William Gunion Rutherford-First Greek Grammar (Macmillan's Greek Course) (1888)

âcmulan\s reck Course
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
BY
W. GUNION RUTHERFORD,
N
M.A.,
LLD.
HEADMASTER OK WKSTMINSTEK
MIL
T^/ /0
ILonfcon
MACMILLAN AND
AND NEW YUKK
1888
All rights resetted
CO.
First Edition 1878
New Edition iSyg

Reprinted 1881, 1884, /88j, 1886
New
Edition 1888
PREFACE
This Grammar has been revised and
the general arrangement remains as
in part re-written, but
it
was.
To change
might have done away with something that commended

teachers
for the success of a school-book is often
fortunate accident of one man's
work happening
this
it
to
due to the
to
meet the
views of the majority.

If the
idea from
book
is
which
larger, it is not that I
it first
elementary grammar
out
is
have abandoned the
sprang, namely, that the part of an

to state rules
and leave exceptions
many who have used

matter has been made more
but in response to the criticism of
the book, the presentment of the
and
clear
attractive
by printing on two pages what before
wa< printed on one.
Indeed far from relinquishing the
idea I have carried
it
first
out more faithfully, omitting such
forms as occur seldom and selecting as examples of inflexion
common words that I could find. As

written when men had but begun to urge
the most
which
it
was meant
to give shape, I
tunity of incorporating in a
new
the
the views to
was glad of an oppor-
edition the latest results of
the free discussion of the last ten or twelve years.
;m
opportunity came when

k
Course of which this
the starting point.
grammar
And
such
was proposed to publish I

First Greek Grammar should be
it
PREFACE
VI
The aim
the
of
new
ground the great main
series
lines of
in short to teach the regular
sion in use at the time
had reached
its
when
is
proper place in the
into
and ordinary modes
the fore-
of expres-
the most precise of languages
Accordingly
highest precision.
sary carefully to revise the
bring
to
Greek accidence and syntax,
Grammar
if
it
it
was
was necesto take its
series.
I have to acknowledge a great deal of very generous and
valued help, not only from

also
my
colleagues
and
friends,
but
from many others who in using the book had detected
ways
errors or observed
have to thank
and much
my
of
improving
colleague Mr.
it.
Heard
for
More
especially I
many
suggestions
assistance.
Perhaps I ought to add that though I have " atticized

as far as possible, I have
of
still
"
remembered that the compiler
an elementary grammar must be governed more or
less
by
the texts which are in use, and have retained such spellings
as TcdeiKa
redrjKa
and
and
clpyaôfirjv
rjpyaôfxrjv are
W.
Westminster,
1888.
even
if
stone records prove that
the true forms.
GUNION RUTHERFORD.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

This First Greek
Grammar
important respects.
It is
contains
differs
from others in some
compiled on a new principle, and
much matter which has
hitherto not appeared in
elementary books, and some facts that are the fruits of
independent research.
The
First Part comprises only such forms as
for a beginner to
Every
succinctly as the nature of the case allows.
made
make
it is
necessary
know, and these are put as clearly and

effort
to avoid the necessity of explanations in English,

in fact
the lesson for the day appear
as
memory
of the eye,
which
is
to
short
possible to the jealous eye of the pupil, while at the
time the local
was
as
same
so strong in youth,
might be brought as largely as possible into play.

In the teaching of a synthetic language like Greek or
Latin, practical schoolmasters are not likely to underestimate
importance of
the
in
drill
languages the relation
grammatical forms.
between
the
different
nee can never be clearly understood
till
becomes thoroughly familiar with the principal

Familiarity with the accidence
i
-itive
translation.
It
is
is
the
first
true that
In such
words of a
the learner
inflexions.
step towards ap-
some boys can
learn
vm
PREFACE
who
inflexions with ease
but
translation,
knowledge
loses
much
My
book
of
grammatical forms even an intelligent boy
of the crispness of the thought.
original design
for
to provide a drill
Further information each master might
But the success
impart for himself.

to
was thus merely
more accurately compiled than those
beginners,
generally in use.
me
equally true that without a precise
is
it
are never able to acquire facility in
of the
book prompted
add a Second Part which should supply remarks on
the forms included in the First Part, as well as additional
In this way much has
matter of a more advanced kind.
been added which
is
not to be found in ordinary Grammars,
the relegation of the paradigms to a separate part has
and
enabled
me
to discuss interesting points of
way which would otherwise have been
Grammar
impossible.
in a
Such
Chapters as the Third, the Twelfth, and the Seventeenth

will,
it
is
hoped, be specially useful in awakening an
telligent interest in a subject too apt to
Different teachers will have different
My own
the Second Part.
system
is
become
in-
dull.
methods
of teaching
gradually to impart
additional information contemporaneously with the drill in

inflexions.
for
him
If this is
to learn
done the pupil finds that
when he comes
I have thought
it
digms, as few
to the Second Part.
prudent to leave unaltered
which usually, though wrongly,
find a place in
Greek texts have yet
harmony with the
latest
little is left
results
many forms
Greek para-
been brought into
of critical scholarship.
have even retained for the sake of old association such absurd
ix
l'KKi
The time
forms as the Imperative XcXimcc
will
come when
they will disappear from Greek Grammars, but an elementary
Grammar
I
is
not the place in which
regret that an accelerated
reprint the First Part before

all
errors will
first
-ale
to omit them.
made
it
necessary to
any corrections were made, but
be carefully eliminated as soon as another
opportunity occurs.
\V.
January 18S0.
GUNION RUTHERFORD.
CONTENTS
PART
batten
I.
First declension
declension
Third declension
11
Irregular forms
25
d of adjectives
(
'oinparison of adjectives
33
51
Adverbs
54
Numerals
54
Pronouns
Tin- \vrl>
Verbs
in -11
in
-MI
lions
65
86
100
CONTENTS
Xll
PART
Remarks on the
letters
and
Contraction, assimilation
II.
signs
and dissimilation
Dual number
Vocative case
Gender
....
Accentuation
Remarks on the
first
declension
Remarks on the second declension
Remarks on the third declension

Remarks on
adjectives
Remarks on comparison
Adverbs
Numerals
Pronouns
General remarks on verbal forms
The tense-system
Verbs in -MI
of regular verbs in
-12
List of irregular verbs
Verbs forming their tenses from different roots
Oi at
PAET
I.
The Greek
A
B
r
K/
E
Z
e.
z.
^/
e.
tli.
i.
kappa
lambda
nu
xi
k.
1.
m.
=
=
n.
x(=ks).
0.
Pi
p-
rho
rli, r.
sigma
T
X
a
^s
iota
omlcron
eta
theta
mu
1/
n
p
5
T
(1.
zeta
??
always hard.
g.
epsllon
M
\/
a.
b.
N
5
o
gamma
delta
_^r
K
A
alpha
were twenty-four in numt
beta
A
1/
letters
s.
t;iu
t.
upsilon
ii.
phi
ph.
chi
kh.
psi
0)
omega
only finiaL
ps.
0.
FIRST GREEK
Before kappa, gamma,
II.
has the sound of
T),
co,
chi,
and
xi the letter
gamma
n, as in ink, sing.
Vowels.
III.
GRAMMAR
The vowels
and into narrow,
i,
are divided into open, a,
v.
Consonants. The most important are the Mutes,

IV.which are so named because we are not able to pronounce
them without the help of a vowel. They are nine in number.
Three are pronounced by contact of the tongue and hard
palate, three
by the
lips,
and three by bringing the tongue
against the teeth.
palatals or palate-sounds
labials or lip-sounds
dentals or tooth-sounds
From
this table
sets of three,
we
hard
soft
aspirated
IT
see that they are again divided into
each set containing a guttural, a dental, and
labial.
The
for
letters xi, psi,
f = kg,
V.
English
^ = 7rcr,
Signs.
h,
and zeta are
and f = 8 with a
The Greeks had no
but they had a sign
called double letters

soft o\
letter like the
Latin or
which served instead.

FIRST GREEK
Thus
Jj/Da
was pronounced
GRAMMAR
l'>m,
and the sign
written over the vowel to which
it
the only consonant with which

begins a
word
it is
begins a word
The
it
never without
The
letter
rho
is
is
used,
and when rho
If the
vowel upsllon
is
it.
always so
has always this sign.
simply marks the absence of the
'
sign
it
is
This sign
belongs.
rough breathing.
called spiritus asper, or
spiritus
asper.
DECLENSION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND

ADJECTIVES.
VI.
The
declension.
inflexion
The
the changeable part
The nominative
of
nouns and
is
pronouns
word
fixed part of the
called
is
called the stem,
is
called the case-ending or termination.
must never be confounded with the
case
stem.
VII.
(1)
The Greeks distinguished declension

Three numbers The singular
the
in
for one,
dual for
two, or a pair, and the plural for several.

(2)
Five cases
nominative,
vocative,
accusative,
geni-
tive, dative.
(3) Three genders
VIII.
All
masculine, feminine,
these, except the vocative
neuter.
case, are
seen in
the declension of the article " the."
Vowels long by nature, except
ij
and
, are
tht circumflex u<
marked
long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
THE DEFINITE AETICLE

number
masculine
case
feminine
nom.
V
TOV
rrjv
TO
TOV
r?}?
TOV
dat.
TCO
ry
TOO
I
nom.
ace.
gen. dat.
TCO
TCO
TCO
TOLV
TOLV
Tolv
01
at
TO,
TCI
nom.
Obs.
1.
ace.
TOVS
T?
gen.
TCOV
TCOV
TCOV
dat.
TOLS
reus
TOIS
the
written under the long vowel
The
not pronounced.
The dual number has only two forms
in
iota
dative singular
Obs. 2.
1
I
TO
gen.
ace.
neuter
is
called iota subscript.
It is
to serve all
genders and cases.
IX.
letter
Declensions
of
the
are arranged according to the last
The
stem.
stems ending in alpha or eta
First
:
Declension includes
all
the Second Declension most
stems in omicron or omega; the Third Declension stems
ending in other
letters.
r,
and
u,
are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
FIRST DECLENSION
X.
A.
Feminine Stems
Stems. %a)pa, land ; fiaâ,
f
OS
Obs.
battle ;
OdXaTTa,
sea
ace.
yu>pdv
fidxyv
OaXarra
OdXaTTa
OdXaTTav
gen.
Xd>pas
p,dxvs
OaXaTTrj?
dat.
Xa>pa
H>"XV
OaXaTTrf
n. v. a.
X a>pd
fMdX d
OaXaTTa
g.d.
yoapaiv
fxdxcuv
OaXaTTaiv
nom.
X&pai
p<dxcu
voc.
X^P aL
fidxî'
nom.
Xcopd
voc.
Xcopd
fidxv
ace.
X<pas
[idxds
OaXaTTai
OdXaTTai
OaXaTTa?
gen.
Xu>p&v
fJLCLX&V
OaXaTTcbv
dat.
X^pai?
fidxacs
OaXaTTai?
1.
Alpha
after a
vowel or rho
is
kept in
all
cases of
the singular.
Obs. 2.
Eta
of
the nominative singular
is
kept in
all
cases of the singular.

Obs. 3.
Alpha
eta in the genitive
after any consonant but rho

and the dative singular.
is
changed to
*i ami , are marked long, unless they

carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
XI. B. MASCULINE STEMS

Stems, veavia, young
man ;
7ro\lra,
Obs.
'JLp/jLTj,
Hermes;
citizen
nom.
veavid?
voc.
veavid
'Epfirf
iroXlra
ace.
veavldv
'TLp/jurjv
TroXirrjv
gen.
veavlov
'Ep/JLOV
iroklrov
dat.
veavid
'Ep/if}
TrdXtrrj
n. v. a.
veavid
g.d.
veavlaiv
'TLp/ialv
TToXlratv
iroXlrai
7T0\lT7j?
Ep/jLr)?
Ep/xa
TroXlrd
nom.
veavlai
'JLp/iat
voc.
veavlai
'Ep/jual
iroXlrai
ace.
veavid?
'Ep/xa?
iroXird?
gen.
veavicov
'Eipfjicov
7to\Zt(ov
dat
veavlai?
'Epfjuals
7roXiTai<;
1.
Alpha
after a
vowel or rho
is
kept in
all
cases of
the singular, except the genitive.

Obs. 2
Eta
of
the nominative singular
is
kept in the
accusative and the dative singular.

Obs. 3
Eta
of the nominative singular is also kept in
the vocative singular, except in nouns in
words, and names of peoples.
rrjs,
compound
In these cases we find a
short alpha.
Vowels long by nature, except y and
a>,
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
SECOND DECLENSION
XILA. UNCONTRACTED WORDS

Stems, Xoyo, m. speech; ipyo,
nom.
IÔ
'S
\6yos
n.
deed
epyov
voc.
epyov
ace.
epyov
gen.
\6yov
epyov
dat.
Xoyco
epyco
n. v. a.
Xoyco
epya)
g.d.
Xoyotv
epyotv
nom.
Xoyoc
epya
voc.
Xoyoi
epya
ace.
Xoyovs
epya
gen.
Xoycov
epycov
dat.
Xoyots
epyois
><
15,
Vowels long by nature, except % and u, are marked long, unless they carry
the linamjlcx accent.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
XIIIB. CONTRACTED WORDS

Stems. tt\oo, m. voyage; bcrreo,
i
i
n. bone
nom.
7r\6os
7tXo{)?
6(TTOV
voc.
7tA0
7r\0V
6<TTOV
OCTTOVV
ace.
irXoov
TtXoVV
6<TTOV
bcrrovv
gen.
ttXoov
irkov
bcrreov
bcrrov
dat.
ir\6(p
7t\0)
6(TTeO)
ocrrco
n. v. a.
7rX6(0
ttXco
6(TTe(0
bcrreo
g .d.
TtXoOLV
ttXolv
6(TTOlV
bcrrolv
nom.
ttXool
7r\ol
ocrrea
bard
voc.
ttXooi
wXol
ocrrea
bard
ace.
7rX6oV<S
ttXovs
ocrrea
bard
gen.
7tX6(j)V
irX&v
OCTT0)V
barcov
dat.
ttXools
7rXot9
OOTOiS
barols
OCTTOVV
!3
Obs
1.
In the
plural of neuter substantives -ea contracts
to a.
06s. 2.
The accent
of the uncontracted ocrreov is
Vowels long by nature, except v and
u, are
marked
unknown.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
XIV.
Words
Words
in -ov are always neuter.
are generally masculine
but names of
Also the following words
and islands are feminine.
sand
ashes
brick
KekevOos
arpaTros
walk
path
Xrjvos
(TOpOS
<r7ro8o?
TJrdjjLfjLos
pebble
in -o?
trees, lands, cities,
and
6B6?
way
yvdOos
jaw
vocros
disease
vat
coffin
pd/3b)o$
rd<ppos
Bpoaos
book
staff
ditch
dew
So/cos
rjireipos
fidaavos
beam
continent
touchstone
vrjao^
/cd/uvos
yepavos
island
oven
crane
XV.
The
following nouns vary in the plural
number
between the masculine and the neuter gender, in one case

with a difference of meaning.
When actual bonds are spoken
of Scoym
is
the form used, but bonds in the sense of bondage
or imprisonment
is
translated
by
Seo-fios, fetter
pi.
Bea/nol or Beafid
Xv^yos, lamp
pi.
\v%vot, or
cradfjios, stable
pi.
aradjuoL or arad/jid
One word has only neuter forms

(Tiros, food
XVI.
Seo-ôi
The
in the plural
pi.
vocative
case
Xv^ya
alra
of
0eds,
god or goddess,
always the same as the nominative.

