
,k.I(
, ] cd V b mn @ 1T' + # k/ W . I (
qdA:w3q1k1'~
,9^WQwlk #( PkwGc_ .E1Bk:y
,;1kw3wW.E1# (c'U1+d
xw{kw7)1#.Eqd:clz1t#$( k3}
z [ : jcl : # z ' ,; .B # @cd D Q ^ 3
cq
]k]Ux PT'G #Q :.E( }kw
W."]# :.EqZU:z'c P,G
Acq'1Q{k]Bw7)1#cdWQc$B
wB1Q[ PG1# :.Ecld,gwl{#cqk|]W
3qk#WQ]#',;+#Dv1B>
,
'D#3wlt#dkz3wl["#wl
cwlZw<#cd|zQ$f"W1cBkQ3q
kw (cl'Alc:k :( 2A

z^wlz^@D#clIcd3zQA(
ccccdd) dDzcdA"UA]kQ'."D
1c1Q)@1QA3k1Q)#.ED$
<W 13d # k w7) 3Q c N s+ B W # N U $C W
cqt=WcB#
( } k w c a n " 1 3 a ] W 1 B # w W .E 1 c2 k s
^da'AU|l[3cnD:ldn
"w|W( k:hiA' y\wc 1'AU
c)5B1Q[d|zW1^)5Bw)oc)Us++
114
cw)k1QU(
Bw7)1s (cdNcd"]z5W.WQc|l^#]( k
W13|l^5 :( kcUT+"c4m#w]
WQB'( k (cvN3wla|=U#( }k] (cl5
t=A$lf1Ww1+# (cU9zQW]^dkv
cl?#w)
s}31klO#n/Nc| :1'| N5 :n/( l PG
# w) o : ( B k(c.E w $ l ( } c$ U ((
u+Ac#w)oDA :( } (cdfw!fd"Ac
=Sw|wlaK#cd["]Mcl
k c [ " w A# ] wlA # : ( > k w (c
cw|l;#}
A cq 5 D PW wl 1 P D q # Y c| : ( l
P ZNKM lA^Gc'c$/15PW,&:Bq
a| (%( # à .& " 1 ] W ! Q e " . I (
5W.EIz;ok]3d"5W1t#,'k!Qcd
mnBà]%cd kl# ,' 5W 1|' ` Bw7)a}W #
W.I(d,xclPW]3d>,&a}#b
x cd k " 1T' i + # w*J n s j d # 1'~ ~; : " 1T'
à%]cdA'"1T'i+#wmn1cd"(-W rJr
Y U U ] A W ] cd 1 | # (# } W ~; 1'~( k #
cdU53)?U+#)
d.1*+Uc|}m",X;saq$*,+U,AB#@
cq,Un/wk!Q$f#lcd-"sd$#;W
"1d/)eB,1Adcd6J1t
c|7A
115
cd-"sd$#;W1*AU,
www.noahsarksearch.com
&".
): clAB B1tPW k|\/ W]+,p zAf ",AB
.) dc d' R/N# l w cW3~ W l+
cd|PWWw}/
.(c4*&".):c/;&'+wcl#@?;<=:
1;/c<lB
x#ocl2=*PWk| (
k|;:w cl$l.0&#@cda|B&#
{l ]; ," #o ' 'W &U " | cPlU5
c
:wcw)[PWwm#l}K+W&
c ." W wl; $f# c l ; P W & U + c | U / W & U
c{1"1#w]B)W.k
k . r W 1 2 I W ] c # 1685 & k 7 W N
+c$:34.]#&czA/"&c#1784
PW7clt5APWkkWc#${PWwc;"7
]cFW$/WwvdalA/B,1cl.PW c}.&
c1#;W$%:|@
116
Pwww.panoramio.com GN"&
&".
,k/
W 1 c ,k st k / s o w63 3 d ; : ]
" .k k w mn o 1 c I ` U + / B W 1 3q l , @ # ;
cw;~IWwa66#=w,^mnPWk$6
/cd$:B,^1k1'~c}|l#k#Ww4Uw;~
cG,^1k
..lz5W,u1%}9/d 5#]
rc4k||r'B#]W7B,u1cd}'al5W1}W
cq # ) w ' ,X; ] c } ~ n " U ' B n 8/ # 1
] c} " k 5 " J [ 5 W w k & '' ( Q ) ' 9 c
c7kw" W1B,uwlz9WQ/@dalA/
Un/"1t
n/]:clPWWs"3}c:W
&
I ( q 1 U : S cd U n/ Nt < r wg # P ] W
,<.53#/<.fcl;'|#wE Wn/<wHwW.
R
c#;WL STSL '<G}#
dal.&~;1'~clw,;'|#wEd#{':
Xz)AU'jcl,;.Hm]wcl&'mwtW]
117
x 15% #m'5w 9 c lA}/ kg"w6h # w9W1wl

#m$5 150]cd:]700mN|>$5Wz
c Z l . 500 Nt + : l 3 + $5 \ ] 500 W ] |
#1clPWk.TUWH1ywlz1&W]300e
cl|$\w]#z/]Y|JJ@
# n/ @ ) l l . & 5 y # c l S ; ] #
#}wgG}d:,<,;];'Awtcwl|
R
31s#wEWL STSL '#w/W<<)clA}/
)ly1W]#k/]cl o6#]#$
cl=w8"1>yyc|rJlUWy
;W/cN"wcU,]+k#c{l"/?
}'1#lA1|c2k-B." !kn/W,c
{+#1cz6}N6k#c)cwl
*}.#kw (6d.&3l( 2Bw5
wl # U " ." ef ~ A d (c . cd .& B N Q(
cda.YZHrj.E :U!L+W1ll.&c
l+,wg|#/;+:c.>{:|3~W
d>51BPWk|AC~rOWlk#cl1+"U6lc'
Ry
5 45 312 > 5 5 W
> " 2 c] 1/ > > N } %
' : > + c | $ < P ] 3q U " o' cq AC # 12 ] cd A}/
cA"sNk:3zl
-NU
#$@ 5+ c#$@mz5Wl:PWkt
"!'k#c="kt"A''dclA'+wc#${
118
l-1"W{#Cw c#,
c~r
-#/k]c}-Wcl];Sw-.Bc
c - ? k w : c d z . " kl - C w : c
cPWBB
F"JD#ocdz."klW-k2^:
Uw-!'wl-WE@^k:cqlwN5'+-W]}'
G3 |lL #T Y9 cq p-WA;# wFGw lA/# clF
F
cdal""1cWbH I 3-WU
&'.>
PWACW
,Csa.>Ac#=15k:lT
: , +, |k# c'# n j= n : lc|c
Y : ,aJU k=W k'5c '
99#15 c1.f",]31+cqd|#"
c'A+|c1':
; c 1657 à l O (| ( U K W ] c c +
#clMNBUNz'Lf
Fk+c1kw#cW1%def~1'~
#c1'U:@''PW@z3~Wc
c$\&_W.>:z
#)UN"&cl#1;WOnc,C&
U W & c 5 c 1 l ` ]A # 1 | w c l l
#wPU&c&"'da|cz'$0
z c # ' @ W 3 l & E % d [ " à ]
cdlU 1aazG5' y
119
] c } k 1i { SQL 1B d a| # ; W &

1c-BW~kw#'dalA/"[wl;
W]&Wcz&A#'W$/O"kB[#\
cq#w
1253&".>
1657
~.f"]&
. G .f / W ] " c # ) w A; B ~ # W wE
N $| " ]& \r # ` b k w cd + # w" W P1092CE/485H
o # ] . " .f | + /R " W à W wvc}
# w6 ' W ( ( J F U wS 1 cd | ? # w
cq|
W~ (&( w{cda| (f(.W1B]&AW.f
# a W 1 c # ~ a W .f q ' # ]&
P1111CE/505H.G?.ZH_c}8Bk]&fc?.W/w
wW .f " P1131CE/525H .G.mT 1U5_ c]&3W f&W
cdal#
120
ZH !+#W P1707.GGH3/cd{a"zf#]&W1s

1a+PW]$^GHW#a]k P1748,TG).f
W # Ff ] # ]& W A cl _ . W (Ff ]( . W
cd{|}
| V T 3 B [ cd al ~ W 1'~ /' " a W ]&
~
qql#1;/TW#.]cd|~JW]cd
+>[\[31[3N[3WkXJJcd|#1;/
cd|~W
.[5WZcq|\$5WodlY[#.i
6} \ 3[ # d | ~ . W < 1~ / W w 1 cd | ~
cq?
\Hf1'~cq "H] $3Y$3^$[$U
q
I#Hf P_]A7A^.;Ga Y"1'~cd |#w)5N~
B % d | : w*J > # d a| } H A # $5 ' cq |
cql.$+
#1#]&cq456[[Uq#~.fr]
d|]cq{d*UI
w.;]&Wstcd (~`("~.fW]&
1"`W]&Wd=*T+"]&WcqU
1;/PWUTWda|
x`"~cd
Whèq|[W.YwB c|aW
cdal[
W Hf b c ] cd V & '' ( Q ) Q $^ 1'~ e "
U.gW#]H1'~|AS|"~aW]&{cd#^
]r#]&zda'x]UV+1'~cq
121
]&IcdazA7A^ :#d?_#
qcd|
A z de I # ^ W H cd " H x cd a| } " #
:#Hf1/A}/#]cq|W]&"dJ
, 3 3+ 3, , cq # d a| l
"/W$a|Hfcda|}/56BHfA
cd|zz
hi + B g [ cq l h= ' A}/ # 1 3q . # a W ]&
3p # < 1~ cd W kl " ] # ' l z ef # k/
d
L
| W A )s^ 3_5 U TSL r 3F' 3( 3); 3i
cq=uAl#dYl]#.1c
cqUE_5NU$5^'#@]W]&
{cd 1;/ k/ W & '' ( Q ) Q $^ P W B H 1'~
W < 1~ # W ] cd a| } / U J P W k # ]&
c|?#a'"
qdJ],cq|
'' ( Q ) Q $^ d A d a| } / # ]& .; : z UV + " j .
k.#[:q2qW]&U'.Hcà.Y,&
W]3|1Bk]cd".1Aq.
. !Wo'&''(Q)Q$^B[d;
cd~A;.1PWm=#M5W,Q6
lTd,xcda|}/U'.HB/5~wm
1cq | $ # w q * w} ,E y W kl

a # w7 1 ,W wE cd a| ' W 5 B wm
373a3 3.3n#, 59d,xcd|
clB#k$3l
| ,56 U ]cd"Yn PW [ +W
122
}cdal@1 : :`"]da|}#.]

