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6u6nuomeka 3HAHYIE

Wonders of the World

Philip Steele

HAYI]ETE OUT,..
KAIO9 KbM TAEAII IATA:

caimoBe

KIIIGTIINIR
FL'st published by [ingfi5her Publicationr Pk 2007

Copyright

O Kngfisher

c/o Anthea Rjghtr

Publications PIc 2007

Sofia

Bcurku npa8a 3ana3eEu. Humo egHa qacm

om moBa ugaHue

te uo*e

ga 6rge

fu 3npourBer{gafl a, oxpaHfl SaHa u^u

u3no^3BaBa c kakBamo

u ga e

ue

erekmpouer, MexaHuqel ulu gpyz

no

OmaoBopeH pegakmop Ha nopeguqama:

[0e^uHa Eaie0a

O npe8ogaeu:
MuxaeM Muxatr oBa, UoemeluHa ny ega,

Mapu, Bacu^eoa, B^aguc a0 Hufloo,

nog?omogka
t4Bt4

ra

[e

ma

n^oogug

|SBN 97&954-308-1745

O l43game^cm8o
Coou, 1784

n(

Aumepamypa

tIpegaoBop

ua6op ra
npoQecun

n:#T#'n'

fltpan

TIABA

CrarnnrE LtyaECA HA
APEBHU' CB'T
Benukama nupaMuga
9ygecama na BaBunoH
3eBc Oaurvrnuucku
Xparrar:m ua $oeuruma
MaB3oneam

tlPEC, 2007

25

6y/L "Llapu?paqcko uroce"

113

7
8-9
10-11

1Z-13

14-15

l6-17

Pogockulm konoc
18-19
AnekcaHgpuuckurm cgap ZO-21
O6obtuenue
zz

ne,ram:

Apm, www.ivianbg.com

ne,{am:

gonbnHumeAHa

HaquH

6e: u:pu,ttomo cbzlacue fla utgamelr.

nembp t{yxo8

Cogbp)kaHue

Be ukama nupaMuga

0 [u3a,

E?unem,

e eguHcmoeHomo

oqeM^o om cegeMme qyge@ Ha aHmuqHur (8{m.

Bropn IIABA

llo

3ana3Bane na

urupoKu, cBrr

23

Konu3eyairrrm B Pual
24-25
Benukama kumarlcka cmeHa 26-27

Anakop Bam

28-29

3aeagkume Ha Tuxuq okean

qu.{eH Umua

30-31
3Z-33

Tag* Maxarr

34-35

Kanaaume na Beneuuq

36-37
38

O6obueHue

Tprrn

TIABA

YvarcnrA

HA

CbBPEMEHHU' CB'T

39

Ha Brrpxa na cBema
40-41
Apxumekmypa u u3lgrcmBo 42-43
BogHu r{ygeca

MocmoBeme

44-45
46-47

uucSopmauuqma

48-49

CrrBperrnenHume korrocu

50-51

Vcmpealenu krrrvr
gpyau cBemoBe
O6obtueHue

52-53
54

CBemoBnomo kynmypHo u
ucmopuqecko nacnegcmBo 55-59
60-61
Pequuk
A36yuen noka3aneu
62-63
64
Eu6auoapaQur

I-IpegaoBop
QgPeBHur c8sm uuano cegeM qygeca. Tesu Eenukonenuu u ynukanHu apage>ku ce cMflmanu 3a
l-l xa[-Heo6uknoBex ume Ha 3eusma.,[nec e ocmaxano egHo-eguHcmBeno om mflx: ezune]TF
ckume nupanaugu u npoqymunm CQuHkc, o6sBenu aa cBemoBuo kynmypno uacnegcmBo.
l-lpes 1972 aoguxa IOHECKO npuervra kouBeHqus sa 3auluma ua cBemo8uomo kynmypuo u npupoguo 6oaamcmBo. CnopaayueHuemo e nognucaHo om 182 cmpaHu I qenun c6sm. Bcska
cmpaHa, nognucala Cnopasyueuuemo, ce aagr:n>ka8a ga aaulumaBa cBoemo uacnegcm8o, r.to u
ga noMaea Ha gpyeume cmpaHu ga onaaBam cBoemo. [o gnec 182 o6ekma ca npu3Hamu 3a u3knloqumerrHo Ba>kxu sa qrlomo ,{o8eqecmBo, nopagu koemo aacny;kaBam ga 6rgam aakpunnuu
om qrnama ue>kgyHapogua o6ulxocm.
flo cBema uMa MHoao npekpacnu vecma. Hskou om mnx npegcmaBnnBam HeBepoRmHu nocmu>kenus ra qo8eukomo Bro6pa>keHue u yMeHUfl. kamo uanpuuep AiQenoBama kyna 8tB (ppanuun. B [.loguno, SomcyaHa, gpe8xu ckanHu pucyuku uu paakpuBam nrrpBume onumu Ha xopama
ga o6qyBam vpes uskycmEo. Epyaage vro>kerr,t ga Bugurvr QaumacmuvHu ctBpeueHHu cepagu
kamo mBopexusma Ha AHmoHuo l-aygu B EapcenoHa, lzlcnanun. Tagu kHuaa paaarre>kga vuoeo
om qygecama, nocmpoeHu om xopama npes BekoBeme. Ho crulecmByBam u usknloqume^Hu
npupogHu kpacomu - om nrrcmpouBemHume kopanu Ha Foneuun 6apuepen pu$ B A8cmpanun
go mponuveckume aopu xa ocmpoB Cyrurampa, l4ugoHeeun, unu ueo6nmnama uup Ha paBxunume ua Cepeuaemu B TaxsaHun. floHskoaa me npegocma8nm eguHcmBeuuf, goM Ha nskou >kuBomuHcku u pacmumenHu BugoBe, gamoBa e ueo6xogurrao ga na3uM u mflx.
Ako He nonaeaue zpu>ku 3a me3u Benukolenuu Mecma, me ure u3qe3Ham.3amo8a e usknloqumenuo Ba>kHo Bcuuku xopa ga Hayqam 3a mflx u ga omkpunm HaquH ga eu 3ana3flm.
3uaeme nu kakBo Bk^loq8a kynmypuomo uacnegcmBo na Baurama cmpaua? Ako >ku8eeme B AHenun, HaBnpHo cme vyBanu aa CmoynxeHg>k - kaueauume kprrao8e, krgemo ce crr6upanu gpyugume, ulu 3a u3yMumelHume Bkauesenocmu B.[e8rx u u3moqHomo kpai6pe>kue Ha flopcem.
Ho ganu 3Haeme, ve nogo6Hu kaueHHu kptzoBe I ceHeaan u fau6us ca o6nBeuu aa o6ekmu Ha
c8emoBHomo kynmypHo xacregcmBo u ve nrpBomo runcmo, kugemo ca omkpumu qoBeluku
Ekavesenocmu, ce HaMupa B lo;kna AQpukaT
Tyk vo>keme ga y3Haeme ga c8emo8xomo kynmypuo u ucmopuvecko nacregcmgo B HenocpegcmBeHa 6nusocm go Bac, ga nocemume o6ekmume u ga ce y6egume cauu. C noMoulma Ha
maau kxuaa u npenpamkume, koumo mn npegocma8s, cauu 6uxme Moenu ga omkpueme uecma u3 qenufl c8nm. npegcmaBnn8auu 3HaquMocm 3a Hapogume. koumo au HacennBam. Konkomo noBeqe 3HaeM 3a unkoe uncmo, monkoBa noBeve u-1e ce epu;kurvt 3a Heeo I6rgeqe.

Qpancoaa PuBuep
3amecmHuk-eexepaneH gupekmop Ha lOHECKO
no Eunpocume na kynmypama

MOPE

cPEgnSEMHO

.&
A^ek(aHgpurl(kurm

{
O

Be^ukama

fula,

nupaMuga,

Ezunem

Ezunem

*.
\.1

I'

'.: ,,":.

cegerome

fltpaa

rrABA

vfigra

Ha (8ema 6u^u pa3no olkeHu

g eguH paloH Ha (8ema

no kpat6pe)kuemo

uau 6aulo go Cpegu3eMHo Mope.

Cege,rnme Lrygeca Ha gpeBHurr cBflm

ypu3Mbm He e uo8o sBneHue. llpegu
no8eqe om gBe xunngu ?oguHu
ebpqume u puMnFHUme nrmy8anu go
ganeqHu serMu, Eknloqumen Ho Eaunem,
ga pa3enegam sa6ene)kumen Hocmume uM.
flocemunu naMemHuqu kamo Benukama
nupaMuga ua XyQy (Xeonc), konmo gopu
moaaBa 6una na no8eqe om 25OO
eoguHU. flumeuecmBeHuqume ce
x8anenu c nrmy8auurma cu, paskasBanu
3a u3yMumen Hume o6ekmu, koumo

Bugenu. lpuukume aBmopu Xepogom

(484-420 e. np.Xp.) u Kanuvax om KupeHa

(305-240 a. np.Xp.) cr:cmaBunu cnucbLtu

Ha me3u qygeca. Ioemum Anmunamrp
om Cugou, ko[mo m8opu ol<ono
120 a. np.Xp.. cr:cmaBs kapma na
nau-uumepecHume cegeM o6ekma. l-lpes
Puvrckun nepuog u CpegHoBeko8uemo
Buo6pa>kenuemo Ha aBmopume 6uno
sa8nagnHo om Cegervrme qygeca Ha
c8ema. .[Hec me 3aeMam cEoemo
gocmo[no u HeocnopuMo Mncmo cpeg
apxumekmypHUme naMemuuqu. Ho
ugeflma ga 6r:gam onpegeAFHU riygeca Ha
cBema e npu8nekamenHa u I xauu gHu.

Benukama nupaMuga
Tpu Macu8uu kaveHHu nauemHuka ce us8ucnBam gHec Hag nycmuHnma
I kpa0 fusa, teganev om co8peueuHama eeunemcka cmonuqa l(ar.rpo.
Ha0-aonsrvlama

om mflx e Benukama nupaMuga, pasnono>kena

rvre>kgy

peka Hun u 3anagnama nycmuHr u cmpoeHa B npogrrrukenue na

noBeqe om 20 ?oguHu. Euna saBrpuueua okono 2560 a. np.Xp.
B ues e pasnono>kena noape6anHama karvrepa na XyQy
(Xeonc) - eaunemcku Qapaou, noquHan npu6nusumenuo
npes 2566 a. np.Xp. 14 guec nocemumenume Ha
nupaMugama ca o6semu om cmpaxonoqumaHue.
llpegcmaBeme cu kak nu e
usane>kgana, koaamo cmpoe>kum
e 6un sa8rrpr-uen, nokpuma c
6necmnul 6nn Bapo8uk u
y8envana cbc 3namo.

l
Ha

6Au30

go Ee^ukama nupaMuga

lbo u

ce

a/\a8a Ha ,ro8ek. Eb3MorkHo

e Auqemo ga

oapaoHa XaSpa (no-u:oetmer kamo XeopeH), noquHa^

npe3 2532 z. np.Xp. JaUH(moeflurm naMemHuk g^agee
Bbo6pa {eHuemo Ha xopama Eeqe nooeqe om 4500 zoguHu.

'i

Cmpoume,rcmOo B zuaaxmcku,rraura6
hcmuxckama nupaMUga npume>kaBa k8agpamna ocno8a,
om kosmo uemupu nnocku cmpaHu ce cu6upam xa Bupxa.
fltp8onavarxo Benukama nupaMuga 6ula Bucoka 146 M, Ho gHec
e nosucka,3automo
kauukum xa0omzope. lllupuHama Ha
^uncBa
ocso8ama u, u3MepeHa om tzb go bab^, e 230 r,',r. ,[]yuama
"nupaMuga" e om zpulku, He om eaunemcku npou3xog u nonyuaBa
uMemo cu om ualrk ntueHuqeH cnagkuru, ko[mo abpqume neklu
B npu6rusume.ruo ctrqama Qopua. Morke ga nu ce cmopu, qe

ra makaBa ttacuBHa nocmpo0ka.

Taau nupauuga e u3?pageHa om npu6,ruaumeano g8a

gyMama He nogxorkga

MUAUOHa kaMeHHU

6lOka, kamO me>keCmma sa

Bceku eguH e npu6ruaume.rHo 2,5 mona.

iI
I
t

.( Be^ukama nupauuga 6uaa rao6ukoaena om

u no-Ma^ku nupaMugu. [Io-kb(Ho kbM
xpaMo8ur koMn^ekc 6u^u npu6a8eHu oqe goe

xpaMoBe

euzaumcku zpo6uuqu

nupaMugume

Ha

xaopa (XeopeH) u MeBkaypa (MukepuH).

. rl,/,:

B Haqa^omo (meHume fla e?unem(kume nupauugu 6u^u (mbna/\o8ugHu. ToBa

zpo6uuqama Ha oapaoHa Ar{o(ep 6^u3o go n^amomo cakkapa. To3U oapaoH yMupa

npe3 2648 a. np.Xp. om8bH Be ukama nupaMuga cbqo 6u^a (mua^o8ugHa, Ho npu
go0rpueaHemo u (mrnaMma 6u^u lanb^HeHu, a no8bpxHo(mma o6^uqo0aHa
gapo8uk, 3a ga (e no yqu eoekm Ha z agku n,locku cmeHu.

Ha

xu^flgu

6rA

9ygecama ua BaBunon
g2aBunou e eguH om nupBume ?o^eMu apagoBe B cBema.
LlSun paenono>ken I crpuemo na MeconomauuR pe?uoH I Asus. ko0mo noqmu nokpu8a mepumopurma
ua cuBpeueneu lzlpak. Ba8unos qecmo ce cnoueHa8a I
gpeBHoepuukume cnucbrlu Ha Cegervrme qygeca.
l-loBe.{emo aBmopu Brrsx8alrBam Bucnqume epaguHu
BaBunoH, Ho gpy?u 6unu nocunHo Eneqamneuu om
uacuBsume cmeHu, koumo sao6ukannnu apaga.
<

fooopu

(g

qe SlagemeMm

Ha8yxogoHo(op

ll e

no(mpou^

Bucf,utume zpaguHu 3a

onpyzama (u AMumu(
PogoM om 3e eHume nlaHuHu

fla (e6epoGmoka, Ha fles

6urro olrptaraao om
npauHume paoHuHu,

3ao6ukaMqu Ba0u

!I

oH.

goaMama o6uqa^u

pa3xogkume u3 my{Hume
mpa(u Ha ?paguflume.

>

nlpooflaqa^Homo 3HaqeHue Ha gwama,,paU" 6u^o epaguHa,

uo6ukoaeua om (meHa. [paguHume 6u u 8u@ko qeHeflu 0

u nepcur u 6uu racalrgatu okoao

qap&u na^amu. PoMoMqume ooHmaHu u
xMgHume urky(moeHu elepua (e (M[ma^u ,a BpDx Ha Ayk(a
Ape8fla Me@nomaMu,
MHor(ecmoo

3HoUHume,

qxu teMu.

C pa3pacmoaHmo Ha Bagu^oH(kama

uMnepu, He e u3kllogeHo 0(eoBMokHu Sugoge na

Mu,

ekiomuqHu xpacmu, (oqHu n ogoge u yxaxru q6emr ga ca 6urru

go(ma8ffiu 3a

pai(

kgaHe

gr0 Bu(flqume

zpaguHu Ha BaBu oH.

Al,orrka na

Ha

uuBulu3auulma

Meconomauus e ugBecmna kamo ,,rrlorrkama na

quBunu:aqurma". TaM EusHuk8am nrp8ume zpagoBe u
cenuuta I ucmopunma, mau ce cregaBam ntrp8ume aakonu
u nak mau ca cb3gageHu nrp8ume cBemo8ru uMnepuu.

Xumenume Ha Meconomar\4un uso6pemunu nucMeHocmma.

uerlcemMuHymHun qac u koneromo. BaBunoH - Seve apag
c Hace^exue om 6rueo 200 000 gyuu - ce npe8prqa

qenmtp Ha oepoMHa uMnepufl npe: XVlll Bek np.Xp.

flepuogtrm xa Bmopun r'ay paau8em e cneg 625 a.np.Xp. ToBa
e Emopama uMnepuf, Ha konmo aptrqkume numeuecmBeuuuu
curuo ce BusxuqaBa^u u 3a koffmo ,]ecmo pa3ka38a^u.

fnoxama na Ha0lxogouocop II
BaBunos e nocmpoeH na peka EQpam, konmo npegocma8nna
ckrnoqenNa Eoga uraue cyxun peeuoH. Hag epaga ce

ueBucsBa,r cBeuteH naMemHuk, oaponeH 3ukypam u^u

cmunaao8ugra nupaMUga. CrtqeBpeueuHo BaBunoH 6un

ueHmbp Ha mtpaoBunma, 6u)kymepuuHume u mekcmursume
u3geAUs, acmpoHoMunma, MameMamukama u Haykama.

Fpagrm 6un no8mopNo u3gu?Ham om Moebuufl qap

HaByxogouocop ll, ko[mo uapy8a om 605 go 562 e. np.Xp.
Buxurama cmeHa Ha Ho8un apag 6um gunza 18 kurrorraempa,
a ge6e,rurama 6una 24 uempa. 6oina konecnuua cnoko0no
Mo)ke^a ga:aBue Erpxy cmeHama u mo8a 6u^o
gocmambqHo, oa ga r npe8rpHe I oqe egro vygo
:a unkou epuqku ntmeutecmBeuuqu.

Buc-nutume apaguHu
fptqkama gyMa kpeMacmoc

B ge0cm8umernocm uo>ke ga

o:xaqa8a ,,Bucsul" uru,,HagBucHa^" u e MHoeo SepoflmHo

epaguHUme no mepacume ga ca uag8ucBanu Hag epaga.
Ho Haucmusa Au mepacume

apaga 6uau 3acageHu c

ekaomuqHu gtpBema, nbl3rulu
u Lpr[mrqu xpacmu?
^o3u
Hnkou apxeoroau m8bpgffm. qe ca omkpu^u c egu om
zpaguHume, uo gpyzu u:o6uto ue Brp8am B ctulecmBy8aremo
uu. lpaguuume He ce cnouega8am 8 ucmopuveckume
gokyueumu sa BaBunox.,[a ne 6u ntk aprukume
numeurecmBeguuu ga ca uMalu npegBug g6opqoBume
zpaguHu
HuHeBur? HaBnpno nukoza Hfl[ra ga y3HaeM.

fpbqkume onu(aHu, Ha Buqu{ume .paguHu cro6qa8am 3a ckpumu SogHu

^
leHa^u, quemo npegHalHaqeHue 6u^o ga noggrprkam glazama Ha kopeHume
pa(meHuflma. Br3Mol$o e ycmpoiicmBomo ga e npeg(ma8^roa^o BogHo

Ha

kole

o,

komo n!^He^o oegpa Ha rogbpxtiocmma, 3a ga 3axpaH6am kaEa ume,

Uu8u/tu3aqu[ma Ha MeconomaMu, e 6u/ta 3aBucuMa

on

flarolgaHemo,

(mpooka Ha kauaau u xugpourukelepcmSomo. IlMeHHo me3u yMe8ufl,

par8u8aHu B peruoHa 0 npogD r(eHue Ha xulrgu zoguul!,
npegueukoa^u aoMMomo SbtxuqeHug Ha ?bpqume.

'a."&

8--"* b,.r*:_
.F

3eBc Onurrnnufrcku
e BupxoBuunm 6oz ua gpeBHume ebpqu, ?ocnogap
r..fna ne6emo. To0 pasgaBan cnpaBegnuBocm u nopasn8an
Aourume xopa c MbnHuu. Okono 430 a.np.Xp. ebpqume
u3gueam Eenukonenua cmamyfl ua 3eBc, konmo ao nokao8a
B unnomo uy Benuvue u Moul. Cmamynma 6una cusgageHa
om Qugu0, Ha0-Eenukun cpeg gpe8Hoapr:qkume ckynnmopu.
6una nocma8eHa B xparvr ua cBeueHomo Mflcmo Onuunua,
pogHomo Mflcmo Ha npoqymufl penu?uo3eH u cnopmeH
npasnuk Ha aHmuqHocmma - Onuunu0ckume uapu.

2eBc

>

Cmamysma Ha 3egc

(e wgu?a^a g

xpaM,

no(mpoeH npe3 457 z. np.Xp. Ouzypama ru

6o?a 6u^a oucoka oko^o 12 Mempa u
u3gfllaHa om (^oHo8a ko.m. Ogerkgume y

on uamo. g eqHama cu p*a gbpka^

(mamyrma Ha Huke, 6ozuHsma m no6egama, '
g ecme(moeH pb.m, a gpyzama - ckunmbp,
6uau

yeHgaH Ctc 3 ameH ope^,

< PyuHume Ha xpaMa Ha 3eg( Moaam ga

6rgam noremeru u gHec O^uMnur 6u a
(SeqeHo Mr(mo

g npogDDkeHue Ha gt

?u

a 6ozuxrma Xepa (!qo 6u^a

noqumaHa maM. nog (uHbomo He6e u
na equme lDqu Ha c^bHqemo (eHqe(mume
?opuqku npeglazalu x agta crxka u
zoguHu,

Orruirnnutrckume UZpU
Oauunun nukoza He e 6ula apag B cuuluuckur cMUcbA Ha gyMama,
uakap ga npeglazala nogcnoH u Mecma 3a xpaHeHe Ha nocemumelume.
lhmeurecmBesuuume ugEanu B O,runanun 3apagu npoqymume u?pu,
quemo Haqalo e nocmaBeuo npes 776 a. np.Xp. uru gopu no-paHo.
Vlapume npegcmaBmBanu mrp>kecmBo Ha amlemuqHume yMeHuff. Omxaqano
Ekrloq8am caMo 6saanuq u cx6amku no 6op6a. Ho no-kbcHo ce go6aBnm
rag6ra8anun c kose u koaecuuuu, 6okc u 6rzase nb Ho 6ouHo cgapn>keHue.
Ctcmesamenume ce cmuqalu om qrna lrpqun u omganevenume apuuku
cenuu.la I gpyeu cmpaHu. Omluqnume amlemu ce pagBalu Ha oepoMHa cna8a.

npeg xpaMa Ha Jeg(

6u/\u no(ma8eHu crnamyu

qr

u^lo(mpupaqu (qeHu
zpu{kama MumoiozuE
Tyk gpe8Homo

Mere l9

Aanumume Eogu
keHmaopume

cpa*Er r

Fano

xopa, Hano o8uHa

&

kd

Iloqumane na 6o:oBeme

:.

]
,

Oauunu0ckume uzpu ce npo8e>kgaru Na

Sceku vemupu ?oguHU. Eu^u kakmo guguo*socm
cbcme3amelume ga usmuknam Qu3uqeckama cu
cu^a. maka u no8og sa nupuecmga. Mo>keno ga
yvacm8am carao uuke, rvrakap,re cuuecmgyga^u
omge^Hu uzpu :a >kenu I qecm xa 6oeuusma
Xepa. CmaguoHum no6upa^ oko^o 40 000
gyuru. Ho Onuunuickume uapu 6urru Heulo
no8eqe om cnopmHo cbcme3aHue.

pe uauo3Ho ct6umue u npasauk

'

B vecm
na 3e8c, 6argama Ha gpe8rozpuqkume
6ozo8e u 6oauuu. Humo egra aptuka
gtplka8a ne Mo)ke^a qa 3anoqHe
Soexuu geDcm8ufl no BpeMe Ha
uepume, koaamo 6unu nogHacrHu

guck (0gf,cHo) u x8bp

rle

'Ta3u mo kooa ecmecm8eHa

xa konue.