Vowels long hy nature, except % and , are marked long, vnless they carry
the circumflex accin
t.
is
FIRST GREEK
10
GRAMMAR
ATTIC DECLENSION
XVII.
A few stems instead
of o
have
a>.
This
co
takes
the case-endings as far as possible.
Stem.
veco,
m.
nom.
vecos
voc.
V(0<Z
ace.
V600V
gen.
V(D
dat.
veco
n. a. v.
veco
s .d.
vecov
nom.
Veep
voc.
veco
ace.
vecos
gen.
VeCOV
dat.
veq')<?
e^
CO
r^
Obs.
There are no neuter substantives
Voivels long by nature, except
r,
and
a, are
marked
in this declension.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
11
THIRD DECLENSION
I.
Consonant Stems
A. STEMS IN PALATALS, * 7 x
s
XVIII.
Stems, tyvkcuc, m. guard; irrepvy,
f.
wing
6vv%, m. nail
1
s
nom.
(f)v\af;
Trrepvi;
owl;
voc.
<f)v\ai~
7TTpvt;
owl;
ace.
<f)v\a,K-a
irrepvy -a
ow%-a
gen.
(f)v\aK-o<;
Trrepvy-os
ovv^-o^
dat.
(f)v\atc-i
7TTpVy-L
ovv%-i
n. a. v.
<f)v\atc-e
7TTpVy-
ovvyj-e
g.a.
(pv\dfc-oiv
7TTpVy-OLV
ovv%-oiv
irrepvy-es
opv%-<;
1^
Obs.
1.
Obs.
2.
nom.
<f>v\atce<;
voc.
<f)i>\atc-<;
irrepvy- e?
6W^-e?
ace.
<f>v\a/c-a<;
irrepvy -a?
ow%-a$
gen.
<fiv\dfc-c0v
7TTpVy-(OV
OVV%-Ct)V
dat.
<$>vXat;L(v)
TTT6pv!~t,(v)
6vv%l(v)
All these stems are masculine feminine.

ending
nu
The form dative
when the next word
or
of
plural
in
is
used
in the sentence begins with a vowel.
Vowels long by nature, excejd % and *, are marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
12
GRAMMAR
B. STEMS IN LABIALS,
XIX.
M
1
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2.
Stems, yvir, m.
w,
/3
vulture ; <p\ej3,
f.
vein
nom.
yv^r
voc.
yv-yjr
ace.
yv7r-a
gen.
7U7T-0?
(pXeft-os
dat.
yuir-i
fke/3-i
n. a. v.
yvir-e
<j>\4j3-e
yvTT-olv
<p\e/3-oiv
nom.
yv7r-<;
voc.
yvir-es
ace.
yvTr-as
gen.
yvir-oiv
(f>\e/3-(ov
dat.
yv"^rl(v)
<XeT/a(y)
All these stems

They are very
are masculine or feminine.
rare.
Vowels long hy nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK cliA.MMAH
C STEMS
1.
XX.
Stem,
IN DENTALS
1
1
a
6,
t,
MASCULINE AND FEMININE

ipcor,
m.
TrarpcB,
love ;
eptB,
"c2
19
f.
f.
native land ;
strife
nom.
e/3ft>?
TTCLTpl-S
voc.
p(o-<;
nrarpi-f;
epi-S
ace.
pd)T-a
irarpiB-a
pL-V
gen.
epft)T-09
irarpiB-os
epiB-os
dat.
epwr-i
irarplB-i
eptB-i
epi-$
p(OT-6
irarptB-e
epiB-e
g.i
p(OT-OLV
irarpiB-oiv
epib-oiv
nom.
p(DT<;
TTCLTplB-eS
epiB-es
voc.
e/)0)T-?
TrarpiB-e?
eptB-eg
ace.
epoar-as
7rarpiB-a<;
epiB-as
gen.
p(OT-(OV
irarplB-(ov
epiB-cov
dat.
epo3-(Ti(y)
iraTpl-Giiy)
pi-<rt(v)
n.v.
a.
Obs. 1.
All stems in 18 not accented on the
have their accusative singular in nu like Ipiv.
the case with the one stem in
-it,
last syllable
This
is
also
namely, x a P LTJ X-P LS
favour.
Obs. 2.
The
dentals are dropped before sigma.
7ru.Tpfe for 7raT/n8s,
Obs. 3.
Stems
poetical ko/jvs,
and
in
Hence
-Kwrpiui for TrarpiBa-L.
are very rare except 6pvt<s
and the
which are given among the irregular nouns.
r,
and
u, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
13
2.
GRAMMAR
NEUTERS
STEMS, acofiar, body ; icepdr, horn
1
1
n. v. a.
croj/jua
Kepa-<$
gen.
<T(0{JLaT-OS
K6paT-0<$
dat.
aco/Jiar-c
fcepdr-i
n. v. a.
crco/jLCLT-e
fcepdr-e
g. d.
acofidr-OLV
/cepar-ocv
n. v. a.
acofjuar-a
Kepdr-a
gen.
CrCD/jLClT-CDV
fcepdr-oov
dat.
adafia-G-tiv)
Kpd-at(v)
"88
q
X3
>i.
Obs. l t
Obs. 2.
Words
As
like Kepa-s are very rare.
military terms are found a genitive Kepus and
a dative Kpa, which come from a bye-form of this stem.
Voicels long by nature, except
r,
and
u, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
DENTAL STEMS IN
XXL Stems
15
vt
Klavr, m. Ajax; yepovr, m. old-man ;

o&ovt, m. tooth
nom.
Ala-?
yepcov
68ov-<?
voc.
Ata-?
ykpov
68ov-<;
ace.
AXavT-a
yepovr-a
oSovr-a
gen.
AXavT-o$
yepovr-os
6&OVT-05
dat.
Alclvt-l
ykpovT-L
O&OVT-l
*2
"I
^
^
n. a. v.
Acavr-e
yepovr-e
6BoVT-
g.d.
AloLVT-OiV
yepovr-.oLv
6h0VT-0LV
nom.
Ataz^T-e?
yepovr-es
686vt-<;
voc.
A.lavT-e<;
yepovr-e?
686vt-<;
15,
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2.
ace.
AlavT-as
yepovr-as
6hovT-a$
gen.
Alavr-wv
yepovr-cov
ohoVT-WV
dat.
AXa-cn(y)
yepov-o-i(v)
68oV-<Tl(v)
All these stems masculine.

When
dropped before sigma,
are
vt
simply lengthened;
Obs. 3.
The
is
and
become
ei
and
a,
t,
v are
ov.
vocative has sometimes the pure stem as
nearly as possible
sometimes
Vowels long by nature, exespt
r,
and
it is
a,
like the nominative.
are marked lowj, unless they carry
the circumjlex aoeenL
FIRST GREEK
L6
GRAMMAR
STEMS IN DENTAL
XXII.
Stems, 'EXAî/, m. Greek ;
7toi/jLv,
m.
s,
nom.
"E\\V v
TTOLfJLljv
voc.
"EWrjv
TTOLfJirjV
ace.
EWr/v-a
iroifxev-a
CO
gen.
"EWrjv-os
TroLfxev-os
dat.
"EWrjv-t,
irotfJuev-L
n. a. v.
"EXkrjv-e
7rOL/jL6V-6
g.d.
"EXkrjv-oiv
7T0l,/JLV'0CV
ô
1^
nom.
"EXkrjv-es
TTOifjuev-es
voc.
"EWrjv-es
7ro{,fiV-es
ace.
"EWrjv-as
iroifjiev-as
'EWljv-fDV
TTOLfliv-OJV
gen.
dat.
Obs.
4>pzv6s,
With
f.
heart,
the
EWr)-cn(v)
exception
words of this
of
iroL/jL6-cri(v)
the poetical word
<pjv,
class are masculine.
ai,
FIRST GREEK
Stems, aycov, m.
CRAM MAR
contest; yyefiov,
17
m. leader;
8e\<f>iv,
m. dolphin
nom.
dycov
rjye/JLcov
8e\(f)i<;
voc.
dycov
rjye/jbcov
BeXcpU
\
ace.
dyayv-a
vy.ft6v*ag_
gen.
aycov-os
iiyejjLov-os
he\(f)lv-o<;
dat.
dywv-c
r/ye/JLOV-i
8e\(f)lv-i,
"*4
n. a. v.
dycov-e
rjyfj,ov-
8e\(f)lv-
g.d.
dycov-ouv
rjyfiov-oiv
$e\<f>Lv-oiv
nom.
ayS>v-e<z
rjyefiov-es
SeX^lv-es
1
03
*>
voc.
aycov-es
7]yfMOV-6<;
$e\(f)tv-<;
ace.
dycov-a<;
fjyefiov-as
&\<j>lv-a<;
gen.
dycov-cov
r)yfj,6v-cov
Be\(f>iv-cov
dat.
aya)-cn(y)
rjye/jl6-ctl(v)
8e\<f>i-<rt,(v)
Sî
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2.
Obs. 3.
is
Words
almost
Words ScXÛ
In two proper names the
in
-tov
are
all
are rare or poetical.
like
last
shortened to form the vocative case,
'
AttoXXidv),
O Apollo
masculine.
vowel of the stem
viz.,
"A-n-oXXov (stem,
Hoo-ecSov (stem, IIoo-i<W),
*j
and
a, are
marked
O Poseidon,
FIRST GREEK
18
GRAMMAR
STEMS IN LIQUID
XXIII.
m.
drjp,
Stems
prjrop,
m.
oratory Kpdrrjp, m. wine howl
wild-beast.
*-
nom.
prjTwp
Kpdrrjp
Hp
voc.
prjrop
Kparrjp
6r)p
ace.
prjTOp-a
Kpdrijp-a
6r)p-a
gen.
prjrop-o?
Kpdrf}p-os
drjp-os
dat.
pr)TOp-L
Kpdrr)p-i
Orjp-l
n. v. a.
prjrop-e
Kpdrrjp -e
6r)p-e
g.d.
prjrop-oiv
Kparrjp-oiv
drjp-olv
nom.
pr/rop-es
Kpdrrjp-es
Orjp-es
voc.
pr}rop-e<;
Kpdrrjp-es
6r)p-<;
ace.
pr]T0p-a<;
Kpdrrjp -as
6r)p-a<;
gen.
prjTOp-wv
Kpdrrjp-eov
6r}p-S)V
dat.
prjTOQ-gjty)
Kpdrrjp- at
6r)p-crL(y)
-S
1
OS
rî>
|
a,
Obs. 1
Obs. 2.
Of these the stems in and -rop are musculine.

All stems in rho form the nominative
-
rrjp
singular,
without sigma, but epsilon before rho
is
lengthened to
eta,
and omicron to omega.

Obs. 3.
The
vocative singular has the pure stem, but
the stem acorrjp, saviour, shortens eta to epsilon, acorep.

u, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
19
STEM IN LIQUID X AND SPECIAL CLASS IN

XXIV.
3
1
5
Obs.
1.
Stems, aX, m. salt;
firjrep,
f.
mother
nora.
aX-9
firJTr)p
voc.
aX-?
firjrep
ace.
ak-a
firjrep-a
gen.
aX-09
fJLTjTp-OS
dat.
ak-L
flT)Tp-l
n. v. a.
aX-e
/jLT)T6p-
g .d.
ak-olv
JJL7]Tep-OlV
nom.
aX-69
fiTjrep-e^
voc.
aX-69
fJL7]T6p-<;
ace.
aX-a9
fATjrep-as
gen.
ak-wv
/JL7)Tp-(0V
dat.
ak-ari(y)
lLT)Tpa-(Ti{y)
In poetry
Like
a As has a feminine singular in the
sense of sea.
Obs. 2.
Ovydrrjp
belly
(st.
p-yTrjp are
Ovyarep),
declined irari)p
(st. 7raTe/j),
daughter; yao-njp,
ArjpLrjTrjp (st. Arjfirjrep),
tj
and
f.
(st.
father;
yao-rtp),
the goddess Denieter.

, nr
marked
FIRST GREEK
20
GRAMMAR
STEMS IN
XXV Stems,
AôaQevea, m.
yeveo;
n. race
1
00
Obs.
1.
nom.
Ar)/M)(rOevr)<;
yevos
voc.
Arj/jLoaOeves
yivo?
ace.
Arj/jLoadivrj
yevos
gen.
Arj/jLocrdevovs
yevovs
dat.
Arj/jLoaOevet,
yevet
n. v. a.
ykvr)
g .d.
yevolv
n. v. a.
yevrj
gen.
yevwv
dat.
yeve-cn(v)
The
final
Thus from the stem

should
arise,
is lost between the

and contraction ensues.
sigma of the stem
vowel preceding and following

yeveo-
it,
a genitive yevecr-os (cp. gener-is)
but the sigma being
lost,
we
get yevovs con-
tracted from yeveos.

Obs. 2.
Proper
their accusative in
names
-rjv
as
like A^/xoo-flei^s
if
from the
have more often
first
declension, but
proper names in -kXtjs follow the third declension throughout.

Vowels long by nature, except y
and
a>,
are marked long, unless tney carry
FIRST GREEK
II.
XXVI.
GBAMMAB
21
VOWEL STEMS
Stems
in
narrow vowels
and v
MASCULINES AND FEMININES

Stems,
irokt,
f.
city ;
av, m. or
f.
pig ; ir^v, m. forearm.

1
lyô ?
nom.
TToXl-S
ads
irrj^y-s
voc.
iroXt
(TV
wifav
ace.
iroXi-v
av-v
Trr/xy-v
5
6,
*<>
gen.
7roX,ea)?
(TV-OS
dat.
iroXei
av-i
n. v. a.
ttoXtj
(TV-6
irrjxn
g .d.
TTOke-OLV
av-olv
ir^ê-OLV
nom.
iroXets,
eru-e?
irr)yeis
voc.
Obs.
7T7J
X C
iroXei^
av-es
7rr
ace.
iroXeis.
0~V$
7rr)
gen.
iroXe-cov
av-cov
irr^ye-wv
dat.
7r6\-<Tl(v)
av-<ri(v)
irrjê-ativ)
<
5,
irrjêcos
i
The
nominative of these nouns
instead of the vocative.
?X et ?
is
generally used
Thus we almost always
Vowels long by nature, except * and
<u,
X i<;
find
<5
ttoAis.
FIRST GREEK
22
GRAMMAR
NEUTERS
Stem, acrrv,
Obs.
The
city
n. v. a.
acrrv
gen.
a<rT(D<;
dat.
acneu
<Z<TT1]
v. a.
g.4
acrre-oiv
n. v. a.
dcrrrj
gen.
acTTe-cov
dat.
acrT-cn(v)
vowel upsilon changes to epsilon in
all cases
but the nominative singular.
a>,
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
XXVII. STEMS IX
ev
Stems, ftaaiXev, m. king ; Acopiev, m. Dorian
nom.
ySao-tXeu-?
Acopiev-s
voc.
(SacriXev
Awpiev
ace.
/3aaiXi-d
Acopta
gen.
/3acrt\e(i)9
AodplOiS
dat.
ftacrcXel
Aooptel
>-o
n. v. a.
(Saaikri
Awpirj
*e
g.4
ftaaCke-oiv
AcDpLOLV
nom.
/3aaL\fc or
voc.
/3acrA%
ace.
/3a<Tt\e-ci$
1
55
-efc
Aaypiijs or -et?
or -et?
Acopcrjs or -et?
*>o
Awpias
Awpiwv
gen.
dat
Obs.
1.
Obs. 2.
These stems are masculine.

the stem
All
the upsilon
all
of
lose
case-endings, and
tion
Acopcevac(v)
fia,(TLkev-cri{y)
when a vowel precedes
commonly takes place between

Vowels long by nature, except r
and
, are
it
and the case-endings.
marked
before vowel
the epsilon, contrac-
FIRST GREEK
24
GRAMMAR
XXVIII. Stems
7T6C0O,
f.
persuasion
alBo,
in o
and w
shame;
f.
rjpo),
m. hero
nom.
iretOca
alSoos
T}p(D-S
voc.
iretOol
alBoc
r/pco-s
ace.
ireiOco
al&co
r/pco-a, rfpeo
al&ovs
ijpeo-os
alBoc
vp<p
1
00
gen.
dat.
1
41
iretOol
n. v. a.
rjpeo-e
g .d.
rjpco-ocv
not used
not used
n. v.
r)p(D-e<s
ace.
r/pco-as
gen.
T}p(6-(0V
dat.
r)pw-ai(v)
Vowels long hy nature, except
and
u, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
XXIX. OTHER IRREGULAR FORMS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER

IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Stem
dvep, m.
English
man
/3ov,
ox,
m.
f.
cow
yovar,
n.
knee
nom.
avqp
/3ov-<;
yovu
voc.
avep
/3ov
yovv
ace.
av-h-p-a
fiov-v
yovv
gen.
av-8-p-6<;
/3o-6s
yovar-os
dat.
av-B-p-i
0o-t
yovar -i
av-8-p-e
/36-
yovar-e
av-8-p-olv
fio-oZv
yOVULT-OLV
n. v.
av-8-p-es
/?0-9
yovar-a
aoc.
av-S-p-as
/3of)-?
yovar-a
gen.
dv-B-p-cov
fio-cov
yovar- wv
dat.
dv-8-pd-o~i(v)
/3oV-0~l(v)
y6va^ri{v)
n.v.
a.
'J
a.
-^.
and
<*,
FIRST GREEK
26
GRAMMAR
IRREGULAR SUBSTANTIVES
IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
Stem
yaXa/cr, n.
yepa?
yrjpacr
English
milk
privilege
old age
ypav,
old
f.
woman
nom.
yaXa
yepas
yrjptv;
ypav-s
voc.
yaXa
yepa?
yrjpcvi
ypav
ace.
yaXa
yepas
yrjpas
ypav-v
gen.
<yd\a/CT-o<i
yep co ?
yijpcos
ypd-os
dat.
ydXaKT-L
yepa
yrjpa
ypd-i
I
'<
n. v. a.
ypa-e
g .d.
ypd-olv
n. v.
yakaKT-a
yepa
7pa-e?
ace.
yaXaKT-a
yepa
ypav-s
gen.
yakcuKT-cdV
yepcov
ypd-cov
dat.
yaka%i(y)
yepacri (y)
ypavî^v)
1
-^
Vowels long by nature, except % and
u, are
marked
FIRST GREEK GRA MM AR
27
IX
ALPHABETICAL ORDER
iap, and
Stem
English
yvvaitc,
Bopar,
f.
woman
n.
spear
nom.
yvvrj
BopvJ
voc.
yvvai
Bopv
"
spring
yvval/c-a
Bopv
gen.
yvvai/c-6s
Bo par- o?,
Zeus
eap
Zev- ?
eap
Zev
ace.
Zev,
At, m.
eap
At-a
r)p-os
At-o?
Bopos
dat.
yvvaiic-i
Bopar-i,
vp-i
Bopl\ or
Bope^
4s
11
5,
n.v. a.
yvvaiK-e
Bopar-e
g.d.
yvvaiK-olv
Bopdr-oiv
n. v.
yvval/c-es
Bopar-a
ace.
yvvaiic-as
Bopar-a
gen.
yvvacK-wv
Bopdr-(ov
dat.
yvvaiî{y)
B6pa-(Ti(v)
Vowels long by nature, exeqt
and
*, r/rr
marled
*A circumflex accent.
Zony, un/ess
Mry carry
FIRST GREEK
28
GRAMMAR
IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
Kve<f>acr,
Stem
English
1
>
fckeiS,
f.
KV<p(T
key
KopvO,
gloom
f.
helmet
tcpear, n.
meat
nom.
/c\et-?
/cvecfras
fcopvs
Kpeas
voc.
/e\et-?
KV<j>a$
KOpV-S
repeat
ace.
/c\el-v
fcvi(f>a<;
Kopvd-a,
Kpeas
or Kopvv
gen.
/c\et,8-6<;
dat.
k\lB-l
n. v. a.
tc\ei8-
KopvQ-e
g.d
k\lB-olv
KOpvO-OLV
fcve(f>ov<;
KOpvO-OS
Kp6(DS
Kve(f)d
KOpvO-i
Kpea
nom.
voc.
/cXetS-e?,
KopvO-es
Kpea
icopvO-es
Kpea
Kopv6-as
Kpea/
/cXt9
i-~c
ace.
s^
/eXetS-a?,
K\ei<;
gen.
kXcoB-cov
KOpvd-WV
dat.
k\6L(tl(v)
KOpV-Giiy) Kpea-cri(v)
u, are
marked
the circumflex accent
KpeSiv
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
IN ALPHABETICAL
ORDER
kvov and
Stem
fiaprv, futprvp,
kvv,
m.
and
English
vav,
ni.
dog
witness
ship
nom.
KVCOV
fidprv-<;
vav-s
voc.
KVOV
fidprv-s
vav
ace.
Kvv-a
fidprvp-a
vav-v
gen.
KVV-6?
fjbdprvp-os
V(tiS
dat.
KVV-L
fxdpTvp-i
VTjt
f.
f.
ii.
a. v.
Kvv-e
fJidpTVp-6
VTJ6
a.
KVV-OLV
fJbapTVp-OLV
veolv
n. v.
kvv-<;
fidprvp-e?
vrjes
ace.
Kvv-a<$
fidprvp-as
vavs
gen.
KVV-WV
fiaprvp-cov
vecov
dat.
KV-aL(y)
p.dpTV-ai{y)
vav-o-i(v)
u, are
marked
long, unless (hey carry
FIRST GREEK
30
GRAMMAR
IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Stem
opvlO, opvl, m.
English
f.
cor, n.
ear
bird
nom.
opvi-s
ov-s
voc.
OpVL
ov-s
ace.
opvl-v, rarely
OV-S
opvlOa
*l
1Ss
gen.
SpvlO-os
COT-OS
dat.
opvlO-c
COT -I
n. a. v.
opviv-e
wT-e
g .d.
opvfd-ocv
COT-OLV
n. v.
opvlO-es, opvets
d)T-a
ace.
opvl6-as, payees
coT-a
gen.
OpvfO-COV, 6pV-(OV
COT-COV
dat.
opvl-o~i(y)
co-crC{v)
and
u, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
CRAM MAR
81
IX ALPHABETICAL
Stem
ORDER
Trvp, irvpo
m.
ttoB,
English
fire, pi.
vBar
for
vBapr,
n.
n.
=
icater
foot
watcli-fires
1I
nom.
7TOU-9
TTVp
vBcop
voc.
7TOV-9
TTVp
vBcop
ace.
ir6B-a
TTVp
vBcop
gen.
7ToS-09
7TV/3-09
/8ar-09
dat.
TToB-L
irvp-i
vBar-L
n. a. v.
iroB-e
g.d.
TTOB-Olv
n. v.
7ToS-69
irvpd
vBar-a
ace.
7ro8-a9
TTVpd
vBar-a
gen.
TToB-OJV
TTVpCOV
vBdr-wv
dat.
iTo-ai{y)
7TVpOL<;^
vBa-(Ti(y)
Vou-eU lung by nature, except
r,
and
FIRST GREEK
32
GRAMMAR
IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
Stem
vlo, vie,
(j)pedr for
m.
(ppeapr,
English
nom.
son
n.
cistern
(ppeap
VlO-<$
r /
(ppeap
X eiP> X P
f.
hand
X dP
X 'P
voc.
vie
ace.
VIO-V
(ppeap
Xetp-a
gen.
vlov
fte-o?
(j> pear- o?
dat.
vlS
vlel
typedr-L
xeLP-*
X etp-L
n. a. v.
vlrj
(f>pedr-e
Xelp-e
g.d.
vle-otv
(ppedr-oiv
x ep- lv
n. v.
vlels
(j>pedr-a
x elp-^
ace.
(j)pedr-a
Xelp-as
gen.
vle-cav
(f)pedr-(ov
Xeip-MV
dat.
vle-cn(v)
$>pedcr-i(v)
Xep-al(y)
*i
and
a, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
33
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES
A.
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION

XXX. SIMPLE
THE MOST COMMON CLASS OF ADJECTIVES
dyados, good
masculine
r-
I
v
1
8
feminine
neuter
nom.
ayados
dyadrj
dyadov
voc.
dyade
ayadr)
dyadov
ace.
dyad op
dyadrjv
dyadov
gen.
dyadov
dyadi]?
dyaOov
dat.
ayaOco
dyadfi
dyadco
n. v. a.
dyadco
dyadco
dyad co
g.d.
dyadolv
dyadolv
dyadolv
n. v.
dyaOol
dyad at,
dyad a
ace.
ayadov?
dyad d<;
dyaOd
gen.
dyadwv
dyadebv
dyadcov
dat.
dyadolv
dyadals
dyadols
r,
and
*, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
34
GRAMMAR
0tXto?, friendly
masculine
feminine
nom.
</>/\to?
tyiKia
(piXiov
voc.
<j>i\i6
(f)i\id
(j>l\lOV
ace.
(j>t\,COV
(f)l\L(iv
(f)l\lOV
gen.
(f>i\lov
tyikias
(f>Lklov
dat.
(f)l\i(p
tyikia
(f>iXil\l(D
g .d.
(pikioiv
<f>l\lOLV
n. v.
(f)l\lOl
<f>ikiai
(pChicu
ace.
(f>l\lOV$
c^tXta?
(f)iXia
gen.
^CklCOV
(f)l\l(OV
(f)t\l(DV
dat.
(pLkloiS
(f)L\iai<;
tyiXioi*;
*>
and
a, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
35
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES
AND SECOND DECLENSION
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST
XXXL CONTRACTED
Xpvareo*;, golden
masculine
1
i
Obs.
nom.
^/juctoO?
Xpvo-rj
Xpvarj
Xpvaovv
Xpvaovv
ace.
Xpvaovs
yjpvGOW
XpV<T7)V
Xpvo-ovv
gen.
yjpvaov
Xpvcrrjs
Xpvcrov
dak
Xpv<rS
Xpvo-\)
Xpdcray
n. v. a.
Xpvcra)
Xpvo-a)
ypvca
Xpvaocv
XpVO-OLV
Xpvo-olv
n. v.
yjpvaol
Xpvaovs
Xpvaal
Xpvaas
XpVGCL
ace.
gen.
yjpvcr&v
Xpuawv
Xpvo-oiv
dat
Xpvaots
XpvcraLS
Xpvaots
The
a.
to
Xpvo-a
feminine singular of adjectives in -eo? con-
when a consonant
when a vowel or rho precedes, as
tracts
neuter
voc.
feminine
eta
precedes, but to alpha

x/"">
XPvrf Du k
(woollen), pa apyvpka (silvery), dpyvpa.

*>
and
*, are
marked
V *a
FIRST GREEK
86
GRAMMAR
tt7r\oo?, simple
masculine
feminine
nom.
a7r\o0?
airXrj
difkovv
voc.
a7rXo{)?
aifXrj
difkovv
ace.
airkovv
aTrXfjv
a,7r\ovv
gen.
difkov
a7rA,?)?
difkov
dat.
dirXS
a7r\y
airXo)
n. v. a.
airXw
aifkd)
dirXoo
g.d.
airkolv
dirXoiv
difkolv
n. v.
airkol
dirXal
dirka
ace.
airXovs
a7rXa?
air\d
gen.
aifkwv
a.7r\cov
dirXcav
dat.
clttKoZs
a7rXat?
airXol?
neuter
1
1
XXXII.
Many adjectives
belong solely to the second
declension having only two endings, -o? for the masculine
and feminine and -ov

all
compound
for the neuter.
This
is
the case with
adjectives.
and
a, are
marked
long, uidess they carry
PIBST
GREEK GRAMMAR
ADJECT1
^7
OF THE
ATTIC DECLENSION
XXXIII.
is
tXecos, gracious
masc. and
fern.
neuter
nom.
ZXecos
voc.
tX.0)9
ZXecov
ace.
ZXewv
ZXecov
gen.
ZXeco
iXeco
dat.
ZXetp
ZXeco
n. v. a.
ZXeco
ZXeco
g.4
ZXecpv
ZXecov
n. v.
ZXeco
ZXeco
ace.
ZXecos
ZXeco
gen.
ZXecov
ZXecov
dat.
ZXecps
ZXeco?
tXecov
singul
5<
Obs.
There are very few adjectives of this
class.
Vowels long by nature, except v and *, are marked long, unless they
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
38
B. ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD AND FIRST
DECLENSION
XXXIV.
Some
in the masculine
suffix -ta,
adjectives follow the third declension
and neuter and form a feminine in the
which combines with the stem in various ways.

rjSvs, sweet
masculine
feminine
nom.
r)8v<;
wbeia
voc.
r)$v<;
rjSela
ace.
rjBvv
r)
CO
gen.
r)8eo<;
rjSelds
rjB&OS
dat.
rjSei
rjSeid
7}0L
n. v. a.
T)$6
rjbeLa
y$ee
g.d.
tfBioiv
r)heicuv
rjBeoLV
n. v.
ySels
rj&eiff,i
rjBea
Seta?
rjhea
_,
Sclav
neuter
r
7]
Bv
rjhv
ace.
77
gen.
rjheoov
r}hei(bv
r/Secov
dat.
rjhecri(v)
rjheiais
r]he(Ti{v)
r,
and
u,
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIRST
39
fieXds, bhvk
neuter
feminine
masculine
nom.
fAe\d<;
fieXaiva
fjbeXav
voc.
fjbiXav
fiiXaiva
fieXav
ace.
fieXava
fieXaivav
fjiiXav
gen.
fieXavos
fieXaivr)^
fieXavos
dat.
fiekavL
fieXalvrj
/jueXavi
n. v. a.
fieXave
tiekaiva
fieXave
g.cl.
fjLekdvoLV
fieXaivaiv
fxeXavoiv
n. v.
fie\ave<;
fieXaivait
fjueXavc^
ace.
fieXavas
/jLeXaivd?
/jueXava
gen.
fieXdvwv
fjLeXaivwv
fieXdvcov
dat
fiekaativ)
HeXaLvais
fieXao-t^v)
-Si
i
00
-i
Obs.
same
1.
Adjectives
like /AeAas
may have
the vocative the
as the nominative.
Obs. 2.
Like
/wXas
is
also declined Ttp-qv, Ttpeiva, Tptv,
tender.
Vowels long by nature, except %
and
, are
marked
the clrcumfiex accent.
long, unless they
FIRST GREEK
40
GRAMMAR
Xapieis, graceful
feminine
masculine
nom.
voc.
1
S3
1
'S
i-<>
Obs.
1.
Obs.
2.
neuter
is
neuter
X aP^
X aP Lev
yapie<j(ja
%apiev
yapiecraa
X aP iev
X aP Lev
ace.
yapievTa
yapiecTGav
gen.
yapLVTO<$
XapL6(Tar7)<;
%apLVTO<;
dat.
XapLVTt
yapieaari
yapievTi
n. a. v.
yapLtvre
âpceaad
Xapfevre
g.d.
yapievTow
yapieacraiv X^pievroLV
n. v.
Xaplevres
XapLeao-ai
Xaptevra
ace.
yap^vra^
âpceaaa^
X^ptevra
gen.
yap^vTtov
XapL(T(TCOV
X^P^vtcov
dat.
Xapiecn{y)
yapikcro-ais
Xapieai(y)
This a very
The formation
is
rare class of adjectives in Attic.

of the dative plural masculine
to be noted.
y,
and
u, are
marked
the circnn\flex accent.
and
FIRST
GREEK CRAM MAR
11
XX xv. PARTICIPIAL STEMS IN

Xvaas,
loosing (with reference to past time)
feminine
masculine
5<
-vr.
neuter
n. v.
Xvaas
Xvadaa
Xvaav
ace.
Xvaavra
Xvadaav
Xvaav
gen.
Xvaavros
Xvadarjs
Xvaavros
dat
Xvaavrc
Xvaaarj
Xvaavrc
n. v. a.
Xvaavre
Xvaaad
Xvaavra
g.d.
Xvadvroiv
Xvaaaaiv
Xvadvroiv
n. v.
Xvaavres
Xvadaat
Xvaavra
ace.
Xvaavras
Xvaaad<;
Xvaavra
gen.
Xvadvrcov
Xvadacov
Xvadvroyv
dat.
Xvadav(y)
Xvaaaais
Xvaaac(v)
Obs.
In the dual number Xvaavre and kvaavroiv
used as feminine.
Vowels long by nature,
excejtt u
and
*, are
marked
may be
FIRST GREEK
42
XvOek,
GRAMMAR
loosed (with reference to past time)
feminine
masculine
neuter
n. v.
XvOeis
XvOelaa
XvOev
ace.
XvOevra
XvOelaav
XvOev
gen.
XvOevros
XvOelar]<;
XvOevros
dat.
XvOevre
XvOelo-rj
XvOevre
n. v. a.
XvOevre
XvOelaa
XvOevre
g .d.
Xvdevrocv
XvOeLcrcuv
XvOevroiv
n. v.
XvOevre<i
XvOelaai
XuOevre
ace.
XvOevra^
XvOeiads
XvOevra
gen.
\V06VTCOV
XvOeco-wv
XvOevrcov
dat.
XvOel(rc(v)
XvOeicrais
XvOel(Ti(y)
1$
5,
In the dual number XvOevre and \vQvtolv

Obs.
used as feminine.
r,
and
a>,
may be
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
Xvcov, loosing (of pi'escnt time)
masculine
feminine
neuter
1
n. v.
Xvcov
Xvovcra
Xvov
ace.
Xvovra
Xvovcrav
Xvov
gen.
Xvovros
Xvovarjf
Xvovro<;
dat.
Xvovtl
Xvovcrrj
Xvovtl
n. v. a.
Xvovre
Xvovcra
Xvovre
g.d.
Xvovtoiv
Xvovcraiv
Xvovtoiv
n. v.
Xvovres
Xvovcrav
Xvovra
ace.
Xvovras
Xvovcra<i
Xvovra
gen.
Xvovrcov
Xvovcrcov
Xvovrcov
dat.
Xvovcri(y)
XvovcraL?
Xvovcrc(y)
siiK/ular
Si
Obs.
In
the dual
number Xvovrt and Xvovtoiv may be
used as feminine.
Vowels long by nature, except * and m, are marked long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
44
BlBov?, offering (present time)
feminine
masculine
1
CO
"3
-1
Obs.
neuter
n. v.
BlBov<;
BlBovctcl
BlBov
ace.
BlBovto,
BiBovaav
BlBov
gen.
BlBovto?
BlBovctt)^
BlBoVTOS
dat.
BlBovtl
BiBovcrr}
BlBoVTL
n. v. a.
BlBovtc
BlBovctcl
BtBovre
g.d.
BlBovtolv
BiBovacuv
BlBovtolv
n. v.
BlB6vt6<$
BiBovaao
BlBovtcl
ace.
BlBoVTCL?
BiBoiKTas
BlBovtcz
gen.
BlBovtcov
BlBovctcov
BlBovtcov
dat.
BlBovo~l(v)
BlBovctclls
BlBovo~l(v)
In
the dual
number
SiSovre
and BlBovtolv may be
used as feminine.
a>,
are
marked
FIRST ORKKK
GRAMMAR
i:
Seitcvvs, showing (present time)
feminine
masculine
neuter
n. v.
&LtCVVS
Sei/cvvcra
heaevvv
ace.
BetKvvvra
heuevvcrav
heiKvvv
gen.
$IKVVVT0<;
heucvv<rr)<;
SeiKVVVTO?
dat
BettcvvvTt,
Seucvvarj
heiKvvvrt
n. v. a.
Beitevvvre
BetKvva-d
BetKvvvre
g .d.
heiKVVVTOLV
SetKvvaaiv
SeiKVVVTOlV
n. v.
8eifcvvvT<;
BetKvvaat
BecKvvvra
ace.
heuevvvras
heiKvvcrd<;
heiKVVVTCL
gen.
SeiKVVVTCOV
SeLKVvacov
heiKVVVTWV
dat.
heiKvvav(v)
Seitcvvo-ais
&ei/cvv<ri(v)
Obs.
In
the dual
number
8ikv\'vt
and fciKvvvroiv may
be used as feminine.
and
are marled long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
46
GRAMMAR
XXXVLPARTICIPIAL STEMS
IN
-or
XeXvtccos, liaving loosed
masculine
feminine
neuter
n. v.
XeXvKGos
XeXvKvla
XeXvicos
ace.
XeXvKora
XeXvKvlav
XeXvfco?
gen.
XeXv/coros
XeXv/evids
XeXv/coro?
dat.
XeXv/COTL
XeXvfcvid
XeXvKOTi
XeXv/core
XeXvicvia
XeXvKora
g.d.
XeXvieoToiv
XeXvKvlaw
XeXvKOTOLV
n. v.
XeXvicores
XeXvKvZaL
XeXvKora
ace.
XeXvKOTCLS
XeXvKvLa?
XeXvKora
gen.
XeXvKorwv
XeXvKViSiv
XeXvKorwv
dat.
XeXvKoai{v)
XeXvKviais
XeXvKO(Tc(y)
n. v.
*s
Obs.
In
the dual
number XeXvKorc and XcXvkotolv may
be used as feminine.
Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless
tlvey
carry
FIRST GREEK
CADJECTIVES
GRAMMAR
I?
OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
XXX VIL Some adjectives
follow the third declension
entirely.
evyevrji;, well-horn
masculine and
feminine
IL V.
evyevrj?
acc.
evyevrj
gen.
evyevovs
dat.
evyevel
neuter
evyeve? \
evyevey)
evyevov?
evyevel
n. v. a.
evyevrj
evyevrj
g .d.
evyevolv
evyevolv
evyevel?
evyevrj
evyevel?
evyevrj
v.
acc.
gen.
dat
Vowel* long
l/y
evyeviov
evyeve-<Ti,(v)
nature, except
r,
and
m, are
marked
the circumfiex accent,
evyeve-at^v)
long, unlets they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
4S
ev(f>p(ov, kindly
masculine and
feminine
neuter
n. v.
eveppcov
ev<f>pov
ace.
ev<ppov-a
6V(j)pOV
gen.
ev(j)pov-o<;
evefrpov-os
dat.
6V(f)pOV-C
ev(f)pov-i
iO
-\
a
n. v. a.
V(f)p0V-
6V(j>pOV-
g.d.
evcppov-OLV
eveppov-oiv
n. v.
V(j)pov-e<;
evfypov-a
ace.
ev(j)pov-a<;
ev(f)pov-a
gen.
6Vcf>p6v-(ov
V(f>pov-cov
dat.
V(j>po-ai(v)
ev(j)po-cri(v)
r,
and
u,
FIRST
GREEK GRAMMAR
49
fietfav, greater
masculine and feminine
n. v.
fiei^cov
<.
ace.
fielôva or
gen.
/j,eiovo<;
CO
fjLl%OV
//,eio>
41
/JLL%OVt
n. v. a.
/JLloV
fielôve
g.d.
fieiôvoiv
/JLeCÔVOlV
n. v.
fJLl%OV<;
Or
fjLL%OV<;
fiiova or
ace.
fjL6L%ova<;
or
/Wfou?
fieiôva or /letfo)
gen.
fieiÔVCOP
fieiôvwv
dat.
fiiocri(v)
Liei%o<Ti(v)
Obs. 1.
Only
forms like
Obs.
fielôp
fieiôvos
dat.
*9
neuter
2.
//iu>
in
yLtetfco
comparative stems have we the shorter
alternating with long like fxciova.
The
shorter forms are found only in the accu-
sative singular masculine,
and the nominative,
vocative,
accusative plural.
r,
and
and
FIRST GREEK
50
XXXVIII.
Many
GRAMMAR
adjectives have only one termination,
the neuter being alien to their meaning, or not compatible
Thus
with their stem.
no neuter substantives
as there are
with a palatal stem, so the adjectives in palatal stems have
no neuter forms.
rapacious
(st.
XXXIX.
t/Ai^,
of the same age
(st.
iJAwc);
dpna^,
apiray).
Certain
adjectives are irregular in declension.
Of these the two following are most commonly met with :