cq|A&[56"W
W # ]& cd F u 3 + " ~ W ]&
zAcda|}7B [#0Wq|$
9 1 d a| ] B ,[ 1cq | A 7 . W ,[ I
]A3wlIZ]cda|}~.B 5,;
cqZ# (Fu3#b(J|
d*"!QcdAc/oBJ&9"qA
1!Qcq$}#w0BA#.]d"1k=;W]&
cpk"1B=;W]&"Bw0B
z6;,]c1 z5W]:lT&
#w,u.>c"6cAqUi+ci'
wC1dl,]cq|A;zq,&3.;#r'c{
cdlX\
1/
1k's#= W W c d|U k|;.>:
Wrc{|''BW#NU'cls|
cq"1# gWwB[slA/#
wc (t(:WW+clO#;Ww121/U/=*W
+ N c | ()71|( :W E cd l A k| 1/ 12
cz1WwY,
#@=*cl1=*" (vJ(Uk|Wc|1/:#
; 5 + 1/ cd l ;' ] U =* W d + c}'
wcqz!W1,]qWwuW+c!
123
B$W#E`;WwA}/ c{'OÛo
cqz-B
1v l c lRi qW #, Bwv k !Q
\"]c"kw$PW1iWgl#H!
v-Q=H3k)^]zcdzB$Wd{
c|'Un/
qc#""1Q73d|U:
W w cq ' ; { W ] cd ;' 1 + # w W A; W c 1/ :
wawc|,zwcAxyw/;W]c#1;/1v
c|/n)"
]
(](U/=*W']c{'OU'W1/U#/=*W\
rl + W 250 %c1.\ " ACc1k'O
Bzkw3zw}]]c +]c'+
d
czI kw (cDB :(32']+c
2cd1"Q120 #rU?{ >k#c* 116Bo'2
cl$Q#}'=*+W^#r (cd100#(
#;W]Q7c+cdl#]:cl':1
q
cd # w . W b ] d + # w W c ] k : W ]
l`w7)/;Wwc ,gC]coWJ.w
# ] | W ] c Z z ) /} : wc a (,{ ( o + " / &wc
:@klyc|:A<3~\.X,&1Bw)#]c4
c|
W / {# 13d "wW wv o] ^,5kQ7
124
Bw7)3W]cl1cl#w,W
l>..X#g|A|!PWwc|:
l . 33 3A#`c l> PW.k $ c
|#wWwv)W1dal.&|1Ww7)6W]c
c,v
"wU'hiWb|AS|"wRcdYl#A
# r } 3] 3} 31 3: d w7) 9 W ] cd al # w
3qwg:da|}zdw{cd1 "d w{,]cm"
?k)'jW#$c,/BwwBc$"S
cd'wW;Wb#]Wc
& ". >y"> cd|11271 à & +#]
c&:,["]]]c
1v".cd1Ww,,+]#à
NUk]#W.@?;1Bcw}1\1skdA;A
wk#]cl)B#]cl$?!W@?;]U.gW]c
c}1#n/A/W]
)'
F R
} W Y ] cq # / Y # r q } A w W 1 W ] 1/
c)'#wJkwvUw(Wq}Axcq=.",
cW1|]U.g]:l
c" N551U P W]c ! wU P A}/W'# 52
]a 5nW A;BclUn W A;}H $"w ]
Bw)Wn9A;Bc"(Persecution)mn/'mnc,
ca|FzW
Y3\,/|#;
125
<+#W]W.U.EB&''(Q)$^'k!Q
k & '' ( Q ) Q $^ d , x cl ef /' mn B 1t # } " k
6A;W :#wl;1c,k.YXhBwl;W
c1Q15Q
* 4 W & '' ( Q ) I P W k r B ] k /' mn B wt
1#W5Q6Tmc/'"5W1./Gk5Q63
!/;.#Wzo'c$lh/'mnBw;Ww$lU'
k5Q6mWk!+U.c*"J# z$3.B
c, wEA;
|UWW,1v# +cN kwvU'
B;NWPW,#k/]c/'"N#$. c2E
)rkwc#{W5Q67>,X]c (A(
9%$\1/#$1c?15}WA#
R
r W 1; ' L STSL ' # 0 W $ l , r wv W ]c l ) W
cl);
1 W { ] c { + k w t 7 W . 5 Q 6 y
dR
k'wc|\.>l)B
L /W(W,b
R
30% " ' # 0 W ,fE 1 c ) B L STSL ' k 1 W ] c% ? # 1
R
."-B{L STSL 'WqkF#W5Q61c']Wwv
"\12kAo'c?fWwqF5Q6cd
c)
,/|ko'k5Q6,E#W5Q6Tm
] B o' k 5 Q 6 1 c} ,/| k o' ; W . wR
)Bw1W.A|/+k5Q6,EW]c,/|
L ]}
c:]= (Cyprus)hA#1c#WR
126
P www.faculty.cua.eduG,fEb
AG M vJ W . % $ 1v # W A m # P ; W '
1v#]ck 5Q6 #N2 NHcN AJ kwU P$%
{ U / A}/ # ,fE W W ]c l ) M # ,+ 1 c M
Ici l " # ` ] c} / B ; N W ' .; k wv c | ) M
F R
#Wwv;IW16W]Bcd'#Wwv5
c{#Wwv\&'+A"c'
Ny# c )M ){" 'kw} $5^ W]
U'rW)MkAT1BA;N;cl"wUlJwB
c!b
+ c ,{ ,fE 1 d al .& | AS| " ,fE . 1 b
l1#
gWwEcwEW)^1v
cl1
127
##
R
g W wDL 1v W ]cf1,,fEwv
z"15Ww6gc1"#Uwjn:kwcl
# 1cW$1v#
gW]ca5"mnx
U 1 c l B u U 1 cal ef 8 W B w

clef/'#,mnclwvT#,W~
Wkw|PW,9c$w{kwvW)
l ?| @ c { ; W c { B w; b
#)wvkw
1U,gd,x cd,w@kw
3 # 1 P W 1 3 : B 1 3 ^| P W wv c
c}.b."5
y c{ AR " ,fE 1 \ Y 3d wE 1v \ y
c6l1v1k#""%'1#w1#E
l/6
WACET"600\:c{'."l/6]U/=*
'W3~W]l.&#c|l/6:W cl'\=*
?#],]c':]cq
W AC g $f# c ; ,& # ; W w U ] # k' w ,
F
cd!#W1600-1200U'kwD
L c$l$#o
+lOU-'Wwc!" qp'W({(3~Wl/6
F
"bUq.Iwc1Wz1kA;WwD
L dlm}AcI
F
+#kwD
L cwl|!#AvJ9PW.kdc1
calef=UTW.B'c77F#A|
128

cUTWÂC:cd$F ((:zl,
l # W &' a | .X # ! 9 k' o ] AC
lA/|cUk|Wk#c|vk-=
'UAC{{z'8B\ wcd"
c
$ACa|
xk:c,]+U.gWoAC
+wcz'1A}/U,]+c|vk-=/
l}NBWUN"l,
c
] c l U w z ; ) A}/ w cq | # ${ W l w : l T /
wJ 5 W c W w c} @ " r W k : # l
c}sk
{'+BACc':k'45|clA;:
U z ( C 5 5 # r ] c $ AC # c l ~ N
A}/Q,5wcz'l''U,g
W w% 1 c AC . > # 24 j W 1 W a c
cE#10 e#"k:xcd#z,f,f
"cr]czwl\,P]3d$
A}/#0W#l+#bW=+;Wk#l9
1+,-Bk^</<k:c~A}/h"SlBc
c1"z"#AC
129
AC
WlWS5d3~W];']cd!"AC
]W1iW0;NcdlU$5w 15àd'+cd]]'
c}~!"B
6AC
.Uc~"?#Wtc'#${PW:
#c|'/WACW]cl,[[Wwa|A"6ACo
WkAG+"c#^)~r#;W6ACn/Wlk
" " 6 @ l AT " w0B 1 c -B k
> j W w k w

clA/
k # c 5 " F" # ] c 6 k : ; l
A;#/'zUVQkc-Bk.&>"6r+
s(U{==*z+Uc2kUwB:c2H@C{
W$0-ecal"3a|'5=*x3 :clO (
cZB@#=*"
|') wc ]{*} #
' ,C+@+
#,C]y#c| ~r "6| ?m*?Bw @^ k# cd
c?m*?Bwcc,C]{*l
" 6 ! z ] W c W l }' <
+wcll'$clz]"6ACdl^k#cd
d
L
\6c#-# (6(32 ~r1k#cd|6$.
d
L
c l O Univertisitesi # 1;/ U } =" k w d ((
130
B1{$c:w7WPc?# W63
c/\$0@\yw1|1\]w)5W*9
& A{l]; <c #
g W 1. kef &1
""wc/1+hwBcq:_q~PWk
#"51k#W''B15c{t"ki9
l"k/"6UTW.z+,lAThiB"k5 c|
z UV + B + @ A c l " 6 ! # l y { '
# ? d ' U z ) c B W t
c~r#;W (no=)(1k#cdno=pl.&Ukl !cd
a| z,[B) #+, l# (cdano=,[A( 2 U
" ,[ cq o= T p 3i w cd _5 ' # e ( 32 cd
c)5Wr`}
>kwcdz3~wd#'
(cw'/w{Bo'#(32'5 A;B U A3'@

a'{Bo'#1k#cA$#W,[c$':#3
c6{AW.Yl0/Uwl
+Uc{'A"~mnW$NU"no=,[
,A (dzl,Om*?9( ~r1k#c1i
W ]cd { _r " O ' w 5 W w ) d F' 1B wl z ^ cq @
c}"k|UA@Wk}+kw
,17/=q1=
k wc d ' O W
q z + U
l.& !clp#1q'1:l.&yc$U
6zclef~61|kwcd17/=q1=."1
L &1|_wgd
cq"O/D
131
L 9W.H
+.W (-b(kcqWX/D
F
S kU A cd wB P W k F .Y B [ d l } A

wv d -B 1cd z # k
B .Y k = /
d}"53]c|,`Wst.Q1Wwj
www.cmcu.georgetown.edu
W w*J : 5 W w6 A i 5 + c ' # @ 1 =

R
S
L
'|+c w} (("7 (U (NV:# w*J c l2 +
33#l15"k#kB+ cl<+"/<W
cl=+#kBc?]
1 U ' hi k # c' / mn # l , =
1;/?PWk .YBw
U'hik=c,;W.Y
$C3,F W k w # J ] cUncovering Islam d 1 " d J + #
cd1BJWst.Y#J]kwcd1Bà
; W / mn cd U http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/English/web_kitap.asp?yid=30 J 1
k!;W]dl=f./OLk!}k=#
W o6 j : A cd l A + . W (}( z k/ W $0 1Ecd}J"no=,[Ww6#`bcda."#h;
|#6{qef~'#w61cqA}/U'.Hb
cd{$jWw7)N !".Y#cq.."k
} ~ q T6= U V } k w # ; W ! A
d$,fcdS&#w{d1\"cd
kBwi;TOL\k!#0W]cdzl#,&q
S u l ? U q P W 1 / W w6 cd -B
cq
J @ U{ w } k w # ; W Y weI
d IH
d al 5 " w6 wD.T T OL y cq X I w cd
132
#1W Fcq|lA;)da'"/'mnycq|l--I
1W;",EcdwadJU{
cq."l4#.fA,Ed$"1U+bql~#
,]3qdalA/]d#( ~r1k#
d,]cd,;cdo'd;"P,;(32 (d
1 (cq |X# W .f ] cd X .f " A_ Ni w{
jdlA{A"1i#;W;\]B/;"P,;
cd5Ww/r
o'(3*l=Ac~rPWk:kw}'$B1=
" w k w * " 1 k : (cwl B o' # w
c}BU'hi&'=+
UH
' # w U + W 6 AC H & '' ( Q ) Q $^ o
U ' hi # c 1 W "Radical Reinterpretation of Islam" B U ] k }y c
" } j d " 6 AC U 2 1 = c ef ,& U ]
cdef&/OWw6`bkwPW."]cd
U www.hikem.net53U#.]cd}.BU]PW3gk}y
.Y`"U]d",;]&#d$}U+
W?#*//@B^rWHf`"U]cd
] cd AS| W U U " ^ W HfU 0 W " # U ] cd
cd{|AS|"^WHf#8w)AW"'#
z " k B ,; 9 & '' (Q ) Q $^ w a > P W Z
d , x c l " ] 3 U ' Y B ,; 9 I B W H + cd /
P W k 1#;W,;9cd ." XA# ;W Hk [['
133
B w 1 cq = 0 U ' 3 } d & '' ( Q ) I L ]
cd}." (U( (U(
1}qAq)1BkUHda|BWwWU
cd | ' #
W $G H | 5 # ; W 9 d , F6
Hf31'~,;A1#H] da|AS|"WH#wWU
BHcda|}~ ((BH]|}B#]cNlBW.H
)IH]dal]"]c|B&''(Q)Q$^Qf"k
o' | 1 ] cd 1 U ' B ,; o' } d & '' ( Q
cqZ#+ H].J
%|#AP]czl*"]c;:W1
}'A+cA}/,]cwGw1cl#O9#
cl#]#
U,
# f] ((c=." 1l.& U !1c O+w
? c l 9 } . " 1 cq l = w{ # d
"1cd~/#w6.=cl#1,]c
W BJ+UY$ .? 5W1=kwc (Y$(1hi
c}
}U U y # < 1~ cd 1 + B W ' w > P W Z
~ } W 1 W ] c J { + c | { W . . 3 l w
U l U k E J c P J l 1 3)
w1A3IZJ])cO{++"Ja|}Ww"
cda|(Manuscripts) ,Bw1l{c@B
U hW @Bw*J [ ['l];,,;]lw }UUy# @
134
} , cl /' " k U , ' # w6 ` P W ` ] c|