(manyr

Ha

B gei(mBue ganupa
oko^o 450 ?. np.Xp. tt 0 Haulu
Ha guck e cpeg
gucqun uHu.

qHu

on

11 000 am^emu orn 202 cmpaHu

O^uMnuii*ume uzpu npe3 2004 ?,,
B AmuHa, fDpqur. 3pe uqHama
no 3akpu6aHemo Ha u?pume,

':,fcocmot a ce Ha ocHo8lufl cmaguotr, e 5ura

Ha6^hga&Ha om oko o 70 000 3pume^u.

Kpart u HoBo Haqaao

Cmamynma na 3e8c Orrurranu0cku 6una
npocna8nta kamo egto om qygecama Ha
aHmuqHufl c8sm. Beko8e no-kocso. koaamo
?bprtume npueMam xpucmuntcmBomo.
Ha cmapume 6oao8e se ce znegano c go6po
oko. l4unepamop Teogocuu lsa6paNrBa uepume

npe:393

zoguHa. flpu6nusumerrso no moga

Eper,re cmamyrma sa 3e8c 6um omkapaHa

xoEonocmpoenur zpuqku zpag

Koncma:rmusonoa (gteu.ren t4cmax6ya).

3a cr>kanesue cmamynma e ytuqo*eHa

om no)kap npes 462 e. Ho ucmopurma
uMa ulacmAUB

kpai. O^uMnuIckume uapu

ca EuscmanoBesu npes 1896 e. u gHec

npegcmaBarBam Ha0-Ba)kHomo cnopmHo
cbcme3aHue B c8ema, koemo ce npoBelkga

ra Bceku uemupu aoguru

pa3lurtHu cmpaHu.

I
t

tl

il

NI

Xpamr:m Ha boauHrrma
g1 VrkSecmRaHu u Bnagemenu, mrrpaoBqu, noknoHHu qu u
I nrmeLuecmBeHuqu ce cmuqanu om ganeqHu 3eMu
ga Bugnm ApmeuusuoH - oepoMHuff xpana B EQec
(8 cr:Epervenna Typuun). OcmaBnnu 3namo, cpe6po u
ckonoqeHuocmu kamo >kepmEonpunouteHus kolr
6oauusma Apmevuga. flocemumenume ce usnrn8anu cbc
cmpaxonoqumaHue npu Buga ua Eenukonenuama c?paga,
konmo cnkaw onupana B o5nauume..Epe8xume a8mopu
paskas8am, qe xpaMrrm 6un nq8neqamnrBaul om
eaunemckume nupaMugu u^u epag Ba8unon.
-.!
*8.' * Hnkou eo onpege^flnu
d-h.
qygo
narJ-aonnMomo
ua
e&"
'.,
: .:]
< Tyk bo?uHrma
6ozuH{ma ApmeMuga e npegcma8eHa
npeqcmaoeHa no Ha,ruHa,
Ha'ruHa,
===_
_/,:,3-

kamo
c8ema.

offtg
-$

tfu

?oEopim 3a po^flma u kamo 6o2uH, Ha AoBa

u quoama npupoga. MHo2o6pouHume

abpgu (uM8o^ui./pam po^nma

Ha 6ozuHr-Maiika.

:.'

,.i..

-1 ;i
l,

-rj

,\*

$ ,.,

't:t:

], ;:

Ipagrrm xa anopckua 6paa

Eoaunsma

,Enec u:mounomo kpaU6pe)kue Ha Eeeucko Mope e qacm

om Typuun. o6uma8aHo B gpe8nu Bpeueta om pa3^ur{Hu
Hapogu. ftrpqume ce HacmaHUAu mar.a kuu 10S0 a.np.Xp. u
nocmpou^u apag EQec. fpagbm gocmu?a cgos pasu8em
npes Vl Bek np. Xp.3a usBecmes nepuog ESec 6u^
8bB B^ageHuflma xa flepcuuckama uMnepufl. Oqe npegu

CmpoumerHume pa6omu no uoBun xpau, nocgemeH Ha

EQec krtr SS0 z. np.Xp. Czpagama e
aa8upureua 6nuso gecem aoguHu no-kocno. B zpuukama
Mumolo?ufl ApmeMuga ce noquma kamo cecmpama 6^usHa,lka
Ha 6oaa Ha uy:ukama u noe3urma Anonor u e usgecmHa kamo
,,noBenumelkama Ha guBume )kuBomHU". Euna cbuto u 6ozuHq
Ha guBama npupoga. Apmeuuga qecmo 6una u:o6pasrgana
no Bperrae sa r,oB, c nuk u cmpe^a poue. B E$ec 6una
npegcma8flHa no-ckopo kamo 6oauln ra n^ogopoguemo u
pa>kganemo. PuMckomo uue ta 6ozutnma e.[,uaHa.
Apmervruga, aanovBam

npucmuzaHemo Ha ebpuume pauoHbm Ha EQec ce cunmal

:a c8eueu u 6un nocBemet sa 6oauurma rr,raika Ku6e,la.
Ky.rmum

kru

Ku6e,ra ckopo ce no8num om qepeMoHuume,

c koumo noqumanu 6oaunsma Apmenauga, u abpuume
u3guzHanu xpauo8e B se0na qecm.

Mpairrrop u ozrrH

Ocso8ama Ha xpaMa EQec 6urra c guokuua 1 l b naempa

u rxupoquHa 55 Mempa. 6ula nocmpoeHa om uckprul 6ar
upauop. Cmo gBaucem u cegeMme ko^oHu ce u3guaalu Ha

B gpe6Hu BpeMeHa Ms(momo okolo xpaMa

6u^o o)ku8eHo om MHozo.tu eBume mbpzooqu,

koumo npoga8a^u (mokume (u Ha nok^orHuqume.

EucovuHa om 18 naempa. llpe:356 a. np.Xp.

Apmevuauoutrm 6un ono>kapeu om r,r,lage>k xa uue
Xepocmpam, koumo uucaen, qe no mo3u HaquH ule
o6escurpmu uMemo cu. Xpauum 6un u3gueHam omHogo krrrt
250 z. np.Xp., r.ro omro8o 6u,r paspyuen, mo3u nbm om
eomume, Bo[HCmBeHu nAeMeHa om CeBepHa Egpona,
koumo uanagHanu EQec npea 262 zoguaa. |oc^egHume
ocmaHku om xpaMa 6u^u pa3pyueHU om xpucmunnume g
Haqa^omo Ha V 8ek. Ocmana,r 8:a6pa8a qo 1g6g a.

flpe3 npa3HurtHu gHu npeg o^mapa (e ul&rpulgalu

)kepm8onpuHouleHu,

6ukoBe. pe^u?uBHume

urecmgu, (^eg8a^u c0eqeH Mapurpym,

koiimo Boge^ om zpaga kbM
xpaMa Ha ApmeMuqa.

>

O(HoBume Ha koioHume B xpaMa

6ur1u Hanpa8eHu om MpaMop

u no Hrkou

om mrx 6uru u3gflAaHu Be^ukolenHu

opHaMeHmu. Kamo no0e,temo m0op6u

om kaMtk, Bb3MolkHo e nbp8oHaga^Ho

ga ca 6u^u 6orgucanu B rpku q8emoBe.
Apyzu Lta(mu xa Apmeuu:uoxa 6uru
ykpa(eHu

nb(mpoq8emHu kapmuHu.

rr

i'\'
t,Li ,-,
itt

4r

::

:$

.f

r,-:,

i,' t

apuume

oaesu

Begsaaa uovr y3Ha^u 3a cMbpmma Ha 6pam i,

*umerume Ha oompo8 Pogoc BbcmaHa^u cpeuy
Apmettu:un, Ho mfl ycnrla ga nomyuu mexxur 6yrm.

< Ma8io^erm, urBucrgaul ce Hag zpaga, 6u^ 8u(ok

u cHa6geH ( 36 ko^oHu - no ge8em om g(,ka

45 M

(mpaHa, pa3no^olkeHu oko o qeHmpaler 6iok, koimo

noggDpka^ (mbna^oBugHu, nokpuB. PasMepume Ha

llocne ce y8epunq, qe caMo xari-go6pume zprqku

apxumekmu, cmpoume^u, ckyrnmopu u 3aHaflmquu

ocflo8aota 6u^u oko

ca Haemu B go8rpu8auemo na apo6xuqama.

6uira paanolorkena Ha xbAM Hag epaga u sa8rpurexa

apxumekmypeH npoekm

npee 350 z.np.Xp. Ckopo c,reg mo8a Apmeuu:un

yMpfl^a. flpaxbm 6u^ no^olkeH B Ma8so^es

pegoM c npaxa Ha 6pam u.

o 40 Ha 30 M. To3u kpacuB
MeMopual npeg(ma8^flBa/t qa(m om au6uquoten

Xa^ukapHa(, koomo ok^loq8a^

qumage^a, kopa6o(mpoumeNuqa, kpenocmru cmeuu
u MHozo gpy?u naMemHuqu u (mamyu.

Pogockuam konoc
> Koaocum 6ul urguanam 6rruro go
ia ga Mo (e ga Sneqam^u ocu,{ku

3aHeuRBanu om u3yMAeHue, koaamo

Mfi:;ffi;

Ha Pogo(, nGkbcHo ce coo6ua8a,

uru Ha8nuganu B aHmuquomo npucmaHuqe

My kpaka cmu8am olpxy g0a

ce usBucn8ana
auaanmckama cmamyfl na Xenuoc - 6oza na CnoHqemo.
.[okamo Mopruume npucBu8anu oqu om ocnenumenHama
cnrHqeBa cBemnuHa, ompa3eHa om 6poHso8ama o6nuqoBka,
ycnnBanu ga pa3^uqam koponama om nbqu, npo6nnc8aqa
Ha apuukun ocmpoB Pogoc. Hag mnx

Ha Exoga Ha npu(maHuqemo,

kopa6ume MuHaBa^u Merkgy mrx,

Ilo-SepormHo o6a,re e ga e 6ua

Ha AeMempuil, 5uau npemoneru u

3a u3?p kgaHemo Ha mo3u Hog

m uupa. Hanyoamume

Ha QoHa Ha cuHbomo ne6e. Cmamynma 6una u3gu?Hama

Bopxy nemnaicemvrempoB MpaMopeH nocmaMeHm,

g?pageHu

6ula

l4cmopuflma Ha Konoca - auaasmckama cmamyn ra ocmpoB

Pogoc, sanovBa c 8oIsa. Xumenume na ocmpoBa cklloqunu

ctloa c zpuukur Bnagemerr xa Eaunem, flmorreueu L

.qpye Mo?bu.l Eaagemen, Asmuaos I om Kunup, ce onumal
ga nocma8u kpai ua mo:u cblo3, kamo uanpamul cEor cun
,[]euempui ga o6cagu Pogoc. llpes 304 z.np.Xp. ,[euempui
6un npoeoueH om ocmpo8a om rkumerume uy, koumo
3anoqHalu ga npasHyBam no6egama. Peuu,ru ga nokaxnm
cky^nmopa Xapec om nuHgoc ga y8ekoBevu uupa,
kamo usguaxe auaaxmcka cmamyr Ha Harl-noqumaHun 6oe
Ha ocmpo8a - Xenuoc. Cmpoume,uume pa6omu 6unu
us8upueHu ue>kgy 292 u 280 a. np.Xp.

o6cagxu

6 &e emo. omgo^y

HanpaBeHa om kaMeHHu 6^okooe,

ykpeneHu

caMama mn c HeBeponmHama Eucoquna om 34 Mempa.

BorlHa u ruup

u3mogiama 9a(m Ha npucmaHuqemo.

Meqo6e u konur, Bo(ma8eHu om apMurma

)keM3o. no6bpxHocmma

6u a o6^uqo8aHa

6poH3o8u

il

i*
'a

n oqku..\':

lx0anemo na Xeiruoc
Manuuxa ntmetrecm8eHuuu 6uxa uoe,ru Hnkoaa ga
sa6pa8rm Pogoc u zparguoorama 6pon:oBa cmamyf,.....3 .,
Om rlake,ra, ko0mo cmamyrma grp>kana I ptka, gopQ- ' ' l
uo>keno ga sanan8am c8em,rusume xa rlap. Bcuuku 6uru ,'eguHogyurHu, qe Ko^ocbm e egHo om 'rygecama na c8erlal
3a co>karesue 6un paepyLr.-ren om 3eMempeceHue kou i - i
226 z.np.Xp. u ocmaHa^ noBeqe om xun.nga zoguuu I
paeBanuxu. Xumelume ra ocmpo8a omkaaarru ga
:

u3gueHam cmamyflma omno8o, saqomo ErpBanu,

qe no xrkakrB uavur ca o6ugu,ru Xeluoc u mo[

e rakapan cmamynma ga pyxHe. foBopu ce,
ve xakpan ocmankume om Konoca 6unu
npogageHu, kamo 6pousoBume omnoraku 6u,ru
omkapanu go Cupur c kep8ar om 900 kauunu.

<

MoHema, Ha

kormo e Bo6pa3en Xe uoc,

(u om /\tqu.
Brp8a^o (e, qe npe3 gehfl Xe^uo( kapa ozHeHama

6oaum xa Cluxqemo, c kopoHama

cu ko^ecHuqa no rc6emo, npegu ga nomDne gro

ob/\Hume Ha 3a^e3a. Ha o(mpo8a

(e

npoge)kga^

npa3Huh no(8emeH Ha Xe^uoc, no opeMe Ha

koiimo ko^ecHuqa, me? eHa om qemupu kohs,

6ua

6ymaua npe3 omBecHa cka^a

Mopemo

kamo cuM8olr Ha 3ale3a. Soetm 6ua oco5ero

noqumaH om *umenume sa Pogo(

mpaguqur,

kormo e 8b3Mo)kHo ga e npeHeceHa xa ocmpooa

om a3uam(ku, koHmuHeHn, pa3no^okeH
16

Ha

ku oMempa Ha Bmok, B{pgalo ce Ctqo,

{e lkume^ume

Ha Pogo( npou3xo)kgam

om cgMuHama cuxo8e

6oza.

a..\r

AnekcaHgurJckuam
6m Ecuvku qygeca na gpeBHun c8nm ca
\J"gro e 6uno c npakmuvecka qen. ToBa
Qaprm, Eucoka nocmpo0ka, nocma8eua

Ha

nocm npucmaHuulemo ua AnekcaHgpur,

Eaunem. l-pag AnekcaHgpufl e ocnoBan om
apuukun BoeHaqanHuk AnekcaHgup Benuku n
331 a.np.Xp. Eguu om nrnkoEoguume, kou
ce cpa>kaBanu pegoM c He?o, cmaBa aprqku
ynpaBumen na Eaunem npes 323 e.np.Xp.,
kamo npueua uMemo flmoneue[ l.
flmoneue0 uape>kga pa6omama no mo3u
npoekm ga 3anoqHe kou 290 a.np.Xp.
Kynama 6una saBr:ptueHa no Bpeue ua
ynpa8nenuemo ua ueao8uR cun Imoneuetr il.

flmo^eMeu

^(DuaagerrQuii,

ll, BBe(meH cbqo kamo

e g^agemel Ha E?unem no gpeMe

Ha 3a8DpugaHemo Ha A^ek(aHgpu(ckul oap.

A8a0(em aoguHu no-paro xezo8urm 6aqa

nmo eMei l, no a?a Haqa^omo Ba npoekma.

> AHec o(mpo8 Qapoc 6^uto go A^ekcaHgpu, e

Jaem om qumage^a, koflmo npegcmagMea qacm om
6pe?oBune om6paHume^Hu oopbrkeHu[, no(mpoeHu
npes 1480

..

om e?unem(kuf,

ry

maH A^-Arupao

Keum6ei. Hrkou om Hau-?o eMume kaMbHu,

u3no^r8aHu 3a cmpoe {a, (a om opuzuHa^Huf oap.

Opuenmup 3a mopenlaBameaume

P)rxBaHemo na kyrrama

Mopenna8amerume, koumo ntmy8aru om ftpuur kuu

(paprm 6ul Bucok noBeqe om 90 uempa u ce mBtpgnno,

ve numy8aqume no uope mo*enu ga Bukgam c8emnuxama
om kynama Ha pascmoflHue noBeqe om 50 kM. Cbcmoe^ ce
om mpu ema)ka u 6ur usapagex om kauennu 6nokoBe,
no-kucro nogcuaeuu c o,ro8o. Eur ykpacen cbc cmamyu
Ha Tpumor, MumuqHur uopcku npameuuk Ha ebpuume,
a no-kucno 6un yBeuvau cbc cmamyf sa 6auama na
Tpumou, floce0gor - 6oa ra uopemama u okeaHume
(ro e Eusuo>kro u ga e 6un 3e8c,6aurama xa Ecuvku 6oao8e).
fonerausm Qap ouenrn noBe.re om 1500 eogunu.
ro 6u,r paepytueH no Bperue Ha 3eMempeceHue npee 1303 e.

ArekcaHgpun, crcaupa,ru eeunemckomo kpa06pe>kue uucko ra

xopu3oHma, qecmo o6Bumo B aucma Mbela. flmoreueu I peuun,
qe Mopffr-lume ce rpkganm om sHak, koumo ga eu opueHmupa

ktge e Exogrm Ha npucmaHuqemo. Hapegun xa cBon apxumekm

Cocmpam Kuugcku ga usguare Eucoka kyna fupxy r.aanuk
kauerucm ocmpoB, napeven Qapoc, ko[mo 6un cBupsax c
koHmuHenma vpes uopcku Bar Ckopo qr,rama nocmporika
cmarara uaBecmra nog ur',remo ..@ap". Cneg navanomo na
puuckomo B,raguvecmBo ra Eaunem npes 30 z.np.Xp. kyrrama
6u^a npeo6pa3y8aHa

egun om nau-us8ecmHume uarqu xa

c8ema. Cuzsarrrm uo>ker ga 6rge nogager u,ru upes 6lecmnuo

oalegalo, koemo ompaan8ano crrtrue8ume nuvu. unu vpes

npuuuaBaqa c8emnuna, kormo ce Bukgana npe3 Hoqma.

Okonqamenno e pa3pytueH no Epeue ua Bmopu mpyc

npes 1323 a. Taka saBuHazu u:vee8a nocregnomo om
urecmme u:Becmru qygeca Ha aHmuqHocmma.

Ao OaPa

ce

qHmpa^Ha uaxma 3it

Ha0-Hu(kama qa(m 6ula ob8 oopirama Ha

cpegHama - Ha ocMobzb^Buh a Hai-2opflama
kpb?^a. Ilpugo6u^ maka8a u38e(mHo(m, qe
8k^loqume^Ho

'{a(m 6u,ta
MHo?o e3uqu,

u 6b^zapcku, (06(m0eHomo uMe

,,Oap,,

(e ulnom0a la o3HaqeHue Ha makbg mun no(mpoika,

>

npe3 90-me zoguHu Ha XX oek nogEogHu apxeo o3u om

OpaHquf, 3ano.l8am npoyq8aHe Ha npu(maHuqemo Ha A^ek(aHgpur.

HaMupam gokalame^cmBa om MHoao pas uqHu nepuogu Ha ezunemckama

u(mopur, (peg koumo Hrko^ko Ma(ugHu kaMeHHu 6ioka, koumo e

obrMo)kHo ga ca 6u^u qa(m om opu?uHa^Hufl Oap. Brpxy Hfikou
6u^u zpa8upaHu zpbqku 6yk0u, Ha .HuMkama: gogo^a3bm
XaH-!18 EMnepbop

ur

egBa no-paHHu o(maHku nog Boqama.

@
o50 El4EH14E HA nbPBA FAABA: CEAEMTE L{yEECA HA EPEBH14fl CBflT
C0emrrm na
gpeBnume arrpuu

naBuemo ,,3a cegeMme uygeca ua c8ema".

[pe8rume zrpqu 6unu aore.

uu numeuecm8eruuu. PoguHama ula 6ula pa3no o)keHa

Cegenme vygeca

B ugmoqnama ,racm na Cpe-

eguHogyr,uue no omHoureHue Ha c^egHume:

guseMHoMopuemo. I-lpegu
okono 2800 eoguHu ebpuume 3anoqHa^u ga ce pasce^8am ue uroao gpyau 3eMu Ha

1. Benukama nupaMuga
fuga, Eaunem, nocmpoeHa 3a
apo6Huua ra r[apaoH XyQy (Xeonc) npes 2566 a. np.Xp.
2. BaBulor u SeponmHo ctqecm8yBalume Heeo Bucntuu
apaguxu B Meconomauun (gpeBxun Vlpak). BaBunox e

Cnuctqume na Cegeume qygeca Ha c8ema ce pas,ruva8am

npu pa3^uqHume a8mopu, xo Eunpeku mo8a e nocmu?Hamo

u3guaHam omuo8o no Bpeue ua uapyBaremo

qap HaBp<ogonocop ll (605-562 a.np.Xp.)

mepumopuflma na lo>kna ES

u 3anagra A3ufl. KbM

e.np.Xp. Enagememm
A,rekcaHgup Benuku noBen
zptukume apuuu, npekocu^ o6uupHu mepumopuu I Aaun u cmue

xeiuo(, 6oabm Ha CNHqemo, 0 qurmo

,ie(m 6u/\ u3guaGn Pogodurm ko o(.

pona

323

ra,r go Eaunem. ,Epe8nume aupuu o6uvarru ga paakas8am u

ra

3. BeruqecmBenama cmamys na Eupxo8nun 6oa 3e8c

MecmHocmma Orruunur, frpqur. 6ula usguerama

kurvr

430 e.np.Xp.
4. ApmemueuoHtm I EQec (gueuna Typuun) cuuo e 6u,r
saBrpueH npu6nusumenHo npes 430 e.np.Xp.
5. Opuauxarnurm MaBsoneai 6u^ Hau-3a6e^e)kume^Hama

nu-

utam sa He8eponmHume Mecma, koumo noceqaBalu no Bpeue xa

ntmeuecmBunma cu.

I Xa,rukapxac
npee 350 a.np.Xp.
6. Kolocbm 6urr auaasmcka cmamyfl Ha Xe,ruoc - 6oatrm na
apo6Huqa ua cBoemo Bpenae. 5un nocmpoeH

A0mopume
Cpeg gpeBuozpuqkume nucamelu ce npe8tpnano B Moga ga cbc-

Cnrsuemo, u3gueHama 6luso go npucmaHuuemo Ha

ocmpo8 Pogoc npu6ausumerHo npes 280 e.np.Xp.

ma8nm cnucuuu Ha cegeMme uecma, koumo cMfma^u 3a HainpekpacHu om Bcuvku. ABmopume BknloqBam uMeHama Ha Xepogom (484-420 ?. np.Xp.), Kanuuax Kupexcku (305-240 a.np.Xp.)

7. Qaprm (okono 290 a.np.Xp.) crc cBemruHama cu 6urr

opueHmup, ko[mo 6e,re>ken Exoga ua npucmauuuemo

noema AHmunamtp om CugoH, >ku8nn npu6lusumelHo npe3

120 a.np.Xp. npe3 Vl Bek 6u^ cbsgagen usBecmen mekcm cbc aaa-

zpag Aaekcaugpun. Eaunem.