iroXvs, much, stems tto\v
masculine
and iroXXo
feminine
neuter
nom.
TToXv?
iroXkrj
iroXv
ace.
IToXllV
irdXkrjV
ttoXv
gen.
TToXXoV
irdXXrj^
TToXXoV
dat.
7ToXXoj
l
iroXXrj
iroXXco
Obs.
The
plural
meaning many
is
quite regular ttoXXoi,
7toAAcu, ttoXXol.
fieyas, great, stems fjueya
masculine
and fieyaXo
feminine
neuter
nom.
fjueyas
fieyaXr)
voc.
fieyas
fjieyaXr)
fieya
ace.
/Jieyav
/jueyaXrjv
fieya
gen.
fieyaXov
fieyaXr)*;
fieyakov
dat.
fieyakcp
fieyaXr)
fieyaXcp
Obs.
The
plural
is
fieya
quite regular fxcyaXot, /xeyaAat, jxeydXa.
Tmvcls long by nature, except
vand
a>,
arc marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
51
XL. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

(1.)
The most common method
suffix -Tcpos, -repa, -repov to

-ra-n/,
is
add
to
to the
-TaTov to form the superlative degree.
stems the stem-vowel

ceding syllable
is
positive
/cov<f>o<;, light
<ro<f>6<;,
wise
is
-raros,
In omicron
lengthened to omega,
short or
stem the
form the comparative, and
if
the pre-
common.
stem
comparative
superlative
KOV(f>0
/cov<f)6-Tepo<;
Kov<f>6-raro<;
<TO(f)0
<TO<$)OD-T6pO$
ao(f)(o-Ta,TO<;
yXv/cv
yXvfcv-Tepos
yXv/CV-TCLTOS
/ze'Xa?, black
fie\av
fieXdv-repos
fieXdv-TCLTOS
aafyrjs, clear
acKpea
<ra(j)i(T-Tpo<;
aacf)6(r-TaTO^
fiatcap
fia/cap-repos
(juLfcdp-Taros
yXvtcvs, sweet
fid/cap,
happy
Some stems
in -aio
seem to drop the omicron as

yepal-raro^
yepaios, aged
yepcuo
iraXaios, ancient
wakcuo iraXal-repo^ irakaC-raro^

aôXato aô\al-repo<; aôXaL-Taroî
crôXato?, slow
Some
yepal-repo*;
other stems seem to change o into at, as
7T/3O)0?, early
Trp<po
irpcpai-repo^
irp(pai-TaTo<$
oyjrtos, late
oyfno
dyfnai-Tepo?
oîaC-Taro?
and
u, are
marked
long, vniess they carry
FIRST GREEK
52
XLI.
-eo-repos
(2)
and
Stems
and a very few
in -ov,
prudent
evvovs, kindly
comparative
superlative
crcocfrpov
cra)(f)pov-ecrT6pos
O-GHppOV-eO-TCLTOS
evvoo
evvovo-Tepo? (for
6vvo6araro<; (for
Another
ending
-iotos for superlatives.
which
it
have
stem
evvo-eo~T6po<;
XLII.
others,
-eo-raTos.
positive
o-axfrpcov,
GRAMMAR
occurs
are
is
This
is
-rW
for
evvo-eo-TCLTOs)
comparatives, and
very rare, but the words in
commonly met
with.
The mode
of
formation from the stem must be taken on trust for the

present.
comparative
positive
superlative
rjBvSy sweet
TjB-LCOV
rjh-lo-TOS
Tayvs,
BaTTWV
Ta^-io-TOS
fjLel^COV
Ixey-LcrTOS
swift
fieyas, great
Obs.
For the
inflexion of the comparatives of this class
see p. 49.
r,
and
a, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
53
XLILIRREGULAR COMPARISON
positive
comparative
superlative
dyado?, good
dfielvcov
tea/cos,
bad
fii/cpos, small
fteXrfcov
fieXTio-ros
KpeiTTcov (superior)
KparuTTOs
/caKLWV
KVLKLGTO^
êtpcov (deterior)
XeLpLcrros (deterrimus)
fJTTcov (inferior)
r/tacTTa n.pl. as adv.
fMKpOTpO<i
lUKpOTCLTO?
fJLL(OV
0X4709,
little
much
apKTTO?
6Xiyi(TTO<i
eXaTTcov
i\d%ioTos
ttXclcov
7r\eto-T09
/caXos, beautiful
tCaXXt(OV
KaXXiaro*;
paSios, easy
pacav
pao-TO?
iyOpos,
iÔ-tcop
^6-C(TTO<;
aio"Xp6<;, base
alo"%-t(ov
ala-^-L<rro<i
dXyecvos, painful
dXytcov
a\yi<TTO<;
(7T/30, before)
Trporepos (prior)
rrpmro^ (primus)
7to\u?,
hostile
Vowels long by nature, ercept

th.
r,
and
, are
marled
circumjttx accent.
long, unlets they carry
XLIV.
by
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
54
Adverbs. Adverbs are derived from adjectives

Stems in omicron drop this
affixing -&>? to the stem.
vowel
</>i'Ao-s,
the -a)?
is
adv.
In stems of the third declension
</>tA-ws.
form of the stem which occurs
affixed to that
in the genitive singular,
adverb raê-ws
contracted
a-acjie-ios,
the genitive also
XLV.
raxv-s,
genitive
<ra<f>rjs,
genitive
Taê-os,
clear ;
o-aê-os,
swift;
adverb
As a
Comparison of adverbs.
parative of an adverb
is
rule the com-
the neuter accusative singular of the
comparative of the adjective, and
its
superlative the neuter
accusative plural of the superlative of the adjective, as

crocfiioS)
wisely, a-o<fnorepov,
XLVI.
declined
when
Contraction occurs only
<ra<$>Z<>.
contracted.
is
Numerals.
more
The
wisely, o-oûrara,
first
most wisely.
four cardinal numerals are
eh, one ; 8vo, two ; rpeh, three ; rerrapes, four.
nom.
et-9
ace.
ev-a
pLiav
gen.
ev-os
dat.
ev-i
ev
pula
J
r/
ev
n. a.
fjLias\
ev-6<?
g.
fjua
ev-i
Suo
d.
Bvolv
nom.
rpels
rpi-a
rerra p-es
rerj&p-a
ace.
rpeus
rpi-a
rerrap-as
rerrap-a
gen.
rpi-ojv
rerrap-cov
dat.
rpi-a i(y)
rerrap-cri{y)
Like eh are declined ovSeh, ovSefiia, ov8ev, and prjSeh,

no one, both of which negatives have a plural.
/x^Se/ua, fiifiev
Vowels long by nature, except n and
a, are
marled
FIRST
GREEK GRAMMAR
XL VI I. The Personal Pronouns

me;
7,
ice,
us
thou, thee;
/
nom.
av
av
eya)
voc.
ace.
eyLte,
gen.
ifiov, fiov
0~OV
dat.
fJLOl, fJLOL
(TOL
fie
-o
n. a.
v(6
acf>co
g .d.
vu>v
acfxpv
nom.
ê?9
voc.
vfAel?
ace.
77/â?
vfias
gen.
r/fioiv
VflWV
dat.
rj/JLLV
V/JUV
$
XLVI1I.
There
person in Greek.
is
V/JL61S
no true personal pronoun of the third
The nominative
is
expressed in various
ways, and for the accusative, genitive, and dative

following
you
we
find the
plural
singular
avrov
avT7]v
avra<;
avrd
avr?)<;
avro
avrov
avrov?
avrov
avroyv
avrcov
avroov
avrut
avrfi
avroZ
avrol?
aural?
avrol?
The nominative (sing, airro?, airnj, ai-ro, pi. uiVoi, avrcu,

has the meaning self, a sense which it also receives in
<uV'/')
the ohliqut*
c&SOfl in
Vowels long by
certain circumstances.
nttturr, ejrrej,t r
and
*,,
are marlxtl long, vnlc.vi they carry
FIRST GREEK
56
XLIX.
mine;
your.
d, ov,
possessive pronouns are
rjfxeTepos, a, ov,
vfxerepos
L.
The
GRAMMAR
They
our ;
The
yonder.
suffix 8e
avros.
are declined like adjectives, but
principal demonstrative pronouns are
The forms
nom.
of ovtos are
and
6'5e,
r/Sc,
e/ceu/os, kivy}, Ikzlvo,
klvos is declined like
OVTO?
TOVTO
aVTT}
ace.
TOVTOV
TCLVT7JV
TOVTO
gen.
TOVTOV
TavTrfz
TOVTOV
dat
TOVTO)
TaVTTj
TOVTCp
n. a.
TOVTO)
TOVTO)
TOVTO)
g. d.
TOVTOLV
TOVTO LV
TOVTOLV
nom.
OVTOl
CLVTCLl
1
and
1
^3
o-6<s
6Se is declined like the definite article, the
being added to each case.
J
1
my,
epj, Ifxov,
thine ; vfierepos,
have no vocative.
roSe, this ; ovtos, avrrj, tovto, this ;

that,
e/xos,
cros, cr-q, crov, thy,
TdVTa
m
ace.
TOVTOV?
TCLVTCLS
TCLVTCL
gen.
TOVTCOV
TOVTCOV
TOVTCOV
dat.
TOVTOLS
TCLVTCLIS
TOVTOLV
V.
53
i,
u,
are marled long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST CREEK
LI.
The
reflexive
pronouns are declined as follows
First and second persons
sing, myself
sing, thyself
pi. ourselves
pi. yourselves
ace.
ifiavrov, -7)v
creavrov,
-i\v
gen.
ifiavrov,
aeavrov,
-779
dat.
ifiavro),
ace.
r)ia<;
gen.
T)fJLb)V
dat
r)filv
-779
<*>
Obs.
ryj<i y
The
(TeavTQ),
-fj
avrovs, -a?
avroiv
avrols,
u/za? avrovs, -a?

vficov
-aU
-fj
vfiiv
avroiv
avToU,
-ais
contracted forms o-avrov, craim/v, rravrov, crav-
o-avry, o-avnj are in Attic writers the
ror;rf r
ami
more
visual.
FIRST GREEK
58
GRAMMAR
Third Person
sing, himself, herself itself ; pi. themselves
INDIRECT
DIRECT REFLEXIVE
REFLEXIVE
a?
eavrov
eavrrjv
eavro
eavrov
eavrrjs
eavrov
ov
eavrS
eavrfi
eavrS
Oi
eavTOvs
eavrd?
kavrd
c(/>a?
eavrwv
eavroiv
eavrcov
o-({>cov
eavroLS
eavracs
eavro is
s
<3
1
Obs. 1.
etc.,
The
contracted forms avrov, avrrfv,
are in Attic writers the
Obs. 2.
Obs. 3.
o-(pLcn(v)
more
ai>To{>, avTrjs,
usual.
For plural eavrov has sometimes these forms
The
avrovs, avrds.
ace.
o~(fias
gen.
o-(/>gjv
dat.
crcfiio-iv
avrwv.
avTots.
indirect reflexive
pronoun
is
used,
e.g.
when
a person speaks of somebody else doing something to him.
The
singular forms
when not
in an emphatic position are
enclitics.
*j
and
a,
are
marked
FIRST GREEK G RAM MAR

LIT.
The forms
LIII.
of the reciprocal
pronoun each other arc
ace.
dXXrjXco
dXXrjXa)
oXXijXg)
g.d.
dXXrjXoiv
dXX-rjXoiv
dXXrjXoiv
acc.
uXXjjXovs
dXXrjXds
aXXrjXa
gen.
dXXrjXcov
dXXrfXcov
dXXrjXcov
dat.
dXXrjXots
dXXijXais
dXX rjXoL<;
The forms
of the relative pronoun are
masculine
feminine
0?
acc.
OV
Obs.
gen.
oh
:-
neuter
7]V
*
ov
T
dat.
ft)
nom.
rf
tf
ft)
ft)
ft)
dat.
olv
olv
olv
nom.
01
ft)
rf
rf
rf
a?
a
a
at
tf
acc.
o{/<?
gen.
0)V
OiV
0)V
dat
oh
ah
oh
The enclitic
as
<"xrirp,
nom.
59
irtp is
who just, or
often attached, giving a stronger

precisely who.
Vowels long by nature, excejd % and #, are marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
60
LIV.
The
GRAMMAR
interrogative pronoun has the
the indefinite pronoun, from which
by the
accent.
finite, TiSj
Interrogative,
m. and
f.
rts,
m. and
f. ;
ti,
Tt?
Ti
T?
TL
ace.
TLVCL
TL
TLvd
TL
gen.
twos
or TOV
tlvos or tov
dat.
TLVL
Or
TLVL
n. a.
same stem as
distinguished only
nom.
dual
is
n.
Inde-
ti, n.
J*
it
Tft)
Or T(p
TLV6
TLvk
TLVOLV
TLVolv
g'd.
nom.
TtVe?
tlvcl
TLves
tlvcl or CLTTCL
ace.
tlvcls
tlvcl
TLvds
TLvd or
gen.
TLVCOV
TLVWV
dat.
tl<tl(v)
tlctl(v)
Vowels long ty nature, except r and