#wo,c?#wiWk[}#w6
c|+,#`,,;]c
. " 1 $" # 1 c A b /O 1v # ] d ,; ]
c , # w6 r . W ( à( k w cd
# wH 1 k [ [ I W ]cd a| A ' wH A 1
cd_ (à(O+#1cq
# 1 cq ef , # . d a| B /O 1 W (Orientalists)
w{cq" n .Y3! s3!BW [[
W.Yz`"1cql~.Y : :)d.H$#;W
"F]dU'$cAAd/5cdal.wY#;
cd+
Q)Q$^,u.YdA".Yk+Wd,;
# 1 cq w wG wG d -B k W 7 B , & '' (
k F .Y } d U .Y # / #i k w q
W . à wv cd p k $G .Y k ! Q B w^ # 1 cd -B
, kC k [ 9 # wv U q , U w6 I
cq[;WW1 BW1Xdcd];
1l#]X{/5dJ],@
W]d",;]1/+#AcCATw6PW."W
A}/VXJ[[w7)W;)W.EcqZ/\.E1,k.Y:j
]cdz #.E1,k .YjW1|}/ [\ cq w
- b( # k $ 7 GU W U ' W $ cd , k w7) z
L L kl@W/]cq/D
L &1|AWdl (f
.Ya
c|}/jWWN5Ww
135
B,k
A1Ao d U J '9 OByczl,,;^

e cq w w A d a ef ,& # ; W , W J ] & wH
/w6PWW]cdlA$,{+,dalp$"E
kU+WJ]cd:#)=}",1
c|{aq-BkA}/A}/56
B"J#+cqA;BJAS|"w,EW$Ww'
cda|",AS|"wd#}kY"#]}d
jd ef ,# Pl # 1;/}G1;/ :P W."]
c|
U'B,;al$JA#|ef,#[]d
U A^"w*JA1#z$fcq.W
q.;."d,x
cd}
d SL y
xTU UW}
}m*?Bk'Ac}']W1={#lT=
" ] c| A " W } A c| ef z 1 ,& d P ] 3
d SL y
H w{ A W ]c| ef ,& # ; W xTU U W } `
c|1|?OBk."UU
AC c | w{ 1 W 9 : } m " W } 0 k 1 =
r kw}' U)kB/=UOcmUk| (i(
t " ; 9 5 W wl} ,C AqU '0 ] z UV + c} $ O
A+"! (}(dY|1UScd'$"z$" cz
cdRmnW`"]cd
+ k w cwl , O m* ? 9 }/' z U w k #
W] (cwl{'#3qo'( *A1H&1k#c$"5
" k w 1 c ' $ B + W 1 # c #
136
cBw{|",O9k."UUH-B
c:,"kw~r#;W."W}1k#
/W1cda."#h;Wo6j :A}kw
1 cd ! q W 1 cd / 75000 b 1E 1 .
} k wc P o " OL cd | # o6 r ." " ,k j W
c
"dA"F+ecdA-B}BW,&$#/1
& ! # ." ] d ef /' B [ [ W cd . . " ."
d SL y
:[B.kad."xTU U&6= 'w6A"}c
a d a . " W" { ? 5 W w W n A U FE c |
c|}BP1Wn
Religion and Society: New
J + 1 k cq B; q = A A W }
J 1 P W cl ]; A J k # # c Perspectives for Turkey

q[clA':,W1awl{,5W
cd?#5^[cdlkBH.FE3Xk[[#U.Y
cccccU'W,EB[BwYc.[dAAb+,]
3# U FY c| l W $ Y Wn a 3g33U : d ]" [
[mncd|g Ww$YWn3U:3akwqzmn
B,w P}GmnA3lIU[mnXB,cd."l+W
3q | : ,& 3| 1 # w7) c/ 1 B a
[ n . cd > U + cd a| PP W k w G q | ~
} +I 3,E hi 9 B # $ ;O k w cd | A .; 3l U ,;O
ccccdal."+Bw5W13l}w5WvJ
q]cq@Wk$BnPW3gBq=
c/Bw@dJBn"3k:
a|l
P"n##0W]cql.JW.~mnH
137
PW| w U ' W $ c $ PW , FE } FE B n cd
ccccd$Bn
w{l[wgd,]cddAc|",DBw
c&#RW/'wAl#dalA}~+cl/'
ccc
q:cq',`W!nU1@qBb':y
@ydAcd$B.YPWklBwJ'1#I
3w6/' 3Zw .k # 3 Nt .Y c AS| " W $ Y W .Y i ,
ccccd.";B,U.Wcd\B a,
ql,
B (w( d zw $ cd ? W^ $ d " w $ w
ZB,}o'cdB (w(#wd
ccccd|l&
#w+U.Ww$3w$o'
-B c| } B ,T5 . d " # W P
" # A zG| l :A y | $G | = # M5
Pcd
1cd:jB/NtJ"dA+cd5"#]'Bst
"13W~3.wR3#3n3XY3,.3/3l3#
jd:o cq?Az{rnsa3"C30J'3.Q.
3B,T53g3.W#]cdzoJ"]
2 " wt . U n/ j d " .E + } ; + 9 cd ? b ~ ; W 5
cccccd
q@
wc=# kd/A q W]cl PU@G</<@
~"U@:QAcd#B.U@>wk
5WU@Ad{'#z:d>cl/U:
W|=+d>Bc|rk.W@l=U'
138
/ U mn # 0 W ] AS| 0 ] # 8 [ mn " wk W @ : j
c
imnB9U@#yc|lU:d."]PModernityGw,
ccccd."
;G cd g " ww + cq . ." B wv '
B W .Y cccd s Y * 1| k w h I d B a W .Y P#
.Y x 3.Y = # 1 cq | 1 o (.Y( d : k y 1 # k
ccccq".XW':qw$nN'.cd<
cccq?.YU
q#;W.#n
/ / W 1 q 4 . n ) I q l , w7) P# ; W. # nG
1 cq 4 B W , # n m= B W n B A cl 2
cdpclBW,1N|W+]Nln#$Ww7)
c,/|],Sn
3#,F1#$W1cq)B,,Fql)AW/
mn cd al / sa " n j al / e w +f cd l # n e
?U]B.]mnd?U'wTPWd.".]cq
cdl
#Wàwcd.""{Wk
Acq|l.'#A9,Icdl&mnl&,]
ccccq~S=I#3qld~B)
5W1Wk{ W13w w: Pd/"G
c
RH
"no=^L TFL eI W}U'c{U,H5W$#
W;AAW]c|JwmnW1c
d SL y
cFWxTU U
J"$c
d i = z }' " (<B } FY( 1 ] W 1 2 k
:cr,^:kw( 2c}$"<Bkwc
139
*jdA"/}o'<B}FY( k# (cr,^1k

# ] d } $ B ] k i c 0| o ,; A (cd <B
d SL y
cd{l."UxTU U
c|7A"/]mn,/l~zcz"w"W]}
W Q a | mn ,/ B ]& ` b d J ] , A}/
cl$PW3g"wo
."Ad"]U,;];;Acw5W1#$
"ACcd|UwBACA;:#cz,/|W*"1k#c
" (])($0c/BwHU,g{c"c~W
=*W] +,'B#k-= csa'"AC
c]
R F L
'/UL D.
'#d'o+cqo#AC}k1=

R F L
Z cd D. J " o cq k W /5 W \ @
R F L
R F L
cA"
'/UL D. k:,]cD.
R F L
,& # ; W w7) W 9 # ] cd + (Anthropology) ,} [ 3 D.
] # 8 ] 3d V s w{ 1 W r ' w 'cq | ef
cda|}1A/"Ww7)W3y
R F L

,CAqU+lcY"clz5W''/UL .D "AC
]ec#k/W1455-73 k /WAT1B ,C]c5
$0-c$#'#,C]#1881c$)"102|;Wn
c}&#oB,C]#k/W
R F L

alA/"/w)#1sW'/UL D.
d|sPWZcd
140
A}/clWwa66#1 ,Wmn
{ " n K # ' wE W d al A/ ] c $

"1t"W$*+c}Bwa6#Icd
Ww66Icdw'WnzdalA/]c"
cw66J"/Bwn/#$Ww7)W'c
' c # AUw#1 ,
c}akB^9+#+clG
/CoIc?nWS5W"3wa#sCo sCo
A;l+c}=UB+#F+c
cla|.""UWo
I c / A; w wl;
}UBA;#F+cJlw5WA;B.k}.#
cd|QB+WW
$ + B c J " , I , +
t " /; # F +c } a< w} B d< # F + c l ' W
c}
A/ ] c $ 1 N + # F U ? + I F U w
ca"1t'dal
W w " ,;O # ' j g| z # A : r
cAIwca|j
3k^ A}/ c l ` wM W W wl; M
cltW"wa
B)1# :W1kr"wl;I Wwl;
cw}
R
k^ A}/ c ? } xL 3w # ,6/ W ,6/
141
cltW
U ' W w W w @ ! c # S5 mn mn W / # '/
q!Wo''/cwll$
Wwa66WwEwcnW''vJ",#'/]
."W+a66.#$W1cla66W.E#'c
+A;Wk=Bd\]#,S1tdal.&]c
cdUB
d U ' wT F " i + | \ + W :
;gdlz+ :cq|6l&#3y.Ea66W

W ]c} ~ . B W F k w mn W .E cd l
#;W6]"st3|w,c96rrwa61kw
cd
W g c $ # 1428 c _ A}/ .# f # # AC
c:;
142
"KJ'"AC
'.HSz<cd55W6WAC:c;:W
'/
Bw#'clw6]9Ww WtcqlU
F]ca|$PW3ga|}&#wU)!
wg # B W , k w} w"/; 3w W ] c l o
cd
) B # l / + 1 W . @?; # a (A( ] 3AC
143
l UwA;#z N}i" D k 0]clef

c
:W=";1"+c (])?("ACc1 :lT
" KJ '( . " ] l .& # c 5 ' + w6 W z + c'
Fk],KJc{A;#W360-363 A;F+c (
R
R L T879
k 6
A; W . o ' c -B k| n " ' { :j B
c}~n""bW$G:j
]ACAy#W N551cl"#
Wn"'
a| (.$(#1;/B]c PWk# k w" W
@"3.I(1
,Ekw3$'F+,il.&,]cd
cllACz
$0 c $ U = W AC : # z c ' U k| ; : W

O (DE(U=*+z:c|$%@PW (5K(
A"Wr@;W?"1?DE#1Wc}'
BDE#àmn+,5W|]:lca|l "
cdef
"KJ'
144
6WAC
+IGH FDE
9 Fncd{!" 1#k/Ww}cd'+DE
.W.d"F$xAda'#W].|."DE5W
cq_
F$x
cl.#%W1A#604}1207cdal#,[q F["
kw]&W6.A#mNcefkw~
{#DEkwW]cql#W F.[3Zo'cef~mnq
cwlA}/mW&~w{dc!" =
' cl /' " ; + W / 1 w cl 2 + W . ? ' , 1 w
l?'JW1c,A1Bc}+k(?
kw#c2 ~h. W ]c} dk9da|c
c,T#6721273kwc)/_
.)
+ cd al # w*J $[ F [ " ) 1 cq A , P W F .
JB.Ac)]$cd/2500W]BW/
cd$* (s@J(PW (FJ(PW1kwc
1;/B,u FkwcW
q55Wkl+.
J_536}j3 F :cefB+#b+c#
)#TclefZ[AB)1,]3a|1#Bn
cd|J$[,\B
145
nJw,+B+kw72al.$^#
31U5 + N- c (. J( / _ N- " $^ ] c 1 # ]
#]l/BJ,EY".q13q3331cd
c|1#B,;d{#',]cq"B,;qw
U 'd |} N5'cdz|> =;Ww6 31/
cd|qBwn
: W cd al c z + " + cwl c : z w W + # q B ] . )
l &' w}) 56 ; W kl c c| + d _ 5 W X kl 1/
cdFUw<,5).cq
w#d,]cdZB#TU'hi+U'
Bcql?|A}/0,,3wlw,1zoA2cwlw\
").d,xcd,;dlw0"1tPWkw
cd",fw`3W]k#PWk
:wU/4k#/Ad"".#)
$ cqlww|'35s3w3w3wl;jglwcq
d$ www.mevlana.net53Aw7)W1iWNc6N+U'W
U1"BE']a|;Aycag;'+]W+k;""
B1{J}'{^yc}y1{J+"k]'+W#1"'1+ca|PW
kW]clA$;W]1.UWE'k]cd<kE'