Hayveme oule...
npoqememe no8eqe sa
Cegeume qygeca Ha
gpeBxun c8rm:

Apxeoiroe
Irl:cnegBa gpe8nu ocmaHku
u pyuHu Ha nocmpo[ku, ea
ga omkpue kak ca >ku8eru
xopama B MuHaAomo.

http://ce.eng.usf .edu,/pharos/wonders
Bogo^a3

/list.html

[4scnegBa ocmaxku om

XuEomom

Agauc

flocememe nupaMugume
I fusa, KaIpo, Eaunem.
Koxmakmu: Ezunemcko
6lopo no mypu3Ma, Mu3p,
nnoqag A6asun, KaOpo, Eaunem.
Terre$oir: + 20 (0) 285 4509/284 1970

EpeBeH PUM om Ca[MbH

(ueg. KuHaQuutp, 2005 z.)

kopa6okpyuerun u apxeorroauvecku
mepeHu nog Bogama, kamo Pogockun
ko^oc u A^ekcaHgpulckun Qap.

merreSor + 44(Ol2O 7323 8299

frpe$en

Eeun em: nome9 o g u met

aa oueSugetp om [>kopg>k Xapm
(ueg. lopnune KuHgrpcnu. 2002 z.)

Epe\na fopuun: nomyBanunma

8oB Speuemo xa l1umap

Eaunmo,roa
Apxeonoa. cnequanusupan ce
usyvaBaHemo Ha apxumekmypama u

HaquHa Ha >ku8om

llpe8eH Eaunem.

Akpoig

om llumup Akporig
(Ilopausa KuHgtpcrru. 2005 e.)

Vpegxuk
floiraaa zpu>ku sa gpe8uu

crkpoBuua u ko ekuuu,
M economa u us:

>l<

uSornam B

Epe$en Uyuep, Ba1urron u Acupun

(OmkpuAme cauu) om Aopxa Oykc
(usg. Caymyomrp, 2004 e.)

3a ga Bugume npukasHume
crkpo8uup om Eaunem u fipe8xa
Itpuun, nocememe 6pumarckun uyseI,
Great Bussel Street. noHgoH WCl B 3DG,

ctxpaunBauu B uyseume,
u opaaHu3upa ekcno3uuuume.

www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk
3a ga Eugume sa6ene)kumenHume
ocmaHku om flpe8er BaBu,ron,
nocememe:
Staatliche Museen zu Berlin,
Genthinerstra.3SD, 10785
Sepnux, fepuauun
Te,reQox: +49

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[1o uupokun cBqm

I

Ha gpeBHun cBam, pat6upa

lV9ecama
I ce, xe Bkalo.{8anu Mecma, HeugBecmsu
Ha gpeBHume zpuqku zeozpaeu. l-lo onoBa
Bpervre 8e.{e 6unu cb3gageHu npekpaoru

ra6enerkumenHocmu B CeBepHa E8pona,

Vlagua u KumaU, AQpuka, Ce8epna u
lO>kHa Arvrepuka. B cpegnoBekoBHa
E8pona, kugemo yqeHume o6uvanu ga
cucma8Rm nogpo6Hu cnucbLlu Ha Bcu.{ko
nog He6emo, aHmuqHume cnucbl.{u
nenpekucnamo 6unu npepasznerkgaxu.
KakBo ga ka>kervr 3a npaucmopuveckume

Mecma kamo maUncmBeHume kauuxu,

u3guzHamu B CmoyuxeHg>k, lO>kHa AHznun,
okono 2000 z.np.Xp.? Ta Hanu An coeun,
HaU-?onnMama xpucmunHcka vepk8a
KoHcmaHmuHonon, nocmpoeHa npe3
537 2., cblrlo e L{ygo 3a cBoemo Bperue?

l-lpegno>keHun ue nunc8anu, Ho He Moznu

ga cucmaBam okoHqamenes cnucok,
3au{omo Hega6a8Ho ulflA ga ce okarke
He8anugeH nopagu nosBama na HoBu

qygeca, Hnkou om koumo uo>keme ga

nocemume ua cnegBau4ume cmpaHu[.{u.

I(onu3eyl bm B Pum

Xe(mokune ,,uzpu" g puMckume

aMourle+

npugo6u u makaga nonyMpHo(m, ,{e 6u u

llpegcmaBeme cu mb^na om 50 000

cunHo

lpaeeonry8auu xopa ga ce Enu8a B oapouna cepaga

c oBanna Qoprvra npe3 He no-uanko om 80 8xoga. Bukme
kak ce nomRm Ha mepacume nog 3HoUHomo cnbHqe.
9yUme aprrvrkun npu:uB Ha mpt6ume u MoulHur pe8 ua
mbnnama, koumo ce pa3Hacr u omekBa u3 qenufl apag.
He, moBa He e cuBpeueHeH cmaguoH unu pok konqepm,
a Purvr npee 100 aoguHa. Capagama e AvQumeamtptm
Ha OnaBuume, uaBecmeH Ha no-kucHume
nokoneuuR kamo Konuseyu.

AM$umeambp

Oaaguume

flepuMembpbm My 6uA 527 M,

PuM e omkpum npe3 80

a 8u(oquHama

?.

57 M.

Ilpes ?oguHume 6ur' o6opyg6ar c Hau-clgpeMeHHume

3a

mo?a8a mexHolozuu, koumo no3So^xoa/tu qeHmpalHama My

qa(m ga nombHe nog goga u^u k^emkume c gu8u ,{ugomHu
ga 6Dgam ugu?aHu Ha apeHama qpe3 Mpe (a om nog3eMHu

myHelu crkaur c i{a?ur. HaeMa^u Moprqu ga onb8am

n^amHeHu Hage(u, 3a ga na3rm fiHka Ha mt^nama

(noH(opupaHu om MHokecmoo uMnepamoF!

llzpum 6u^u rpey(maHoBeHu eg8a npes 326 a

[}|e(

o?poMHume kaMHHu 6^oko8e Ha

AMoumeambpa ua Oaa6uume oce oqe ce

u3Bu(,Oam B qeflmbpa Ha PuM. 3a cboperftrrr-

no(emumeiu e rrecxo ga par6epam omkuge

(2pagama e no yqu^a nposouqemo Ko^u3ey.

om ko ocalHume (u pa3Mepu.

Cmpoume,rex zenu(
Ato gpe8xume abpuu om 300 ?-np.Xp. 6uxa uoznu ga cb3pam
t,t:yMUmeAHufl cmpoumeneH nogBua, us8upueu om puMAgHume
uemupu Beka no-krcso. ulf,Ao ga ce xarorku ga npeHanuutam
cnucbuume cu c
Ha c8ema. 9emupuema>klurm

'tygecama
Koau:eyv 6u^ Eerruriecm8eHa anegka. Mo>kea ga 6uge naBogren
3a pasu?paBaHemo Ha meampa^HU Eoelnouopcku cpa*euur.
Surro Btsvro>kno ga 3acunffm apeHama

c oc^enumenHo 6nl nrctk. BcbulHocm

.apeHa" e mmusckama gyMa 3a nflcbk.

t*

l/13

qr^ama PuMCka uMnepus gu0u ,{u8omHu 6u^u

3a^agrhu

rc

u go(maesHu B

PuM

g maku8a ko

uge(mBa,

qe^u pezuoBu ao c8ema 6u u Auueflu om e(me(mBeHUS

cu )kuBomuH(ku cgrm, tlpu omkpuoaHemo Ha Ko u3eyMa

np$ 80 z. caMo 3a eguH geH 6uau ur6umu 5000 )l(ugom[u.

,,3a6aBAeHur"
Moeam ga 6ugam onpegelexu kamo
Ha Ha0-6^a?opogHUme ugea^U Ha

lBomo, Ho Konuseyuum 6un nauemsuk

>kecmokocm. Ttrnume ugBa,ru

ra

e^egam kak ce nponu8a kpu6. lzluano

guBu >kuBomxu; uacuck8aru nr8o8eme
)kupaQu u kaMU^u. noka3Balu ce,,no8uu"

ur. no Bpeue Ha koumo xopa us6uBanu

6po[ gu8u )kuBomHu. ['louskoaa x8upnrrru

ria >kuBomnume u mblnama ce

Ilaguamopume
EguH om ua[-nonyrnpnume cnekmaknu, koumo
uo>kero ga ce Eugrm Konu:eyua, 6u,r 6onm go
cutpm ue>kgy ?Aaguamopume. ToBa 6unu o6yveuu
6orluu. qecmo po6u uru ocEo6ogeuu 3amBopHurlu,
Makap ga ce HaMupaAU u go6poEolqu. Ako mrnnama
peua^a, qe Hsko0 a^aguamop ce e cpad<aBan xpa6po,
uo>kena ga noMoAU nampoHa Ha uapume - BepoflmHo
caMuff uMnepamop - ga nouagu >kuEoma r,ry.

< tiaguamopume 6uau pargeaelu

Ha pa3 ugHu apynu (nopeg

Bropuketuemo (u. Hflkou (e

( kb(u Meqoge u
(nequa^Hu tu^eMoe, gpyzu ear{a8a^u

c pu6apcku Mpe)ku u mpur6qu

u^u kuMka^u. no oHo8a gpeMe
(e ( Emalo, .re mo3u 6ug 6umku
ca Bb3numame Hu 3a Mlagume
puM/rrHu

u qe ?u Hacbpqu
u (Meiu.

(maHam culHu

ga

Ako mtnnama HaMUpaAa elaguamopa ea cmpaxau8e4

HacmoflEaAa 3a cMbpmma uy. flo8evemo z^aguamopu
*uBeerru kpamko, Ho oHe3u, koumo ycnr8anu ga ce
ussBsm, ce npe8prqalu B snaueuumocmu u uu
npegocmaBnru cBo6o9a.

Benukama
I(uma0cka cmeHa
a0guneama cmeHa I cBema nrkamyuru npe3
CeBepen Kumar.r, npecuqa nAaHUHu u nycmuHu.
[lpocmupa ce om l-aHcy Ha sanag go u3moqHomo
kpau6pe>kue. l(umar-rqume fl Hapuqam 9aHqru,
,,Benukama cmeHa om gecem xunflgu Au".
OcuoBuama cmeHa e Ernaa okono 3460 kvr, kamo
uMa oule 2860 kvr paaknonenun u yguokeHun.
.[uec uHoao yqacmbqu npegcmaBnn8am pyuHu.
Ha[-go6pe 3ana3eHama qacm e paonono>keHa
na ce8ep om cmonuuama ['lekuH.
v

MoHao^(kama koHHuqa, npeg0o)kgaHa om

0e ukus ooeHaqa^Huk TeMygkuH, ulu tluHzu xafl

(SMgeme^ Ha B(e eHama), npeMuHa^a npe3
gpe8Homo om6paHume^Ho cDopb)keHue,
koemo npeg(mao^,0a^a (meHama, 3a ga 3a6lagee
no-?o^aMama qacm om CeBepeH Kumau

0 nepuoga Melkgy 1211 u 1223 z. B^agu,{e(m8omo

Ha [,roH?o ume 0 l{umau npogbDku^o go 1368 ?.

v npe3 XIV u XV 8ek Xumat 8(e oqe 6u^

u3 olkeH Ba pu(k om Haue(mour, Ta3u qa(m om
CmeHama e no(mpoeHa npe3 (noMeHamul nepuog,
no aopHama qacm Ha Cmeflama 6urru nocmpoetu

.ts I

...

K14TA14

Om ma3u kapma Mo)keme ga go6ueme ,cHa

npeg(maoa ra He8epormHama gbir(uHa Ha Be^ukama

(meHa. Mpe)kama om om6pauumearu ftopb)kelur,
gamupaula om pa3^uqHu nepuogu Ha kumai(kama

nbmuula u (mrna^a, koemo ga8a^o g!3Mo*Ho(m

u(mopufl, ce npo(mupa om (menum Ha

u 0oiHuqume, Bbopu*eHu (
(e
ga
ap6aremu,
npuggukgam 6rEo,

Aru, go Tuxu,

Ha ee(mume^Ume

okeaH. Haii-hoceu{aBaHuflm

UeHmpaAHa
u

gocmbneH y.ra(mbk om Be^ukama (meHa (e HaMupa

B Eaga^uia, Hega^eq om nekuH.

Ha pa8Hu uHmepBa

Buco

B,ragemeirU u naurecmoenuUu
flpes c,reg8aulume Eeko8e npogtd<aBa^u ga cmpoflm u
peMoHmupam Belukama cmeHa, npegu omgenHu HeuHu
,.iacmu omHoEo ga pyxHam. Tfl npegocma8s^a none3eH
mtpzoBcku nom. xo no8e,lemo B,ragemeru ycmaHoBu^u,
qe e HeeQekmugHa u noggpb>kkama 0 e npeka^eHo ckbna.
Ilpes 1215 z. Kumau 6u^ HanagHama om HoB Bpaa om
ce8ep, l,roraonume, koumo npeuuHaBalu c koHeme cu npes
nporyku I om6panumerHume cuopr>kenun. floclegHama
3HaquMa Oa3a om cmpoe>ka Ha cmeHama e npegnpuema

no Bpeue ra qapyBanemo na guuacmurma MuH,

konmo ynpa8anBara Kumau om 1368 go 1644 z.

u no Be ukama cmeHa 6utu urzpagexu Ha6^hgame Hu ky u.

a 12 u rrorke u ga ce u3no^38am lomo u6,rhgameanu

Hama uM gocmu2a

no(moge u^u kpenocmq lomo nogcroHr8a u 8oeflHu ?apHu3oHu

luu pauuqHu

ougooe 3anacu. Clpfie u Gulo 3a noga8aHe Ha cu?Ha u, kamo u3no^3ga u

@poge,
guru u u 3HaMera ga npgagam coo6qenue uau ga npegynpegrm ra HauefiEue.

Ha&-aol-{Aromo qygo
EBpone0ckume numeutecmBeHuqu B KumaI ocmaBaAU
nopaseHu npu Buga sa Beaukama cmeua. Okorro 1660 a.
(pepgunang Bep6uecm,
Qaauaxgcku npono8egHuk u yver,
cbo6u-E8a, qe,,CegeMme qygeca Ha cBema. Esemu aaegHo,
He Mo?am ga ce cpa8urm c mo8a mEopeHue." B cu8peueurama
enoxa Berukama cmeHa ce e npe8rptana I cuuEoa Ha Kumai,
xa cra8rama r) gpe8na ucmopufl u cmpoumeleH aeHUU.

AHakop Bam
l-'lRee

1860 a. Qpenckunm ecmecmEousnumamen Anpu

I Myo uscnegBa g>kyHanume

To[

Kau6og>ka, loaousmo,{Ha
nonaga Ha Heo6uqa0Ha epyna gpeBnu

nocmpouku, ckpuma nog nnemeHuqama om

pacmeHur u kopeuu Ha grpBema.
eono3ume sanovBam.pa6oma

Ha

mo u ckopo omkpu8am usay6enun

na kxuepckun Hapog.
Pa36yl0axe Ha MuHalomo
lLloM apxeo^o3ume pa3qucmu^u pacmume^Hocmma,

a lolu

npeg noalegume un ce omkpunu capagume Ha

cpegroBeko8xama kxuepcka uuBunusaqun. 6unuvacm
om Berukama cmo^uqa AHekop ToM, koflmo gamupa
om npu6,ru:umerruo 12OO z. Heganev xa loz Myo
sa6eanaa,r xpau. OnucBa ao kamo ,,no.oapouex om
Bcuqko, koemo cMe Hacnegunu om ftrpuun u Purvr".
AHekop Bam (koemo o3HaqaBa ,,xparu") 6un no-uanko
noeb Ham om g*ynenama u 8ce nak 6u^u Heo6xoguMu

za^epufl Ha AHzkop Bam Hu npeg(ma8,

kaMeHeH

pe e0 om u3mo,tHama

npoqymomo Bo6pa)keHue Ha uHgyu(mku,

60? Buuiy. Hag ?^a8ama My e 60? llHgpa.
xpaMogurm koMn^ek( futzkop Bam e 6u^
noc8emeH Ha BuurHy.

Arzkop Bam e Hai-BHyulume Hurm

cpeg cmome kauexxu xpaua, oqeleau

Hega^eq

on (bope eHHUs

kam6opkarrku

a?

Xpamrrm c nemme \r,ru

Pa0oHbm. koumo 8k^loqBa xpar,ra AHekop Bam, npegcmaBnr8a
HaU-aoAeMUflm peluauo3eH koMnlekc Ha 3eMlma

c nloulma cu
om 163 xekmapa. Xpauum 6un ocHo8au kuu 1150 z. 8rB Bpt:ka
c noepe6exuemo Ha CypnBapMaH ll. Toi 6u^ Erragemennm ua
kxuepume u uano8ngBan uHgyu3bM. llponBnBar oco6eHa noqum
krv 6oaa Buuny, B qurmo qecm 6un urguztam xpaMbm u Ha
kozomo 6ul noc8emeH. Ilemme kyrru om nncr,.{xuk xa Akakop
Bam cuuEonusupam BtpxoBerne Ha n^aHuHama Mepy. ueHmbp
Ha Bcenesama cnopeg urgyucmkama Mumolozur. Bul eaapagex
c Eurtura cmeHa. gb^?a 3,6 krra u po8. lzluan mpu gtaau

npaBorauxu ealepuu, u39ueHamu egHa Hag gpyza. mepacu,

MHoeo npekpacHu cmamyu u 6aperreSu.

>

Crg6ama ce npomeH,
B

noko*ru Bpeuera BHyulume^Huflm xpaM ce npe8puuta

qeHmbp Ha 6ygucmkama pe^uzue u npuBnuva usoao nokroxsuuu,

xo B nepuoga okolo 1430 e. e usocma8eH cleg HanageHuflma Ha
ma0Eascku nAeMeHa om loa. IlHec oko^o 90 npoqeuma om
HaceleHuemo Ha KaM6ogka e om kxuepcku npouaxog, a Anakop
Bam ce e npeBrpraa B cuuEon sa gpe8Hama kyrmypa na
cmpaHama. CaaBama xa xpaua kamo egno om qygecama Ha

Haxogkama Ha AHpu Myo

oogu go pa3kpugaHemo
MHozo

crkpo8uqa

Ha

Ha

Bky(mgomo, ToBa ookoUHo

AUqe

e egHo om (momuqume,

u3gr^axu Srpxy kaMeHBume

ky u Ha 6atoH - Beiuko^eneH
xpaM, no(mpoeH

qeHmupa

Ha AHakop ToM om qap

3aaagkume Ha
Tuxuq okean
penukgeHckunm ocmpoB, unu Pana Hyu, e eguo

lJom

nau-yeguHeHume krcm.aema Ha 3eMrma.

Pasnono)keH e B lo>kHama qacm Ha Tuxus okean
na okono 3600 krvr 3anagHo om kpa[6pe>kuemo
Ha 9unu. Ha cmpaka ua uankun ocmPoB,
oceflH om yeacHanu Bynkanu, 6gnm auaaumcku
anaBu, uagnnasu om kavrrrk.
Om xonuucmun ne0sa)k ce Esupam noqmu xunflga
anaBu, qu0mo npou3xog e sa6yneu B mauuu.
Mopen^a8ameaume
B nepuoga ue*gy 1500

lo>krus
a. ocmpoBume
Eogrm
koumo
l-lonuHeeun,
Ha
llacuQuk 6u,ru HaceleHu om Hapogume
a. np-Xp.

u 1200

npou3xoga cu om tOaousmoqHa Asus. Te nbmy8anu B karyma c

nlamHa u 6u,ru yueru Ha8uzamopu. Berukgexckunm ocmpoB 6u,r
HaU-u3moqHama mo.rka om ntmeutecmBunma uu u uaBnpuo
e 6u,r gocmuaxam. no Bcnka Beponmrocm npee Mapkuakume
ocmpo8u, oLue npe3 400 aoguHa. nbpBume eBponeuqu,
omkpunu ocmpoBa, 6u^u xo^aHgqume. ToBa cmaHa^o
8 xegem, ua Be,rukgeH np".: 1722 zogr+a.

Mowuqe

mpaguquoHeH no uHBUt(ku kocmloM maHql8a gDpry

^Ary ToHzapuku

e palnonkeHo
(a Hakou om

Ha Be ukgeH(ku, ocmpo8, Mr(momo

Ha lozoBmoqHomo kpa[6pelkue Ha ocmpoBa. TaM

Hai-Ma(uoHume uoau Ha moBa omg eqeHo ktrnqe. MamepuaNm

papalry.
3a Eoqku msx e qo6um om laacmaur By kaH PaHo
ToH?apuku 6e onyoruueH om qyHaMu (o?poiaHa npu

u&E 8bixa.

om xuempeceaue) rpe3 1960 2. Apxeo o{me u$pa8uxa

ar?aHmdwre z agu npeguuromo uu no0kerue.

MOaU, Ca

nepuoga okono

koumo ce omnu,laBam
c
atp6aBu HocoBe u ygbDkeHu
Meku
Ha yuume. ca nogpegeHu I peguqu Erpxy
uepeMoHuaAHu kauerHu nnamQopMu, HapeqeHu axy.
Ilpyau Hocrm Ha ena8ume cu nykay, qu^uHgpuqHu
kaueugu ,,uranku", ntrpBouavanno 6o19ucalu B
mbMHoqepBeHo. Tpemu nrk uMam pbqe c gblau npbcmu,

ckprcmeiu npes

koperraa uM, a MHoao ce omrru,{a8am c

gur6okume ovnu kyxunu. sa koumo apxeo^o3ume

npegno^a?am, ue ca 6unu sanr,\BaHu c kopanu.

B,racmnu rlueypu
Te>kecmma Ha cmamyume rrao>ke ga gocmuaxe go 84 mora,
a Hflkou ce us8ucrBam Ha BucoquHa om 11 uempa. Bepormro
npegcmaBan8am Bo>kgo8eme npeguu. Bnp8a^o ce, ve npume*aBam
oapouna gyxo8Ha curra. finlanemo, npeuecmBaHemo u u3gueaHemo

ra uoau mpn68a ga e uauckBaro kBaruQuqupar mpyg I npoguokeuue

Ha MHoeo, MHozo ?oguHu.3aceaa ca omkpumu okono 900 uoau,
kamo Hqkou ca B neeHano nolo)keHue, a gpyau ca usnpa8exu
HanoEo. Okono 600 ne>kam oue xegoBrptuexu ana8no B
kaueHo,nousume, kbgemo au npueom8r u.

ToBa (a o(maHku om munuqHa

ktqa

ArV Taxau, 0 ulmoq8ama qacm

Ha ocmpoBa. gbHruHurm 6opglop om kaMbHu o6pa3y8a oqpmaHu{ma Ha

iogka u mps60a ga noggrprl(a gbpeeHa apka. no 3eMume oko^o

goMo8eme cu )kume ume Ha o(mpo0a omz erkgMu c^agku kapmoou,
3axapHa mpD(muka u 6aHaHu. Pa38!rga^u (!qo u nmuqu,

9uqeH Umua
pe8Hume atpuu, koumo cucmaBunu nr:p8ume
n
I-tcnucuuu c qygecama Ha c8ema, HflManu Hukak8a

npegcma8a sa ctuecm8yBasemo ua CeBepHa u lo>kHa

Avrepuka. Koaamo eBpone[uume nat]-cemue cmueHanu
go Mekcuko u l-1epy kovt 1500 a.,
eg8a rvroanu ga no8np8am Ha
oirume cu. Haruepunu gpeBuu
apago8e, nupaMUgu u xpauo8e,
kakmo u HecMemHu cukpo8uqa
om 3namo, cpe6po u ueQpum.
HarJ-pasnuuHu napogu 6unu

aBmopume Ha me3u 8enu.{ecm8eHu

mBopeHun, oco6eHo Maume,
monmekume, aumekume u uukume.