4
a>,
CLTTCL
are marlced long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
The
relative
pronoun
os
and the
indefinite
<;i
pronoun
declined together to form a relative pronoun oorts,

ir/tnsutnr, whdtsoever ; often also
tis are
-iJTis,
n,
with the same meaning as
the Latin phrase quij^pe qui.
*1
Ob*.
nom.
octtls
ace.
ovnva
rjvTLva
gen.
OTOV
fjCTTLVOS
OTOV
dat
OTCp
JJTLVL
OTCp
n. a.
WTCV6
coTLve
COTLV6
g-d.
OTOLV
OTOLV
OTOLV
nom.
oXtlvgs
aLTCV<;
CLTTa
ace.
OVCTTLVaS
aaTivas
CLTTCL
gen.
or (op
OTCOV
OTCOV
dat
OTOLS
alcTTicri(y)
otol?
The irregular forms
O TL
TL
of this relative should be care-
fully noted.
Vowel* long by nature, except n and
ore mnrUnl long, unless they carry
the circumflex a<>
FIRST GREEK
62
GRAMMAR
THE VERB
LV. There are two conjunctions in Greek verbs in -co,

and verbs in -fxi.
The verb-stem is that simple form which is modified to
express relations of time and mood.
The tenses, moods, and verbal nouns are classified
according to the stems (tense-stems) from which they are
derived.
LVI.
A complete Greek verb has
(1) three
numbers
(2) three voices

active,
myself,
(3)
and
singular, dual,
plural.
A vera, /
middle,
loosed,
I was
passive, iXvd-qv,
two
classes of tenses, e.g.
eXvo-aLi-qv,
loosed for
loosed.
Principal
I loose.
future, Aio-w, / shall loose.
perfect, XkXvKa I have loosed.
present, Xvu,
Historical
imperfect, e'Awv,
aorist, cAvcra,
/ was
pluperfect eAeAvx^,
(4) four moods, e.g.
indicative, Xvio,
Xvol/jll,
imperative, Ave,
loosed.
The meaning
of these
moods can
only be learnt by use.
loose.
(5) three verbal nouns,

infinitive, Xveiv, to loose,
adjective, Xvreos, that
/ had
loose.
subjunctive, Xvco
optative,
loosing or used to loose.
loosed.
must
/>
e.g.
participle, Avcoi/, loosing,
verbal
be loosed.
and
u, are
marked
FIRST
LVII.
example
GREEK citAMMAK
The following forms of

of the conjunction in
eTvai, to be, will
IM)1<
present
and
imperfect
Or
7]V
L-fML
Tj
rja-da
ia-rl(v)
rjv
D2
ia-rov
rj-Tov
ia-TOV
T]-T7]V
<T-/JL6P
rf-fiev
icr-re
rj-re
el-ai{y)
iutjjerf.
future
AT1VK
serve as an
-/zi.
TEN
present
u:j
<T-OfMCU
eo-et,
ea-Tdi
D2
ea-eaOov
ea-eaOov
rja-av
ia-ofieOa
ea-eaOe
ea-ovrat,
Imperative
dual
singular
plural
2.
ta-dc
ear-op
ea-re
3.
ea-T(o
(TT'(t)V
<r-T<ov
Vowel* lung by nature, except
t?
and
t,
ore marked long, unless they carry
Vie circumflex accent
FIRST GREEK
64
SUBJUNCTIVE
TENSE
present
GRAMMAR
OPTATIVE
CO
6L7JV
and
$-?
etfy?
imperf
L7J
Tj-TOV
elrov
D2
3
future
D
P
Tj-TOV
ecrrjv
co-fiev
elfjuev
r)-re
elre
(b-ari(v)
elev
ia-olfJLrjv
ea-oLo
6CT-0LT0
efr-oicrdov
Icr-oicrQrjv
i(T-oi/j,eda
ecr-oicrOe
ea-OLvro
Infinitive
present
ei-vai
ecr
eaOai
Participles
present
cov ovo~a
ov
future
I
icr-o/Mevo^,
u, are
marked
tj,
ov
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
VEKBS IN
LVIII.
Verbs
in -&> are classified according to the final
verb-stem in the same
letter of the
65
way
Thus we can form
the substantives.
as
we arranged
at once
two great
groups, e.g.
(1)
Verbs whose verb-stems end in a vowel
(2)
Verbs whose verb-stems end in a consonant.
The former
the latter.
of these classes is
much more
simple than
Consonant stems are often so altered in the
present and imperfect tenses that you will not be able at

first
to assign
them
to their proper classes.
pages will give you examples of verbs in
groups of which the following
is
The succeeding
-cd
arranged in
a synopsis.
L VOWEL-STEMS
narrow vowels
open vowels
a,
v,
i,
e,
II.
av, eu, ov uncontracted.
o contracted.
CONSONANT-STEMS
palatal mutes, k, y, %.
dental mutes, t,
labial mutes,
liquids
and
8, 6.
it, /3,
<j>.
nasals, \, p,
/x,
v.
Note. The expressions strong and weak which you will find applied
to tenses may be best explained by examples from English.
Thus bore,
tat) sank, are the strong past tenses of bear, take, sink ; but neared,
baked, linked, are the weak pu.st tenses of near, bake, link.
r,
and
*, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
66
GRAMMAR
VERBS
Vowel-Stems.
I.
Uncontracted
\vo),
TENSES
INDICATIVE
present
present
imperfect
\v-co
and
\v-eis
e-Xu-e?
imperfect,
Xv-ec
e-Xv-e(v)
D2
\v-erov
i-Xv-erov
Xv-erov
i-Xv-irrjv
PI
Xv-ofiev
e-Xv-ofiev
Xv-T
-Xv-T
\v-ov(7(,{y)
e-Xv-ov
stem
I loose
\i)
future,
stem Xvcr
e-Xii-ov
Xv-cr-w
\v-(T-l,$
Xv-a-ei
D2
\v-a-6TOV
Xv-<T-TOV
PI
Xv-a-o/Mev
Xtf-cr-ere
Xv-a-ovai(v)
Present Imperative
dual
singular
plural
2.
Xv-^
Xv-TOV
Xv-ere
3.
\v-6TCO
Xv-ercov
Xv-ovrcov
6S
*j
and
u,
FIRST GREEK
in
GRAMMAR
'-7
Active Voice
verb-stem
Xv
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
Xv-G)
Xv-Olfli
Xv-T)$
Xv-OLS
Xv-r^
Xv-ot,
Xv-TfTOV
Xv-OLTOV
Xij-TJTOV
Xv-OLTTjV
Xv-(DfJLV
Xv-oifxev
Xv-7JT6
Xv-OLre
Xv-(octl{v)
Xv-OLV
Xv-a-oi/it,
XV-<T-0L$
Xv-<T-Ol
Xv-<T-OCTOV
Xv-a-OLTTJP
Xv-(T-OLfJLV
Xv-(T-OlT6
Xv-a-oiev
Infinitive
present
future
Xv-eiv
Xv-a -eiv
Participles
present
Xv-cov, Xv-ovcra,
st.
Vovx!
future
Xv-ov
Xv-a-cop, Xv-cr-ovcra, Xv-cr-ov
Xvovr
>t.
',
except
r,
and
*,
XvcrovT
are marked lony, unlets they carry
FIRST GREEK
68
GRAMMAR
VERBS
Vowel-Stems.
TENSES
I Uncontracted
Xvco, I
INDICATIVE
imperfect
e-Xv-a-a
aorist,
e-Xv-cr-a?
stem Xvcr
e-Xv-cr-e(v)
weak
D2
i-Xv-a-arov
i-Xv-a-drrjv
e-Xv-a-afiev
e-Xv-a-are
e-Xv-a-av
pluperfect
perfect
Xe-Xv-K-a
i-Xe-Xv-K-rj
perfect
Xe-Xv-K-a?
i-Xe-Xv-/c-7)$
and
Xe-Xv-/c-e(v)
e-Xe-Xv-K-ei(v)
D2
Xe-Xv-K-arov
e-Xe-Xv-K-erov
Xe-Xv-K-arov
e-Xe-Xv-K-errjv
Xe-Xv-K-afiev
i-Xe-Xv-K-efiev
Xe-Xv-K-are
e-Xe-Xv-K-ere
Xe-Xv-K-d<Ti(v)
e-Xe-Xv-K-eaav
weak
pluperfect,
stem
XeXv/c
Has the same
"Wanting in vowel -stems

strong
endings as imperfect h i indicative and as
aorist
the present in other
strong
perf.
and
pluperfect
mc ods
"Wanting in vowel -stems
Have
the same
endings as weak perfe ct and pluperfect

respectively
o>,
FIRST
IN
GREEK GRAMMAR
11
Active Voice
writ-stem
fil
Xv
optative
SUBJUNCTIVE
Xv-cr-w
Xv-a-aifiL
Xv-a-rj^
Xv-a-eia^
Xv-a-rj
Xv-a-eieiv)
\V-<T-7)T0V
Xv-G-airov
\V-(T-7]T0V
Xv-cr-aiT7)v
\v-a-CO/JLV
Xv-a-aifiev
\V-<T-7)T
Xv-a-cure
Xv-a-co(rt(v)
Xv-a-eiav
Xe-Xv-K-co
Xe-Xv-K-Ol/JLL
Xe-Xv-K-ys
Xe-Xv-K-ois
Xe-Xv-zcrj
Xe-Xv-K-ot,
\-\v-K-T)TOV
Xe-Xl)-K-OLTOV
\e-Xv-K-7JTOV
X-Xv-K-OLTT}V
Xe-Xv-K-wfiev
Xe-Xv-rc-oL/jiev
\-\v-/C-T)T
Xe-Xv-tc-oire
\e-\v-K-(Dcri(v)
Xe-Xv-K-oiev
Aorist Imperative
//W
2 \v-o--ov
Xv-a-drw
(J
/ml
plural
Xv-ar-arov
Xv-a-are
Xv-a-drdiv
Xv-a-dvrcov
Infinitive
aonst
Xv-<r--ai
Xv-cr-as, Xv-a-a<ra,
Xv-a-av
Xe-Xv-fc-evai
Participles
aorist
perfect
perfect
Xe-Xv-K(ii<;, Xe-Xv-tcvla,
Xe-Xv-/co<;
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
70
VERBS
Vowel-Stems.
Uncontracted
I.
Xvo/jlcll,
TENSES
INDICATIVE
present
present
I loose
SI
imperfect
\v-ofMac
i-\v-6/JL7)V
and
X,i1-jg#.
e-Xv-qv
imperfect,
Xv-erai
e-Xi7-eTO
stem Xv
D2
\V-6(T0OV
i-Xv-ea6ov
Xv-ea6ov
i-Xv-eadrjv
PI
Xv-ofieda
i-Xv-o/xeOa
future,
Xv-eaOe
-Xv-(T06
Xv-ovrat
i-Xv-ovro
SI
Xv-a-ofiau
Xv-a-ei
stem Xva
Xv-o-erai
D2
3
PI
Xv-cr-eaOov
,
Xv-cr-ea6ov
Xv-a-ofieda
Xv-a-eaOe
Xv-cr-ovrcu
Imperative
dual
singutar
2
Xv-ov
3 Xv-eaOco
plural
Xv-ecrOov
Xv-ecr6e
Xv-ecrdcov
Xv-eotfcov
r,
and
&>,
FIRST GREEK (.KAM.MAR
7i
IN
Middle Voice
for myself
MIJI'M
OPTATIVE
TlYi:
Xv-couai-
Xv-olin]i>
Xv-olo
Xv-tjtcll
Xv-OLTO
Xv-t](t6ov
Xv-oia6ov
Xv-rjadov
Xv-oia6riv
Xv-aofieda
Xv-oifieOa
Xv-rjaOe
Xv-oiade
Xv-covrat
Xv-otvro
Xv-a-qijiTjv
Xv-a
oio
Xv-cr-oiTo
Xv-o~-oia0ov
Xv-a-oladifjv
Xv-ar-ol/JLeda
Xv-cr-oiaOe
Xv-a-otvro
Infinitive
jrresent
fvt
Xv-eaOac
Xv-cr-cr6ai
PARTICin.F.s
pre
future
Xv-6/jLevos,
h>ug
tj
-rj,
-ov
nature, rxcr]>t
r,
Xv-a-ofievos,
and
-rj,
-ov
u, are marled long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
72
GRAMMAR
VERBS
Vowel-Stems.
I.
Uncontracted
Xvofjuau,
I loose,
INDICATIVE
TENSES
weak
imperfect
aorist,
stem Xvcr
i-Xv-a-d/jbrjv
i-Xv-a-aL,
e-Xv-a-aro
D2
P
i-Xv-cr-acrOov
e-Xv-a-dcrdrjv
e-Xv-o~-d/j,eda
e-Xv-a-aade
e-Xv-a-avro
pluperfect
perfect
Xe-Xv-fiai
i-Xe-Xv-/jL7]v
and
Xe-Xv-aai
e-Xe-Xv-g-
pluperfect,
Xe-Xv-rai
i-Xe-Xv-ro
Xe-Xv-a6ov
e-Xe-Xv-adov
Xe-Xv-crdov
i-Xe-Xv-cr07jv
Xe-Xv-fieda
e-Xe-Xv-fie6a
Xe-Xv-crOe
i-Xe-Xv-<r6e
Xe-Xv-vrai
e-Xe-Xv-vro
Xe-Xv-cr-ofiai
Xe-Xv-a-ei, &c.
perfect
stem
XeXv
future
perfect,
stem XeXva
wanting in
strong aorist
vcrw êl-stems
Imperative
dual
plural
2.
Xv-G-CLL
Xv-a-aaOov
Xv-cr-acrde
3.
Xv-c-daOco
Xv-a-daOwv
Xv-a-daOcov
2.
Xe-Xv-o~o
Xe-Xv-adov
3.
Xe-Xv-aOto
Xe-Xv-crOcov
Xe-Xv-aQe
Xe-Xv-adwv
singular
aorist
perfect
FIRST GREEK
IN
GRAMMAR
to
Middle Voice
for myself
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
Xv-(T-(0fiai
Xv-<T-alyLT)v
Xv-cr-rj
Xv-a-aio
Xv-<T-7)TCU
Xv-a-atro
Xv-a-rjadov
Xv-a-aiaOov
Xv-ar-rjardov
Xv-d-ai(jQr\v
Xv-cr-cofieda
Xv-a-alfieOa
Xv-a-rjade
Xv-a-aicrde
Xv-a-covraL
Xv-a-acvro
Xe-Xv-fiivos
Xe-Xv-fievos
a)
LT)S
i
Xe-Xv-/JLev(o
etrjv
17}
rjrov
Xe-Xv-fievco
elrov
r)rov
Xe-Xv-fievoc w/iev
Xe-Xv-fievoc elfiev
LT
T)T
lV
Xe-Xv-a-oi/j,7jv
Xc-Xv-a-oio, &c.
Infinitive
aorist
perfect
future perfect
Xv-a-aaBai
Xe-Xv-adcu
Xe-Xv-<T-o~6ai
Participles
aorist
Xv-cr-dfJLPO<;,
future perfect
perfect
tj,
ov
Xe-Xv- pivot,
excej>l v
and
*>,
?;,
ov
wanting
ore marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
71
GRAMMAR
VERBS
I Uncontracted
Vowel-Stems.
identical with the middle except in

Xvofjbai,
TENSES
weak
INDICATIVE
i-Xv-6-rjv
aorist,
i-\v-0-f)<t
stem
e-Xv-6-7)
i-Xv-6-rjTov
i-Xv-6-T]T7)V
-Xv-6-7)fJLV
e-Xv-0-rjre
i-Xv-O-rjcrav
Xv-6r)<j-ofJLai
Xv-Orjcr-eL, &c.
Xvd
D
P
weak
future,
stem XvOrja
strong aorist
strong future
Wanting in vowel-stems.
same endings as weak
Has the
aorist
Wanting
in vowel-stems.
Has the
same endings as weak future
Imperative
dual
singular
plural
2.
Xv-6^ji
\v-6-T)TOV
Xv-d^rjre
3.
Xv-0-t]ro)
Xv-6-rjrcDV
Xv-Q-kvjwv
The termination of the second person singular imObs.

perative of the strong aorist passive is -Ot.
Verbal adjectives
able, or fit to loose, or to be loosed.
Xv-tos, Xv-ri], Xv-t6v,
Xv-reos, Xv-rea, Xv-reov, necessary

v,
and
a,
to
Vie circumflex accent.
FIRST GREEK QRAJOIAB
75
in
PABSIYB Voice
and tenses derived from
aorist
I a in
aorist
OPTATIVE
8UBJUNCTIVK
Xv-B-o)
Xv-6-L7]V
Xv-0-fjs
Xv-6-L7)<;
Xv-O-rj
Xv-0-L7)
Xv-6-fjTOV
Xv-6-elfov
Xv-6-f)TOV
Xv-6-LT7)V
Xv-6-(t)/J,V
Xv-6-elfiev
Xv-d-ijre
Xv-6-elre
Xv-d-u)<Ti(v)
Xv-9-elev
Xv-6tjo--ol/jlt]v
Xv-urja-OLo,
&C
Infinitive
weak Jut a rr
aorist
Xv-Brja-ee-Qai
Xv-d-rjvcu
Participles
future
aorist
Xv-0-efc, Xv-Oeicra, Xv-dev
Xv?&-7)(t6/jlvo<;,
rj,
ov
THE AUGMENT
The which is
mood of Aiw
prefixed in the historical tense of the indica-
called the augment.