k( }A$'{}7,EE'c;F'+lU1"'1c$l
(d}y1{J"
7W1{JJ")8U'YkE'qTY]E'
cqQBw U'Y)3
#]AWk1BNcq$61.Y/w#$Ww7)I
}UB)k"]W1cq|6 1,}qhl
)Q;9,IWcdJk|A}/)#wTd,xcd
146
cq1'~"1;/Tq~JFXB
W ] P W Z cq ,u NQ # ) A W ,} q h
#;W!Qcq)]W;cq!.:"1
q
./ccccc.J 1'A'
BW^B/W{cal5B#A'^WQwgwl."Q.##
c|
R
R TD
6 /w-cccc1///<,-
cl-U6'k1Z-U6w)d,;
,'AccccUw=c
cl Wk}N}7cd:),+A+W=k :Q
1//AC>kcccc1/?
cd."J5W)3^3cd."VU
wr$$ccccw:z:
cdp)e$cl=Ul4B
@@AZHcccc@j@.
B<B#1gwcd\w$l.#${
cl{B1|U]B
HWJCccccwJD
clZ1|3d1E#$W13//'w<JWF
k P:G
;@7BNccccHG/
d5W$"A.&//'Ik
FJw"ccccF8
wJ"
cd P<."GFkL.""w7)KdJ?..""wJ
147
F
R
<M/NccccQ'
' ' l l W Uc ! Q G cd ,; ef 8 < M # Q'
Pcd$OmUc
\Xw''cccc\Xw'P
L L NwiB1tkQWw
c
/R;/aSaccccTJTJ
cd\/U1'$L#-+BkcdTJ"
A/U
cccc,VW
cdalzwXcA/"sWrU$0
YZ])5waccccsZvJ[
c\#$|aq)B Pl"k,<GJ
M"w
a (( dM " wklUw,;hi ]cdA" .#DE
'PW
M :#DEcdiW,E]Wtcd
w^;kwUcq'U_HH#]d"/"M]cq
1 cq 9 # ZH + { A W ] cq l w: /
cda|,}c#1;/5W1^""w
w{dM;ca|})X#W1dal6M"w
1 | M ] ca' B $E q ` $f ' # ) 1 W E
q#;W] k$x=2W<.l
#;W:.Yccccda1B.1tU".Y da|.Y;W
U{]B1tcd!&#{B,;O1.YBcda1B,;OW1t#;W
,PW1t#ncd."l#{Bcd."Gcd\1;~
"&''(Q)Q$^,#.Ycda| (Ql(#.Ycda (1(d
148
& '' ( Q ) Q $^ d .Y cccc cq $^ W ] W ] q o W d
cd a| ' { P W ! $ \ $0 Q l + c ' { | U
(www.mevlana.net/sema.htm)
'U' 1'~ # l # ;W)XW 1# ]M]W w

(8:35 ) Y. (" S
5 V8 QT 9)U >
5 6+ " 5 5 & V/W E X 8 }k!Q#;W[#
cAWwawa/1]WQ

www.mawlana-konya.com
Plongpassages.orgG M"w
S / j W & '' ( Q ) / k ] P W W ) X ,;O I W ! Q
5 W ] = # { cd al 5 W ] # { 1t cd } / ,
Bb1'~cda|#b5W]5WOrdcUcdd#B
c|l3~WAb Z
5 2 [1+ 8 "5 '
05 8 da"l~!Q
w1 "]3d ef l~ {5W 1tjW /
cdw/WQ/q0lW1t+,alef
+IGH F
vJH" F"'&'+cdz+IGH+./} F#àst
c|w|]l cd{
kef,V3,3$1t#d"U1+cqd.H1#wt
B1t#d"?19M;W]cd\1UB1QPW
149
"?#,E cqd#wt1w'cda|#we

# r A wli we / ,} k w 3 E 1
c (()xc} :
# ; W d , x c g ] W ,E 1 , f wg W
cl\" ((Pantheism)),(# FN6ckwm^m^
m#A]}E$" Fcw0W,kw55W]
cGW]B7."]{#{WJ9:B
:# .W ].ij 3kp (Parapsychology).hk F[
+"n F+c$lhk$lm#0W]c}
F [ al z < c| l 5 W n ,J " F 1 " ,; ] , ] 3d z
IB$C,}W Fkwc=fnnkU{
U 'hicq$]n8/ " 1!s 3! #n 'c Wn l
cqd?fW.g\'#WtWws
# . h k wq W g cl . r " ('op ( w{ W 1 cl x 5 W w6g
c ]q+,.W ({/(kwc2k."Ww7)jW ]ef,
@J B w7) ` " w 1 c l ? 5 W 1 U W w)" 1
"o'c"q1#k/W.I(2dal.&cd)
d_
yl"PWk@JB9+,3]U :"} :sHW}
P OZG Pcl?
pGcltpl
1A;Bskwc},B F}skwjc}'":jWUg
)#ww#lqi#>$'WuFc}#jr
c{ z#UBPWRB
#Q6*w*31v71IW&''(Q)Q$^
]#Hf_,cs,ko'l1ca|}1"?
150
ql1
9Aclf#!/&''(Q)9A+"w' q15Q67G
w( *A1,,o'kwycd$^#;W,&''(Q)
3dJ\wg( k+#1(cq o'kQ&(Q)9w:
#( k B (c w x w A/ #( k (c w / , r #
(cwwl
QA}/# :Qd]]kw7)( }ko'&''(Q)Q$^y
wl a^wl / # cwl a x wl A/ wl ] wl a=
PJGcJB"]3>V
kcwla
U, P#WG( }&''(Q)Q$^q15Q6G
wliwq,X;Nc,U1kQ.",k.E+c|U
w kw s( 5 & 5 65 [X
" [;5 Y. 7B 65 P,U'ko'Gcl#
PJ3*yG (c>U1k:c
" s } ./ # wg wv ; W , 1 W & '' ( Q ) ' 9 I
B F w l wg . # w b # w63 c = 1U
qd1#yWz61:w|w1clef
# f ' 5 W w 1 1v \ P W 2 W 5 Q 6 1 # k/ W A vm(
#0W?]c]WU,[p.W.}i"]Tv kwv"'cd
b#1]:acl".{w6c$G.Ykw7)WwE.1$l3y"
A$$l}WQ$^5Wk'+#
/Ww
}3%'#Wwv|/}^.k#W~ c$l,{
c#WO
&1W,v 4klUAwv
;#wvz5W,<F1l/'";Wwv#2W5Q61
U3+%"W]c#$r" 5Q6qcl/'"$
Q 6 E/ 7 Q ,E 5 Q 6 # ]cd , w iwz3 w* '
1 W wz ; A W ] c ' , w ] W O& ,<
c$l] #,
151
w7):acl# 0W,*+w P1q,EGw6i"#O

cl;"ww6W]cW,#Uk woc#hW
c{#'+iAb]\k/W4#0
Ww*w6
,{ A $ # b + # q ,f A W \ $ @ W 3
NfW]#$WU,1v+#,f1c$"$'
c ] # 8 1'~ ' ' ,X mn W 1[ # u k
cl
w* kl W } W wE i A d 3 z z 6L Twz ' +
W'c4kl : #wWQ.fNW}bi+,[[;c#)
c}'5#3B.""c -Bk]HfB.kw7)#?
#b\N6lTKHZ[[1vclK>#
@ * . P324.G+* . # $ @ W 3 cl , \ F k'
c."U\Fkl.Wkwl.) P332.G
N $ N6U , i ' y # w63 d | A/ S| ]
HZ3,[[1v3,kBNfkl.U
cq.\

.c " 3a ! + o'c " P110.G w} + # $ ] # 3
Wc}/"".{k P21.GkUoWQ68.
[Aclr` W]w'kwBXYk'WW.{
. l , ] ' W 1c . 3 5 5 W kl
c}~.WwB.W1#.
Jk?
c 7 " Z [[1 W1 l .u + # 0 W w0B 1
6 W ]I , $f# w7) J N;
Bkl.,}Ntcl./+#0W]c$=,A}/#,f
u]+I F,}wbc/Wbc} `k+I Fc;
c$l$[#wh.k#3B$0];#
152
$/" F#b
3U63N3Ab!/WyW]3B
@?; 3P297 .G c z , B w7) W U F #
* P334.G * 3P245 .Gz 1 3P253 .G 3P261.GF
* 3P 283.G Q 7 }/ U $0 B U F k " P 450.GN
3P561.GN3P505.G?.3P465.Gq3P465.G*.3 P386.G
W U k w P672 .GF $x P638 .G 7 3P 632.G <
cUB/W F5W[5
] # 3 Gc$l@U]]c1k'5X" F#3 G:a
.G W 1 P728 .G 7 P597.G / 7 # 3 Tc k P456.G .9 7 /'"
c} /UB]k P791
]:aca|l""]/}|lU FzS|#k/k'
R
Aj}JBUwv :k5"5/+Bb#
c F7A|H1[Ww7)#.,f
;A{B.YZH.\<p<#35kqUb" w6aa5
]c l m'] P l;w{Ww#WG vJy.Wbc}W
A ; z{ U b W c}' # P656 BG 1258 5" z{ "
cdVz#àNt$l;,
\ w63 1v lYJ, W]U / > 3y3 [ 3 3} 3A b
3{99#) Dv .gl}kwvc;
F # vZHhic @ W " F [ # b$f A{c A; AU '
ST U V W ,X z v[ ; W } v[c 6 W wi w
cl
c{aa"b,]cY7vJ"wv1s#]
{sa 3 ,f svn/c' w W , q 3 T b 1 3p< r
"w Fvc+W^/rW FUl
Umn3t
3 P 664.G* @ ,3P633 .G" , 3P 627.G ] , W ]
153
c8k Fv" P725.G.fP665.GNk}/

[\"1A}.EsjzwFgu wv#1s\k/W
] c # $f# #
g W ws 1v # 1s ; W ! c 1 kl
# s # t { ]c w W b j z q : u F [ #

[ P1033 .G s + # ] c4 kl $ U ' U F
l.&ZH P1176B1762.GQA l.)|
B 1831.GM A P1246 B 1831.G $ + z .cd | z # .Y à
M A U hi 3 U F 2 w d .& S c d P1246
cdJ:+ F,
`cl #w6`1.YvZHc"$/Wwv/"3IF
.B[" w}1v[ czYJ,XY
U.YZHrlW#.5Acl#WU@./1=
c~
k.B`] F];k13'#l}I
#.YZH#?W]
.G$U$]cq4kl1;~U,Ww,} Fd{+#
,f#k/]v cA'Uk`Bw7)Ukw7) P1938

# /W7@cA}/" F[#1'#I
bl
W FWbW.Ykl.#tc W FA+I
c@U Fk[[]c
IJ A}/]} W F$'#{W w7)1,X&'+#à!
bc#{W{)l#,;],lW~@Gc
#
gW,c,;_;/' #
gW1#d{$GvA"U@A
'/d}"BW F[#b?kw.1cdef$f#B