1lI

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-*'i
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Ko& u3guanal apaga?

Mrozo om Hai-3a6ene)kumelsume o6ekmu g Mekcuko
ca
pasnono>kenu na nonyocmpog
lokamar. O6,racmma e
paBHuHHa, eopeqa u MHoeo cyxa c
u:k,llorteHue xa uankume,
xAbmHaAU e3epa, HapeLteHu ceuome.6nuzo go
mpu om me3u

6e:qexHu Sogou3moqHuL{u Hapogbm t4mqa om epynama

Ha
t4aume, Muepupal B peeuota, u3guaHan yuveH
l4mqa.
KbM 600 a. 9u,teH l4mua ce npegupran B zpag.
l(rrr,l gg7
e.

Beponmno uuano tauecm8ue Ha monmeku,3automo

om
mc3u nepuog ce ua6aloga8am kaMeHHU u3gelug
cbc cmul,
cvecuua ue>kgy cmuloBeme Ha Maume u monmekume.
Cneg rue>kgyoco6iru Bouau ue>kgy uaume npes
Xlll Bek
om ?paga ocmaHa^u pyuHu.

BouHu u uepenu
Pyuuume Ha gu,JeH l4mua uoaam ga 6rgam BugeHu
u gcec.
B o6^acm om gecem kBagpamuu kunor,aempa
ci pauno-nork"ru
xpano8e u mepacu, cmuna,loBugHu nupaMUgu. oAmapu,
cmtrn6uUa, gBopuu, mpoHoBe, u3gfl^aHU Hagnucu,
na3apu,
gBopo8e aa uzpa c monka,6ar-ru, o6cep8amopufl
u cmamyu Ha
6ozoBe. Macu8nunm Xpana xa gourume Ha zpaHuqama
c
g>kyr-iznama e 3ao6uko^eH om 60 ko,ror.ru. Ha
kaMeHHume
6apereQu ca uao6paseuu monmekcku BouHu c npo6umu ,
.., ...,.,
soco8e, c ykpaueHun om nepa Ha arragama, aom
B^nsam B 6o0. Ha uamoqnama mepaca na g8op;
uepa c monka ca u3o6pa3eHu suuu u vepenLi.
S1
cmpax CmeHa ua qepenume Hskoi
na6yvBaau ompn3aHume
gpeMe Eo
,,v no
v vPvrrrs
Ha evgrrultlutlre ..
:

;kepm6onpuuoueuun aaaBu.

Ape8uu uuBu,ru3auuu
,[,pe8nume Hapogu Ha Mekcuko pasane>kga^u qogeukume
*epmSonpuHoruerun na 6ozo8eme kamo oapouna
vecm sa
rkepmBume. Uu8u,lusaquu kamo megu Ha Maume
xe nosuaga,tu
MemaAHUme cequBa unu koneaomo, Ho cb3galu genukoaenxu
capagu, 6u>kyma, ykpaLueuun om nepa, ?pbHqapcku
uagerur,
mbkaHu u cmernu pucynku. lzl:o6pemunu kaneugapu
u
nucMeHocm, usyva8aau s8esgume. I4cnasckume go0suuu

ii

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l

Tagk Maxaa
rsMor(Ho nu e moBa ga e naL-<:=: -::
- 'r :cepaga Ha c8ema? Tapk Maxa', e c::Ha no-Bucokun 6pna na peka flrvryna 6'-::
t/1Hgun. I-1 pegcma8ns8a rr,raBsonetJ, ue g ; z - =
lllax .[>kaxan, om guHacmuflma Ha r". : ' ' ve>kgy 1632 u 1653 a. MoaYnume 6*'-

:: --:'
--

-::*

vloclonvauckume Enagemenu Ha a0'-:r'':

om l/lHgun no oHo8a Bper'ae' Apxume(- ':-i*T
r-uegoo8tp e B naruem Ha cbnpyaama h3
uMnepamopa, ue8ecmua kamo
Myrvrmas Maxan.

lllax A)kaxaH e pogei B Aaxop (cb8peMeHeH

nakucmaH) npe3 1592 ?. npe3 1612 z. ce )keHu 3a

ApgkyMaHg 6aHo 6ezyM, koflmo ce oa0e^a c
xy6ocmma cu. l/lMa/\ MHoeo gpyzu )keHu, Ho ml
uy 6uaa xaii-^lo6uuama Hapek^u MyMma3 Maxa^,

poguia
koemo o3Ha,ra8a ,,Bb3BuuleHama 0 g8opeqa", T' My
14 geqa, cegeM om koumo go(mu?Halu 3p'Ia 0blpacm

Mparvrop u ckbnoueHHu ka/r,urHu

Mozyrckume E,rageme,ru 6u,ru nokpoBumerru
Ha u3fltuHUme u:kycm8a u apxumekmypama'
Creg cutpmma Ha MYtumas Maxan nPes
1631 z. tllax fl>kaxaH ct6upa pa6omHa
cu,na om no8e.te om 20 000 Pa3^uqHU
Maucmopu. 5u,l gokapau rau-kaqecmBetlusm
6n,r uparraop, a ckt,noueHuume kautrru aMemucmu, HeQPum, ,lanuc na:Yau.
mlopkoasu, kopanu u cege$ - 6unu Esecesu
om qs,ta Aaun ga Ykpacflm sgaHuemo.
CkunoqerHume kamnu 6u,tu
kaMeHHa Pe36a c
uukpycmupauu
EelukolenHu Q,roPanlu uomuBu
C uapacm8alemo Ha ocnoBuama cepaga
ce non8u.ru Bucoku apku B nepcu0cku cmu'r'
CmuxoBe om c8euleHume ucasucku
mekcmo8e - Kopaxa - ykpacunu cmeHume

u3FU-lHa

apa6cka kanuaPa$un.

Capaga - pa(
Myumas Maxal 6u^a no8e'{e om cbnpyea u uauka.

Surra Ha[_go6pama

npunmeaka u no,rumuqecku cugemHuk na ljJax,[>kaxan.

fogopu ce, ve cneg
cMbpmma u morl omkas8aa ga npueMa xpana B npogu,ukeHue
Ha oceM gHu.
3a ga uspa:u rlo6o8ma cu ktr.a res, no>kena,r ga

*m8opu

xau_npekpacxun

navemxuk. Tag>k Maxa,r e ygenvar c qemupu apku u oaporuet,

6necmsul
6rn kynon.9emupu Eucoku MuHapema ca pa3nolo)keHu omcmpaHu
Ha

apo6Huqama, Ho uMa cbuto g>kanaur u gBopoge. KoMn^ekcbm

e pa3no^o)keH
cpeg npocmopHa apaguHa I cmula Ha Moey^ume, pa3ge^eHa
Ha Ltemupu
tracmu. B Hes uMa e3epa, koumo
ompa3ffBam ocaognama cepaga.

^ n^oqkume u uHkpy(maquunre, koumo ykpa(,gam

Taglk Maxa4 cbqema0am e^eMeHmu om urguti*ama
u nep(uu*ama ky mypa. Cmutbm e u3rqeH,
Ho gAukameH, 3a ga He omk^oHrBa noz ega

Tag* Maxal e nauemsuk sa 6oa u sa.iogeukama alo6og u ckpr6.

EgnoSper,renno c moBa c,rpkua ga ce usmtkHe Moutma
u 6oaamcmgomo
Ha UJax.[>kaxan, makap ve pasxogume no cmpoe>ka
eg6a
npu'.ruHU^u pasopnBaremo Ha Moey ckama uMnepufl.

re

orll (a ama no(mpotka.

<

llpekpaGama karreflHa

pe35a Ha Tagk Maxa^

e 3a(mpaueHa om
egpeMeBHomo npoMuu^eHo
3aMlpcr8aHe u a0mouo6uaxu
zatooe, kakmo u om
o?poMHu, 6poii mypucmu,

koumo zo noaeqa8am.

Iloclegxume guu
Aeaexgama e^acu, qe LlJax.q)kaxaH 3aMuclffn ga nocmpou
nogo6en tra6soaeri u sa ce6e cu, Ho om uepen kautrk.

flaauo8eme My ocmaHanu HeocbutecmgeHu. flpea 16bg

a.
e no8anes om 6olecm u qemupuMama uy cura sanovgam
ga cu ocnop8am mpora. Egur om mrx, Aypanaee6,
:a8nagrBa npecmo^a Ha uMnepuflma u sa ga ykpenu
Eracmma cu, aamBapr 6aqa cu g kpenocmma Ha Aepa.
OcmaBeH Ha apu*ume Ha Ha0-eo^sMama cu gbulepf _
,[,>kaxarapa, lllax,[>kaxan yMupa oceM aoguuu no_kucuo,

npes 1666 a. u HaMUpa noko0 B Tag>k Maxa,r pegou c

Myvmae Maxaa. IlHec Tag>k Maxan e Ha0-u3BecmHurm
cuuBoa sa lzlngur, nokasau sa uro>kecmgo
$omozpar!uu,
npo6nnc8aul xa lyrxa cBemnura ulu o6a?peH om
3opama.

llHgutku npa3Hygam pe^uauolBu, npa3Huk guta^u

0 Tagk Maxa^, CrgbpueHama czpaga

Ha elepo

npeg^a?a gyxo8Ho uteu(,oaHe 3a MlocblMaHu,

uHgyucmu u xopa om B(egBMo)kHu pe u?uu.

I(aHanume Ha
BeHeuutl
FI pes noc^egHume xu^flga eoguHU
I leBponeuckume epago8e ca cb3ga^u
rvrno>kecmBo qygeca. Benu.{ecmBeHu

cpegHo8ekoBnu kamegpanu c npekpacHu

Eumpa>ku, agpa8u kpenocmHu kYnu u
Rku gaulumHu cmeHu, nuLuHu g8oPuu,

UeHmpaAHa BeHequs ce

o(mou om

oko^o 400 Mo(ma. Cpeg mrx

ykpacenu c u3flulHu kapmuHu u ao6neHu,

geno Ha yuenu naa[cmoPu. EguH om
Hatr-npekpacHume epago8e cpeg mnx e
Beneuus B lulmanun, kugemo Burecmo
y ur{u uMa EogHu kananu. lPagum e
nocmpoeH Etpxy epyna Hucku ocmpo8u u
nocemumenrm ocmaBa c EnetlamneHuemo,
qe ce u3guea r-ranpaEo om Mopemo.

118 Ma^ku o(mpooa, fteguHeHu

Abkamyulu aa6upunm om kaHa^u Ta3u (HuMka

om tu3gyxa noka3ga oepoMHama ul8u8ka Ha Kara^e fpaHge (fo^eMu[ kaHa^)

0 ftpqemo Ha 2paga, ybyMume^hurm zpag 6ykBa^Ho e no(mpoeH BbB oogama

tpag OtB Bogama

B cmapu Epeneua 6peaum oko,ro Beneuus 6ur 6ramucm.
n,rumkama raeyHa 6ura 3aulumeHa om omkpumo uope
om naa,rku ocmpo8vema u nflcbqHU HaHocu.6e)kaHuu om
koHmuseuma ce 3ace^ulu myk npes V 8ek, kozamo lzlma,run
nocmoEHHo 6ura Hanagaua.3a Bceo6ula u3HeHaga 6eatluume
npeycne^u. Ct6upanu con, ro8enu pu6a, cmpouru kopa6u u
npou:8e>kgaru cmtklo, ara Ha0-Beve mtrpayBaru. flpes
CpegHoBekoBuemo BeHertuauckume mtpao8rlu ynpa>knn8a,ru

koumpolr Hag mr:pzo8unma c A:us u Euacnnu ckunu konpuuu

u nognpaBku.3a ga u3epagflm ocHo6ume ua u.o.,8un apag,
me aa6unu uu,nuoHu gtp8euu cmt^6o8e B 6.ldtlucmama nov8a
.-...

,l
d

".**, !3 l

*
I

XuBom

Br>B Bogama

XV 8ek Beneuur ce npe8upuarra I egun om Ha[-6ozamume

apagoBe B c8ema. flo BpeMe Ha Btpxo8nur cu paau8em
Kuna

pa3no^aea^a c 35

000

naopnqu, koumo Eogelu no8eue om

3000 kopa6a om u kur,,r npucmaHuulemo r.r. OvapoBamernume

uocmoBe, nasapu, npucmaHu 3a Aogku, gBopuu u vepkBu
6u,ru nocmpoeuu npe: cleg8aulume EekoBe, uo noqmu HrMaAo
ynuqu- Beuequarqume npegnoquma^u ga ce npugBu)k8am c
logku no upe>kama om kpacuBu kauanu. Beteuus 6ura
BokHo npucmaHuule. Berequarqume pas6upa,nu. qe eaBucgm
om Mopemo u Ecrka zogura ymBup>kga8anu Bpuokama cu c
Heao no Epeue na ny6nuvua qepeMoHuff. Ynpa8umemm ra
apaga - go>lom - 6urr ua8e*gan I uopemo I no3nameHa
zoHgoaa. X8upnn,r npbcmeH cpeg Brnsume u o6s8sBar,
qe epagbm e cknloqur 6pak c Mopemo.

Ha

u'rHo Hugo o(uqko e obB ooga,

( nbmy8a ( logka.
MomopHurtu
u
0og u a0mo6y0,
AHe(
3amoga Hai-/\e(Ho

HapeqHu Sanopemu, 6pa3grm oogume

Ha kaHa ume, Ho 3a no8eqemo mypucmu

egufl(mBeHuSm Ha,{uH Ha npugSukgaHe

(u o(maga .oHgo ama {go^y),

e mpaguquoBHama, 6orgu(aHa

Tooa

vepuo aogka Ha kaHaium, a me(eH

kopnyc r gtarkuaa oko^o 11 Mempa

> Bogama HaMyga no nuaqema kbM

n^oqag ,IaH Mapko" g qeHmrpa Ha
BeHequs u ra u8a Ma(ume u (mo ooeme,
o6ukHogeHo 3aemu om mypu(mu.

fo^rMama czpaga e Agopeqbm Ha

gokume - eegio8eko8Hurm qeHmrp
Ha ynpao^eflue, ApxumekmypHume

u A3u, u Egpona om mbpao8*ama geaHo(m

BAurBu, HanoMHlm
Hac eg(m8o

(
rc 6tgeqemo m

( u38umu Ha?ope Ho( u kbpMa.

foHgo uepbm ynpa0^,8a zoHgo ama

fla zpaga, BHequ, e cBukHa^a

e noBog 3a ozpoMHa 3azpukeHo(m,

noMou{ma Ha

gtlzo ?pe6lo,

Ha0ogHeHurma,

zpaga

fpagr>m Ha cnokoricm8uemo
B kpar Ha XVlll Bek Bereuus aanouBa ga ay6u Bnunnuemo cu
kamo nonumuqecka cula, Ho ocmaBa uermup na uskycmBomo,
uy:ukama u meambpa. Buaxumumerrusm kapHa8an ce
npo8e>kga e*ezogxo u B raLlu gHu. BeHeUus cma8a u:Becmra
kamo La Serenissima -,,Ha0-cnokoiHUflm" cpeg Bcuvku zpago8e.
Beaequn npogtroka8a ga npuBrruua 6ee6pou nocemumeau.
Hesa6paBuuu ocmaBam aaegkama ra apagckume oqepmaHuff.
koumo usHukBam npeg noe^ega uag 6regocunume Bogu
Ha AaeyHama, u ynuvkume, koumo Bctulrocm ca kasarru.
Ho 6ugeulemo na Beseuus e 3acmpaueno.
Mopckomo paBHuue ce u3guea u Bce no-qecmo cma8am
uaEogueuun. fpagum e kpexrk u usuck8a MHor(ecm8o
cro>kuu epagoycmporicmBeuu peueHus, ako uckaue
ga 3ana3uM qeHHume cepagu u cbkpo8uua.

OEOE14EHt/lE HA BTOPA

rnABA: flO

IIJ14POKUIf CBflT
numyBanu go Apa6un u l4omoqsa AQpuka, a e8poneUckume

Ape0en Pu,rn
u c,reg moOa

uopen,raBame,ru cmueHaAU 6peeo8eme ra Auepuka.

IpeBuume eupuu nosuaBa,ru

eguucmBeno lO*Ha EBpona,
3anagra Asur u Ce8epra
AQpuka. Ho us8tr npegenume

Om Kumatr go Mekcuko

ra oapauuvenun uu

om6nbckBa sauecmBenuuume. Egun om Ha0-?oleMume

pe^ueuo3Hu kounnekcu B cBema e Axakop Bam B Kavr6og>ka,
nocmpoeH korvr 1 150 ?. Hau-3aeagb,.{Hume om Bcuvku vygeca

c8nm
cuuecmByBaau ganevHu.
Hen03Hamu seuu, kogemo

flpegu okono 2000 aoguru

no c8ema ca kal,ressume ena8u, ueguzuamu Ha galeqHu,

Benukgexcku ocmpoB I Tuxun okeax om 1000 go 1600

puruckama 8^acm ce
pa3pacHa^a u putuckume

llpegu eBponer.ruume ga omkpunm Anaepuka npeo 1492

Maume. molmekume, aqmekume u uskume cmpoulu

cbu-lo uMaAo uygeca u :azagku.

Ha Be ukgeH(ku{ ocmpo8

nacuouk uMa oko

O*ttu8

1000 zuzaHm*u

Hau-BHyuumeAHuflm kumaucku naMemHuk e Benukama

kuma[cka cmeHa, cmpoeHa B npogtnkenue Ha BekoBe ga

kaMeHHu zla8u

uxrkeuepu nocmpoulu nbmuula,

akBegykmu u eoleMu apago8e. Konu:eyvtrm B Putr e omkpum
npe3 80 z. u npegcmaBmBa sa6e,\e)kumenHo nocmu>kesue sa

Be,ruqecm8enu ?pago8e u xpanao8e. Fpag Huuen l4mqa

apxumekmypama.

U3nuecm8o u kpacoma

CBemrrm ce pa3urupl0a
B npoguokerue Ha 1200 ?oguHu cneg eu6e,rma sa Puuckama
uMnepuF npe3 476 z. Ha no,rmu Eceku kosmusesm 6unu
cusga8aHu npekpacnu nocmpouku u nanemruqu. Xopama
ysHa^u 3a mflx, koaamo npes XIV u XV Bek gano.l8a enoxama
Ha ?oAeMume zeoapaQcku omkpumun. Mapokarqume u

Bexeuuasqume cmueHalu go Kumau, kumaickume mtpaoBqu

Mekcuko npoubQmnBa om 600 go 1200

e.

e.,

z.

HaU-kpacuBomo cpeg no-HoBume vygeca ua cBema

onpege^eHo e Tag* Maxar - va8soresm. u3?pageH om
uozynckun uMnepamop Ha l4Hgufl B qecm sa cbnpyaama My,
sa8rpueH npe3 1652 a. EBpone0ckume zpagoBe flapu>k,
Qrropenqur u noHgoH ce cnaBrm ctc cukpoBuqama cu.
EguH om Ha0-npekpacHume epago8e e Bexeuus. 3acmpoeH
B 14ma^ufl Erpxy nucku ocmpoBu cpeg
^aeyHa
HaucmuHa epag, nocmpoeH BbB Eogama.

Hayveme oule...
flpo,{ememe no8eqe ga

AHmpono^oa

u3yMume^Hume qygeca

lzlsyvaBa pasBumuemo,

no uupokur cBnm:

o6uqaume u EnpBaxurma

www.metmuseum .ot g / toah

hdleais/hd eais.htm

,ro8eukume kyamypu.

nocememe caUma ua
Konuseyua - 6oiHomo
no^e Ha znaguamopume,
u pa3?AegaUme

lpeBeH

Pun,t:

www.venetia.it
www.mysteriousplaces.com/

U3kycm0oBeg
l4ayvaBa cmapu npous8egeuun xa

www-the-colosseum.net/idx-en.htm

maya n,/f ou rEntrance.html

uskycmEomo - kapmunu, pes6u,

ckynnmypu u uao6parkeuun.

Hayveme noBe.{e sa xpaua B Axakop

Bam u gpyau sacmpaueru o6ekmu
Ha cauma ra Xucmopu 9eru,r:

Ka,rreuogeleu

www.history.com,/classroom/unesco,/
angkor/index2.html

Bertukama kumaicka cmeHa:

eueaumckume cmpoe*u B ucmopunma

om Peiqur Auxem
(usg. KugXe0Etr l1pec, 2OO4 e.l

[4scuva, zpaBupa u oQopun kaMeHHufl

Mamepual. ugnone8as
sa pecmaBpauun.

czpagu unu

Tag* Maxat: Beaukume cepagu

om Kpucmux MypkpoQm
(u:9. Cmek-Bon, 1997 a.)
Kaueuuu maixu: Ecuttko sa
AepoettuQume na uaume
om Aopu Koyamtp.

,E*etx lrhanutu
(usg. Megucun llpec, 2001 a.)
Capa

Kumaucm
tl3y.raBa ucmopunma,
kyrmypama u esuka Ha Kuma[.

Pecma0pamop

fpDku ce 3a cmapu c?pagu u o6ekmu,

noggrp*a au I go6po cbcmosHue

u zu onas8a.

Omkpuime no8eqe sa t{u.reH [4mqa

gpyeu qygeca B l-leHmpanna Arvrepuka:

vvltnru.mnsu-edu/emuseum,/archaeology/

sites/meso-america/chichenitza.html
He nponyckaume Be,rukorrenrur ca0m,
nocBemeH Ha opueHmalckama
apxumekmypa u Tag>k Maxan Ha:
www-orientalarchitectu re.com/agra/
tajmahalindex.htm

crrBpelneHHurr cBrrm
XVilt u XtX Bek EBpona u CegepHa
n?",
I lArvrepuka ce npeBpuu.lam g
Ha 6rps HayqeH u mexnuqeck,
lzlHgycmpuanHa ma peBonlouus.

cpeguule

npoJp""

Ilos8s8am ce 6necmRulu uso6pemeuun:

napaxogu, Enakoge u agmouo6unu.
Ilpes XX Bek ce Busnpueuram HoBu
uremogu
Ha cmpoumencm8o. koumo gknloqgam
uenong8anemo Ha 6emoH, cmoMaHa
u
cmrkno. B epagogeme uspacmBam
ue6ocmupeavu. Krvr Har{anomo Ha
XXI Bek MHoeo om gpegnume Meqmu
Ha
r{oBeqecmBomo ca ce
npeBopHanu g

geUcmBumennocm. Xopama Moeam

ga
nemrm u ga nrmy8am B Kocuoca, cmpoflm
ue8eponmnu BogoxpaHunutua u uocmoge.
Su6nuomekama Ha KoHepeca ua CAIII
npume>ka8a noBe,{e om 29 uunuoHa
kHuau.
CBemoBnama rvpe>ka ocueypeBa gocmbn
go noqmu HeoepaHuqeHa uuQopuraqun
no qflAomo se&tHo kbn6o. Kocnauqeckume
meneckonu ce onumgam ga Hag3bpHam
grn6unume Ha Bceneuama. Ho cauo
6rgHume nokoneHuR qe onpegennm
koe
om me3u qygeca gaguHaau ure ocmaHe
B ucmopunma Ha qoge,{ecmBomo.