All verbs beginning
have an augment of this form.
It is called Que
syllabic augment.
When I vi rl) begins with a vowel, the vowel h lengthened
Thus
in the historical tanaee of the indicative mood.
i becomes I
a becomes t\
av becomes t)V
tive
is
in a consonant
This
is
w,
r,
7;,
at
called thu temporal

1",
Vowels lung
and ,
hij
or,
0L
rj
cv
?;u
augment
remain without augment.
nature, excryt
r,
rtn>l *,
atr vuirked Ivmj,
Mim Hi
<J
carry
FIRST GREEK
76
GRAMMAR
VERBS IN
Vowel-Stems.
11
Contracted
II.
Active Voice
rl/judco,
contracted
iroioiy
I make ;
tI/jlw,
1 honour ; Trotico, contracted
BrjXoco, contracted BrjXoi),
I show
Present and Imperfect Tenses
rlfj,(o
irom
BrjXa)
Tt/xa?
7T0iel%
$lj\,OLS
rlfia
7T016L
SrjXol
D2
rl/jidrov
iroielrov
StjXovtov
tI/jlcltov
Trouelrov
BrfKovrov
PI
TL/JL(OfJLP
TTOLOVfJLeV
BrjXovfjLev
rlfxare
7TOiLT6
8t)\0VT6
tI/jlcoctl^v)
iroiovcniv)
&r)\ov<Ti(v)
SI
irifKov
ilTOiOVV
ihrfXovv
irf/j,d<;
iiroUi?
e'S^Xou?
iri/Jid
iiroUv
ihrfXov
erl/jLarov
iiroielrov
iSrjXovrov
D2
eiroielTTjv
iSrjXovrrjv
6TlfJLcb/JLV
7rotOVfl6V
ehrfKovfjuev
irl/jLare
eiroielre
iBr)\ovT6
irt/jLcov
eirolovv
i&rjXovv
r,
and
u, are
marked
long, unless iliey carry
FIRST GREEK
CRAMMAR
77
VERBS IN O
Vowel-Stems.
Contracted
II.
Passive Voice
Tifidofiai,
contracted Tt/xw/xat
iroLovfiai
iroikoyuii
8r)\6ofjLcu contracted
contracted
B^Xovfiat
Present and Imperfect Tenses
TTOLOVfJULl
hrfkovfiai
rlfJL(t)flOLi
tI/jlo,
rlfjidraL
irotelraL
&7)\0VTCU
D2
rlfida-Oov
TrotelcrOov
Srj\ov<rOov
tI/mi<t0ov
nroielaOov
hrfKovaOov
rl/jLco/jieda
iroLovfieOa
SrjXov/jbeOa
rl/jbdaOe
TroieZaOe
hrfkovcrde
rl/JLa)vrat
iroiovvTcu
StjXovvtcu
irl/JLco/jLrjv
67TOLOV/JLTJV
iBrjXov/jbrjv
SI
.>7T0ll
hrfkol
erlfMco
67T0L0V
iSrjXop
irl/JLCLTO
7rqLCT0 -
iSrfXouro
D2
irlfidcrOov
eiroêlardov
e&7)\ov<rdov
eTlfidaOrjv
eiroielcrO^v
i$r)\ovadr)v
PI
eTtfiuyfjieOa
iiroLovfieOa
iSrjXovfieda
irl/jLaade
iTTOtetgê
iSrjXovade
irlfjLWVTO
CTTOLOVVTO
&7)\0VVT0
r
and
<*,
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
78
VERBS IN H
Vowel-Stems.
II.
Contracted
Active Voice
TL/jbdcD,
contracted
I make ;
rlfico,
I honour ;
iroiew, contracted ttocw,
Sr]\6(o, contracted BrjXco,
I show
Subjunctive and Optative Moods
SI
tI/jlco
TTOIW
&7)\(0
Ti/JLas
iroLrjs
StjXols
rlfia
iroifj
Bt]\ol
D2
rlfiarov
iroiTJrov
hrfKoirov
rl/jbdrov
7TOC7JTOV
$7)\(x)TOV
PI
TlfJL&fieV
Troiwfiev
hrfKoi/Jiev
rl/jbdre
iroirjTe
hrjXoyre
tI/jlco(tl(v)
iroLwaiiv)
&7)\co<tl(v)
SI
TLfMpTJV
7T010L7)V
BrjXolrjv
rl/ia)r)<;
iroioii]^
&7}\0v7}<Z
rlfifuTj
TTOiOlT]
SrjXolr)
D2
tI/jl&tov
7TOIOITOV
BtjXoltov
TL/JLGOTTJV
7rOtOLT7)V
&7)\0LT7]V
PI
ri/juw/jLev
TTOiolfxev
&7]\oifiev
rl/jiSre
7TOLOLT6
BrjXolre
TTOtolev
hrjXolev
2
2
rlfMtpev
Vowels long by nature, except q and u, are marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAK
7:'
VERBS IX n
Vowel-Stems.
II Contracted
Passive Voice
Tifidofuu, contracted
ri/jLco/jLai,
&c. &c.
Subjunctive and Optative Moods
SI
tI/jlco/jlcu
TTOLOiîai
hrfKajiiai
rlfia
TTOifj
BtjXol
Ti/jLarac
Trocrjrat
BrjXcorai
D2
rlfid<T0ov
1T017](tQoV
BrjXcoo-dov
rlfxaadov
TTOir\<rQov
BtjXwgOov
PI
Tifioj/JLeda
wo toofie 6 a
BrjXcofieda
ri/jLaaOe
TTOLTJade
BrjXaxrOe
rlficjprac
TTOicovrac
BrjXcavrac
Tlfia>fl7)V
TTOCOLfJLTJV
BrjXoifirjv
rlfiwo
7T0L0L0
BrjXolo
rlfirZro
7TOLOLTO
BrjXolro
J) 2
rifiayadov
iroiolcrQov
BrjXoiaOov
Tifiaxrdov
TroioiarQrjv
&7)Xoi<T07)V
PI
rlficpfieOa
iroLoCfieda
SrjXoifieda
TlfjL(Z(T0
iroiolaOe
BrjXota-de
rifJL&VTo
7T010LPT0
BrjXolvro
I'ovctU long
Iry
nature,
excej.t
and
nrr marked long, vnlcs* thry carry
the circumjlex accent
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
so
VERBS IN n
Vowel-Stems.
II Contracted
Active Voice
rlfidco, contracted rlfiw,
I make ;
I honour ;
Imperative
S2
3
D2
3
P2
3
Troceca,
contracted iroiw,
BrjXoco, contracted &r)X<o,
I show
Mood
Tipd
7TOL6C
BtfXov
rl/Jbdra)
7T016LTCO
BtjXovtco
rlfiaTov
7T016LTOV
StjXovtov
rl/jbdrcov
TTOieiTWV
BrjXoVTCOV
Tlfxare
7TOL61T6
hrfKovre
TtfJLCOVTCOV
7T010VVTCOV
SrjXovvrcov
Infinitive
rifiav
BrjXoVV
7TOL6LV
Participle
Ti/jLwv, (oo-a,
Tificov
7roi(ov,7roLov(ra, rj\wv,hrjXovcra.
itolovv
BrjXovv
future
rlfjutjaco
TTOirjCTG)
SrjXcgjj-Q)
perfect
TerifirjKa
ireirobnica
SeSr/Xcofca
a, are
marlced long, unless
tliey
carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
81
VERBS IX n
Ynwi:!. Sikm.s.
Contracted
II
Passive Voice
contracted
Tifido/jiai,
rl/jLajfiat,
Mood
Imperative
D2
3
P2
3
&
rl/j.(o
iroLoit
BtjXov
Ti/idaOfo
TTOieiaOb)
hrfkovo-Qw
rlfjudadov
TTOieloOov
&T)\0VO-d0V
TLfJidadcDV
irocetadcDv
hrfkovo-Owv
rlfxaaOe
Troielo-Qe
SrjXovaOe
rlfidadcap
iroieio-Qayv
BrjXovadtov
Infinitive
TTOLelaOai
Tl/jbdadat,
BrjXovadat
Participle
TlfLW/JLeVOS,
7],
OP
TTOIOVIL6VOS,
7},
OP
SijXovfjLevos,
V,
ov
ftdure
TLfir)aofiai
TTOlTjO-OfMat
hrjkdio-ofiai
perfed
rerffirjfiai
TreTTOLrj/iiaL
SeBjjXoy/JLcu
Vowel.
-"lit,
FIRST GREEK
82
GRAMMAR
CO
CO
r
H
a
H
(D
CO
CD
^T
Ph
h"
&
x
x
'8 ?
I-
fc
Ph
co
xn
13
J3
Is
**
CO
O
3a
g
m
PQ
Ph
"
Uj>*-U>
5
o
III
a
k
fc
*VU
*Vl>
U/
H
H
h
h
v
e
52
o
CO
-t^.4'
b
ft
fc
fa
Q.
-J
s
5
o
>
p4
t>
PS
&
Ph
ti
s. s, 5"
t=
h
w w
N b I-
Ph
g
CO
S s
S
O
2
8
CO
31
CO
~s
^N ^k ^h
Co
>*
>
CO
"5
PS
4
3
CO
S
cs
fc
P\-T^
1
p
H
CO
C cj
2 | %
CO
CO
5
fc:
o
W
fa
3
s
Q
Q
^>
;i
>:
lit
Ph
&.
1^
8 ^8
P"
i
ps
1 i-t
^w
"V
**>
3
B
s, 8. -
s
s<
H
|
co
H
PS
Ph
111
^ vh S
J2
^
N
Pfe
Q.
=*
fc
Ph
CO
3*
ve
Ph
Ph
2
a
h
s
a.
3.
T h %
^ h -8
-8
^
^ k^.
t:
^
s
Q_
8
W
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
OO
3.
:
?
73
g
E
a
s
a
6
HI
w v o
H
E
!
E
CO
W W
3
B
>
go
Si
o
o
>
I^
5
H
"-i
s
O
^
CJ
1
o
>
O
^
ill
-4
So
3
2
i-h
5
1
N
!'5
>i
H
3
JISl-3-
î
i
6
-5-
III
w w o
w
***/
~w
-i
~*
S a
fit
w w o
^M
3
CO
t:
^P
O
s3
<
H
a
E
H
|
&X
o
X
fc
III
w
w o
FIRST GREEK
84
GRAMMAR
CO*
CO
lit-
? O b
sl
H
Q
P
fit
8-3
PM
>
CO*
3 M
PM
<J
vvu
ivy
3
H
CO
^ c
p 2
'
&
Pm
O
O
O
-4
ajcg
N -<
co
CO
>
51
Ph
3- =L
9^?
7^!
S
i w w
H
h
5jt
>\y >vy *VW
H
PS
P
H
P
vu
vu ;
-a
N *<
P5
Pm

iu
<<
pa
p
p
s
CO
s
O
<
o
c
^ vS P*
5" * v3~^-
p
8
3. N -<
-
\U vu "VU
i
03
9
PM
H
H
P
H
P
Ml^
lir
8,v2~-<
vw w 8
8_vg
7k *<
s
*
H
W
S
Is?"
02
vvu
W 8
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
B6
^-.
* -a
3.S
is
s
M
(4
D
H
p
-
1^3"
? =
Q.
o*8 b
-
H
03
a a
O
^
N
O
o
CO "3
1
B
i
<
M
i-i
in
4 ?
P
H
b
3. 3,
5 v a ve
- ^
to
^b
v^
W "P*"*/
4-3*
3 1
*- ?- 3-
;r-
^-^
<
125
3<a
S
Sk
<
CO
4 ?
53
GO
4
Ph
<
5|
Ah
Q_
^^
ô
3
^
3
1
j
a
-
a ^<
a.-<
8 ns
w
E
FIRST GREEK
S3
GRAMMAR
LIX VEEBS
First
TL-drj-fii,
TENSES
I place.
present
Si
present
and
imperfect
stem
TiBe
i-rl-Orj-v
ti-6t)-<;
e-Ti-6eis
rl-di]-crt(v)
e-Ti-Oeu
ri-de-Tov
e-rl-Oe-Tov
TL-Oe-rov
e-Ti-6e-T7)v
TL-6e-/jLV
i-Ti-de-/JLev
t l- de-re
e-Ti-Oe-re
Ti-6e-a-ai(v)
i-TL-0j^rav
e-dri-K-a
a
e-ur)-K-as
"
stem 6e
strong
imperfect
ri-drj-fii
SI
aorist
Us
\ %
e-6r)-K-e(v)j
D2
e-Oe-rov
i-Oe-rrjv
e-6e-fJLev
e-Oe-re
e-Oe-aav or
e-Orj-K-av
Present Imperative
dual
singular
plural
2.
rl-Oec
rl-Oe-rov
TL-06-T6
3.
Ti-de-rco
rt-Oe-rcov
rt-Oe-vrcov
2.
6>e'- ?
Aorist Imperative
3.
Verb-
INDICATIVE
-tfe-rw
Qk-TOV
Oi-re
Oe-rcov
Oe-vrcov
Infinitive
present
aorist
Ti-Oe-vai
Oel-vai
FIRST GREEK
IX
GRAMMAR
B?
-fU
Class
stem ê. Active Voice
>t-|;.HN<
TIVK
oi'TATIYK
Tt-Oelrjv
Tt-Oeir)?
Ti-Qeit)
Tl-OetTOV
TL-drj-TOV
Tl-Orj-TOV
Tl-0eiT7)V
TL-d(0-fjL6V
Tt-del/iev
Tl-6r)-T6
TL-06LT6
Ti-6o)-ai(v)
Tt-delev
deirjv
Oh
6ei7j<;
Be ir)
drj-rov
Belrov
6r)-Tov
BeiTTJV
Bw-fiev
Belfiev
0r}-T
OeiTe
0c7)-ai(v)
Oelev
Participles
present
aorist
TL-OeL-s, TL-Oel-aa, Ti-Qe-v

st.
VoweU
@ei-$, 6el-aa, de-v f\
TL-de-vT
st.
Qe-VT
fata ,<>,
perfect
drjad)
TeOeiKa
long by nature, excrpt v
and
, are
marked
long,
vnleu they carry
IH
FIRST GREEK
88
GRAMMAR
VERBS
First
Ti-Orj-fjii,
I place.
Yerb-stem 0e
INDICATIVE
TENSES
p'esent
present
imperfect
6-TL- 6 e-fATjV
Ti-6e-/j,aL
and
Ti-de-crai
i-TL-06-ao
imperfect
Ti-6e-Tai
6-TL-06-TO
TL-Oe-adov
e-Ti-0e-cr0ov
TL-0e-aOov
i-TL-0i-(T07]V
ri-Oe-fieda
i-Ti-0e-fJL60a
TL-0-(T06
i-rl-0-cr0e
Ti-de-vrcu
i-TL-0e-VTO
stem
rt0e
string
i-06-/JLT)V
aorist
6- 00V
stem
6-06-TO
&c. as imperfect
0e
Present Imperative
dual
singular
tI-06-(TO
2.
3. TI-0-(T0Gl>
plural
TL-06-CT0OV
Tl-0-O~0
TL-0e-(T0COV
Tl-0k-G0(dV
Aorist Imperative
dual
plural
2.
0ov
3.
06-O-0OV
0e-o-0e
3.
0ia0co
3.
0eo~0Q>v
0e-a0(ov
singular
Infinitive
present
aorist
TL-0-O~0ai
0k-o~0ai
IX
GREEK GRAMMAS
1-IK-T
-/u
Middle and Pacbivi Voioi

OPTAI
SUBJUNCTIYi:
l\
TL-0a)-fiai
TL-0L-JJ,rjV
TL-dfj
TL-06L-O
TL-Orj-raL
TL-del-ro
tl-Qij-gOov
TL-Oel-aOov
tl-6?]-<t6ov
TL-6eL-(T0r)v
TL-d(t)-/jL0a
TL-OeL-jxeOa
TL-drj-<rde
TL-del-aOe
TL-dto-VTCLL
tl-Ocl-vto
da)-flCLL
06L-/JL7JV
6el-o
Orj-TCIL
del-TO
&c. as present
&c. as present
Participles
present
TL-de-fievos,
(wrist
rj,
ov
4 passive ,Jpk&nv
0e-fAevo<;,
tj,
ov
weak future passive, Tedjfcrojuu.
perfect middle, TedejjjuL.
Obs.
like
r-T/-/At,
I tend
(vLil)-stein
c),
is
inflected
throughout
TL-Oij-fjLL.
Vowels
/on;/ lui mil

Ihl
*, art
liltlUHjltS
(/.
marked
long, unless Ihry carry
FIRST GREEK
90
GRAMMAR
VERBS
First Class.
I make
i-o-Trj-fii,
to
stand
INDICATIVE
TENSES
present
present
imperfect
i-arrj-v
L-arr)-/jbi
and
t-CTTT/-?
i-(TTr}-<;
imperfect
X-(TTr]-(Ti{y)
l-GTT)
L-crra-rov
stem
?
lara
f/
strong
L-ara-rov
l-ara-rov
f
L-(TTa-T7]V
X-ara-fxev
X-ara-fxev
X-ara-re
t-ara-Te
l-ara-<Jt(v)
X-ara-aav
e-arrj-v
aorist
e-CTT/-?
stem
<rra
D2
-(TT7)-T0V
l-(JTl)-T7]V
e-o-rr]-/jLV
e-(TT7)-T6
e-arrj-crav
e-arr)
Present Imperative
dual
singular
plural
2.
l-cttt)
t-o-ra-rov
X-ara-Te
3.
L-aru-ro)
l-ard-rayv
l-crrd-vrcov
2.
<rrr)-6i
arrj-rov
3.
ary-rco
<TTr)-TWV
Aorist Imperative.
ard-vrcov
Infinitive
present
aorist
i-GTa-vai
arrj-vai
GRAMMAR
FIRST QREEE
EN
-fit
Verb-stem ara.
Activk Vk
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
t-(TT(0
l-crrai^v
i-arfj-s
l-(TTalr)<;
i-cttt)
l-araLrj
i-ar^-Tov
l-aracrop
i-arrj-rov
l-arairrjv
l-(TTO)-fJLV
l-aralfiev
l-arrj-re
l-aratre
i-(TT(0-(ri(v)
l-aralev
arco
arairjv
<TTr}-$
aralr)?
(TTTJ
aralr)
(TTTj-TOV
(TTCUTOV
<TTY\-TOV
<rraLT7]v
<TTO)-/JLV
aralfiev
arrj-re
crTalre
<TTCO-Gl(v)
crralev
Participles
present
i-<TTa-<;,
aorist
l-crrd-aa, l-trrdv
(tt&-<;,
stem, i-aravT
stem, gtclvt
weak
future, (rrr)<jw.
ard-aa, ardv
perfect, e ary/cg.
aorisL^
In the present, future, and weak aorist the meaning

transitive,
make
intransitive,
to
stand
but
in strong aorist
I stood and I stand.
Vovxls long by nature, accept
and
m, are viarked long,
the circumflex
ao
is
and perfect
unk* they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
92
VERBS
First
l-arrj-fiL,
I make
MIDDLE AND
INDICATIVE
TENSES
present
present
imperfect
L-ara-fjuat
L-CTTa-/jLr)V
and
L-ara-aac
L-ara-ao
imperfect
X-ara-rai
X-ara-ro
'l-ara-aOov
l-ara-aOov
X-ara-aQov
l-ard-a6r)v
l-ard-fieOa
l-ard-fieOa
L-ara-ade
X-ara-vrai
D2
stem
lara
strong
L-ara-ade
L-ara-vro
wan ting
cwi'ist
Present Imperative
1.
singular
dual
plural
L-ara-ao
X-ara-aQov
X-ara-aOe
i-ard-aOcov
l-ard-a6cov
i-a6co
r
Voted* long
\nj
nature, except %
and
m,
ore marked long, unless tluy carry
the circumflex
accent
IK>T
GREEK QRAMMAB
98
IX -fu
Class
to stand.
Verb-stem ara
PASSIVE VOICE
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
l-(TT<x)-fJLCU
i-aTai-fiTjv
i-arj/
i-arcu-o
[-(TTlj-TCU
l-aral-ro
l-arij-aOov
l-aral-aOov
L-arrj-crOov
l-arai-aOi^v
l-arco-fieda
l-arai-fieda
l-arrj-(T06
l-aral-aOe
i-arco-vrai
i-arat-VTO
wantin D
Present Participles
Present Infinitive
'i-ara-adat,
future, ar-qo-ofiai.
l-<TTa-/JLVOS,
weal: aori
7),
OV
iaTa@r)v.
/mil: future jiassirr, crradrjaofiat