P"1tG (cq'z+I F1{'
W'cd" F[,+$/W F#@#$

|BwNfkqA}/#AclW1cl]
Ed}x z"@J cdlq#<1d
154
c|WU1.U'Bw@J
F.Y
q', #qb|AS|"àrwv
wqef["V1'~)cd (K ( : :`"AoWq
qU,H) cqw'NBww7)0]q/\
cd k # w63 wv " q W ] cd l A B W } / r 1
cd{|al.A"q#Acq$],[/(Q
";[ecq.e.+BW1cdaG}dAA"q
" w" .H W A ] cd al ef ' ; j ] d [
cqB.}q|rw3q$s'3q
w,Fkw %d\B} dAAB"q
Wq)cql}~U'.HWA]ckFB#"q
JAoBWW1cq,;w)WH1'~q!n@A
A B x ] cq d ? mn I # A B ] cl ) q
cdFUU{q
Acl ?rU)+,d,#;WAo
w72IWABcqw}@1+,d,#;W
(Q)Q$^1'~.W!Q"$C,}W1cdm"k5W
M;V1'~$CW1#q,|AS|#8V&''
wgq'5,#0W]3d{5W F[1cq
cd'M;V1'~U F
q cd " ((Pantheism) ) ,( # ,u ./ ,J 1'~
q"cd];cd+",;"]dF"1'~cd]U{
W1cdw7).HQ'#$W1cq~ (.k(BF]W1'~
155
+ :#,;"]cdBdf"]cd (Q(BW

cd,!QAdz
A+dal.&|<5da'["
"1tW]clz3da'd^W#,;"cd\$
333,3,a3,.3 E U z1t :cz1tjuB
,'d"Wz1tyc$li1QW]cl1'3n/
#( N N (wl < #( k q " I d , x d f
,3d=w{WwsUkB),c1AW (:d13wl
cd}.g"a66Bw{W1
'' ( Q ) Q $^ B W 1'~ cd A " (, ( # ./ ,J .Y
c}WU'B/W,jl, :Uo'cqi&
W k ef Uc A A W . q ' W ,
5ecdB#.XWcda|}." (.X(B"]cq
c|efUcA!Qdxwd
W]c|AuB,|FpBkefUcA
d,;cdPWEBwzU.XA3k",B
W w" W w ![ q U " W , , 2 W .X ]
d1UW,zWFB.XA55Wk<cq{
c?#9z@d<+w{W,E1cql
1tk!QcdaB1t;;1'~dB#,k F,J1'~
B#cd,,1td Azcd}+B
d,xcd ]B/'ll,;ONtj
Nt ()." a( E \ 5 V 5 9 (I(E \ 5 V / $ ;;#1'~
cq<z[#w]da11'~cd|B
#w1cda|}~ (u(Bw{WU{ F[19M;W]
156
0]GW JBA d| ,,;] B@Jcd| w)^

qZH+WtcdalA/#{WAJ
3k|
f3GM;W<{JBW=A@Jd,
W]#,}3.IWJPW]cW6J].B36}AUkW]
$U,;9]3k|"3Q.I($ wl.&+BW]3."
cccccU]3>#
n|QB]cdlA/AJ#{W]d3qwpU@JWJ
B 3Q / . # < ck| n|Q B ]
cdBk PGU11|33$ck|3",zJ PG
`jBN#$3>U]3l.&A PApGQj[ #,;1
ccccc PZG'#w"33 (w,(Accccccdk|
W @Jcda|A7 # {W 3@J d\ " ,u1
J : | 1 3q | $ " { P W ` ] cd a| } . u " J
cq1# (Fu3b(
"W'cd M;W.YUFJw{W F[A
U ,; 9 1 B 9 .H w{ W 1 c ef .g Q 6 m *
w{ W q 9 W ] c 1 W " 5 ] 1 # ` al 5
cd.^#;]3( 5
nU,W12U{qcd (U(1W.Y F[A
]"Wo'&''(Q)Q$^cdk"kefNfwd
&''(Q).9I|ef,">NfwcM;
cl1B
Uwjw6g1kQ( }#,T>Jk&''(Q)9q1Q6HA
/)BIal ( qo' (c/Bwkw
PSJ3GclU
\o'
k,CU13}U13k,Bwk&''(Q)9q15Q6<*
157
PSJ3nGc}1mwU1
,f W 1cq d \ $5 90 # W o' W ,T & '' ( Q ) Q $^
1/,fWww#d$J7,#z3U/
W .#3B AW]cd3~W ,^600 < # q < A J]cq
q<26J]cd]# ((J_B$C$EW.k7W
Q)Ik9V U.+B#W.1cd]]'W,^700 <#
" \ o' cwl E Nf 0 ] wl J 6 ' U & '' (
dp$"129Wd
Q)Q$^dY|1UScd" ((wG1W.Y F[A
cda|} 5# F;Wwv#]cd}1#yk&''(
, W w / / 3wV k cd $f# +B W A +
cPWBkl/s
.Yq ]A3qH1'~)?#AB" F[
}d"1cd}B#W1d,xc\,/|
cdB#|)W/
( Q ) Q $^ } 1'~ B " q J 6 3 3" A # F ,J .Y
WkUG53",}'#w3/Uk1'~Q^ck#V&''
:k F;qE1&rW13JW1#wwe3j
ck#,W&''(Q)$^W]QB"1cq
k#cdAc,k##W F"q,A# F.Y
Z " ] 2 B cl " i z , 1 y # ! w72
Wd,; cl-BkB,1Bc
"V1'~kwcq+"+#,A1U
cq'G,H13d
158
6P" F
# w W wE $ q . , . k F [ b ; W , . 1
A#Wk/#wekqb9Wqjsc
[[;WZ}#w
FKHZ#w63c|w
ef,#,uNtkwcUB]kqci].k
c$PWw7)55Wk,}B]
W-=ka#w)BU'.Hkwcd{1".k.;#Wwv
3]Vkwc=l~.kkqb9W]cd-Bk;Uw7)U/
c}FkBi
.HkWtc=/"a}K]PWk/\w7)B,k
. \ 1 A 0 ] c} " W , B T w;/ Fg U '
wc=/Fkkq9W]cilp51\ ].kl"#k/
.q"1;/a3!w{c.#w;/FgBWFkk
cdFU
-37@JW1B.]c.#,w15'15'2
d , x c # w5 W w7) . # w) | $ # , W
jWcA}/="#q9Wcq/./#,
c|}@&,,wqB,;dz-B1k@,;
cdz|,;
W./PW1iWw
'd,x
A w 3k p 3.i j . d)5 I 2 5 5 W , 1
"21A3a|l"c$PWkWw7).Hef,#
;W,11c,UA3al"a|7..
cd;\lef.g#
Q)$^k!QcdB1'~PWNf1tK
~ J $^ } / " ] l ~ B z K ` " 3 & '' (
159
cq
Z
[ + 5 & _ (8 5 & _XO (8 F V (` 5& 5 [5 ( 5 & ]
L B5$ %5 ). 0 5 & ^
; 4+ U G
J5 + F 9 7% "5 \
POeK 1m$'G .G
M 6 3M /a D L , 65 1 %5 B X E+ U 8 Y +b
+8
]5W1Acd # N_$^+#1k]yl1iU1Q["Q
]cd\~J PPW]Gda Pw'NfG3da,,}'
c#zAo
Nf 1 ~ J U .k [ [ al ~ z
c,H#?A]Uk F[l.A,k<W1c
160
LAJJ5K
# @c$U k|$%: DEl #;W F
c}k:w{3}'}-|cz
^r"
,"CcBw,]z'Uw
c/~cW:T,W3"1j{'
ATBF'.H+cd$lA|#0Wq,]5Bz+U
c|.HB gWBA|#;"yd$#,
cal#W];"#'d #;"W@'
c wl>~ W o A lal1 # ;"
>~#,1c>A+B;"cl.F" |#@
U
/B.fkF]c|r dz?zBwl
Bwl>~aqZ.WN5';3l$U,W")Ac
cN
A| ] cd l A| w U ;" W # r cd w I C 3 @
^ $ : W 1 1 } , H # z $f cd { l B F' .H 1 "
cd'5/'/ WA|]wIC wl
q ' U k 1 w .f ) y cq + " + / ^
1 # / ] B 2 W # U W w cq | wi .f ] 0 ,
1 W / # w{ W cq | l w ' w' D q
A|wcB11'B]{Ad$"Dq
c1{Bw"1tq1,..$6W]w6
161
A|w ^ W ]A3q$"]A W k1

al"h}+$U!dc|A|z+!WBw6
0]d|#{W+brd\".XW.f^cd
cda|}."Bbrli"A+Ww
(^r"(" ]# cd+L A|w IC
U .kW $40-60% # W w 1cd #,
#w*W~PW!Ada|U,;]Bwcq
=1cd} " ~;"BF]j q|,N : #.]c1
d R d TRe
da|}#w5W1cd|BA}/#~/RG2xTS "
X\]d".kW155W]cl
cq@=U1)3g1UkBwd}
N /5 1 P W ` ] +cd x " W / W # $
W ." ] B /ij # ~ ;" | U k U .k cl A}/ " U w
cBkU.kA|P
]BW,fWn/k&''(Q)Q$^cl[/U'.#52
@cdFU.".Wbc}"kIB/Q5%}10%".
] A 3q B ;" ) c H IB/ U . d ? k [ [ I W
dz|HIB/U!+cq/ W+.@]3E/q
c|w,]B/;
!/
k|mc/'"k:wgzcd ()*(A;:
Y:W]'&'w3W)*ck;+:#Wk'
: # z cl ' : W ka # w' B wf W Y w c | B9
@W$kwA;UA/$:wc$UjW (!/(
162
c!/'c,/|
#kB'W]cd!/da|=)Y5+#$AJJA|
"],w);'c'U(W:l3~Wcdm!/
,]c1;'#;]cd55W:c{'
c{.,]ca|'+UT
5
) ' k wl; N cd " W / AC 3$% c 5 : | 3~ W
W )$%k AT1B y\ ]a c}!B5DE W k
c}qw{!
UW=ncPWU@B#5{l$fW
W | }/' B k k/' B k 9 c { ' (5 " z
#c}='" (r( =Wk#c{'o);/
(c} ='" k #(3k# c> @ kw }' # kB1i
)Ww1@ (cwl#)W+ :(3
cl'
c5&'z+U+c'+@|
WP =c"]c+
N5'al1#PNc$T+5W+Bww1c
c|}|BA}/A}/`"w1c
wc zUVwWc|1} (vJ(:#
@PWklACw*"Qk:cl#+
c}$==qwl +l cN
lcd{ef "kl!oWD d34+5
cdzuG#\$5^|1àD
163
N
wikimedia.org
Pstevechurchill.comGl/
$/"D
U 1B # 1923 . " ] W $5 ^ ,5 % cl 1i 1 # 1299 /' " D
d|?#w U'BrWD cl
1299 1566 /'
1566-1822 `
1822-1923 $/
cq B ! wl; W 5 Q 6 1 3D d T Y B w7) I

k 1i 1 c -0 : + W wl; # 1i 1 10 + 5Y
cFU P @ %W' = N+1Ww /;
c)Mk$1B#1453c4 #W$Jr1i!W1W]
" (4( A; ' W ) ; W z $ 3 3. k(1512-1520) 1B
c
Wo6#]cda|
" N}'"(1520-1566) N1
W
D3163WAw6c7" N"1Al);
AjW :1
9W;'ct" w;W
(N(U*W]YJEW kwA;NoAcWa
164
ckC'#W1cBwjgkwc"
]o6kwW]c{|]^@l`"D W1
5"k#iHc4k l$/"D ;c;W
" D m k $0 - / W N P W k l J B y c}
c}i
Pottomansouvenir.comG"D #
WcdefBf1u#1"FbWWw
." W H AT P W 1 c } ~ z UV 5 W }H ) c A; N W
Bw
9A;#wk"c"w
9k#wA;#1c
c
! = B ] .E 6 ? : 1 c )^ 1 j " W w
#3 mn W 13,T"5Bw_5 W 1y zcq
wc|,Bk 55#jWwR?#c{|}xA/
165
# 0 W d z # ,w W 1 _5 W 1 5 5 W ] c ,E + k
czef/UwEp:o6
a (F6( }QA+#kW1c1,BWw
q | 1 ca| @ B w W 1 wi j W p < c F U w c
}/'Um]c|2q#]$^}W1W
3 P ] 3al ef $ q # B w7) 1 +c4 7 T W wl; m 5 ) ca|
clef.g~#B1iW1a}@w{W!Bw
wjw#o6 d,xc} "15W w
, Ww
AWwjj1vg :cl;''#1v%g}~qlW
W c P W @&' } " w A | 1 3 I 5 ;
Wwv.Y3=&)_cll1'#)w3gjl
q3q@
R d R
$[W1cAX !zAW P# NG ^ L cSTL e_j
x " w6g c | U 1 E W 1 # ; W , mn 3 3 c .f
J3IJn 3 #z+$f,]c
cl?WwfN |1
1UkBwjcVwRN;1B1/ (.6}.6g
/' a g E FY c . w{ W w d . # :j +, 3
c/')#{'3kcBk.HU1#H]W1c
# w6 a g B wv }' 5 W wR d al .& ,? " I N
c
<B15'W
HU#]|"
(Europe & Islam)
R cdSTRe
! B F' .H + y c { ^L L _ . 1 ,{ W w
9 W ] cd a B # ] d " .E B A l { ? < " ]
cda|lJ.Ebl];*#BA<"]!
XY"1,$/W1c}BwH;'kw#$/
166
,A#0WUW]c]wk,#wkJ5Yc
R +
l<#W6L TF -),+1 c46l
q,-i3Ai.3cGW],5'
"\c}BA2[zUV+,|z :W)k1
F R
Ww8"K"/A;dal.f" 9+,W1BW
"k~z#&BwAA'U]B1
k)A;cda|l.
c\"]cccciN~aWwc
B ;" H W N5' n , W c ~ # & 2 kl A; )
c
W,UA3UW#1cda'la+"5Y[ \'$#3l
W ,0 X 1 c ' A}/ A 3 l 1 # W . | Z
4 k| # ] $^ w (cdl 2 $( 3q : c k @ 2
cAWlu3h"ko3c2k|@2,
w/;3o'$#E3wl;FW5YNc\
ww,*w#3]cwlJ,wl1BW]clw.'
(Conflict of East & West in Turkey)c|d{#1,]3./;"}
w{ W 1 c kl f $ W w # w W 1 W kJ W wl; N