Ha Br:pxa Ha cBema!
;-;eomno>knama nompe6uocm om cmpoumencmSo
I le nosHama om gpeBuocmma. AnekcaHgpu[ckunm Qap
e caMo eguH om paHHume onumu ga 6tgam u3gueHamu
Bucoku nocmporlku, 3atr,{omo xopama mbpcenu HaquHu ga
nogqepmaflm c8oqma Enacm u o6ulecm8euo nono>keuue.
Ho eg8a npea XIX 8ek, c qso6pemR8anemo na noBu
cmpoumeAHu Mamepuanu, cmpoumencmBomo ua
coBperueHHume,,ne6ocmtpeaqu" cmaHano Eustvto)kHo.
HoBume kynu paevumanu Ha uenons8aHemo Ha
usknloqumenHo sgpaEo >kennso u cmoMaHa.
kakmo u Ha nnbmHUme cmuknonakemu,
Euecmo sa mpaguquoHHume mlDou u kauunu.
Ilbp8ume xe6ocmrrpaauu
npe3 1871 z. cmpatueH no>kap yHuqo>kur auepukaxckur apag 9ukaao
u B c,reg8auume aoguHu mpn68a^o ga ?o nocmpoflm uaHoEo. 6uro
8pene, kozamo Eucokoka,recmBeHama cmoMaHa noeBmuHnBarra.
HoBu ne6ocmtpaauu c pavku om Mema^ ce ycmpeMulu Hazope.
flkocmma ra >kens:omo 6u,ra geMoHCmpupaHa om OpeHckuF
uokeuep flocmaB EQe (no3Ham kamo AiQe,n), uurmo AuQeno8a
kyna I [lapu>k cmauam ntrp8ama cpeg Bucokume nocmpouku
npes 1889 z. llpegHa:navenuemo na He6ocmtpeavume,
kakmo u na vygecama om aHmuqHocmma, 6uro ga
Bne.ram^flBam u usmtkBam 6ozamcmEomo u
noro>kesuemo B o6uecm8omo. HoBu uoo6pemelun,
kamo 6upaun acaucoop, nanpa8urru Bucokume
czpagu nonpakmuvnu :a ynompe6a.

Aanepukaxcku neumu
Hlo lrlopk ckopo no8er kmcaqunma no Sucoku
czpagu. OapaHuven Ha mepumopunma na ocmpo8
Manxamtn, apagum nao>ken ga ce paspacm8a

ocnoBlo naaope, a

He HacmpaHu.

Ilpe: 1930

a.

eleuaHmHuflm, u3ocmpeH cunyem Ha Kpauclep

Eurguna ce us8ucun sa 319 ru. Cano zoguHa
nokocro 6un naguuHam om eguH om
Hai-us8ecmHume He6ocmupzavu Ha Ecu.rku
Bpeuena - Enanautp Cmeum Sulguna

(381

rvr). l(yrume 6^u3Hauu Ha

CBemoBnus mtrpaoBcku ueumt p
(415 r"r) ce omkpon8am na
Hlouopkckur xopueoxm om 1973 go
2001 zoqura, kozamo ca mpaeuqHo
pa3pytxeHu no Epeue na
mepopucmuLrHa amaka. Hukaao
omroBo guprku nup8eucmSomo
npes 1 974 a. cuc Cuupc Tayop,
koflmo ce u3guea Ha

:aLueuemsBauama
Bucoquna om 442 uempa.

>

Te3u (mpoume^Hu pa6omHuqu

Ha o6egHama

(e Ha6akga8am

(u no'{ueka, flacrgalu

6Dpxy

rclalqumella cmoMaHeHa ?pega Ha oko^o 245 M Hag

leurma! To?a0a He e uMa o rpegna3Ha ekunupogka

u kacku. foguHama e
RC.A Eu^guHz

(256 M)

1932

u me pa6omrm

Ha

Hloriopk*u, pokoe^ep

qeHmbp. AHec He6o(mDpzaqbm

e uloe(meH
kamo A (eHepa t4nekmpuk 6u guHz.

< B Hauu

gHu Ecska Hooa

eH3aqur, npegu3SukaHa om
He6ocmlpaaqu, ckopo (e 3aMeHfl om qpy?a,
3aqomo epago8erne no c8ema c koxkypupam.
nempoHa( Taybp( (452 M) 0 Xya^a AyMnyp,

Ma^atuur, gbp*axa pekopga om 1999 go 2004

?.

Cmomana u 6emoH
flpoekmupaxemo ua ne6ocmrpaauu cragaga usaa roBa
cucmeMa om cmpoumeAHU uemogu. 6emotum 6ul
,,nogcutgau,,
cbc cmoMaHeHU npumoBe. Eurro Bmuo>kso ga ce uoaugam
ozpouHu
6emoHHu QyHgaMeHmu. koumo ga kpennm ocHoBume,
uru sgpaBu
nunouu-cmouku ga 619am ua6uBauu gb^6oko B kanrsumJ.'
MoHmarom
Ha capagume ce usBupru8an okono qeumparuo ngpo.
flnaHupaHemo g
mako8 uaula6 e mpygHo u ce npagu c gr.ruuaminra npeqeHka
xa noc,legcmBunma 3a oko^Hama cpega. llpoekmume usuck8am
kounlomupHo Moge^upaHe u gopu ce nograaam, kakmo
caMo^emume, Ha u3numaHUs B aepoguuanauvnu mpr6u.
flos8ama Ha MogepHU Mamepualu oeHa,taBa, qe Hau_HoBume
re6ocmtrpeavu Moeam ga uuam gcegtravo>knu

ueBepormHu Qopuu u noBtrpxHocnlu.

M Arloe^oBama lslM-rMnaftp
napuil
(meim Eu^quu?.
OpaHqu (1889 r)
Hto titopk, CAU1 (t9lr ?)
lzl

kyM,

452

M-

l'lempoHac

Tay'bpq (ya^a

509M
101,

AyMnyp, Taine

Ma^alrufl (1998

,.)

55lM-

? _ Evp*

Te^e8uruoHHama

Iy6ai,

OAE,

TaiBa{ (2003 ?.) kyM CN raFp,

ToPoHmo,

(aHaga (1976

B npogr^rcHue Ha

?.)

qr

oek Bu@quHanra m ne6ocmrpzaru u gpFu koH(mpykquu

^kamo
me e8u3uoHHu lry^u npogb^r{a0a ga pacme ( ByMume
Hu meMnoge.
fb(mpoeflama npe3 19j1 z. EMnauDp Cmeim 6u^guHz
6u a gga ntmu no_gu(oka
om CUH&p 6u guH?, ygu8u a filouopklaHu (aMo 23 zoguHu
nc.paHo. np$ 2003 ?,
nogo6mma aa ha2oga lry a Taune 1001 B TaiBaH go(mu?a
nopajume
Bama

Bu(oquHa om 509 Mempa, 3amoBa mps68a4o ga 6bge

mequa^Ho 3aulumeHa
eeqy 3en4empeceHu, u mponu,{ecku 6ypu. A(aH.bopurne t, gou*euru (e

c tleMemrama *opo(m om G5 kr,aA, urguaam no(emume

ume go
Ha6^hgame^xama n am$opMa Ha g9-u, emar( Ovakga
<e ne6icmupaarm

6ypk Ay6aii, koiimo (e cmpou om

a, ga 6We go.ma no{u(ok om

ra6erelumearu no(mu}keHu, Ha
uHr{eHepHarna Haylc, Ho ga^u h[ko, om mrx qe n
eHu Bro6pakeHuemo
Ha o8peMeHHuqume cu gomo ko0a, .le ga
o6r8rm 3a qygo Ha (8ema?

TaUne 1001. Bcur{ku me3u

2005

no(mpotku

Apxumekmypa u u3lqycmBo
noc^egHume 100 aoguHu apxumekmume us qenun cBRm
!crsgagoxa ueBeponmnu noBu epagoBe, quumo o6uecmBenu
capagu EguxuoBnBam u npoBokupam Bro6pakeHuemo.
Hskou om mrx ca 6emonnu nocmpor.rku unu xygo>kecm8eHu
?a^epuu, gpyau ca agMuHucmpamu8uu capagu unu 6u6nuomeku.
Te ca EunnrmeHu 8rB Qoprvru, koumo cmaBam ErsMo)kHu
6naaogapeuue Ha EunnyBaqume uoBu mexuonoauu kamo
konanlomr:pHomo MogenupaHe u ocsga8auemo Ha u3yMume^Hu
xoBu rvramepuanu kamo nnacmMacume, cmuknonakemume,
cmoMaHama u >keneso6emoHa.

FIpes

Xpaan

rn u3kycm0ama

6u^6ao e zna8susm epag Ha 6ackama

npoBurqun - peeuon E8pona,

koumo ce npocmupa om l4cnanun
go Qparqur. Haqurtm ra rku8om na
6ackume uva runoeo gpeBnu kopenu,
no xau+roBomo gonunneuue kunr
apxumekmypama Ha 6ur6ao e
noareg I 6trgeulemo.
ToBa e uyaenm aa ct8penreuno
uskycmBo,,fyeeHxauM", ko0mo
om8opu Bpamu npes 1997 e.
Apxumekmrm e ar,repukaHeq Qpank l-epu. Heo6u,rauHume
u:8uBku u Qopvru ua cepagama
ca Bguxxo8eHu om cunyema
Ha kopa6ume.

< nokpu8rm Ha Onepama g CugHU e Hanpa6q{

om Hag eguH MUIUOH n oqku om 6le(mxq
6r

0 naHe u ( 2iagka noobpxfiod

llnoqlome (a z^alupaHu, 3a ga (e noqu(mgam
zpaHum, SzpageHu

no-AecHo, HO Om gpeMe Ha gpeMe

mpr60a ga 6!gam nonpaorHu u

Pako0uau lJo npucmaHuulemo

Or4e egua cu8peuerna cepaga, g gpyeufl
kpaU sa cgema,
e_ npusHama eguHogytuHo
sa uogo cgemo8ro vygo.

Kakmo gpe8uume ebpqu npegnpueMaAU

nbmeuecmgus,
3a ga 3bpHam Benukama nupaMuga g
Eeunem, maka gnec

mypucmume ce cmuqam 6 ABcmpa^ufl ga

Bugrm maiu
ugBecmxa sa6ene)kumenxocm. a uaago>keuqu
gnoHuq

om
go^umam ga ce cHuMam Ha
ooHa u. onepama e nocmpoeHa
-- Ha Hoc 6eHe^oH,z nouHm g epag CugHu
6,ru:o go gpyau
egHouMeHHa ga6eae>kume,rsocm _
ro"mu Cugru iupOup.
Ilecemme nokpu8a xa Onepama ca oQoprrreHu
kamo
euaasmcku ruopcku pakoBuru ulu
no_ckopo kamo
u3gymume om Efmbpa n^amHa Ha sxmume,
koumo
kpucmoc8am culume Bogu Ha npucmaHuutemo
nog Her.

<

My3erm

0 Eu^6ao ce Ggu?a Oe uqecmoHo

"IyaeHxaiiM"
Hag peka HepBuoH. O(DqecmgrgaHemo
Ha npoekma (maBa

( noMorqma Ha koMnlombpHomo rioge^upaHe,

koemo npeqeHroa BDlMor{Hocmume
u o?paHuqeHurma Ha
cmpykmypu. oopMu, HanpokeHu,
u [4amepua^u, My3e[m e
BapageH om 6apoguk, nokpum c
mumaHuegu naoqku, koumo
Hanogo6r8am pu6elu alocnu. u e o6auqogaa
Ct( (mDk^o,
gb3r or{Ho

> Ilo

BpeM Ha (mpoume^(m0omo Ha Onepama

B

CugHu mpr60a^o ga

6!gam npeogo^eflu MHoke(mgo

mexHo o?uqflu npo6^eMu. O6ulecmSeHume
ge6amu,
(oDp3aHu c gulailHa
li. npugo6u^u pa3zopeuleH

xapakmep.

xopa (a (t?/tacHu, qe epagama e egfla

0m apxumekmypHume qeHflocmu Ha Hauemo
cbopeMue.
Ce?a nogeqemo

3aMeHrHU.

Bneqam^r8aura nocmpoiika
B Cugxu e npoekmupana om gamckus
apxumekm
9i"OiT.
ymcoH u e nocmpoeHa
/topH
rvre>kgy 19bg u 1g73 z.

Apxumekmypuurm kovnnekc saer

u e nossup>kax om s80 6emos,uT"H:#il.H;"Hilj
gtn6oko B seMsma. pasnonaaa c nogeqe
om 1000 noru*urur,
koumo BkrrloqBam meampa^Hu 3alu,
cmygufl u kolqepmnu
ganu,
uanongBagu 3a onepHu. maHqo8u.

rnuurpunn,

BceBusr\ro>kHu Bugoge uy:uka,rnu

npegcmagnenun. OcHognama

korqepmna eana no6upa nogeqe om

2500 spumeru.

BogHu r{ygeca
ogama e >kusHeHo Heo6xoguua sa oqenn8aHemo Hu Ha
3eunma. lzlsnoneBaMe r 3a nueHe, sa HanoR8aue sa
cenckocmonaHckume Mmypu, nna8aue no no8tpxHocmma u
c kopa6u, npousBe>kgaue enekmpuvecmBo. Bogama uo>ke
ga 6rge u 3annaxa. HanpuMep koaamo Mopemo 3anee
6peao8eme unu pekume npe^erm om kopumama cu.
Xopama, koumo o6yega8am Bognama cmuxufl unu cmporm
3aulumHu crropu>kenun cpeury Ha8ogneHuRma, ca uaBupuunu
u3 qelufl cBnm unkou om uarl-gocmo0Hume nog8usu na
cmpoume^cmEomo B cu8peuuemo uu. floHnkoaa npu kpa0uo
onacHu ycnoBun, c qeHama Ha o?poMHu raoBeuku >kepmBu,
me ca nocmpounu kauanu, HanoumenHu cucmeMu,
Bogoxpanunuqa, unlosoBe u gueu cpeuy HaBogHeuunma.

ky6u{e*u Mempa
e cekyBga 6yqu no npe u8Huka Ha Bogupa
tlmatny u npeg^aza He3a6paeuMa ? egka,
Kackagama om Hag 62 000

^goga

Totu Hau(muHa euzaflmcku xugpoeHepaueH npoekm

6e nycHam 0 geu(m8ue npe3 1984 2. Ha zpaHuqama
Me)kgy 6paiu^u,

u napae8at, E^eknpuqe(moomo,

npou38okgaHo om myp6uuumq xagxBupar

npourBerqaHomo om gecem amoMHu
e^ekmpoqeHmpa^u,

<

B^ekaqu mez

srl

kopa6 B paHHume

gHu

Ha naHaM(ku, kaHa,\ XuMgu pa6omHuqu

HaMepulu cMDpmma cu Ha cmpoerka

Ha

0ogHu[ ntm Merkgy 3:noq0aHemo My

nper 1880 ?. u ,a8Dpur8aHemo nper 1914 z.
ToBa e eguH om Hall-zo eMume u mpygHu
uHl(eHepfl

u npoekmu, oft qe(mgrgaru

Hflkoza. AHe( npe3 kaHala

no8eqe om 14 000
npe3 2006
(epuo3Ha

fo,re,rnume kanra,ru
Xopama cmporm karanu B npogt,ukeHue Ha noHe 6000 aoguHu. Msoao om mnx Bce
oule Moeam ga ce npueMam 3a qygeca na c8ema, Bknloqumelno Benukusm kuma0cku
kaHal sa8tpureH npe3 1327 z. Iltrokusama uy e '1 781 ku u I egua Qasa om
cmpoumencmBomo uy 6unu Heo6xoguruu nem Mu^uoHa pa6omuuuu. Cyeukunm kaua,r
rrae>kgy 9ep8eno u Cpeguseuno uope e:a8tpureH npes 1869 e., koemo nosBolu^o Ha
?o^eMume kopa6u ga sao6ukansm qenur Arlpukarcku konmunerm no Bpeure na
nrmyBarurma om usmok Ha 3anag u o6pamHo. 1914 eoguna 6e^e)ku omkpu8aHemo Ha
llarauckun kanan 6l-lenmpanHa Arvrepuka, 3anoqHam om Qpaxqyeume u sa6tpuen om
auepukaxqume. Tosu Eoger nrm cBupsBa AmaaHmu.reckug u Tuxus okeas u cnecmn8a
Ha kopa6ume gurreomo aao6ukarsse okono kpar na lo>kna AMepuka.

6f,xa

krm 6rrgeutemo

3saqultu a3o8upu

CmpoumelcmBo c noaleg

.D,Ba[cemu 8ek 6ere>ku no8cevecmuo usaparkgaue ua n:o8upu.

3a naoBupa fonnu Kyruu (1 942) ulama Bar-uuHamoH, CAlLl,

LloBeukusm yM mpygHo no6upa npegcma8ama sa auaaHmckume

Bogoxpauunuuta, nopegHUme qygeca Ha ctBpeuenuur c8am,
koumo o6aqe vecmo cuga8am eoAeMU mpygHocmu - noqmu
eguH MUAuoH gyr-uu Beve ca HanycHanu gouoBeme cu I6,lu:ocm
go n:o8upa ,,Tpume krucypu". IloHnkoea rao8upume ca onacHU
3a oko^Hama cpega. HaBnpuo cmpoume,lcm8omo, koemo ule ce

ca uano,r:Basu noBe,re om 80 nau,ruosa ky6uvecku vempa

6emoa. Acyanckurm nso8up B Eaunem, sa8rpueH npe:
1970 2., ctrgt,p>ka 17 nt,mu no-zo,rqtlo konuqecmEo kautHu

cm nupaMugume

[usa. fao8uptrm PoayH

(1

990)

Tag>kukucmau ce u3guaa Ha Euco.juHa 335 uempa.

Ho Ha0-3a6ene)kumelHunm npoel<m e c8t,p:au c n:o8upa

Tpume krucypu" B Kuma[, ko[mo mpn68a ga 6tge nycHam
I ekcn,roamaqus npe:2009 a. [!e npegcmaE,uBa

Hai-zoleMuflm

cBema zeuepamop na Bognoenekmpuvecka

eHepzufl, kamo cblue8peMeHHo u1e koumpo,rupa pa:nuBume

ra flug:o - mpemama no gul*una peka

B c8ema.

ol(a)ke om Hau-aomMo 3HaeeHue,

qe

6oge c8rp:ano c

npoekmume, sauluma8au{u xopama om HagueauJomo ce vopcko

paBuuue. Hau-aoleLrume 3aulumHu cropt>keHun cpeqy
na8ognenur Bknloq8am nnana.Eenma - HeyMopHo ycunue ga He
ce gonycHe nogau3Ha^omo om Eoga xorargcko kpau6pe>kue ga
6tge noetnuamo om Ce8epuo vope. Om 1986 z. HacaM mo3u
u3yMume^eH npoekm e omk^oHu^ vemupu ao,leuu peku c
noMoruma sa urllo:o8e UAU eu e npeHacoLru,r ktru rsoBupu.

< IoBa e

EogHoe ekmpuqeckurm

mnpuul8a

6eHmogeme cu

nepuMemopbm fia ?opt ama.

GyMume^Hume 47q.U limo
91

CDop-bke*nefiio e

3ana3BaHe Ha

uHchopMauuflma
,.\mkakmo xopama ce HayLlu^u ga nuuam

\rf

Tooa

e (ega uqemo

u ga ompa3rBam uHOopMaL{uF, me
nocmpounu GneLluaAHU qeHmpoBe, kogemo
cBegeHuflma Moenu ga 6tgam cbxpaHrBaHu
u xopama ga uMam gocmbn go mfx.
l1pegu okono 4000 aoguuu gBopeur:m E6na
(crBpeueHuuflm Te^ Mapguk B Cupun) 6un

Ha MHozoHaquoHalHu, EBponeiicku qeHmbp 3a

,gpHu u3c^eggaHur, oGoBaH npet 1959 z, llMeHHo myk yqeHume cb3gaEam

u3yMume^Hama CBemoBHa Mpe

nper 90-ne zoguHu xa XX Bek. CD8nageHue

e,

qe caMusm o6ekm gHo om qygcama Ha Haurut a6[m. Pa3noio)keH Ha

OpeH(ko-uBeuqap*ama zpaHuqa, qeHmtPbm Bk^lo,ioa no$eMeH myHe ,

( 6r ama ,luHut Ha GuMkama).

Mameputma
u eieMeHmapHume qa(muqu.
TyHeADm ce u3no^3Ba 3a wyqa8aHe Ha
koumo o6pary8a kpbz

gDDkuHa 27 kM (o3HaqeH

Bekrrm Ha komnlomPume
nbp8ume kounlompu ca paapa6omenu B Ce8epna Arraepuka u
EBpona npe3 40-me u 50-me zoguHu Ha )(X 8ek. 6unu uacu8uu
uygoBuula c guau ka6enu u no,lmu HukakBa aanauemnBaula
cnoco6nocm. [4ua,ro zu cauo I aguutucmpamu8uu czpagu u
yHuBepcumemu. Cneg u:o6pemn8aHemo ua uukpovuna, u,ru
uHme?palHama cxeMa, npe3 1958 a. u uukponpouecopume
npes 1 971 e., kor,,rnlompume cma8am 8ce no-ualku no paauep,
Ho MHoeo no-MoruHu. flpouenume goBe>kgam go ctsgaBaxemo
ra nrpBume nepcoHa^Hu kounlompu npes 80-me aoguHu Ha
XX 8ek. Xopama 6e,ie iro)kenu ga uMam y goMa, Ha pa6oma
paBHocmouHomo cugtp>karue
u^u I
^a6opamopuFma
ua rskorko A^ekcaHgpuUcku 6u6ruomeku.

Kounlomrprama peEo,rlouun kopeuHo

npoMeHU HaquHa

ra >kuBom u pa6oma

Ha xopama.