'
io-TTjad/jLrjv,
Vowels hiwj
the weak uorist middle,
*i,
err
is
always transitive
vvirl.rrf lowj,
unless they carry
FIIiST
94
GREEK GRAMMAR
VERBS
First
Bi-Bw-fit,
TENSES
present
present
I offer
INDICATIVE
imperfect
Bi-Bo)-/jLt,
i-Bl-Bovv
and
Bl-Bco-s
i-Bi-Bovs
imperfect
Bl-B(o-ai(v)
i-Bi-Bov
stem
D2
Bl-Bo-rov
i-Bi-Bo-TOV
BlBo
Bl-Bo-tov
-Bl-B6-T7)V
Bl-Bo-pLV
-Bl-Bo-fjLV
Bi-$0-T
i-Bl-Bo-re
Bl-B6-cLo-l(v)
e-Bl-Bo-aav
e-Bco-K-a
stem
e-Bco-zc-as
Bo
6-Bcd-k-6
weak
aoiist
D2
3
strong
e-Bo-rov
-B6-TrjV
i-Bco-K-afiev
-Bo-flV
i-Bco-K-are
e- Bo-re
e-Bco-K-av
e-Bo-aav
Present Imperative
dual
singular
2.
Bl-Bou
3.
Bi-Bo-rco
plural
Bl-Bo-tov
Bi-Bo-re
Bl-Bo-tcov
Bl-Bo-vtcov
Aorist Imperative
2.
So-?
B6-TOV
B6-T6
3.
B6-TCO
B6-T(DV
B6-VTCOV
y,
and
a, are
marked
the circumfiex accent.
FIRST
N -/XL
Class
GREEK GRAMMAR
\ Vil) >t( in
Bo.
Active Voice
OPTATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
Bl-Bco
Bl-Bo ltjv
Bl-Bco
Bi-Bo I?)
Bl-Bco-tov
Bl-Boltov
Bl-Bco-tov
Bl-Bo lttjv
Bi-8oi7]<;
Bi-Bco-fiev
Bl-Bo l/jlV
Bl-BcO-T
Bl-Bolt
Bl-Bco-ctl(v)
Bl~BoLV
Bco
BoLTJV
Bco-S
Bolt)<;
Bco
Bo IT)
Bcb-TOV
Bolrov
BcO-TOV
BoLTT)V
Bco-LLV
Bol/jlcv
Bc7)-T
Bolre
BcO-0~l(v)
Bolev
Infinitive
present
aorist
Bl-B6-vcll
Bov-vcll
Participles
present
aorist
Bl-Bov-s, Bl-Bov-ctci, Bl-B6-v
Bov-s, Bov-cra, B6-v
stem Bl-Bo-vt
stem Bo-vr
future, Bcvcrco.
perfect, BkBcoica.
FIRST GREEK
96
GRAMMAR
VERBS
First
Bl-Bco-jju,
I offer
Middle
TENSES
INDICATIVE
present
present
imperfect
Bl-Bo-fiai
and
Bi-Bo-crao
i-Bl-Bo-ao
imperfect
Bl-Bo-rai
6-Bl-Bo-to
D2
Bi-Bo-aOov
i-Bi-Bo-a6ov
BL-Bo-a6ov
-Bl-B6-O-07]V
Bc-Bo-fieda
i-Bt-Bo-fieOa
stem BoBo
i-Bi-Bo-firjv
Bl-Bo-ade
i-Bl-Bo-ade
Bi-Bo-vrai,
-Bi-Bo-vto
strong aorist
i-B6-fi7]v
stem Bo
-Bov
-Bo-ro
etc. as
imperf.
Present Imperative
dual
singular
plural
2.
Bl-Bo-ao
Bl-Bo-crdov
Bi-Bo-aOe
3.
Bc-Bo-aOco
Bl-B6-ct6cov
Bi-Bo-aOcov
Aorist Imperative
Bov
&c. as present
Bo-aOco
r,
ami
u, arc
marked
long, unless fhey carry
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIRST
IX
-hl
Class
Verb-stem Bo
Voice
OPTATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVK
Bi-Bco-fiat
Bl-BoL-fjLTJV
Bl-BoI-o
Bl-Bo)
Bl-Bco-tcll
Bl-Bol-to
Bi-Bai-crdov
Bl-Bol-o~6ov
Bi-B(o-o~6ov
Bl-Bol-o-0tiv
Bi-Bai-fieOa
Bl-BoL- /JL0a
Bt,-Bo)-ade
Bi-Bol-o-Qe
Bi-Boi-vrai
Bi-Bol-vto
Bw-fiat
B0L-fL7)V
Bay
BoL-0
Bol-TO
Bay-Ten
etc. as
present
etc. as
present
Infinitive
present
aorist
Bl-Bo-o-Qcll
B6-adaL
Participles
present
BL-B6-fivo<;,
4
aorist
rj,
ov
perfect BiBo/iaL
*
Bo-pevos,
weak
aorist passive, iBodrjv.
rj,
ov
weak
future passive, Bodi'io-opaL.

Vowel* long by nature, except
r,
and
are marked long, unlea+they carry
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
VERBS IN
The forms
of the verb et/u,
are as follows
present
1
el-fii,
shall go
(verb-stem
SUBJUNCTIVE
OPTATIVE
imperfect
Va
ICO
Xoifll
rjecaOa
lys
'iocs
1-<tl(v)
rjei(v)
D2
L-TOV
TjTOV
LTJTOV
XoLTOV
l-tov
T)T7)V
L7JT0V
LOLTTJV
X-fiev
rjfiev
X(0/JL6V
LOL/JL6V
X-re
V T
LT)T
XoLT
X~acri{v)
rjaav
lq)(tl(v)
LOL6V
l)
INDICATIVE
-ill
LOl
Imperative
dual
singular
V
2.
Xdi
LTOV
ore
3.
LTCO
LTCOV
16vt(dv
Participle
Infinitive
Ikvai
Icov,
leov,
iovaa, lov
Late and incorrect forms for this imperfect

(1) 7]6lv
(2)
Tjecs.
dual fjetrov, yecTrjv.
(st.
lovr)
are, singular
plural rjeipev,
jjeiTe, fjeaav.
v,
and
u, are
marked
FIRST
VERBS IN -M
Second Class.
GREEK UliAMMAK
Verbs which form the present stem by
adding vv to the pure stem.
Bel/c-vv-fiL,
I shew,
pure stem,
present indie, active.
present-stem, Bei/c-vv
Beitc.
present indie, mid.
( Bei/c-vv-fii
BeL/C-VV-fJLCU
Beltc-vv-s
BeiK-vv-aai
<
BeiK-vv-TaL
( BeiK-vv-<Ti{v)
7
dual
and pass.
f BeiK-vv-rov
< ~ ,
BeU-vv-adov
beiK-VV-TOV
Bet/c-vv-aOop
!BeU-vv-fiev
BeiK-vv-fieOa
BeU-vv-re
BecK-vv-aOe
8i/c-pv-d(ri(v)
Bel/c-vv-vTcu
imperfect
i-BeU-vv-v,
imperfect
etc.
i-BeiK-vv-firjv, etc.
imperative
imperative
BeU-vvi
Beiic-vv-ao, etc.
etc.
middle 8iK-vv-cr$ai.
Infinitive active feiK-vwai.
The
other tenses and moods are like those of verbs in -o>.
Subjunctive SiLK-vv-o), etc.; and even in the present and imperfect
indicative and the imperative, forms like Scik-vv-cis for 8tUvd-s are
very common.
v,
and
, are
marked
the circum/lex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
100
PREPOSITIONS.
The more common
I.
III.
With the accusative els

With the genitive avri,
With the dative ev and
:
(archaic
and poetical
diro,
irpo.
e.K,
crvv.
(Latin in with the accusative),
els
es).
With the Accusative.
I.
(1)
their simplest meanings.
Prepositions with one Case.
A.
II.
and
prepositions
to, into.
Of place e(f>vyov els 'Kd-qvds, they fled to Athens.

els eo-irepdv, towards evening.
(b) Of time
els Skikoo-lovs, up to two hundred.
(c) Of measure
Two other prepositions in this class you will once and
again meet with ws, to (always used with a personal
object), and dvd, up, along.
(a)
(2)
With the
II.
Genitive.
XP V0~^ ^ VTl X^ Akov 9ld instead
(1) dvrC, in place of, for.
>
of bronze.
Compounded with a verb it conveys the notion of

an action counter to some other action.
(2)
from, away from.

Of place dir' 'Adrjvwv, from Athens.
Of time air* eKeivrjs rrjs rjfxepas, from
&ir<$,
(a)
(b)
Compounded with
also that of back
verbs
dirt-evai,
it
that day.
has besides this meaning
go away from ;
a7ro8i5ovcu,
give bach.
(3) 4k, before
(a)
(b)
(c)
vowels
Of place
Of time
Of origin
e%,
out
of,
from.
e 'AOrjvuv, out of Athens.
e/c
tovtov, after
Ik Atos,
from
Vowels long by nature, except ^ and
this.
Zeus.
u, are
marked
GBEBK
I'IKST
Compounded with
(4)
trp6, be/ore,
101
verbs, usually carries the notion
from or out
of removal
(iKA.M.MAi:
of.
for.
Of place irpb twv dvpiov, before the door.

Of time Trpo ttJs tipfafc before the peace.
Of preference Trpb tovtuv, sooner than this.
(a)
(6)
(c)
These meanings are
all
found in compounds.
With the Dative.
III.
(1) tv (Latin in with the
ablative), in, in
answers to the
question tvhere ?
(a)
(b)
Of place kv 'AOrjvais, in Athens.

Of time Iv rrj kopry, in the feast.
Compounded with verbs it has most frequently
:
this
sense.
(2) <rvv (earlier
and
in poets
common
w), with,
in Attic prose only in a
few phrases,
in poetry, but
its
place being
taken by /wra.
This preposition, however (and not
compound with simple verbs
to
yueTa), is
add the idea
used to
of associ-
ation or fellowship.
Prepositions with
B.
two
Cases.
Genitive and Accusative.

(1) Sid, through.
I.
With the genitive (Latin per)

(a)
Of
place
Sia rrjs TroAc/xias
-^lopas,
through
(In
enemy's country ; but also often at an interval of

as Sea 7roAAov, at a long interval.
(6)
Of time
0A77S,
ry/xe/aa?
St'
through the whole day,
but also commonly at an interval of as 81a ttoWov,

at
(c)
a long
interval,
Instrumental
St
r,
dyyeAoi;, by
ami
*,
a messenge?:
nrr viarked long, unless they carry
the circumflex acctnt.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
102
II.
With the accusative (Latin

6Y
Bid voo-ov, owing to illness ;
propter)
k\xk,
Compounded with verbs
owing
to
me.
adds the meanings
it
(1) thoroughly, right through, or (2) parting (Latin

dis).
(2) Kcrrd, down.
With the genitive

Kara rav TrerpOtv, down from the rocks ;
(a) Of place
Kara twv yeipSiv, down over the hands; Kara yrjs
I.
ieva i, to
(b)
lies
II.
go under
the earth.
Metaphorically
îAiWou
Kara,
against Philip.
to tell
With the accusative

Of place most general
(a)
xf/evSea-Oai,
in its
Kal Kara Odkarrav, by land
and
meaning
Kara
wing was, on
Kpas, at the place where the right
yrjv
Kara to Setov
sea ;
the
right wing.
(b)
Of time
most general
in its
meaning
Kar' Ikzivov
rbv y^povov, about that time.
Metaphorically
(c)
/caret
rovs vofxovs, according
to the
laws.

downwards and
transitive force to
be silent,
(3)
but
With the genitive

Of place forep
I.
(a)
(b)
On
behalf of
sake.
sometimes gives a
an intransitive verb, as o-uxiirdv, to
K<f)a\r}s,
over-head.
inrep rrjs iraTpL&os,
for
one's country's
With the accusative

Beyond in various relations
II.
live
adds the meanings of

also
KaTacriG)7rav, to silence.
over.
(nrcp,
it
and
against,
beyond seas ;
virlp rrjv
V7rep Bvvafiiv,
a, are
marked
ddXarrav olkcIv,
beyond
to
one's power, etc.
first
<;K1-:i:k
Compounded with
GRAMMAR
verbs
adds
it
103
all
these senses to
the simple verb.

(4)
^d.
With the genitive,
I.
fiera tov <Pi\iTnrov
with, together with
t/v,
with hope.
II.
With the accusative,
fj.T<i
ra Mrj&iKa, after
When
after
tlie
add
to a simple verb the
notion of participation or fellowship
used
tvith his
friends
0-vva.Trtdavt. /xe-ra
i*t
L With
twv
not /wra,
is
but he died
kralpiDV.
Prepositions with three Cases.
C.
(1)
ow,
a-vvaTrodvrp-KiLv, to die with,
e.g.
/xer' cA.7riSos,
Persian war.
desired to
is
it
he was with Philip ;
the genitive
only
poetical
= TZf.pl
with
the
= Trept
with
the
genitive.
only
With the accusative
With the dative
II.
poetical
dative.
III.
(a)
Of place
those
(6)
(c)
ol
dp.<f>l
HAon-oW,
the followers of
(lit.
around) Plato.
Of time d/x<f>l rov x Llx ^ va for îe winter.

With numbers d/xc/u to. TpiaKovra Ittj, about
:
thirty
years.
it
most commonly adds
the meaning of around.

(2)
bri.
I.
With the genitive

(a) Of place: (1) in answers
of rest on, kirl -njs vcws, upon
to the question whither
eVi
to the question where?

the ship; (2) in
Kopivdov
answers
ttAciv, to sail
in the direction of Corinth.

Vowels long by nature, excrjd
r,
and
u,
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
104
(6)
Of time
(c)
Other relations
7rt
riov irarkpiav, in the time of
the infantry.
"With the dative
II.
(a)
Of place
by the
twv oirklrdv,
ol eVt
(rest near)
kirl rfj
(c)
kiri
tovtols, on these conditions ;
Oai, to serve
for hire
t'va
With the accusative

(a) Of place
(1) motion
III.
to live
lirKovy to get
irao-av rrjv
on
after) this.
it is
in your power;
kirl /xicrOu)
o-Tparevea--
[iio-Bov Tvyuo-i.
upon
to,
dva/3atvcv
horse-back ; (2) motion over
to
'EAAaSa, over
e</>
IttI
all Greece.
Of time kirl 7roXvv \povov, for a long time.

Of aim or object k-irl v\a 7re/x7reiv, to send for
wood; 7rt /Aa^ryv eievcu, to go out to fight = a>s
(b)
(c)
OakaTTrj oIkclv,
sea.
Of time kiri tovtols, upon (i.e.

Other relations e(f>' vfuv ko-riv,
(b)
our fathers.
the officers of
fidxuvTcu.
Compounded with
on,
motion
feeling
to
over,
at, etc.
verbs
an intransitive verb
Xêtv, to
make
it
adds the ideas of
rest
motion against, of sequence in time,

It also often gives a transitive sense
iVxêtv, to be strong ; kirur-
strong.
(3) irapd.
With the genitive
I.
from
'Adrjvaiuiv rJKLv, to be
side
the
come from
tov irarpbs Aa/*/3avei tov
ittttov,
of.
napa twv
napa
the Athenians.
he receives the horse from
his father.
II.
With the DATIVE
with the king.

III.
by the side
of.
irapa to? /3a<TiAei,
In Attic prose only of persons.
With the accusative
to the
presence
of.
irapa rbv
/3ao-iAea ayetv, to bring before the king.
In more general senses

u, are
marked
FIRST BREKK (iKAM.MAR

(a)
Of
by: irapa Tyv irokiv
place, pasty
H' nt
tkt city ;
/><(.<(
irapa
>)
seaboard of Macedonia.
Of time Trap* oAov tov
(b)
trary
to
the side
*l
L With
during
my
whole
i,
the
life.
irapa rovs vop.ovs, con-
to the laws.

(4)
Trapyatn-, tin
OaXaTTav Mcikcooviu,
fiiov,
Beyond, and so contrary
(c)
105
the GENITIVE
adds the notions of
to
rov irpdyfiaros Kptvciv,
ircpl
it
past, or amiss.
of alongside,
to
decide about the business.
With the DATIVE

arm
II.
ircpl
has a ring on his
for
the place.
With the accusative
III.
(a)
Of place
ry X t/^ SaKrvkiov X l îe

ircpl t ^piy, to fear
>
ScSuvai
to tci\os ^d.yca-8ai,
ircpl
i0
fi^t round
the wall.
Of time ircpl p.ccrds vvKras, about midnight.