kJWo;A W ]c } ~S|d " wP W A;+}E1+
c|l+l?a|lWdWwW
#{W1~.f""wc`"1j+"$ /WD
W41BclB#]W]cd'U3T}3l[
czefU&#]c}."k$-Bk]&W15.@#
cz6,61#Ww5.E9W]
3` " 1 c A b # 1 ] 1v $ $ # u ] z < 1
dzq\'d~\$cl&#ù
cdz 7A3d#Ac Y
167
)
PW8=c1"+z3~c;t"7/zk:
hiwcd_PW.=U'hiw#35c:PWA
:cql!!kW]dlp#S59w{cd9
# (wP W (3~rk "z ) c@ P W o 9 U'hik
c}.#,
k
U+cPWk| ()(:cef:+k#lTw
c;V1i1m_)1c~r>")#"5k#
i k w (cwl \ / \ W ] B o' # c' b o'( 32 3d m^
+@${kwwcUd+:WmbW1c&>
c*r`"1.{k#cl{
w})
pbase.org
")
i w , ] cd a| @= U ' # w6 cd a + )
,]c .}W w 1cdfi "cdal <" w-Ww6
5wwEcU7rA%1.\ "
$"W"J331W|wWcz| Ul
cd
z$"1,A}/c|U:#
[#l+Uc}'wA}/#
168
gW)*$71/6~ cd",|
cz{?v|+/>u;1cl'k=W$[wcd$[
@ c d $= U + ` N # w)A c d , ; 1; 1B A; > J
c[5W1kc z#k=
A,]3 '5W :c. , lo'
PWs)B)k:wc|B"s$%#1+
c2kUr`CA;:5cl
LAJJ
cdlAJJA||w $W;]d,]cd aLAJJr
WàN6'Wàbw,]cd{#W16\&'sa
cdLAJJJ"wW616cq|A}/'
Ww7):cd#;]PW1,]3q16/'"à+[
kA}/wk:,]3'5&':hi#L]P
} " ,g hi hi W ; ] P W Z l c ]; H # z s
c|
]{
+AJJA|wcdB'"AJJA|cdm_" ((UTW3005
D9AJJA|]cdk|#.A| rdk|#1'A|jW'5
55WÂ| .A| +da|7Y.+l=)
cdljWw'
+ o $5 w cq ' W (( N6 ' z 3~ W
EF51Wl&#wH}16o$5w Bcd{vJ
cdV#6N6N/_ (]{(]cSlf#W
W : &' c A: " ] k w l ' q + U B W N ]
169
Wc+"/A||c}1"skw'ql." cl);
/+dY|~c;$/W|{B~ykw7)
~#]A/"Wl,y cl}Acd"
H 3 | 5 W 1 c $ G W W A E k w c ; z9 W
$A" (]{( P W /5I#? N ]cl )]'{
cd# (($=+"]cdal
e-turkey.net
$="
Pflickr.comG"

x9 /
,/cd ((.'"]cdB"dm"/#r^

#àjB ]cq,;W(Ephesus) x9I 'mUTW 70 ],
# c vJ ",k B;W'kw6 W o' W . I(2 cdef
cW,#g='U;J+Ww6guwj
# )A;F"QUg#70 j WkKB.I( $îWQ
L r.Bw6g}A{Bkl$/
wj# gWw6gc}L#R
W :j $ M c ,k # ' r k wj c . f w 5 W

Xh B wj # w W 16 k w w c} vJ B x9 k w 3 N U
170
F

9
L
x +k$cq1W (.Ww.D TFwO3w(#@2W~;A3

cd1W (.WwD.L T9 (#~;O.Ww;W

r+z.cd|w+1cx9 J"Vda|
cd3~W1C#1+]^W
6/P
L cd6/P_+/
#1626cq,fW1#k
1W]cef~ (a( iWZgkwcl.#1ig+W /
('5 w( # w6g W k/ ]c ef , # ' } F g k w c l F 1 "
3~"&' (Q(BWw7$#,BW,}1cd,}
w6g$ w{dcqdW wv #k/W 1000 ,W]c
cl}'|
iWQA;Bw6gAk"1c}k"klk#1648k6/
& # , W w
! wl; N 1v w 1 U cq ' P W k
$G B,k1kR /Tg$S+Wc4,k 6/c &

l (A? 'T(,1#;WA?wc"$k6/cPW]
cllW1#
A"1c}B},kwc=uAWw6g6/P''
Wo6jD : ,k1c| A;B W Bw6g
}$=#UWQk!lB|W1c#w6g#>$'
c}~5W1
w;W ]clV1@J W 1#0W ]c $G .YkP#1666
w6g A' FBwvkw +c|."#U"k
+kw'.Y F0]cW .YBw,#
q1vq|#'W1cda (P(.
171
cql|,^g
dl.kWklXwv#agdal.&]
Y E w{ W w k ![ 1 ) \ y d | \ ] a c q l q
cq
172
M
c|]:"W!/ c'LAJJ:$]W!/
+cl#,TW$%:#zc|$%k:$U
W ] ] $% c z ' w}Z 1 W w6 # W w c
cdl,T
$%cd{ef/|" !"/G \$51600B ]cd'+$%
(;/;(."]?# kw6B]ycqlm}\6500 'W à
R
R
d RTdS9 R L T879
wy(S "}6
A5Fc" F#W100c
Rd d R
#[STS9 "."k]c!#330B]k]c'w
1B#1453yc{!" F$51100 %W]c7M#T
@$%cz~\1923u]c}~!" Nwv)kAT
cd:"]d!"
w*|wWc%'56lw)"Wkl#
w\UwW cl=+$"0]U
c.HgC'0Aw]Uwwcdt34#-;1
9dal];<Ucdm#o6p;$%q1U:S
' # 1 cl ' g W + B + + " o6 p w% W ]
# {' B ^ A| AJJ A| 3d t " } 1" i + > y 5 cd ];
(1{ 17( } (/ ( cd | W \ + ]; # P 6cd
^#yWaAf"W]cda (]("1W1{17];cd
R R
M" (879 " #6 c(L/; " w"/; # _6 cC y + " w w 5
o6cd':wg#p+cPz o 32 +c}$%"wBN#$f
R
c l `# ]; ' c z +cd $aY / 8B $aY #
W cwb wc 3 l 15 cw w wb wr 1 W o6 p
173
+ B yl k 9 # ` c/' w 1{ /g l ' kB
$e " /y #$% dU y z " d cd' # PW];
i"c}'cd`XhfgW]5Wwcd{#{
R
i
w#]8U/c&"wBc+;./_Wch
W N j H $% P cwl lk # W 1' l ^ l
cll1mA}/,5W{Hwx
W];:#ca"SSW$%):
1cWd)1W wWi+WwHc|U
c{#"];,l~$;U1''c{E1W
=zc" (($% #]c\,l"TT
W 1U xc$ h P W1n w6 Wc # 5k:
czlUWw=Ww6lo#Q clto
q 4 # A : * k : c " np A W w{ W 1 c l ` q r .
c=,"kl\wg
+=c#àosol];xP]'5:+
l .& $ w c " r R k : P ] ca-= 1B " ( R # ] W ;'
J"k-=lPWk,cdP]q|C.
6 (" o( o' } k m* + c| ^ # = W < #
cqlzl w{c|
"o
(52UcY|#>U7+,#W"orR
(st( $% c|" o# : =BW /=*
'sa5W$%#.";+"ockAT1B]da|cd
(&(w6Wclt/)"# W&'+cq
3l|' c|wW c)@.c zw*U1c w}
174
c{|$jWwB&c" ]
&$%
Pcoolistanbultours.comG$%
cu+z 3~W l c'w l+Wc lzl|w

EWA+zwc$@,;+z3~cPWk:Ww{
Bwvcqw#/M;k
(cdk$w(z'l
c l 4 w $% W k/ W 3 F w 34 l ]
z3~lTc@c@13'$#A:]
] k w ; W kl N cr E o k w{ c # u +
N]%{l1$%dF]W,c'#:c$
cw
9 9 B n/ W l W w # c 7 / z #
jW W]cwl#à<## l"#
,;C C1A c1.& "W(R
1zU1W3,;0zUVkw{j}C1 :kw
c.x
. w ,; cl P W $% :
Z.#1+:d"wz$%rcmU.gz++
d
L S
Q+kiW]A;}7qsaA}/+wcdS+M; '"1
175
cl1."995W.WcN
W # 5 + W ] ' U )6 5 o : l B W /=* (5
W * = # +c$# }sa: #cz|
c
1B
c 1B c5 1H zUV + 1': z
cl+1W1Bc}'co}3|" (c}'(|
,/|k|\yNEW :cd|W =w=c2E|:
yNEcdk|'zBw)]V$ :"[WrA:']c
clw}
{W!!lv1iz*+wc#yNEWo):
#wy1A3|cl}#$+>W;Wcz#|!
.""Uclzzz lWca|$=
d
L S
A}/#PNWAW 'W1McWWw,]c
cd}_.W ((k[B]dlz$"
N"W
1B
d
S
~" L 'WN[c$W1B#W1609-1616
c(?=k'+W1MBc&Wwl;/;U.g]da|cq
176
w z 3q ~ , # w o / w{ c 1 " '

c l + / l .& c~r # ; W W / r + k # c | . ,
c';c|B#]^k:c;*+#/}7
wHlt #N 1k#clfA:+wc|W
wcdUTW3 :32c}
"]0kwc~r#;W
c?+"$%
1L L SI;
U=*wc ((."]cl&'+wc'|:Ww}&
W w 1 vJ U ' W vJ W . # 3
c$>$'
Pwikipedia.orgG1L L SI;