> KoMnlombpHume yc yzu 0eqe B3auMogeii(m8am

u^u ce (^u8am c gcuqku ocmaHa^u ougoge
koMyHukaquu kamo me^eooH, paguo, me^e8u3u[.
ge(mHuqu, CD u DVD. noHrko?a Hapuqam

ekmpoHHus cgflm, o3gageH

no mo3u fla9uH,

ku6epnpo(mpaH(mSo. ToBa e Bto6pareeM

drm,

Ho okai8a ozpoMHo S!3geocm8ue obpxy

ocekugxe8uemo Hu. AHe( noBeqemo EugoBe 6u3He(,

yvuluqa, 6oaxuqu u npaBume (m6a Saoucrm om

koMnhmpume. Ku6epnpocmpa8(m8omo e

Heu.to

kamo npogbDkeHue Ha qogeuku, yM, 3automo

koMnlombpDm (Dqo mpr6Ba ga nogpegu,

k^a(uouqupa, oxparu u o6pa6omu

uHoopMaquflna.

cmo. [/luQopruauunma, 3anucaHa

Br:pxy xunngu knuuonucnu eAuHeHu nnoqku,
ce na3e^a no paomo8eme My. [pye LleHmbp,
c8bp3aH c npegcmaBama 3a uHQopMaquoHHu
mexHo^o?uu, e 6u6nuomekama. l.lpoqymama
6u6nuomeka, ocHoBaHa om flmonerve0 ll
Arekcangpun, Eaunem, npe3 lll Bek np.Xp.,
cbxpaHffBa^a Gmomuuu xu^flgu pbkonucu.
makoBa

Mfl

,[nec HaU-aoneMuflm uHQopMaquoHeH

kouynukaquoHeH qeHmbp, kor.tmo cBembm

Hflkoea e no3HaBaA, ce HaMupa 8uB Eauama
gHeBHa. Tor.r ce cbcmou om g8e ,,qygeca" -

Tlnmepuem u C8emo8nama Mpe)ka

Mperkume
flpes 1983 a. rsko,rko yHuBepcumema

CAII 3anoq8am

ga cBupsBam komnlomtprume cu cucmeMu,3a ga ylecHffm

kouyHukaqurma. t4 gpyau nape>ku 3anoqHanu ga ce
o6eguun8am. ToBa nolo>kuro Haqanomo ra l4rmeplem aao6anet koxzrrouepam, cucmaBes om MuluoHu Mpe)ku.
Mo>ke ga ce usnors8a 3a npeHacflHe ra enekmpouHa
u MHoeo gpyau EugoBe kovryHukaquu.

noqa

Ha0-u3yMumeAHama ulQopuaquotna cucmeua, konmo

uenolgBa 14xmeprem, e CBemo8nama rupe>ka (www).

Paapa6omeua e naqa,romo ra gO-me aoguHu na XX Bek

om aHenu0ckus kovnlomupex uH*erep Tur,r 6upnupc_Auri

u zpyna gpyeu y'{eHu om UEPH. Te u3Muc^u^u HaquHU 3a
o6eguHflEaHe ua gokyueHmu c nor,rouma Ha eeuk,
koUmo ce xapuva xunepmekcm. t4so6pemngam u
ue^ocmHa cucmeMa om ye6carJmo8e, 6paysupu u mupcavku.

Ku6epnpocmpancmBomo
Kounlomupum Beve re 6un eguHcmgeHo cpegcmBo oa
ganauems8aue Ha gaHHu. Ilpe8upxaa
ce B uoqeu tayveH
uHcmpyMeHm, ko0mo nogo6Ho sa qoBeukus uosuk vorker
sa
c^eg8a acoquaquu u Bprsku. Mo>ke ga om8opu gecmruk B
Snorun. ga nocemu 6u6nuomeka g A8cmpanun u,ru ga nasapy8a
B l4marus, u mo B paukume ua cekyngu. Tpugr,.luoHnrme uygecu
sa c8ema ce okaoarru peanHu Mecma u o6ekmu, koumo,roBeli
M_o)ke ga nocemu, o6ukoru u gokocHe. HoBomo qygo
cugage
c8o0 co6cmBeH Eupmyalex c8rm B ku6epnpocmpancmgomo.

B epaDa Ha C6emo8Hama Mpoka gce oqe ce Hyr{gaeM om o6ukHogeHume

6u6^uomeku. Kpacuoama (mapa 6u6rruomeka ua cturuloma no_go y

ce HaMupa

g TpuHumu ko^ugk,
Ab6^uH, llpiaHgur, Cbgbpka oko^o qemupu Mu^uoHa moua,
Hrkou om koumo ca Bk^loqume^Ha prgko(m, HaI-zoMMama

cb0peMeHHa

6u6rruomeka e Eu6^uomekama Ha aMepukaH(ku[ KoHzpe( g ?pag SauuHzmoH,

(a ( gbDkuHa 853 kM, crxpaHrga nogeqe om 29 Mu^uoHa
CAUI. Aa0uqume

moMa, 2,7 Mu^uoHa 3anu(u, 12 Mu uoHa

Oomozpaouu, 4g Mu uoHa kapmu u
58 MuAuoHa pDkonucu. Io0a onpege^eHo Haperga cpeg qyge(ama
Ha (6ema.
_

Cr:BpeMeHHume konocu
pogockunm konoc omga8Ha e u3qe3Han, uo ?ueaumckume

cmamyu npogu>ka8am ga ouapoBam u Bgrxno8nBam

xopama. CuBpervrennume konocu qecmo ca penueuo3HU Quaypu
kamo Tlcyc Xpucmoc u 5yga, Ho Mo?am ga 6rgam na
HauuoHanHu ?epou unu nonumuqecku Augepu. MacuBna >keucka
$uaypa 8uB Bonaoapag, Pycun, omga8a noqum Ha 3a?uHanume
8 6umkama npu CmanuHapag npu3 1942-1943 a. Cmamynma
e npoekmupaHa npe3 1967 e. u e u3epageHa om cmoMaHa u
6emou. Bucoka e 82,3 ru u me>ku noBeqe om 8000 mona.
Xpucmoc Cnacumeir-a
Cmamyrma sa Xucmoc Cnacumera c pa3nepeHu pbtle ce
us8ucs8a Hag ?pag Puo ge XaHeUpo B Spaeu,run. 3a8upLueHa
npe: 1931 2., mn e Bucoka 38 lt, usapagena e om >keneeo6emon
u e o6,ruuoBaxa c HecMArH ma,rk, ycmolvu8 Ha Sb3geucm8uemo
na k,ruuama. cmamyrma e pa3no^o)keHa xa Eucokun
710 rvr ru,t'a KopkoBagy B npegapagurma ra

epaga.,[ontrxumensama BucoquHa
mosu cr8penaexen

Ha

Xamo 8(uqku o(maHa^u ,ryg(a no (0ema,

me)kaqama

1145

moHa (mamyi Ha Xpu(mo(

Cna(umM, Boucu^a pwm Hag Puo ge XaHeapo,

(e e npe8bpHa^a B (uMBoA Ha zpaga u Ha qr^a
Epa3u^ur, Pa3nepeHume pbqe

cxkau (e zomoflm ga

gDDkuHa 30 M

npe?bpHam (0ema.

Typuamume Mo?am ga (muzHam go o(Hooama

Ha cmamytma c aBmoMo6ul, ,{e^e3Huqa u^u

ro

neuexogfi Mapupym, lft? eglm

kDM

npocmpe^Ur

(e

u*prqomo

Mope, gaie,rHume xtAMoBe u

Ho3eme uM zpag,

n aHu8(kume olpxooe e

Hela6pa8uM,

Cuan8o,r na c8o6ogama

v- l43gueHamurm

C kopouama om arqu, gucoko gguenamur

Qaken u
pa3no^o)keHUemo cu g nogcmrnume
kurra

npucmaxuulemo

ua Hlo 14opk cmamynma Ha ,,Cgo6ogama,

o.rp"e.ur.'iOu,iu"
regBycruucneno e Bgtxuogeua om aHmuqHUfl pogocku
ko^oc.
lui:guzrama e npe: 'l gg6 a. .!,o omkpu8aremo
,."
Cr:TyTu ra CBo6ogama ,"cro duna nopgr", ur"pr-Lur"t,
sHak, koumo e8pone0ckume nt,meuecmgeuuuu
u uMuaDaHmu
3bpBa^u, koaamo npu6ru>kaganu 6peeoBeme,"
utamu c^eg npekocr8auemo sa okeana

.;;o;;;;

C*n;;;;;;;

om Egpona.
Cmamyrma e nogapuk om
Qpeuckun Hapog u e npoekmuoara
om epeHCkufl ckyrnmop epegepuk Oalocm
Eapmongu.

Ucmopuama Ha cmamyrma
Ja,u3guaaHemo Ha cmamysma 6uA HpkeH
uH)keHepeH noggue u
ux>keueptm, korlmo ao ocbulecmgun, 6uA
He qpya, a
ra npovymama A0Qe^oga ky^a g napu>t flocma8
t6en.
umamyflma xa CEo6ogama 6ura oQopueua

rB;;;;-

om MegHu

I::i:1.1,

8-upxy >kennsxa

-'

^ucmoge,
Bumpeura Hoceura koricmpykqun.-

6uB Opanuus rvre*gv 1874 u 1884 z..

rp"tio.ur.
::lliY*'e
Ha qacmu npe3 Amlaumuqeckun okeau
"
u

e u3guaHama

Ha

uamk ocmpo8 B npucmasuu.{emo Ha Hlo t4opki

Crn.rnyrr. ."
us8ucs8a ua Euco,.ruHa om 93 u saeguo
c kauessun nuuo""run.

BUB EtmpeLuaocmma
uua .ronou]kor.o Bor",
u n,ramoopr.aama sa naonlogeuue g kopouama.

n" O'"*-'-"

Oake

Ha Cmamyf,ma Ha Cgo6ogama cuMgo^urpa

qDm

j::*rT, npor0eH om AMepuka no BpeMe ra AMepukaHckama pego,{oqus om'

1n5 - D83 z. BoUHama ra He3agucuMocm
omk!(ga AMepuka om fprmarck"ma

kopoxa u cma8a npu.luHa 3a olgagaHemo

Ha (reguHeflune Lqamu, ADqume
om
kopoHama Ha (mamyrma (uMgo utupam
cegeMme okeaHa u cgeMme kolmulenma.
IlaMemHukbm (e Hape)kga (peg Hai_u3oecmHume
MoHyMeHmu

no ueiu, cgrm.

.:::,}rij.rreiii*;&tani;c3.,i$6,i6*;,i;.-.
Ko(Muqe(kuxm me^eckon

^(oemAuHHU Abqu.

xD6b u3nofioa

CtBbpureHo ? agkomo o(HogHo

o?^ega^o e c guaMembp 2,4 M. O6.ep8amopurma c
gb^lkuHa no0eqe om 13 M u mgkuHa
moHa
ce raxpaH8a om peguqu (^bHqegu 6amepuu,

ll

B
koumo npeo6pa3yBam qtHqe8ume
^b.ru
e^ekmpuqe(m0o. KocMuqe(kurm me e(koh
xb6b^ .kopo u{e npuk^loqu pa6omama cu.

sBesgu He6e.
s8esgume.
gBukeHuemo Ha
Bek yvenume
He6emo ce
Eeqe cue
2u2aHmcku
caMo Moeam ga
mauHu Ha

Koc,rnuqeckurm meireckon
Xrr6lrl ce omnpaBr Ha ucu,

op6uma okono^ 3eunma e us8egeu uoB

acmponouuvecku npoekm. Hapeveu e Ha uMemo Ha Ee,rukun
auepukaHcku acmpoHoM Egyun 11. Xt6ur (1889- 1953). Kocttuqeckunm
meneckon Xt6rn e nlanupan maka, qe ga us8upur8a nunsa o6uko,rka
okolo nnanemama ra Eceku 97 uuxymu. llopagu Qakma,
ve pa6omu Ha Buco.ruHa 575 ktut Hag oeurama noBtpxrocm,
me,reckonum uMa noflcHa Sugunocm, 3au.lomo He e ueno>keH
ua y8perkgaqume e$ekmu om sauupcn8autume eeurama
no8upxHocm zaao8e. Omsaqalo pa6omama na meleckona cpeqa
us8ecmnu npo6renu, omcmpaHeHu om Mucuume ua koctrtu.reckume
coBarku, koumo omaoBaprm sa noggpbr*ama Ha Xt6u,r. Ckopo
kocnruqeckama o6cep8amopur :anovBa ga usnpaqa kou 3eurma
u3yMumeAHu u3o6pa)keHUF om kocvru,reckomo npocmpancmEo.
Ko,nkomo u neBeponmno ga a8yvu, me,reckonbm e u3npamul
uao6pa>kexun, koumo nokasBam kak ce sapakgam
aanakmukume; me ca omgaleqeHu na monko8a HeBuo6pasuuu
I-lpes 1 990 a.

sa qo8eka pa3cmoflHufl,,re ca 6ulu neo6xogurrau 13,7

MuAUapga zoguuu cBemrrurama uM ga gocmuzHe go Hac.
,[anu nuk ne Hag3bpmaMe kbM caMur npou3xog Ha Bcereuama?

HoBomo kocaluuecko uygo

Haquosansama aeeHqufl 3a aepolaBmuka u kocr,roraBmuka
ra CAII {HACA) n^aHupa ga aauesu kocnuqeckun meneckon
Xu6trrr c so8, koumo pa6omu ocxo8ro c uHQpavep8eHu
Abtru, Lruflmo grokuHa ua Etrlsama e no-gblaa om ma3u Ha
c8emnuHama. HoBusm me,neckon qe 6rge o6opyg8aH c
oznegano c guaMembp 6,6 u. flnanupa ce a8monamuqsama
o6cep8amopua DkeiMc ye6 ga 6rge us8egena op6uma
npes 201 3 z u ga pa6omu Ha pa3cmorHue om okoro 1,5
uunuoua kunouempa om pogHama nlaHema.
3a ga gocmuaue galevHama cu op6uma. ule ca My
Heo6xogurvru mpu Meceua. O6cepEamopunma ue Molke ga
Bu>kga no-ganev om Xb6b^ u ute Hu npegocma8u uessa
uHSopnaqun sa o6pasyBaHemo na Bce,renama.

SOgU

OEOE14EHyIE HA TPETA

rnABA:9yEECATA HA CbBPEMEHHUIf CBflT

Hayka u npoapec

Hooume nocmpoiiku

l4ugycmpuaaHunm 8ek

Kuge ga mupcurvr m8peueuuume qygeca Ha c8ema? tiemupu om

cegeMme qygeca na gpe8uur c8rm ca 6u,ru capagu u

npegus8uka 6upsu npoueHu

cusgaBaremo ra ro8u

oc8peueHrama apxumekmypa xu npegocma8n oapouer ua6op.

Ktrtrr SGme aoguHu Ha XIX Bek sanovBa MaHuflma no

Mamepua^u c Hau-pa3^uqHo

He6ocmbpeaqume; Taiine 101 (2003) noHacmorueM e HauucG

npuno>keuue, kamo uanpuuep

kuflm cpeg mnx cuc cEoume 509 u.

mexHo^oeuume u

n^acmMacume. Ilpeo XX Bek

Cmamyrma Ha CEo6ogama 6 npu(maHuqemo

xa Hlo ttropk e ucmuH(ku

cbBpMeHeH ko^oc.

na cuBpeueHnama apxumekmypa vecmo npegcma8rrnBam

noBume vygeca Na

o6qecmBenu czpagu, kamo Onepama xa epag Cugxu

cu8pevennur c8rm ce

A8cmparur u My3esm fyaexxaiirvr (1997)

nonBs8am 6upso egno c^eg gpyeo, kamo no8e'{emo uvram

noreeuu npu,ro>kexun. Xopama Enp8am, ve raykama

HacoqBa .ro8eqecmSomo

ktu

qe

973)

5u^6ao, l4cnaHufl.

flouegrume nemgecem

eoguHu 6ererkam usyuumereu xanpegtk

cmpoumercmEomo na rso8upu u ruocmo8e. CtBceu noBu
npuuepu kamo Buagykma Muno ca vygeca Ha u keHepHama

B navaromo Ha )(Xl Bek.racm om masu Erpa

naykama u

uayka, uo zuzaumckume Eogoxpauunuqa kamo ,,Tpume huoTpu"

mexHolo?uume e saey6ula cu^ama cu. Muoao u:o6pemeHun

B Kumau Mozam ga noBnunrm sravumenno Erpxy okonuama cpega.

3aMbpcuxa nlaHemama u u3qepnaxa cktnouessume U pecypcu.

Bounume u erragrm nokasaxa, ve He caMo Meqmume. Ho u

kou.ruapume Mo?am ga ce c6rg8am. Brnpeku moBa Ha Haurume
npagegu qygecama na XXI 8ek 6uxa ce cmopu^u ucmurcka

qeue ga ctrmBopu nnko[

(1

Ilozleg krr,rr 3Be3gume

nocmoflHeH npoepec.

Crr0pe,treanama /rltuzu,

uaaun. KakBo nu

ro ce ovak8a ga 6uge
usnpe8apen om npoekma Eyp* fly6aii. Hari-kpacuBume o6pasqu

gpe8nozpuqku

MoHyMeHmume, koumo cflkau rmncuaxo yna8rm gyxa ua

aHmuqHume qygeca Ha c8ema, ca crc8peMeHHume ko^ocu

kamo Xpucmoc Cnacume^n (1931)

Puo ge XaHeUpo, Spasurrun.

Bunpeku mo8a gHec naBrpno Hau{.r3yMume Hume om Bcuqku

vygeca ca CBemo8xama uperka u koouuueckume kopa6u,

noem, ako pa3nolaeaure c Aanmon. c8rpsaH c l4Hmepnem?

koumo uameg8am rcBu cBemoBe.

Hayueme orue...
Pasnolaaar\4e c oepoMeH

Apxumekm

ue6op ga xayvuu no8eue

3a qygecama Ha

flpoekmupa, nAaHupa

konmponupa cmpoe*a ra

c8ema u cu cucmaBeme

crBpeueuHun cBnm:

EcnkakBu Bugo6e cepagu.

co6cmBes cnucr:k:

Omkpu0me
u

http://ce.eng.us{.edu/

oqe

uHQopMauus

aa cu8peueHHume vygeca Ha

http://worldvstore.com/

Pharos,/wonders/Pharos.html

Acmpouom

modernwonders.htm

http://wonderclub.com/

l4eyvaBa sSesgume, nlaHemume u

gpyau kocrrruvecku QeHouexu.

Hayueme no8eqe sa HaU-?oAeMume

WorldWonders/Modernwonders.html
www.asce.org/history/

Bogxu ntmuqa, fl3oBupu u Hau-gb^?ume

seven_wonders.cfm

Cmpoumeiren uxd<enep

uocmoBe ua cu8peueuHun c8nm:

www.travelersdigest.com/

llpoekmupa, nlaHupa u

www-g uinessworldrecords.com

seven_modern_wonders.htm

koxmporrupa cmpoe)kume

Ha

nao8upu, tuocmoBe u myHelu.

3Sesgnume uouuema: kak nocmpouxa
EMnaAbp Cmeim

6u

guHe

OmkpuIme u3rama uu$opuaqur,

c8rpaaua c uuoao Eucokume capagu

Cmpoumeiren pa6omHuk

Ha u3^o)k6eHufl caum:

om [e6opa XonkuHcus u

lrlsapa>kga c?pagu om BcnkakuB 8ug,

www.momalorg/tallbuildin gs

,[>keUuc E. PaHcura
(usg. llJEapq u Yeiig Eykc, 2006 a.)

kamo pa6omu c pa3luqHu

Onepama 8 Cugnu. sa6eael<umetHume

cepagu no c0ema om fleau E>k. l-lapkc
(usg. Enek6rrpu llpec, 2004 a.)

Mamepua^u u MauuHu,

Hayveme kakSo nao>keme ga ranpaBume,

3a ga noMoaHeme na Opaauuoauurma aa
c8emo8Ho kyamypno Hac^egcmEo Ha
TOHECKO ga ona3u qygecama no cBema:

http:,//whc.unesco.org

CBemoBno lqfnmypHo
u ucmopuuecko
HacnegcmBo

IIog 3an,raxa
Maoao kynmypnu u ucmopuuecku o6ekmu ca 3acmpauteHu,
kamo sanaaxume 3a mflxHomo ct'uecm8y8ate ca om Ha[pa3^uqHo ecmecm8o. Hnkou o6ekmu ca uslo>kenu ua puck,
sautomo B metreHue Ha Beko8e ca epo3upalu om

Etsgeucm8uemo Ha BpeMemo u k^uMama; Busiro)kHo e

gtrp8erume uM qacmu ga ca 3azHu^u unu ocHo8ume ga
noggaBam. Mnozo o6ekmu ca nocmpaga^u om 3eMempeceHUF
unu Boensu geucm8un. B nocaeguo Bpelre gr>kgo8eme vecmo
ca 3aMbpceHu om a8morrao6unsu aagoBe unu npoMuuleHu
euucuu. ,,Kucenunnurm gu>kg" vro>ke ga pasrge a6conlomso

o cBema uMa noBe,te om cegeM qygeca.

Bcruluocm qygecama ca noBeqe om
cegeMcmomuH. Ho Eenukume cepagu,
naMemHuqu u gpyeu apage>ku ca He npocmo
qacm om ucmopuflma nu. Te ca Hatuemo

Eceku gpeBeH kaMbk. Epyea sannaxa npegcmaBmBa

pa:pacmBaremo Ha zpagoBeme. EBopqume unu xpauo8eme
npu^uqam Ha g)kyg)kema cpeg cu8peuerrume He6ocmbpzaqu u
ce ay6nm om noe^ega. Ilopu koeamo nskoi o6ekm ce noggup>ka
go6pe, lao>ke ga nocmpaga om xunflgume nocemumenu, koumo
BcekugreBno ce cmuqam ga eo Bugnm.

HacnegcmEo, sa koemo mpn68a ga ce

u koemo mpn68a ga na3uM, 3a ga

npeuuHaBa om nokoneuue B nokoneuue.

apu>kurvr

KoacepBauu-a na o6ekmume na c8emoBxomo

lgr,rmypno u ucmopuuecko nacaegcm0o
llo uenun c8tm uecmtu u HaquoHalHu opeaHu3aquu nola?am
apu>ku sa koncepBaLlur u pecmaBpaqun. Opaauusaqunma na

O6eguneuume raquu:a o6paso8anue, rayka u kynmypa

(IOHECKO) peeucmpupa o6ekmume om cBemoBHomo
kynmypro u ucmopuvecko nacnegcmEo.
Ha6rlogaBa korcep8auunma xa nogo6Hu o6ekmu u,
koaamo e Heo6xoguMo, npegocmaBn cneuuo Qutarcupaxe.
f'aMeflHume qbpk0u

,lMnepamop(kurm ggopeq, nekuH, ltuma!

(1420)

3auro mpr60a ga noaaea,rre 2lrur(u?

3au1o vygecama na cBema ca monko8a Bakru? Mnoao
om mnx Beqe npegcma8mBam caMo gpe8Hu pyuHu, gpy?u
korkomo u ga ca uHmepecHu u kpacu8u - npocmo
ompasnBam cu8peveuromo pasBumue ua epagoBeme nu.
He 6u nu mpr6Baro ga ce Buruy8aue noBeqe om
HacmoflUemo, a He ga 6bgeM o6ce6esu om HaquHa
Ha )ku8om

uusanomo?

Qakm e, ve me3u o6ekmu uu Bguxno8nBam. He cauo

ru

paskpuBam kak8o ca nocmuana^u xopama I uuranomo,

Ho u kakBo ca cnoco6su ga cumEopnm I6bgeure.
3anosHaBam uu c uakycmBa, 3aHanmu, cmpoumeAHu
yMeHun, cbmpygHuqecmBo u Bro6pa>keuue, npegusBuk8am

ecmecmBeuomo Hu nlo6onumcmEo kuvr rto8eLUkomo

cuulecmByBaue. Paa6upa ce, MHoao om gygecama
pa:kpu8am u mbMHama cmpaHa Ha vo8eutkama npupoga.
CpegroBekoBnume 3aMbLlu Moeam ga usz,re>kgam >kuBonucnu,
ana ntp8ouavaaHomo uM npegHa3Haqesue 6uno
cpeguue, omkugemo kpane u Baagemeru no8e;kganu
EoeHHu geIcmBu, u ynpa>knrBaru nomucxuqecmSo.
Ho megu nal,remuuqu crulo npegnaeam noyku.

kamo

tl

ra

Aaau6e,ra, Emuonu, (X

go Xlll

8ek)

.snoq0I nxuom5U u suasqmnaU

sJ M6T.RUH6ncN 8 squusmrA emuqglugn u unugos 0004

oms>l ,nupqol suSsq!, mo u>lrismco emuHns/\o)lu/\e8
.sHumA smnsusod 6H 6M6qx,(.qX.qn.s S|-If$) snonsmqsf'l
smunBeqp su smupsnC.g6qs RUHHsMUoHps psH Hscs8psH

su,r,noll .nuqomcu smssod

sr

c uBslc ec snoq83 sHlsqmns!

>lovse nuuusqv qgMUqn6H oms>l .um>ledo c sSmc,ludoeu

u sqod^6M uqspuq u>lcHomSsm emunBo>leBonpsqc

ssupocuB c qs1 olp Holl mnuH>ksmsuqT.spo)nc8sn 6c uHRnMUq

sB!,.so1 su 8o>lsq) nuqsmc 6H qdmHgIJ nuHnsno>luns8

u m>lygsuS yg>ksr',r euHsmsuoc s nupHsq@ sH>kOI 8 nr 0A

6msruJgP 6H 6mslulomc sc 6g6qs urcspuqomcu ulcsq>lsqn

.6Hupos 0d

o,ro>io smunnlrrauq mo HooqmJofl .m>lyps8;ls

.6uJon6gya nuqsslY su

smslulomc u sssqfl s>lu,rdynsq

m>lHsJ psqs 6H smumce^sqn s8uol,ulB snoq83 snpomeN

,6!u^omc sms>lcyq ,s8jcoM sH omslqo3.nucy9 8 sqydqsmsll

omedy>l smurusScmdoqn u uHsmc smuueSqeu mo ousuueBy s

.omoSmcrsmuSsqn 6H omsutu^Bpgc -

^dMeq)

8 smuB>lqop su

6floq0il 6H)kOl r! 6Hqe05) ,sxpnna

msSvoln>lB snoqSl 8 uusndoqn sm

uH

Houp

sSqscHo)

nuSocsna u smsBopsqs sH omsusSmcsqesq ,omeHsSncqonse

urs8xon ec sp s)koM snoqBf sr-rpsnst sSom ulsqno8 .uoeuqym

urqymnpl u urcapuqomcu gmuHsr6fl6s gqAop-[6H mo uo>lnH c
u>lceuuqomcusqn m6quM6H sc r\,1sT.sms8c 8 um>lsdo
olo>lo mcsqeoS 6H RU^sHA B;kpusxHyomC om6, uluHmoMsfl

M6A qmoH 6m6^6qpem6)l

6H 6suprx
6H
RUrJqdl ,6HUmA

6^onoq

6H {,qx,qn,s

.ulrdM6e uHMoqso umsHsugeu

l}-$})

mdHoHemq6n

ulud snoq8l snnp

eN

.peqo8p uJcunncu u sunsrneq>ly,sgsusql 8 sqdM6x^A

B smuqSsna su omoSmcponcos su susqS ofl Hgoqmoon

.omulsmumocofl sH 6xdg 6quno JglrB op u .nursncN

orflglqd)

e) (ZlEl-oall)
gmu] Soqm)o

.6lru^om) 6m6r)H9qo

npe3 XV u XVI Bek llmarus e ueHmbp xa mBopuecku

ycmpeNa. PeHecaHcbm, unu Bb3pa>kgaHemo, Eogu go

kamo Aauy B Kesun u 3ansu6ap

TaHsauus. Hau-npovymama

kanerHa capaga 8lo>kna AQpuka e Be^ukuflm 3uru6a68e ocmaskume om eao6ukoaeHa cbc cmeHa uumage^a om Xll 8ek.

nocmponBaremo Ha u3flu.lHu epago8e kamo QnopeHqur u

Cuera.

qygecama xa 3anagna A3u-r

B CeBepHa EBpona, B
(noxacmosue[4
"Huckume seMu"

Xo,raugun u 6e^zufl), kakmo u I Ckauguna8ur, mupzoBuume

cmpoflAu goMoBeme cu no 6peeoBeme sa o>kuBexu kasartu unu

fltpBume cBemoBnu quBuruoaquu BtsHuk8am B 3anagHa Asun.

B l4pan uozam ga 6bgam Eugeuu pyuuume ua flepcenoruc

xa uopckur 6pfle,3a ga Moeam ga EHacfm u usnacrm cmoku.

14rgycmpuannama pe8olloqufl sanoqBa Ha Spumauckume
ocmpoBu u myk HacnegcmEomo om XVlll u XIX 8ek npume>kaBa
co6cmBeHa kpacoma - gokoBe, ka^aeHU uuru, mekcmunHu
Qa6puku, aptnvapcku u )kele3apcku pa6omunHuqu. He crreg
gb^ao mo3u uHgycmpua^eH cBnm ute ce pa:npocmpaxu

CeBepna EBpona u CeBepou3moqHume auepukarcku u-tamu.

CeBepxa Atppuka
14skllo,lumenHume naMemHuuu Ha Eeunem kamo
8,florruHama Ha uapeme ca u38ecmHu no qe,rus c8nm.

Macu8sume cmamyu

A6y Curvr6en na Euspacm no8eve

3200 aogunu mpn6EaLue ga 6bgam cnaceHu u npeMecmeHu

om onacHocmma Ha Haguaauume ce Eogu Ha r3o8up
,,Hactp" no Bpeue ua cmpoumencmEomo Ha cmeHama Ha
BogoxpaHuluqemo "Acyar" npe3 1960 a. Cnacumenxama
onepaquff 6e nnanupaxa om IOHECKO. no-Ma^ko ug8ecmsume
06ekmu Ce8epousmovxa AOpuka Bk^loq8am o6e^ucka om

AkcyM om lV Eek, Etpnam

Emuonun npes 2005 e.,

ylmaruq
crreg kamo e 6ur sakapax B
npes 1937 ?.

!,pyaa emuoncka 3a6ele)kumelHocm e Aaru6ena,

kounnekc om 13 ckanxu cpegHo8ekoBnu uupkBu.
3a6enerkumersocmume ua CeBepna AOpuka Bk^loq8am
cbulo cpegHoBeko8Hume g>kauuu u apagckume na3apu cykoBe - om Ka[po Ha u3mok go Mapakeu unu Qec na eanag.
,[opu sxo[rama nycmou Ha Caxapa uo>ke ga ce noxBanu
cuc cukpo8uuta - ckarsume pucynku I Tacunu H'Ag>kep

XpaMbm KuHkapy, ,3lamHurn naou^uoH" (1398)

Kuomo, f,noHu,

6necmnqama cmoluqa Ha l'lepcutickama unrnepun npes 518

np.Xp. tlempa I tiopganun e epag, ckpum I nycmurrma,
ugceqeH I ckalume om nncrvxuk npe3 l8ek.

Aokup xa 4000 zogunu.

Uenmpa,ura u KDkna Aqrpuka

a.

fpag CaHa liervren npume>ka8a yxukarHu kuutu u g*anauu,

cmpoeHu verkgy Vll u Xl 8ek. B naasusckun patioH na
Kanagokun, Typuur. ca pasnolo>kexu saBnagnBatqu nog3eMHu

Ha loz om nycmuHnma Caxapa ocHo8tume cmpoumelHu

Mamepua^u Eknloq8anu kan, cnaua u gtpEo - npakmuvru, no
HempauHu Mamepualu. B Ma^u ce ramupa mtpeo8ckun epag
TuM6ykmy om XV 8ek. Berukama g)kaMufl B E>keHa (1907) u

?pago8e u cena c u3ceqeHu I ckanume

om
^a6upuHmu
kopugopu, koumo gamupam om lV Bek.
flpuka3Hume kylmypxu u ucmopuvecku sa6ere)kumenHocmu

mpaguquoHHume konu6u cuc cnaueHu nokpuBu, 3aocmpeHu

kamo uanka Ha Eeuuua, Ha n^eMemo Ha go?oHume.

Ha 3anagua

Cu8tpueHcmEomo Ha mpaguuuoHHume cmuexu konu6u

Mo)ke ga 6bge Eugrno I g8opqo8ume epo6Huuu Ha

Asur ca usnpa8euu npeg aolfM 6po! onacHocmu

om HaU-pa3^uqeH xapakmep npe3 noclegHume eoguHu.

Epycanuna. cBeulenunm 3a eBpeu, uloclonuasu u xpucmuflHu
apag, ce pa3gupa om nonumu.leckume u pe^ueuo3Hu
koHQrukmu 8l4spaen. IlpeBHama aruuena qumageaa B Eau,
llpar,6e cpuxama om 3eMempeceHue npes 2003 e.

kpaneme Eyaanga om XIX 8ek Kaunana. Yzaxga.

Bug kopaloB qu[4eHm e 6un paanpocmpareH cmpoumeleH
Mamepua^ Hago^y no usmovxoaQpukaHckomo kpa06pe)kue
Ha cyaxulu, kugemo aQpukarqu, apa6u u nepcu0r.lu mtpzy8anu
npes Cpegrume Eeko8e. ,[>karvruu u r(u^uu]a c nut4Ho ykpaceHu
c gbp8ope36a Epamu uoaam ga 6tgam EugeHu Ha ocmpo8u

A t4pakckama 8oUHa, koflmo sanouna npea 2003

.

Beqe usnaaa

ra puck ruroao om

ueHHume

gpeBuu nauemuuqu na Meconomarraus.

2.,

9ygecama xa ll3mouna A3ua

KumaI u3o6u^cm8a c ky^mypHo-ucmopuvecku naMemHuUu.

nekuH ce HaMupa He6ecHuflm xpaM u cmapuflm [4runepamopcku

gBopeq c oceMcmomuHme cu sanu (u gBama ca nocmpoeHu
npes 1420 a.). flo Epervre ua ynpaBaexuemo Ha guHacmuflma
l-luu e uaapageH nog3eMHufm Ma8so,\erl Ha nbpBufl kumaIcku
uMnepamop Llux UJrxyau. noape6aH npe3 210 z.np.Xp.
3aegHo c l-1rla apuun Eoiuuuu om mepakoma I ecmecmBen
pbcm. B netuaH ce u3gu?a ucmuHcku koloc - 71- naempoB 6yga.
u3ge^aH om rruue8ama qacm Ha cka^a Me)kgy 713 u 803 e.
Mxoeo kumaicku xpaMoBe 6rxa no8pegeHu npe3 nepuoga Ha
no umuqecka Hecma6u^Hocm npes 60-me eoguHu Ha XX Bek.
3a ulacmue no8eqemo om mflx Beqe ca pecma8pupaHu.
ffnonus ce c^aBu c y^mpaMogepHume cu apago8e, ro
Kuomo uMa oqapo8ameAHu c8emunuu-la sa Luusmoucmkama
penuaur. B CeBepra Kopun ce HaMupam apo6uuuume om
gpe8uomo qapcmBo Kozypro, a B l0>kua Kopen uMa MHoeo
cBemuauua u gEopuu. l4cmopuveckunm ?pag Aloman B TaIBan
(1351)ce c^a8u c ky ume cu u c 6ygucmkume MaHacmupu.
qygecama Ha ylHgoHe3us 8knlo,{Bam 6ygucmkun xpar,a
6opo6ogyp ra ocmpo8 flBa, koimo e Ha 1200 aoguHu.

A^xaM6pa, ,,'{epgeHurn 3aMDlC (1248J354)

UeHmpa^Ha

fpaHaga, l/l.naHu,

A3u, u cmnume

Cmenume, nycmuHume u nlaHuHume Ha l-leumpamra A:ur ca

6unu gou na uouagckume napogu. koumo HflMaAu nocmoflHHo
uecmorkumelcmEo. a ce npeuecmBaAu cnopeg ce3oHume.
flanamkume uM He ocmaBf^u caegu nelsa>ka. Bunpeku mo8a
no npome>keruemo Ha gpeBHume mupao8cku nbmuula om
Kumai kurvr 3anaga mau uasuksa,ru 6oaamu apago8e kamo
Cauapkarg, ceaa B y36ekucmaH, koumo ce c^aBe^u cbc
cpegHo8ekoBHume cu g)kaMuu u o6cepBamopuu.
fptk npurraep 3a onacHocmume, Ha koumo ca u3^o)keHu
naMemHuqume l-lermparrua Aeun. e clyvunomo ce B
npekpacxama SaMunHcka goluHa B AQzaxucmar npea 2001 a.,
koaamo maru6aHckomo npaBumencmEo Eapu8r8a gBe
zueaHmcku cmamyu na 6yga.

Hac,regcm0omo Ha lo.rkHa A3u,

Ako nrmyBame Ha loa om AQzarucmar ktru flakucman, ue

t&npageHume kaMrHu Ha CmoyHxeHgLrh AHz^us (2500-2000 ?.np.Xp.)

nonagHeme na o6ekmu, gpe8Hu kamo pyuHume Ha

Moxeng>kogapo (2500- 1 500 a.np.Xp.) - ?pag, nocmpoeH om
rtuBunueauunma, HacelffEaAa gonuHama ra peka 14ug. B epag

CeBepna A,rrepuka ' gpeBHa u nrlaga

B crgnaHuemo ru CeBepxa Ar,aepuka e ocmarana kamo

u ?bcmama pacmumenHocm. B nocnegro Bpeue npo6rreuume

ca c8bp3aHu cbc cmpoe)ka Ha nbmuua u paspacm8aremo Ha
apago8eme, kakmo u c 8ce nouapacm8aulufl 6pou mypucmu,
kakmo ranpuuep cmaHa I epago8eme Ha UJpu naHka,

omHocumelHo cbBpeMeHeH konmutesm. Tam uo*ervr ga

omkpueu nocmpouku om paHHama aHa^uocka u ucnascka
ko,rouusaqun npe3 XV 8ek. ucmopuqecku qeumpo8e Ha cmapu
QpeHcku apagoBe kamo K8e6ek B Kaxaga u Hlo Op^uUHc
AyueuaHa, CAlJl. Bto6pa>keauemo Hu e saBragnxo om
"auepukauckama Me'{ma1 Bucokume He6ocmupeavu B
zpagoBeme ulu cb8peMeHHume konocu kamo ana8ume xa
'{emupuMa npe3ugeHmu ra CAIII, usceveuu n^aHuHama
Porurvrop ve>kgy 1927 u 1941 z.
MHoeo sa6ene)kumensocmu B CeBepHa Arraepuka gamupam
om no-paHHufl nepuog Ha koperxama aMepukaHcka kyrrmypa,
konmo ukoza npeo6rragaBam Ha koHmuHeHma. Taku8 8a>ker
sa c8emd8Homo Haclegcm8o o6ekm ce nauupa Meca Bepge,
qama Koaopago. kogemo *uluqa om muna -nye6,ro",
cmpoeru ue>kgy Vl u Xll Bek, ca nolenHalu no om8ecuume

BqacmHocm-8Kangu.

cka^Hu cmeHU.

Aaxop ce HaMupam ?paguHume UJanuuap u Aaxopckama

kpenocm (1 566). l4rgun e oepouna cmpaHa u npume>ka8a
r,ftrozo cukpo8uula. Me>kgy ll 8ek np.Xp. u Vll 8ek npu
Ag)kaHma. 8llekar. 6uru u3ceqeHu 28 6ygucmku neqepHu
xpaua. 6uru ykpaceHu c peneQu u pucyrku. B lO*Ha llngur ca
pa3nolo)keHu unoao cBemunuu.la Ha uugyucmume kamo
qygomo Ha Kouapak - xpaM om Xlll Bek, nocBemes Ha
c^bHqe8ufl 6oz Cypur. B npogtr>keuue Ha g8a Eeka

nocmpolkama e 6ula 3ampynaHa om nsctk.

Tpaguquonnume npo6rreuu, cBbp3aHu c naMemHuqume Ha
lo>kna Asus, 8k^loq8am ?opeLuufl kAUMam, uycor"rnume gt>kgo8e

Mekcuko u Ueumpairxa Amepuka

Hau-pasBumume LluBu^u3aquu om npegkoryrra6o8un nepuog
(aqmeku, o,rueku u ruau) ce paspacHa^u Ha loa, kbgemo

nocmpou^u aoneuu apago8e kamo cmoauuama sa aumekume

TeHo,rmum/\ax (ua urcmomo na ct8peueuuun apag Mekcuko).
Peauosum u3o6uncmBa om u3yMumeAHu apxeorrozuvecku
o6ekmu, kamo Morme A,r6aH I Mekcuko, kounnekca flareske
Ha Maume I Mekcuko u KonaH B Xoxgypac.

U3cy6enume apagoBe na Kld<na Amepuka

foneuume kaueuHu apku u cmeHu 8ce oute cmoflm

Tuyanaky

(600-1200) u cBugemerrcmBam 3a MHoeo6po0HUme

gpeBxu qu8unuaaquu Ha lo)kHa Avrepuka. 9anvax (85G1470)
B Soru8un

Ha nepyaHckomo kpa[6pe>kue e cmo^uqama Ha uapcmEo quMy

u no BpeMe na pa:q8ema ruy 6ponm sa xacereruemo 6urr

30 000

gyruu. EuBuama cmo^uua Ha uMnepusma Ha uHkume

ce HaMupa^a B Kycko, l-lepy. Egur om ua0-BurHy8au-(ume
naMemHuqu ua c8emoBsomo ucmopuqecko HaclegcmBo e
epagum kpenocm Mavy l-lukvy om XV 8ek flepy, npumucxam
rae>kgy n,raHuuckume EbpxoBe 6rrugsaUu 8uB Eucokume AHgu.
ToBa e usay6erunm apag ra urkume.3a6pa8eH om Btnutrus
c8flm I npogbDkeHue xa Beko8e.

IIpe3 fuxua okeaa

Tuxun okean ce HaMupam c egu om

norruue:uuckama u gpyau ky mypu, Bk^loqume Ho cmamyume Ha
Benukgerckun ocmpoE. B A8cmpa^ufl noBeqemo ga6enerkumerutu
o6ekmu ca qygeca Ha npupogama - mponuqecku aopu u nycmuHu.

flo ocmpoBume

Ho me 6urru om oapoMHo 3Haqeuue sa a6opuaetume, koumo

Maqy nukqy

nepyaHckume AHgu

npogurkeHue Ha gecemku xu^flgu eoguHu npegu

npucmuzaHemo Ha e8pone0qume. .flrp8emama, nomoqume u
gao6rresume kaMeHHu 6^oko8e 6ulu sa mrx xpauo8e u c8emuHu,
c8eqeHu 3Haqu B nerlsalka. HatrugBecmHomo Mflcmo om mo3u
mun e Ynypy, no3Hamo cbulo kamo Ckalama E[bpc.
MHoao om uu8u^u3aquume, pa3e egaHu I maeu kHuaa,
ca ce onum8anu ga HagMuHam qygecama xa npupogama, kamo
ca u3guaa^u kynu, nupauugu u He6ocmupzauu. ABcmpa^uockume
a6opueeHu 6ulu uacmnuBu om pealHume rlygeca I c8ema cu^ama Ha npupogama. fiokamo u:cnegBaue normapuHHume
o6ekmu om c8emo8nomo ucmopuvecko u kyirmypno nacnegcmEo,
omkpu8aMe, qe qo8e,.{ecmEomo e o6eguHeHo om o6uu yMeHufl
u cmpeue>ku. Ho egHo8peueHHo c moBa omkpuBaue 6o?amo
pasroo6pasue u pa3^uqun B kylmypume. Bceku napog u
peauoH no egHo ulu gpyzo Epeue e pas8un c8orl yHuka^eH
apxumekmypeH cmur. Egxa om npuquHume 3a moBa e qucmo
npakmuqecka. Cmpoumenrume Mamepua^u Bapupam cnopeg
MecmHun k^uMam u Ha^uqHume cypoBuHu. B cpaBrerue c mnx
cu8peuexrume qygeca kamo qrno ca nocmpoeuu I o6ut
arro6a,res cmurt. Mogepxume raoBupu ca EHyuume^Hu,
Ho u3ene)kgam no eguH u cbtlu HaquH HesaBucuuo garru ce
HaMupam I Tag>kukucmax unu 6pa:urrur. PasHoo6pasuemo na
cmulo8e npe3 BekoBeme npa8u koHcep8aqusma sa cBemo8rume
o6ekmu Ha kynmypnomo u ucmopuqeckomo rac,tegcmBo
>kuBeau mala

u3knloqumelHo 8a>kra. Hauemo MuHano Hu npegocmaBn

no^e3Ha uHQopMauun u okagBa Enunrue Erpxy Hacmosu.temo.

PeqHuk
AepoguHa^ u.rHa mpb6a
Tpb6a.

koflmo Moge^ume Ha

npoekmupaHume c?pagu u^u caMo^emu ce

fa

epa

fo^flM kopa6, ko0mo ce npugBu)kBa c

norroqma

Ha g'b eu ?pe6^a.

nogna?am Ha u3numaHue B paBHoMepHa

cmpyn Buegyx, sa ga ce npoBepu peakquflma

feoge3ucm

uu

9oBek, koimo u3MepBa mepeHa npegu

krna Bugyr"uru meqeHufl u Hanpe)keHufl.

nocmpoflEaHemo Ha nbm, Mocm u^u c?paga.

Ak0egykm
KaHaA, nocmpoeH 3a npeHacsHe Ha Boga,

vecmo noggop>kar om Mocm.

I^aguamop
B EpeBeH PUM

qoBek. o6yqeH

ga ce cpa)kaBa Ha apeHama 3a

A/vr{rumeambp

pasBaevenue na ny6rrukama.

nocmpooka, B koamo uua apena sa

cnopmHu ulu 6ouHu u?pu, 3ao6ukoleHa

fpego0 arrocm

om cmbnaloBugHo pasnorro>kenu cegaaku.

Mocm, koumo uua mBupgo xopusonmanno

Pe

naamno, noggop>kano om kononu.

e0 om AHzkop

Bam

Koaoc
Bcflka ?u?aHmcka cmamyfl, HanpuMep

ABop 3a uepa c monka

Pogockuflm ko^oc.

ApeHa 3a npoBe)kgaHe Ha pe^u?uo3Ha u?pa

c monka, xapakmepna sa gpeBrume napogu

Ha Mekcuko u UeHmpa^Ha AMepuka.

l(omnlomrrpxo /nogeaupaxe
l4snonsBare na kounlomrpnu u3r.tucleHufl
3a npo8epka Ha 8b3Mo)kHocmume 3a

3amr'pca0ane (oko,rxa cpega)

3aurpcnBaremo ra Bragyxa, seunma

ocDuecm8s8aHe Ha BapuaHmu, HanpuMep

npu npoekmupaHemo Ha c?pagu.

unu Bogume c npoMutuleHu omnagDqu

KorcepBauur

unu xulaukarru.

3aquma u epu)ka 3a oko^Hama cpega

u^u gageH o6ekm,

3ukypam
MacuBeH cBeqeH MoHyMeHm B zpagoBeme
Ha JlpeBHa MeconomaMufl, Bug

Koclruqecku meaeckon

cmrnarro0ugna nupaMuga.