^#yWac" (1L L SI;( W
''#ha:c|wT/z5W/clW[:@
R R
&cl=#N\1HJJ^ c&'n//"(879 "5c
3~Wwcl{F nz//#a]WwH ]]*N
1H w # Y U + w6 c ha U ] d W P U wH
177
cq'
c$,C+[UW.gU]#]]
]j&'BWc$1C,5W1Hc"Aw
U w|}wtW QwBNW;ca| $U 'W. NP W& WA;B
3$f#cwl|'k^w!YA;UFdlcla|}#&
c
,9 : {l];<c #$W wczw#N
#${rc~1t.$f#;W,{wcqq'#
l t 1H 3 U .g + c d | + ) U l " /
cda|1HW (5y(clt}WUwH1c
G 5y
(www.concierge.com
1L L SI;
R
dRd
(STS9"A;dalA/5yUwHWwcd."+5y#6N6
wvxc;Uw5WW]}U],Wn"N6$G:jk
W 1U w5W 1 $G.Ykw7) # 1s3p 313/cl5W
|U:#wvWtclqBwg,xcd;,Wn"'
cd#,X;3d
|l?#/a|{];xk:c3Aw#+
178
U mW .;# cli# yNEW c |w{: # c

k1BBki]{#<' cdalM;id
c{'N#lw:#WwJJcl}z5W
k . W ] cl 1 + ci ? # &' c ` U '
#qApAc (N3("W'c#1;/
W9cdL#N#;W ca|z
Apql/r
1tcdN3dSW\ycd.H^w{#/PB?
1PWQwcdal"JW]da=#;Wwy
) mn : # q A Ap w cd a| ~ # , B 1 W ] cd | A:
d}"N#1'~}W,A^k.cqLA}/
=cb
($ .I5; 5 I
5 ; c
5 [@5 ( )8 ]7]'
V )8 ! d+U e%9f g
5 ; 9EU e%9f %5 .h iX 6 [5 ` % (
9 &=($ (
PK ,
! 7V F 9 9EU F 9 \7V8 j [5 2 .[5 F $ b
5 , X k+ ( E+ $ 5 X " # $
,G .! # Z
c+zcqlAp1ck1A}/ :)1Q
z Q cl = Q cl 0 ] c 7 " AJ A d a w B #
cd1;Mk$G
w7)B,1cq|lU!A}/W#w{
1; # w 1; W $5 cq Z ' 5 < W ] | $ P W
cqZ:|#;Ww~}w
k1
w);:lT/cT,~.
l1#wkwlW@ PW 1cd A;)I cd
l\])cd,k.YjW?Bw ,/1c
Rd
L +A/"]3q
cdal1]Wi@/
W] d a = " cd . $ B A}/ /' 1k| P W /
3cd|ùrrd|#;r7W]cd/' (AAAAAAAQ(
179
W!Wicd"3H] P5WGdc|l
:
q]d|5WwWiR"1cd|lA;1
cd|M1WW$%Rrcdl
W|1\3cdl
1a|:J,u.YBw1k"bl~z
cqZ/\.E;B.]jWw)xW]c."\
ZPkB]k:dj"V],kw{
br),WwIW[cq-=1zW
W QB+ wt.H,w6 ]": cq A
W]k::",;]!Q1W!XdpcI.,k
cw,A"V]#;W,k
PWk/,k\wEkwd|gw{Wwv# gWwj
cq lN WwE hj W.Y# ]&c #
]
% cl } c B k/ ,k \ w
k l . B z @ # weI k
z {W wj9W ] cq d ." P W `]U [\ }W)I #

/ cq | N l I & B $ h W ; w{ W 1 cq k
cd{."# (~(PWwEW1s
,k#~W]&c|'A;PW,kdJ],w{
13=U'W}QB,k) c|}#,+B
R R
+PWw)k."",k#`jW53dAc|."bS "
R R
c 5 W + : ,; # 1 ] a w " bS " 5 W
,k# @(3J# ]cqZ8 A3wlIZ#."]
cdlPWw),k (""
H
S F
cd.U"MWw#':='9B.l.&cl1$+;
180
W A; U U $ w cq 1 # ; W DE : | d M z

5 c }1 " 40 A; U M ] ,; c $ | M j
cwl>8=PWf
B ww U kwc c$
':='9PWwpc}'BU':9Ww{}'c"0
R
c|MEU.Wq5WMca|."MWwD.SVm=$Uw#
R
mAa|W?z#>Bf'++"].^WlwD.SV
H
cdSBE :kw7)\c|6E$/
c}'
o | ' + c (c f( } c }' W 5 M; W 1B
R
R L T879
#537 W $lA{,Cc} # W330 Wk$G :jk 6
A;
Rd
R L TST y
W :j 3 < \ $5 900 cd l # ] # c A; ] k $ 6
wE }/1@kw'qj11Wwz c{al$U'WvJ
$"]Wwl,AdA<#]1td.zUcIJ
w7)#f/W#;yda|}w{z<c
cda|}B
Pflickr.comGtN"c}'
c}'
y # `k # c}&#B <]kAT1B W )M #1453
181
WUA,n9\,/|,;]U'&.Ycl,
5 W w6 # o | W 5 Q 6 T m y U m W ) c| & #
,]ykw6c/#w]|ko'cl"/$}#,n
|3/k4w1vB#Q#( }ko'r
(c-B
dal.&`Ncw,,kW1U.]W1Bd,;
W # W ;' j d l c A " D k 1B P W ;' j .H
z A , a } & # , ] c $ | wl d ) A w ;
c},"'/l$"A,",C]k$0-#cd
d
L S
l I ~ B ,C e | cd " ' N /; cd AqU ,C c }'
#wW|cd"+kwAW]cqW]kwv
/W/;UW]cqQ6'JA.I(2
#|'/]cq$&w+;+;#qkW'
cwlY# ((;W (#}W~;1'~(
&"o
|U/3W&:#lwUc1|&"o:5c}'
vJ"D cz|6z+|wWO+5c
wkAT1BP]3lA{&"A;F1W)Mda|c}'/
c}&P
{l.&ctlz9|wl#/W&
l.&czk]{z9+#c2
x:cF}q1t
Uw/W&cl&|+W]c1+W/cq1t
\H;z{wW1&5Y#l#T
q!cRBwA;BwWA;#++c
182
@F1;Jccccccccccccccc1i71B,E
Q',A ccccccccccc41i1B,Es
_'s
[Kcccccc!/,}
;"$/W1 AxcdalA/ " U Wwl;]

c
&
A/"&"o
clPWk|'c\wl.&UW1
+,B#1clt|wW1c#1+:A/
1#B3nW1#c~W5Y#+chPWhi
1#'31#53W1#31#G3W1#3w
c`k#w'W
JW1]Vl,,;]c'wA/Wwl;B
wl;cq 1% ,Ww{]VW ]
'c
cl}r"1B9#F+cwlk9al];<c
.&WlT9!YA;A#:cA;,\'k#
A|F5W 1l$zW,T1Fd` cdl
c|"|"{W
183
/
A;,
, D U w w c $ " , D # wl;
1B ] $ W q W a c / D 3~ W w U + c 1
c{kJF'3wlz.;
Af"1{17;&
184
4Wwl;BwH| #wHkwc#s1PWw
Sc$;1$/WD wP9W]cwlM)b
dk$
';]3$wMccccccd3wlaB'
U1=/;kwyc))&#5YN
c$#o]w1$/c'$/
{'34zUVAf"1{175;+1':+
>p#l$@+W;clm;z5Y#]c
cz|@U
c z ${ i ] c gC k# .H 16 W wl; k : l w
1W
'A;#]c{a|Uw5YWQ"''
b c U .k " N&' ] w A W w A $f# w
" ] 3 : B .k 3 ~ W h W k/ k wl;
~J'w}# gW;b],xck#b
cal+"o6[ef
,".I.
# 1 c l t # w c $ \ kB ' W ] : B w W &
.y5&''(Q)Q$^wl.& c # 1"/' /, ql
. W o' 3\ W & '' ( Q ) Q $^ # ," 1 cq ," . I
W ] c ? \ ]V \ 1 3\ " o'3 o' 3\ 31 " \
\.(3C.(p63n.(KA
i3"^3iwAW,"1c"'/].(
c,/|ka,"1 cU+kl$#iA/U"
qd1haqonline.lightuponlight.com:w,]
185
186
\1\
1"\.W&(Q)Q$^
I
$;"\
Q6.
\" Q$^
i
\
C.(p6
n.(K
.(
\.(
1,"%}d w7211d0'#;W,"1
]B$1Bk
A;',"BWU+cq w72
c}~4BW1"1iWmk1By
7;"J#,'B9&''(Q)Q$Û'hi.+
W kl Y } W ] d # . ] c N X # ] P ] 3d
ll#;W9w{ c|{/;kA*B|=ilxB#;
"1QW1v+,{]d &''(Q)Q$^]|
1i$cd
q:
a :w{cccccI|?BU
o'1'~l}"o'qAq#w{,")&''(Q)Q$^
{ ?U ] BV 1'~cd} /zM;B,"1 k : ]cV
cdYliRW,
187
&=7"wckB,|+W'/
cda|}m"eW,
."5Y
W$ /WD c$U/WNB.:#c{:W,}/,"
k c. " 5Y 5 ] j " $/ ] ' o : F
6 W F N # .Y( J : | ] ca| } . | ' w B wl;
qdw:|zcq1# (à
} # . 3| ' w k B A; c}' w F N6 # wv F " W .
lF Uw6-)A}/ 1 }|lef u 'Bw,kh I #1ca|
3w A; A}/ , W ] Y " z \ A; : c
ck.kwaw6;3w3/
1ca|}-)W<Bw3lX!#3wE1W b
A cq l , wg q 1; ' :| W p U ' hi #
#Ao6bAW]cdhi+"wE1#b'Q #
ca|}#bW<Bw
ll@c}@#{{+A}]"Bw1
q w6-) 1 c a l " , &' U w 1 z ." " }| ' # { W w7) 1
W c| 15 M 3 3 + a| . "

}~156JW1c|Bw6-)1hik#*B,;O
cal${B+,
g " + # @ 1 & w w* w6-) 1 U kl 1
#zxW]BJW-)9&,ca}|7"-)A\*A}/c
]"]a|},/H-)cN]G
U W $ ] cd | . W ( ( ' c a l / s W , Q
188
q/,
B+)$$\wlc$,w)WwJ;W]$l,{w6-)
?f,A}/wkc?w}-)N3F#2"w6-)
l ,l, 1zB wJocl
]$lmg#Z}iW]5W)9yc$l,$l,{ yc
c$l,J#;W 3
,c}B,/'k #w3{alsk1#2
PW1,`/,k"ic"-),PWkef~"
F D
PYUF \3/Gc4;",;PW1z1z
c#.WJw}-)F,d",;]|#kQ7
WkBw6-)J#w&Wwq"U,;]Al"
W
'B.&W]cql>#${z+,kJwgq|P
al#.WJbz3d{lUw=W'>cO)
c
gl w}-) I c }' ,f W 5 W w6-) W kl # .
U]lW1,w}-)wl;wwc7oW]#*B
Q7
Ww^]BQ;A;BW1W7 7c}|71Wu~
cdWG5"]kzw6-)U
Q
l # W -) + ' 1 " * $' B W 1 W 7 7
{k]'lyW]cl::.f" rlz
BAkd5W$#c}.*=#}B-)
M#6A/P W ]BkA; A@g #
lm$cd#]}dz4e.&c
B1iA;WWgcd#$Wwg'tA;y
ca|lzo]^$/" p
\wA3pz\.z"1$3l#w6-).
189
l+"ZzUV+/r1W]ca|`z<1$"}A;g|$
= W k r , g| 7 J } A 3g A " 5 A}/ c|
cgl,'#/|zA3g
9 cq p , ,WH,` 5W wH W 1izw # w
cd{.H#wiz"Bi}9Wk|`$
W c " w^^| W w6 w 3,0 # /5 N ,
cw/{/C1#,k|'
#.1ca}'xU5Www6;J3/
| l # . W } A; 9 A 3l A}/ # 1 cS |
d|#ba"k.W1iWF]c|'U.g{W
cq|.w}-)jW<wcN3#
1 # . Wk 1 , J W U | : A W w6-)
B,;OWw/BwBk1ca| (J(BwBk1cl/sU'
d@Uw7)#/h#5k|c|r`k"
w6-),#dU;z#WAkQ7cdUw6"1
qca|Ww}Bw
'5W]WA;czwgl#fw}#;.w}-)
']VWwUzc=UBiUn/)0A]"
cld.'
J+c2klsEU /'.H,WU,]wJd1k/S
)#0W]cwPW)]W]d#/Ww6-),
d#y1k/7"_"$]c5/w}-)
w6-) 1 3d $ ,E d $ l A}/ m ( 3 U+ k ,E 1* I
owll
*#c{]#qSAd.&cda
(cdBkEU
|l$}#k}A}/B,o'dAd"w7).H+ q](3k#
190
,W ] A a W ] d a@ -) X ,; ] c ,
] | A ; ] cd | l . < ,W d a -B P." ,` /G A cd k
$o']'"]A
1|cgwBw*wk,
cda|l#,W
B."]iBYP]c"o'J9
cefoo'_EU,V
]o'cq}qWk,`/o']B,;]wl\#
<",`,|eB,k9BcdA}/-U]U'B."]q
1#Wo'qo'qWk<]o'cl i
}w6-).cdzJ/}B Pw6G1d@w,k
cU5W1biBXlU1
c|lr,1i\y(\]B$BBo',`/1
,&G W _ 1 3 } ,' B 1i P5 5 W ]G
]3$",)]Vc_.{ PG#$W]Ww7)cM,W P.
A o' d 0] c ." D # k U ] $ " ,} ] 3_ } ~
P3/7G c6B/55W$
3".c{w}-)#ww#1P.kwiz
F H+
+AzpPW]3-BA1T zoA
, dx\F/".cwuB #
c7Bwiz,;c$PW
W,|[1WxqWU.APWwiz
N6 B wl; 1v c| } W z B U 1 .H + c | 7
] ." " . | Q r + F U w A c ? " ]
c|}GWr
,z+c|Q]rA;+1l.#+U'
B1i}J9#.Yl. c|}W BwJA|A;
< k & '~ ( Q ) Q $^ " k < k I cd . &
191
c}1k
kwAc1k|}.;wb.""]cdww,
w W w{ ) cP ,` w A W b W o6 p 3/
,]al wl;;"5+c b Bw6
. 1 kl ef .g /' < # , B w , c H B | ! U ]
5Y b c}|l U kUNl ,A^',w}-),0
ckl+"$/1c\"U,]J
]
k|@W$QA;k*c1 :&"o
l U (W 5 )65$% c'U =n : wc ,/|
yz cd;W (1{17( :]czkU55c
a (] ( $ U sa ] : # z c l | # , } Y +
cdlUkW1{17cd
" k k . @?; 1B w # 1502 cq d o # à U .g ]
'+| 'U1{ 17#k/]ca (@ (l w#1845 c{."
d l # 1994 A cl AJ ] W ] c a } (' ( d {
c$# '#1992Bo]+,
#k/ ckw#1348dU+ c| (](:#W
~sa+
'c"RTUW]]3"wka
cd}
m c'{U(6W1{17WA;]{:16w
QP1"~k#c:wc}'+(y+W
lA/aA/a5cd/g!#yc'w[WwBc@
,; c " N U ( w c l + U 5 c z B w| .
192
cdl1ABw
W$%:#c2E|UW1{17'UA;:#
cd5Q6a6*$^1;wgdAcl# (=6(
cd;'1+
Pwikipedia.orgGFNU+]
Ppanoramio.comG]
5Q6a6*
k o' c I J # W O& o' c @/ 7 i . e " 5 Q 6 a 6 *
O& W , & '' ( Q ) I y c $G .Y z o , & '' ( Q ) Q $^
q3W wg}ko'c$N; o'
m 'wgd.gzc|5WoW 5Q6a6* cl.X
P W { o' \ y } .X \ ] w{ k & '' ( Q ) Q $^ cd
clWwU
#mcdAW&''(Q)Q$^35Q6a6*#3
5Q6d1W/,fWo'#7,cgOo'
#{]c*#@?! M{+#674}53#k
l1*5Q6a6*,E#k/]c?"Q6E/7Q
cl?#]o'
193
o'lfPW,#!o'@?cho'1]cA:"Mkwv
W~W^w|J#yd3w{(3}ko'cm}'o'
k@?,Tko'y (c1q3E'Awgc|lp\wg#;
c1Bo'|3lp\wg#;W~l?U3]}A/s"o'
qkwI#/sWo'cl,Wo'F.o'
d|U #,E j+ cz (M(+u o'w{W 1# W c
q1 P230.G7c 2
JBo'Q}Mkw,]
] z cq ' U o' c ) W . cd # / 6 W M o'
cqH'wqlL#yq$
Ppanoramio.comG6
Pphotographersdirect.comGA/"6
# W 1B o' )M k AT1By da'#,}saI

A U \ B o' cd U e z M; + c} " k ,C 1" i + U
1"i+WkJBzw5zo,To'alk
194
''(Q)9o',k"$5^_Bo'PW]c,"A,
,1W&
Uwjw6g1kQ( }#,T>Jk&''(Q)9q1Q6HA
/)BIal ( qo' (c/Bwkw
PSJ3GclU
\o'
k,CU13}U13k,Bwk&''(Q)9q15Q6<*
PSJ3nGc}1mwU1
l U 0 W a g k wv d ,; # c " n/ ~ P W F k o'
c}A1"i+=U\o'
cd l # W 1
5 Q 6 a 6 *

cda',Af"1{17
"s
m c $@ W = AT + 5 c $ > d | l { :
c{,cl{-=>cAwk:l0|
P ] 3 { ' + c . " k w} wg # # l T
crDA;PW krc}
U/gc|#:JW]=*c|rD:#
[ : W /U c d | P W m z A}/ # /g cl
>} =L | A@ O& r D c | U r D W A@ O& n/ w* W {
cdmUk|
" (((#PWN&.k!AWx4A@O&
|;'wB,E}~q`#|}@+wBW]cd
3xy c l , ,
q # | } B - . w P W ` ] c
wv3A@O&0]c|;'wB/W>]J"3'3
195
crB]!Qc|7vJ".YZHAJ+3alvJ"w<qW
r k /g AJ ] c /U k ] 1' c i /g c z O& R/ A}/
{~]czs"
BA@O&u c|c}1WO&
wW czkw6Wc$1'
clfk=$7
!Qc/B.#àwv|UrDA:W3%
cn'cpkB/1,;Aef]@AdH
www.mubashirnazir.org _/PWwI
196
197
198
199

Safarnama Turkey PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Safarnama Turkey PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

c 5WJ kw (cdk?Bwcw

Bd,xcd  W k B ]W ]d ." .

}Ak&''(Q)Q$^ qrUhi^ g*f.A

c   5  U  A W ]

+Bwc{ ."]cd$ r D]# z$fcq ' U r

k # 3 B A2 A2 d ' !  "  c z  B w{ 

+ c} ; # w  k :  g  l  :  ] l c}

~cq `alUw5 [" W 1#

gWw-W  F5Wwl} c z,

gW A ]E+#{W ] X]A

R L R L y(  5 W . A|  cd ? # w B '

c$%{w"w ()( (5(

$fa1923  

o. Z /"`a/

.L. Z /""

 !W1c  d)kw ;W

gC 1" i c B w# W y c $ B wl c  W w 

wD.L TSL 'PW#1cz\63z! -w6\&'

" kMi U .g W $%Akd A;Axc}~ n"W$G :j

$fa O  

w  1 #  ' q l .H # @  w d  cd 

] : c { o6 B p   d a P  B P + W + e  B

G AT 1B];'

" 0   w k #c 0 k  2 m ' : W k  / W 

c z  w M  c ' 5  t 34 UV + z  c d

(Terzi(U1"+w{3k#wg c|lz$.W +

 #  W $^ c AT B " % &' #  W ,; 9 .&  c 7 " O

cX'#w6) Ay da

[ cl r\ dB3y ,E W

c /' " #  ?  ; k # c ' P W ,  . # l T /

  i # $ W w*  !  c  "   

] l , w  y # cd | A z  , ]  r

c1OLWB0;mn]k$0c (m(A (0;

]Vh+c ]Vh P W J# N U]Vmn

U u W  # ]c H  U ]V mn W  # 1934 k $0 c

U155WB c%#EW c}<"!/

 .f wT k $0 c .f P W w # b .X " .f wT

. +W9 cda|=" S l ", W 9w{

qAcd|  wcd a| ?Bw7)cq| gWU .Wcda|

g W ,E OL 3n [ # ] d Ac  J| +

 G | ! K0  c l B ,v W   -B k ' :

xy ~  B w) k' , k w c1' "W w 

c?# Wtc^z< :cl];==

 1 W !X  W w 1 d ` c#  9 z  d  # .Y B

F  , z UV + U l 4 =l U T 5 5 W

dal$ ((+w{W1cdal$" (;'(5W.WwW

PW `]cw ,J Al.+#

w ' w{  cd a ]; #  ] 1v d \  "

W ] | }

 # / P  cl  U .g W ,*   , w}

] d , k { , z + P W k .H B ,F W

(Authoritarian) ; + cd=fQkwB(Pluralism)  ,cq l

1c#Dz#? .cd$*? zUVcBO

k:|lW]y?#6U^\1990 cUTW^ 

   } #  ] U .E ;' # ; W \  d al .& | ]

8' ( 3   c { N A #  8'  z UV + # W

,; x B  k w

,;  c 0| ?   B 

 ,; w l M %

/Acd,; k D}n "wvkl$/,}'y

cal.&$;)' ]Wl;*W  \c6

d cq ("(l/wsda|cdm'

c 5WJ kw (cdk?Bwcw

Bd,xcd W k B ]W ]d ." .

}Ak&''(Q)Q$^ qrUhi^ g*f.A

c 5 U A W ]

+Bwc{ ."]cd$ r D]# z$fcq ' U r

k # 3 B A2 A2 d ' ! " c z B w{

+ c} ; # w k : g l : ] l c}

~cq `alUw5 [" W 1#

gWw-W F5Wwl} c z,

gW A ]E+#{W ] X]A

R L R L y( 5 W . A| cd ? # w B '

c$%{w"w ()( (5(

$fa1923

o. Z /"`a/

.L. Z /""

!W1c d)kw ;W

gC 1" i c B w# W y c $ B wl c W w

wD.L TSL 'PW#1cz\63z! -w6\&'

" kMi U .g W $%Akd A;Axc}~ n"W$G :j

$fa O

w 1 # ' q l .H # @ w d cd

] : c { o6 B p d a P B P + W + e B

G AT1B];'

" 0 w k #c 0 k 2 m ' : W k / W

c z w M c ' 5 t 34 UV + z c d

(Terzi(U1"+w{3k#wg c|lz$.W +

# W $^ c AT B " % &' # W ,; 9 .& c 7 " O

cX'#w6)Ay da

[ cl r\ dB3y ,E W

c /' " # ? ; k # c ' P W , . # l T /

i # $ W w* ! c "

] l , w y # cd | A z , ] r

c1OLWB0;mn]k$0c (m(A (0;

]Vh+c ]Vh P W J# N U]Vmn

U u W # ]c H U ]V mn W # 1934 k $0 c

U155WB c%#EW c}<"!/

.f wT k $0 c .f P W w # b .X " .f wT

.+W9 cda|=" S l ",W 9w{

qAcd| wcd a| ?Bw7)cq| gWU .Wcda|

g W ,E OL 3n [ # ] d Ac J| +

G | ! K0 c l B ,v W -B k ' :

xy ~ B w) k' , k w c1' "W w

c?# Wtc^z< :cl];==

1 W !X W w 1 d ` c# 9 z d # .Y B

F , z UV + U l 4 =l U T 5 5 W

dal$ ((+w{W1cdal$" (;'(5W.WwW

PW `]cw ,J Al.+#

w ' w{ cd a ]; # ] 1v d \ "

W ] | }

# / P cl U .g W ,* , w}

] d , k { , z + P W k .H B ,F W

(Authoritarian) ; + cd=fQkwB(Pluralism) ,cq l

1c#Dz#? .cd$*? zUVcBO

k:|lW]y?#6U^\1990 cUTW^

} # ] U .E ;' # ; W \ d al .& | ]

8' ( 3 c { N A # 8' z UV + # W

,; x B k w

,; c 0| ? B

,; w l M %

/Acd,; k D}n "wvkl$/,}'y

cal.&$;)' ]Wl;*W \c6

d cq ("(l/wsda|cdm'

] : cd A k a )rB t x 5

kw (cl'Alc:k :( 2A

x 15% #m'5w 9 c lA}/ kg"w6h # w9W1wl

] c } k 1i { SQL 1B d a| # ; W &

ZH !+#W P1707.GGH3/cd{a"zf#]&W1s

1cq | $ # w q * w} ,E y W kl

}cdal@1 : :`"]da|}#.]

W / {# 13d "wW wv o] ^,5kQ7

U 1 c l B u U 1 cal ef 8 W B w

> j W w k w

g W 1. kef &1

(cw'/w{Bo'#(32'5 A;B U A3'@

S kU A cd wB P W k F .Y B [ d l } A

B .Y k = /

W w*J : 5 W w6 A i 5 + c ' # @ 1 =

} , cl /' " k U , ' # w6 ` P W ` ] c|

A1Ao d U J '9 OByczl,,;^

J + 1 k cq B; q = A A W }