KocMu,{ecku anapam, o6opygBar c

Ufigycmpua^Ha peBodouur

o6cepBamopun.

me^eckon, u3BegeH

Pa38umuemo Ha roBu mexroaoauu u uemogu

3a npou3EogcmEo npe3

Xvlll u XIX Bek.

op6uma kamo

Ky,rm;pa
1. Ha,{uH Ha >ku8om, o6uqau u mpaguquu.

2. TBopvecka ge[Hocm kamo My3uka.

Uxmepxern
Eaekmponnu kouyrukaquu vpes cBrp:Bare

ra kounlomrpnu

upe>ku.

Apxeo,roa

UxSopnauuoxxu mexHoaoauu

go8ek, ko[mo uscnegBa u usyvaBa gpeBnu

npakmuqecku Memogu 3a ctxpannBane u

pyuHU u apmeoakmu.

npocrregnBane Ha uHQopMaqug.

Buagykm

K^aH

Bceku Mocm c usBrnpegno Bucoku konoru,

O6uecm0ena epyna xopa

no koimo npeMuHaga uioce unu >keneseH

c o6ut npou3xog (pog).

nbm.

Bucrul raocm

Ko,roxa (cmpoum^cmBo)
39paB gtpBer, 6emoHeH ulu Mema^eH

Mocm, quemo nlamHo ce noggrp>ka om

cmb 6. Ha6um

okaqeHu cmoMaHeHU BDkema.

3a ga noggDprka cepaga.

cka^a u^u peqHo kopumo,

)kuEonuc u

^umepamypa.

Maolo^eii
Bcrka uonyuenmanna ?po6Huqa, Hape,{eHa Ha
uMemo Ha nbpBur MaB3o^ei B Xa^ukapHac.

Meconoma,rru,
3euume oko,ro pekume Tuebp u Eopam,
gHec 3aeMaHu om Ylpak u omqacmu om
Cupun u [4pan.

Mumoaozu,
CucmeMa om BflpBaHufl, kosmo ce onumBa

ga o6flcHu CbmBopeHuemo u npupogHufl

cBnm vpes paskasu aa 6ozoBe. gyxo8e,
gerroHu. aepou u^u )kuBomHu.

PeHecaHc
"Bwpa>kgare" -

Xpa,vr

kynmypna gelnocm, Et:r.ruknarr B E8pona

Mgcmo ga npo6e)kgaHe Ha pe^u?uo3HU

pumya^u u omgaBaHe noqum na 6oao8eme.

npes XV u XVI Bek.

Tepuunrm ce u3norcBa B utozo peauauu,

C0emo0xa ,lrpoka

gk^loqume^Ho uHgyu3Ma, 6ygusua, logausua

u gpeBuume Erp8aHuE B l4gmoqHa Asun.

Cucmeua ga cBrpsBane sa un0opuaquotxu

UeHmpa^Ha u lo>kHa Aruepuka.

nepuog Ha noBuu.JeHa

usmoqHuuu vpea kounlomrpnu upe>ku.

llyxamu
Cexome

f u?aHmcka,

Eaepo cpeg Bapo0uko8u cka^u.

Cpeua ce

B Mekcuko u UeHmpa^Ha AMepuka.

MoqHa okeaHcka npu^uBHa

Buna, o6uknoBego npuquHeHa om

3eMempeceHue urru noggogtro
u3pueBaHe Ha

8y

kaH.

C^rrHqe0u 6amepuu
rfak-rloo,r

npou:BogcmBo na elekmpuvecmBo om
ortnveBama etepaun.

Kauetta cmamyn na noneanana $uaypa.

omkpuma I nrkoako gpeBru o6ekma B
Mekcuko u L[enmpaaxa Auepuka,

Cmenu

Moau
l-uaaamcku kat eHHu enaBu, u3ceqeHu u
u3gu?Hamu om no^uHe3uIqume

Xunuucmu nacuqa

Bepoamno usnonsBaHa npu voBeutku

lod<ua EBpona u

*epmBonpurourerur.

Llenmpanxa Asun.

Ha

9ygecama xa c0ema

Beaukgerckur ocmpoB.

Cmortlaxexu 0r':kema
IrlgnoaeBam ce npu apegoBu r'rocmoBe,

Itranor0aHe
Memogu 3a omBe>kgane na Boga krv cyxu
3eMu 3a om?Ae)kgaHe Ha ce^ckocmonaHcku

kynmypu.

HacregcmBo
Bcuqko, koemo e Hac^egeHo om gageHo

nokoleHue om npagegume My, Bk^lovumeAHo

u3flu1Hu nocmpouku u Ha,{uH Ha )kuBom.

npu koumo nlamHomo ce noggbp)ka om

nu

oHu, kamo egHoBpeMeHHo ce

llopBonavarrno, cnuctk Ha cegeMme HaunpekpacHu o6ekma B cBema. koumo mpn6Ba

ga 6bgam nocemeHu, cbcmaBeH om

pa3^u,{Hu agmopu B [lpeBHa fbpqufl u

nogcuaypr8a ctc cmouasetu Bukema.

CpegHoBekoBHa EBpona.

Ct[urkc

lIIalol

XuBomro c mnno na rrr8 u a^aBa

Ha qo8ek,

xapakmepHo 3a eaunemckama Mumo^oeuff.

npoqymu8m CQunkc cmou Ha nocm npeg

egHama om mpume nupaMugu B fuaa.

CpegcmEo sa 3au.{uma Ha kpa[6pe)kHume

u8uqu u^u pe.iHume 6peeoBe om
naEognenun, koemo qecmo usnonsBa
cmoMaHeHu Bpamu, koumo uoaam

Bpeuenno ga ce Bgu?am.

IIu,rox

CmrrnaloBugxa nupar,rauqa

Bucoka konona, koamo noggrp>ka

cropr>kerun kamo uocmo8eme.

naMemHuk c kBagpamHa ocHoBa u cmpaHu,

koumo ce cr6upam B egta movka na Brpxa.

Ilaamxo
Xopu3oHmaAHuflm yqacmbk om Mocm, no

ko0mo 06ukHoBeHo npeMuHa8a uoce

llupalauga, quumo cmpaHU ne ca naocku,

,gpeHu qacmuuu

a ca oQopMeHu kamo cmtnarra.

Manku qacmu.lku Mamepufl, koumo ce

ralaupam 6 ngpomo Ha amoMa.

Ilupaauga

uAU

pencoB ntm.

IIpucmaH
n^amoopMa, u3gageHa B peka u^u Mope.

Pere{

Peguqa krremku, koumo ce u3norcBam 3a

(u3kycm0o)

Texxolozu-g
Ha,{uHume. no koumo Haykama ce npu^aea
3a npakmuqecku qe^u kamo Mema^ypaufl,
pygogo6uB u e ekmpoHuka.

Typ6uxa
IlEueamen, quumo onamu ce 3ag8u)kBam
om Bragyureu ulu BogeH nomok 3a
npouaBogcmBo na errekmpuuecmBo.

@apaox
Brrageme,r B llpeBeH Eaunem. cusman om

e?unmflHume ea 6oe Ha 3eMama.

Pe36oBaHo u3o6pa)keHue, ,lecmo B kaMrk

u^u eAUHa, koemo ce usguaa om ocHoBama

Xugpoerekmpurrecka exepau.a

cu u ctsgaBa Bneqamnenue :a

Enekmpuvecka enepaur, npousBe>kgara om

gBukeHuemo xa Bogama.

mpuu3MepHocm.

KocMu,{eckurm me^eckon Xr6b

A36yueH noka3aneu
A0Oe^oBa kyna, flapu>k, cmp.40,41, 51
An CoQun, Koscmaxmunonon, cmp. 23
AnekcaHgup Beruku, cmp. 20, 22
A,rekcangpu0cku Qap, cmp.7, 2G21,22, 40
- cbulo. 6oeo8e, cmp.20
- aopuEo, cmp.21
- ra8uzaquoHno cpegcmEo, cmp. 20, 21
- flmoreuel l, cmp.20
- ['lmo,reuei ll (Qu,ragerQuu), cmp.20
- pa3pyr.!eH om
seuempecenue, cmp. 20
- Cocmpam Kxugcku, cmp. 20
A^ekcaHgpufl. cmp. 20, 21, 22
Arraasouku, cmp.17
Arakop Bam.
KaM6og)ka, cmp. 23, 28-29, 38
- ctu1o, -,[>kar8apuaH Vll, cmp. 29

- ungyucmka uumo,roaur, cmp. 29

- Myo, Anpu, cmp. 29
- HanageHue Ha maU8aHqume, cmp. 29
- cmpoumelcmBo, cmp. 29
- Cypa8apnaan ll. cmp. 29
Airzkop Torvr, Kau6og>ka, cmp. 28

Armunamup om Cugox, cmp. 7 ,22

Apxeoaosu, cmp. 1'1, 17, 22,28,30,31
- ctqo, nogEogna apxeonoeun, cmp. 21
Apxumekmu, cmp.8, 42, 43
Aqmeku, qu8uruoauus, cmp. 32, 38

Eygu3bM, cmp. 28, 29, 35, 50

Ba8unor, cmp. 1O-11, 14

Benukama kumaUcka
cmeHa, cmp. 23, 26-27, 38
- cuulo, - EuscmaHo8rBaxe, cmp. 27

xa6rrlogamerrHu kylu, cmp. 27

Hauecm8esuuu, cmp. 26, 27

MoHaonume, cmp. 26, 27
CuoHHy, cmp. 27
cmpoumeacmEo, cmp. 26, 27

Benukama nupaMuga Ha
XyOy (Xeonc). cmp.l , 8-9, 22, 43
- cuu1o, - Bucovuua, cmp, 9
- eagapo6eir >ku8om, cmp. 9
- nozpe6anHu kaMepu. cmp. 8,
- pumyanu. cmp. 9
- cmpoumencmSo, cmp. 8-9
- Xy$y, $apaox. cmp. 8, 9
Be^ukgeHcku ocmpoB
(Pana Hyu). cmp. 23. 30"31.38

- E6,ra. cmp. 48
- na auepukauckur Koxapec BtB
Baurusamos, cmp. 39, 49
- xa Tpurumu korug>k,
[u6lux. cmp. 49
Soeo8e u 6oauHu
- Anoron, 6oa xa uysukama u
noe:unma, cmp.1 5
- ApmeMuga (Euaxa), 6ozusn ra
ro8a u guBama npupoga, cmp. 14. 15
- BuurHy, uxgyucmku 6oa, cmp. 28, 29
- 3e8c.
BrpxoBen 6oz, cmp- 12-13, 20, 22
- l4rgpa, uHgyucmku 6oa, cmp. 28
- Kemuankoamn,

flepuamama 3r,run, cmp. 33

- Ku6em, 6oauHflma-Maika, cmp. 15

- Huke. 6oausn ua no6egama, cmp. 12

- fioce[gor, 6oe Ha uopemama, cmp. 20
- Xeiruoc, 6oa sa Cntxuemo, cmp.18, 22
- Xepa, onpyea na 3eBc, cmp. 12

- cmpoume^u, cmp. 17

frpuun, [pe8Ha, cmp. 20

firkocep, QapaoH. cmp. 9

- cuu.to, - Eyirkaxrm
Pano Papaky, cmp. 30, 31

Mapku3ku ocmpoBu, cmp. 30

uoau (cmamyu), cmp. 30, 31

no^uHesuIcku Hapogu, cmp. 30

mrpao8uu ua po6u, cmp- 31
- uyHaMu, cmp. 30
BeHeuur, [4mal\un, cmp. 23, 36-37, 38
- ctu1o, - Banopemu

Su6ruomeku, cmp. 39, 48, 49

- Arekcaxgpun, cmp. 48

fupuu, gpeBnu,
cmp. 7, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 32, 43
- ctqo, apuuu, cmp. 22
- apxumekmu, cmp. 17
- 6oao8e, cmp. 12, 13, 15, 17, 18-19
- Mumo^oauf. cmp. 12, 17
- nucameru, cmp. 22
- noemu, cmp. 22, 54
- ckymmopu. cmp. 12, 17

(8ogru makcuma), cmp. 37

EBpone0cku qeHmbp 3a
ngpeuu uec,regEaHur,
UJBe[uapuf (UEPH), cmp.39, 48, 49
- cbuo, [4HmepHem, cmp. 49
- C8emoBna rvrpe>ka, cmp. 49
Ezunem, ,[peBeH, cmp. 8-9, 20

Eaunmrru, gpeBnu, cmp. 7. 8-9

- cbulo, cmpoume^u Ha
nuparvrugu, cmp. 9
- Qapaoxu, cmp. 8,9
E$en, flocmaB , cmp. 40, 51
lzlngyusurvr, cmp. 28, 29, 35

cruo. 6oe Buurry, cmp. 28, 29

- eoHgoAU. cmp. 36-37

[4uku, qu8uru:aqur, cmp. 32, 38

- Eo>k, cmp. 37

lzlumepHem, cmp. 49

- kananu u Eoguu nrmuqa, cmp. 36-37

- MocmoBe, cmp. 36
- HaEogrerun, cmp. 37

- ocmpo8u, cmp. 36
- npousBogcmBo ua cmtkrro, cmp. 36
- cmpoumencmEo Ha zpaga, cmp. 36-37
- mtpeo8un, cmp. 36, 37
Buagykm Muiro,

opaHuus. cmp. 39, 46-47, 54

' cbuo, Ebsge0cmBue Btpxy
okonuama cpega, cmp. 47
- Me)kgyHapogHo yvacmue, cmp" 47
- cmpoumencmEo, cmp. 46

Bucnuume zpaguHu Ha
BaBuiroH, cmp.7, 1O-11, 22
- cuulo, Aruumuc, cmp. 10
- zbpuu, cmp. 11
- sacokgaue, cmp. 10,1 1

- HaByxogorocop ll, cmp. 10, 11,22

- nanorBaHe, cmp. 11

Kanuuax Kupeucku, cmp. 7

KaHaru u 6ogHu nbmuua, cmp. 36-37, 44
- cuu.lo, Beaukunm kumaucku
kanan, cmp. 44

- Bexequs. l4marrun, cmp. 36-37

- flaHaucku kacan, cmp. 44
- Cyeqku kanarr, cmp. 44
Ku6epnpocmpancmBo, cmp. 48,49

Koau:eyu, auQumeamrp ra
(PraBuume, Purr,l, cmp. 23, 24-25, 38
- cbuo, e^aguamopu, cmp. 24, 25

- uepu, cmp. 24. 25

- us6uBaHe na >ku8omru, cmp. 25
- koxcmpykqun ra aperama, cmp. 24
- xa8ogrn8ane Ha apeHama, cmp. 24, 25
- cmpoumeacm8o, cmp. 24
Koo,ruqecku merreckon

IDke0uc Ye6, cmp. 52-53

''...
I

I,

Kocrvru,recku meleckon

Xr6trr, cmp. 39. 52-53

- cuu1o. oznegano, cmp. 52
- cnuHqe8u 6amepuu, cmp. 52
- cHuMku, cmp. 52-53

Kocuuqecku
meneckonu, cmp. 39, 52-53. 54
- cbulo, kocMuqecku meleckon
Xb6b , cmp- 52-53
- kocMu,recku meleckon
Er(e0Mc Ye6, cmp. 52-53
- PATAH 600, cmp. 52
- Mtoeo zoneuu meneckonu, cmp.52

Kxnepcka uuBurusaqus.
Kau6og>ka, cmp. 28, 29
Ma83o^eu, Xanukapxac, cmp. 7, 16-17, 22
- cuuo, ama:onku, cmp. 17

cmp. 17
- 3namHa kolecHuua, cmp. 17
- MaBsor, qap, cmp. 16
- Apmeuusun,

- cmamyu u Qpuso8e, cmp. 17

- cmpoumencmBo, cmp. 17
- ynuqo>kaBaue om

:evempeceuun, cmp" 17
Meakaypa (Mukepur),
Qapaou, cmp. 9
Mekcuko, uauecmBue, cmp. 33
Meconomauun, cmp. 10, 22
Muu, guHacmur, Kumat, cmp. 27
Moaynu, cmp. 34
Mocmo8e, cmp. 39, 46-47
- cru1o,
"Akatuu Ka0kuo",
flnoHun, cmp. 47
- Euagykm Muro,
(Dpurrrrr, cmp. 46-41
- Bucsulu ruocmoBe, cmp. 46
- fo^gbH [e[m,
Can Qpaxqucko, cmp. 47
- ?pega. cmp. 46
- Pom [opg>k, CAIL cmp. 47
- Tayup Spug>lc AoHgoH, cmp. 47
- Uuna Ma, Xorkoua, cmp. 46

My3eu ,,fyaeHxauM",

5ur6ao, cmp. 39, 4243. 54

- ctruo. aPxumekmypa, cmp. 42
- korunlomrpuo ruogenupane, cmp. 43
- (Ppank l-epu, apxumekm, cmp. 42

He6ocmrrpaavu, cmp. 39, 4041, 54

- cbuo, acaHcbopu
(Bumpeu.rxu), cmp. 40

- 6yp>k fiy6ari SurguHe,

OAE. cmp.41.54

- Kpaoc^ep 6unguua, Hlo t4opk, cmp.40

- PokQe^ep rleHmbp, Hlo t4opk, cmp. 41

- cmpoumeacmBo, cmp. 4041
- cmpoume^Hu Mamepua^u, cmp. 41
- Ta[ne 101, TaiEax, cmp. 54

Cmoynxeng*, cmp. 23
CSurkc, Ezunem, cmp. 8
Ctopu>kerun npomuB
uaEogrieuun, cmp. 44, 45

- Tene8u:uorna kyna,

TopoHmo, cmp. 41
- Cuuaup 6urguna, Hlo t4opk, cmp. 41
- Cuopc Tayrp. 9ukaao, cmp. 40

O^uMnuicku uapu, cmp. 12-13

Onepama 8 Cugru, cmp. 39. 43, 54
- cbuto, t4opH ymcoH,

apxumekm, cmp. 43
-ro8u uamepualu. cmp. 43
- cmpoumencm8o, cmp. 43
- cmpykmypa Ha nokpu8a, cmp. 43

flepcur, cmp.

10-1

flepy. cmp. 31, 32

flempoHac Tayopc,
Kyana Ayrvrnyp, cmp. 39, 40-41

flupauugu, cmp. 8-9, 11, 14,33

- cbuto, Be^ukama

nupaMuga, cmp. 7 , 8-9, 22, 43

- 9uqeu l4mua, cmp. 23, 32-33, 38

flpoekm ,[erma. cmp. 45

Pogoc, cmp. 7 , 18, 19, 22
Pogocku konoc, cmp. 7, 18-19,50
- cbqo, AHmuaoH I om Kunup, cmp. '18
- .flervrempur), HauecmBue, cmp. '18
- kopoua, cmp. 18-19
- cmpoumeacmBo, cmp. 18
- Xapec om Aungoc, ckynnmop, cmp. 18
- Xe^uoc, 6ozom sa C^bHuemo, cmp. 18
- pa:npoga>k6a na pyuuume, cmp. 18
- yHuulo)kaEaHe om
senempecenur, cmp. 18
Puu,rsHume, cmp. 7, 23, 2+25, 38
- ctuto, pyxBaue ua
uunepunma, cmp. 38
- cmpoume^cmEo, cmp. 38
CBemo8ua rvrpe>ka, cmp. 39
Cmamyn na 3eBc,
Orruunus, cmp.1, 12-13, 22
- cuu1o. 6ozoBe, cmp. 12

- us8au8aue, cmp. 12
- Onuunu0cku uapu, cmp. 12, 13
- yHur.uo)keHa om no)kap, cmp. 13
- (Pugu0, ckynnmop, cmp. 12

Cmamynma Ha c8o6ogama,
Hlo t4opk. cmp. 39. 51. 54
- flocmaB EQea, uH>{<eHep, cmp. 51
- usguaaxe, cmp. 51
- @pegepuk Sapmongu,
cky nmop. cmp. 51

Tag)k Maxa^, Tlugun, cmp.23,34-35, 54

- cru1o, apxumekmypa, cmp. 34
- Mynma: Maxan, cmp. 34, 35
- pa3xogu ea cmpoumercm8o. cmp. 35
- cmpoumencmBo, cmp. 34
- ykpaca, cmp. 34
- ljlax lU<axas,
uMnepamop, cmp. 34. 35
To^meku. uuBuAU3aiIUr, cmp- 32, 33, 38
Typusrrur, cmp. 7 . 29, 37 , 50
XaQpa (Xe$peu), Oapaon, cmp. 8, 9

Xepogom, cmp.7,22
Xugpoerekmpuvecku npoekm, cmp. 44
Xpau ua Apmeuuga
(Apmeuuauon), cmp. 7 , 14-15, 22
- cbuo. 6oeo8e, cmp. 14, 15
- EuscmaHoSn8axe, cmp. 15
- no8mopHo ono)kapflBaHe, cmp. 15
- cmpoume,rcmBo, cmp. 1 5
- Xepocmpam, ono>kapn8ane, cmp. 15

Xpucmoc Cnacume,rs,
Puo ge XaHeupo. cmp. 39, 50-51, 54
XpucmunHcm8o, cmp. 13, 15, 50
XyQy (Xeonc), OapaoH. cmp. 7, 8, 22
l-]ur, qapcmEo, Kumau. cmp. 27

[ua

l.lJuxyan,

kuma[cku Bragemen, cmp. 27, 58

9uqeg l4mUa,
Mekcuko, cmp. 23, 32-33, 38
- crqo, 6oao6e, cmp. 32, 33
- gSop 3a uapa c monka, cmp.32
- uepa c monka, cmp. 32
- kaueHogencmEo, cmp. 33
- nogaBaue Ha 8oga, cmp. 33
- pyuHu, cmp. 33
- Cmerama om vepenu, cmp. 33
- Xpautm ua Eounume, cmp. 33
- qoBeuku
rkepmEonpuroureuur, cmp. 32, 33
Sao8upu, cmp. 39, 4445
- Acyaucku mo8up, Eaunem, cmp. 45
- l-nex Kenurs, cmp. 39, 4+45
- fo,reuus Kynuu, CAI!. cmp. 45
- okonna cpega, cmp. 45
- PoeyH, Tag>kukucmaH, cmp. 45
- cmpoume^cmEo, cmp. 45
"Tpume krrucypu", Kuma0, cmp. 45, 54

6naeogapHocmu
l43game^ume uskasBam npu3HamelHocm Ha goryus6poerume 3a pa3peueHuemo
ga 6ugam ny6lukyBanu mexHu Mamepuanu. flono;kuxue Ersuo>kuume ycu^uf, ga Eneservr 8u8 Eptska
c Ecuqku rocumelu Ha aBmopcku npa8a B c y'{au, qe He8orrso cue nponycuanu Hnkoao

ulu

He cMe

ycnelu ga ycmano8utut koHmakm c Hnkoi aBmop, nogHacsMe Hauume

u ako 6bgeM cBoe8peuexro y8egorraeHu,

Knloq:

qe ce nocmapaeM ga nonpaBuvt epeukama

b-go^y; c - qexmtp; /-t.'n9o,

r-

ug8uHeHun

cneg8aqume usgaxun.

gflcHo; feope.

Cover I photolibrary; Cover c Corbis Tim Graham; pages 1 Getty lmages National Geographic Society; 2-3 Photolibrary
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