With numbers ircpl ra cgyKovra, about sixty.
Compounded with verbs it adds the notion
(b)
(c)
of
round, or of exceedingly.
(5)
* P 6s.
With the genitive
I.
fioppa,
northwards;
(2) in adjurations
With the dative
II.
(1) of directions, our
Babylon ;
irpbs
rrjs
irpbs tQ>v 0cG>v,

:
(1) of place at
(2) in addition to
rbv
fjkOov irpbs
Of time
(c)
In other relations
irpbs
ijp-ois,
speak
&Tjp.ov kcyciv, to
(b)
t?)j>
:
irpbs Ba/3vAwvt, at
fjv, it
with the
was towards day.
irokcfioikri irpbs
at,
(as
they came to us ; irpbs
to the people.
i)pkpav
Vovxls long by nature, except % and
7iy>os
irpbs tovtois, besides this.
genitive)
seawards;
by the gods.
With the accusative

irpbs rbv poppav, northwards
(a) Of place
III.
wards
OaXd-rrys,
tovs 'AOrjvaiovs,
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
106
they
make war against
Of comparison
the Athenians.
cocnrep 7rVTe 7rpb<s rpta, as Jive to three.
Compounded with
verbs
adds the notion of
it
towards, of in addition, or of near.

(6) im6.
I.
With the genitive

Of place wo yrjs, under the earth (a rare use).
the prose Greek equivalent of the
(6) Of the agent
(a)
Latin
a, ab,
with persons
'Adrjvacayv, the city
17
IL With the dative

(a) Of place (rest under)
vtt'
(6) Of subjection
:
twv
V7rb
the Athenians.
v7rb SevBpo),
MAw
7rdAis
was taken by
'AOrjvaiovs
under a
rjo-av,
tree.
they
were
subject to the Athenians.
With the accusative

Of place (motion under)
III.
(a)
retôs,
tlie
enemy came under
ol 7roAe/xiot r\\6ov
mrb
the wall.
\
(b)
Of time vwb vvktol, sub noctem, at nightfall.

Compounded with verbs it adds the notion
:
under, or of gradually, or of underhand.
tj
and
u, are
marked
of
PART
II
CHAPTER
on
1.
The torms which you have
I_V
learned in the preceding part
book belong to the Attic dialect of the Greek language.

Other dialects were the Doric, the Ionic, and the Aeolic.
The poems of Homer are written in the Ionic dialect, and in
the history of Herodotus we see a later form of the same.
The Attic is really an offshoot of the Ionic, as the Athenians
of this
who
inhabited Attica belonged to the Ionian race.
Attic writers struck out a path for themselves, and
number and
But
by the
excellence of their writings, gave so great im-
portance to the refined Ionic in which they wrote that the

Attic must be regarded as distinct from the Ionic.
The
chief writers in the Attic dialect, taken in its widest sense,
were
the
orators
Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias,
Isocrates,
and Demosthenes, the historians Thucydides

and Xenophon, the Philosopher Plato, and the Comic poet
Aristophanes.
The Tragic poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, and
Isaeus, Aeschines,
Kuripides, wrote in Attic
poetry generally,
but in Tragedy, as in imaginative
many words and forms
of
words were
allowed which would have been rejected by any pure writer

of prose.
tj
and
m, are
marked
long, unless they
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
108
A very
2.
to us, but
small portion of Attic literature has come

is
it
surprising that so
For the
preserved.
difficulty of
much
down
should have been
multiplying the copies of an
had to be copied
by scribes, and the only letters known were the large and
clumsy capitals which could not be written quickly. The
small or cursive letters in which Greek books are printed did
not come into general use among manuscript copyists till the
eighth century after Christ, or about twelve hundred years
ancient book was very great.
after the great Attic authors
The Alphabet.
3.
You
All books
named above
wrote.
will observe that, although there
are twenty-four letters, there
are not twenty-four distinct
sounds in the Greek alphabet.
There
of
sound between epsilon and
fact
7]
and w did not
and
is
no essential difference
omicron and omega.
eta,
exist in the early Attic alphabet,
but
In
served to represent both the long and the short sound
The other three vowels have each only

which is used indifferently for their long and
their short sound.
Moreover xi is simply ko- and psi is 7ro-,
and the sound of zeta might probably have been given by &r,
while tt, which is as much a double letter as xi, psi, or zeta,
of the
one
two
letters.
letter-sign,
has no separate character.
two
On
the other hand,
and a
as a nasal [ayyeAos, dyKvpa, Ay x"7 7/ 5 ] **
distinct sounds
palatal
nasal.
"
*s
gamma has
When used
sometimes called
ayfjia.
One
letter
which was in use when the Iliad and Odyssey
were composed disappeared at a later time from the Greek

Its existence is proved by the metre, and in old
alphabet.
stone records
pronounced
it
like
is
It was
and has received the name
represented by the symbol F.
our
F ov V
digamma.
The
known
distinction
till
now made between
o-
and
books began to be printed in Greek.
and
u, are
marked
was not
The form
long, unless tliey carry
GREEK CKAMMAR
FIRST
of course only the ordinary
5 is
<r
with the
109
last
turn directed
downwards instead of upwards. When the first part of a

compound word ends in sigma, 9 is sometimes used, as
The form 3, which is often used for
7r/oosayo> [irpos, ayio].
theta, is only a shorter
Vowels.
4.
namely,
a,
w;
y,
a,
way
Attic
av, rjv
c,
;
7; ;
1,
and
When
v.
called improper,
o,
v,
a> ;
at, ct, ot
a, e,
o, u>
rj,
the open vowel
and
with the narrow vow \
Is
long the diphthong
is
is
the narrow vowel
if
iota
is
underneath the hard (iota subscript), as

written in capitals, a,
appear as AI, HI,
y, o>
iota
is still
brought into
line,
as "AiSrjs for
When
w.
121
or
if
capital, the
Indeed in
^St/s.
but the latest manuscripts the iota which
written
it is
y,
word beginning with such a diphthong requires a

all
av, ev, ov
The diphthongs were produced by the
vi.
union of the open vowels

t
of writing 0.
Greek had twenty-two vowel sounds,
we now
write
was written in line with the other letters (adscript).

By the union of the two narrow vowels the diphthong vl is
subscript
produced.
Consonants.
5.
which
is
The
dentals are also called
a wider term, and in a wide sense
include not only the mutes, but also

letter
/*,
A, v,
though not belonging to the mutes,
We may now
arrange
jt
ft
<f>
Palatals
Linguals
Signs.
Besides
spiritus asper, the sign
and
is
said to
The
p.
labial.
the consonants in three classes.
all
Labials
G.
<r,
Unguals,
may be
use to
its
'
is
fi
a \
p.
mark the absence
of the
also used to indicate the elision
TauV $77 for Tavra

show that two words have been run together, as
of one vowel before another, as
!</>,
to
ku.tul
Vowels long by naturr, except
r,
and
<*,
are marked long, unlets they carry
re umjltx accent.
and
for
FIRST GREEK
110
kcli
In the
ltol.
case
first
it
GRAMMAR
is
called apostrophe, in
the
second coronis.
In writing Greek we use the same marks as in English

and the comma; but in Greek
for diaeresis, the full stop,
there
is
no note
is
of exclamation,
represented by
'
as
<5/xr
and the colon or semicolon
while
the English
semicolon
supplies the place of our note of interrogation, as ti ravra

ivhat
In the sentence
accent.
word
first
the third
is
There are also three signs used to mark
this ?
is
eyu> Tain-a
Aeyw, the accent of the
the grave, of the second the circumflex, and of
the
Accents are written to the
acute.
left
of
and on the second vowel of a diphthong, as "Ofxrjpos,

It must be understood that all this last paragraph
cvcrTOfAos.
refers only to Greek as now written, and not at all to
ancient Greek, which had no system of punctuation, and
capitals,
mark
did not
accents.
CHAPTER
on
7.
The
VI
inflexion
real difficulty of
II
consists in
the collision
stem and the ending.
Vowels collide with vowels,

and consonants with consonants to form discordant sounds.
Such discordancy is removed by the four methods of contraction, assimilation, dissimilation, and vowel compensation
of the
for
consonantal
vowels
Contraction
loss.
is
used in the case of
by the other three methods consonants are brought
into harmony.
8.
Contraction.
The Attic dialect used contraction
it was possible, and in a natural way.
If you
wherever
r,
and
a>,
FIRST GREEK
know
the
well, you will have no

But you will have noticed
further difficulty with contraction.
a few inconsistencies, and some apparent

striking inconsistency
111
Grammar
part of this
first
GRAMMAR
One
difficulties.
that in the plural of the
is
declen-
first
sion, and in neuter nouns of the second, ca contracts to a

and not to t] as xpvaeas xpucras cxrrca, ocrra. In other
cases, as in the third declension, this happens only when
the a is preceded by a vowel or rho, as vynjs, healthy,
;
In
accusative vyia for vyt&a.

of the third declension,
for 7n/êas,
7r/0<r/?is
we
the accusative plural
ca?, of
find ea contracted to u, as 7n)\L<s
for 7iY>r/?as.
In the dual of the third declension in Attic
in
becomes
rj,
In the nominative plural this happens only
as acm/, cvyei^.
masculine nouns in
as PacriXfjs for /WiAtcs.
evs,
It is
true that the broad sound of omicron generally prevails over
other sounds, but in contracted adjectives
gether before
a,
Si7rAoat, 8i7rAcu
9.
77,
at,
which
is
Snrkorj, 8nr\.r}
When
two mutes come together, the
a dental, the former must be changed to
the same order as the dental.
Before a hard dental the
mute becomes hard, before a
other
disappears alto-
Siirkorj, 8nr\rj.
Assimilation.
latter of
it
as 8i7rAoa, 8t7rAa
before an aspirate
it
soft
becomes aspirated
dental
soft,
or, referring to
and
the
must be changed so as
position as the second.
Thus
table on page 2, the former letter
be in the same vertical
Before t palatals become

j>
k, labials
become
Before
When
ft,
&
x>
< )-
palatals
comes before a
palatal into y,
tt.
It is to assimilation also that the following
due.
and before
Vowels long by naturt,
to
excej>t
the
become
y, labials
labial it is
A.
r,
/x,
, art
and dentals
changed into
and p into A and
and
changes are
narked
/x,
p.
long, unlets they
s.
before a
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
112
Examples
of these changes are
fie/jLLy-rac
to /Ae/xtfc-rat,
Terpi/3-Tai
e^-Teo?
to
yeypacf)-rai to yeypair-rat
7r\e/e-8r)v
to irXey-hrjv
\6L7T-BrjV
tO \i/3-$7)V
vv^-Srjv
to
vvy-Srjv
Kpvcj)-Sr)V
to tcpv/3-8r}v
eirXe^-Orjv
iirefiir-Or^v
to iirefi^-O^v
irplft-Orjv
to irpic^-drjv
eir\eK-dr)V to
iêvy-Orjp
to
ifc-rio?
iêv^-Orjv
to Terpiir-Tai
TreTrXe/c-fJLcu
7T7r\ey-ficu
rerv^-fiao
TeTvy-ficu
XeXeiir-fiai
XiXec/jb-fjLac
ypafy-fir)
10.
as
rjvvT-ficu
j^wcr-fiai
7re7T6i0-/iai
ireTreia-fiac
V'irKeK(o
ifi-7r\efC(o
iv-/3dXX(0
e/u-ftaXXco
V-(f>VQ)
i/jL-(f)VQ)
iv-fiiyvv/jLC
ifJL-fJLLyVV/JLl
ev-KpaTTjs
iy-Kpa,Ti]$
iv-ypd<f)Q)
iy-ypd(f)CD
iv-%do-/ca>
iy-%daKQ)
iv-Xelirco
iX-Xeiirca
avv-peco
avp-peco
Dissimilation.
dt-drj/jLi
into
By
Ti-drj/xi,
and
this is
meant
all
such changes
Xv0rj-0i into Xvd-q-n.
dental comes into collision with a dental, the
By
When a
changed to
may be regarded
we understand the
Elision
sigma, as TrkiretdraL to 7re7rerTcu.

as dissimilation extended.
first is
elision
u, are
marked
GREEK QRAMHAB
FIRST
113
simple disappearance of one of the discordant letters

Aafcra? for XafnraBs, and
as
in
i/yc/zd<ri for ->)ye fiovcri.
Compensatory lengthening.
You already know what
meant by tliis. In oSova-i the second syllable is long by

nature, whereas in o&Wt-o-i, which must have been its
In
primitive form, the same syllable is long by position.
is
other words, to compensate for the loss of vt, the vowel-
sound was lengthened.
In the case of
simply becomes
instead
long
of
a,
and v the vowel
i,
but
short,
like
is
lengthened to a diphthong, except in the dative plural of

the anomalous adjective \apUt<s
see
CHAPTER
On
p. 40.
III
VII
11. A striking peculiarity in Greek is the dual number.

Very few other languages possess it. In Latin there remain
a few traces of it as in duo, ambo, octo.
It is properly used
only of things which go in pairs,

feet, to) (ure, to) 6<f>da\/x(o,
alike, as, to>

ra>
7roA?/,
rrdoc,
as,
the ears,
the
dScA^w, pair of brothers, tw ittttw, span of horses,

cities in league with
one another, or in
alike.
Accordingly
Even
with a singular verb.
it is
may always
by the plural, but in the Attic dialect
it
and often with 8vo or
afj.<ji(i}
added.
in
which
as to jXLKpov 7raLO\ipLOV, the
occurs very frequently,
Thus we may use
t,
fiiKpov is used
little
and
men-
be supplied
or to> Bvo Tpaircfi, for the two tables.
compare the way
sometimes
in cases like those
tioned above the place of the dual
to> Tpanrtfi
the eyes,
or of persons circumstanced
two
some way circumstanced

1
tw
either
We may
with diminutives,
yuwoj tkiUL
m, are
marked
Die circumflex accent
FIRST GREEK
114
GRAMMAR
But the dual has not that completeness which the

numbers have. Substantives have never more
than two distinct dual forms one representing the nominative, vocative, and
accusative cases, and the other the
In fact in Attic two forms serve to
genitive and dative.
express all the cases and genders dual of the article, of the
demonstrative and relative pronouns, and of all adjectives in
12.
other two
os,
tj,
or
ov,
Further,
05, os, ov.
7t\kovt
Xvovre,
and
like
forms
are in Attic
preferred to \vovo-d, irXeKovo-a, etc.

13. The Active voice of the verb has no first person Dual,
and the first person dual of the middle and passive never
occurs in Attic prose or comedy. 1
In the principal tenses of
the indicative and in the subjunctive there
is only one form

and the third persons. The imperative of the
middle voice has no distinct form for the third person dual,
but uses the plural form instead, e.g., Xvo~do-6u)v, let them
for the second
loose for themselves, or let
Further, even
them two
loose
when dual forms did
for
themselves.
exist,
the Greeks often
preferred to use a plural verb with a substantive in the dual.

14.
Of the
The
cases
vocative.
you must pay
rules for
special attention to the
forming the vocative of the
first
declension hold good in all cases, but Attic writers could
on emergency use the nominative, as & k/ditt/s apurre.

In the second declension the true vocative is much more
frequent than the nominative, except in the case of Oeos,
also
which has never

it is
its
true vocative form.
In poetry, however,
not unusual to find the nominative used for the vocative.

It occurs in classical
Greek only
thrice,
Horn.
11. xxiii.
485,
irtpi-
and Phil. 1079, op/xwuedov. We

cannot accept as true Attic such forms as are found only in tragedy, and
the fact that in these three cases the metre would allow of the plural casts
a doubt on the existence of words differing so little from the plural forms.
8u)/j.e9ov,
Soph. El. 950,
\e\el/j.fxe9oi>,
r,
and
u,
are marked long, iinless (hey carry
FIRST GREEK
In the third declension
Some words have no

and
tive,
use
115
down
as a general rule
may be
it
may
that the nominative
GRAMMAR
set
be used as a vocative.
in all cases
vocative form distinct from the nomina-
though possessed of a special form, rarely
others,
it.
15.
The following
rules will help
you
to
form the vocative
(1) Stems which end in a mute preceded by a vowel have

no vocative form distinct from the nominative, as <vAa*,
kafnraS, etc., vocative, <vAa, Ad/X7ras.
Exceptions are stems in

vocative, "Aprept
power;
as "A/dtc/u? (stem 'Aprcpt.8),
-l8,
rvpavvis (stem, Tvpavvt.8), vocative, rvpavvt,
irais (stem, 7rai8, orig. Tra'iS), vocative, nat, boy.
(2) Stems ending in nu or rho preceded by a long vowel

have no vocative distinct from the nominative, as "EAA^y,
Greek, Or\p, wild-beast.
Exceptions are
b\ov)
0-WT7//3,
"A7roA.Aa)i>,
saviour,
Iloo-eiSwi/, vocative,
Uoo-eiSov (stem, Uoo-ci-
"AttoAAov
vocative,
'AttoAAwi/)
(stem,
vocative, o-Cnep (stem, o-uyrqp)
and some-
times Xdpwv, Charon, vocative, Xdpov (stem, Xapwv).

(3)
Stems ending
in
nu
or rho preceded
have no separate vocative form

nominative
is
(stem, rj-yepov)
if
by a short vowel
the last syllable of the
accented, as rjyepiov, leader, vocative, yycpcov

;
dijp, air,
The only word
in
vocative, dt)p (stem, dtp).
common
use which
is
an exception to
this rule is Trarqp, fattier, vocative, irdrep (stem, irarep).
(4)
But
if
the last syllable
is
not accented, these stems
occasionally form a vocative, as Saipuv, deity, vocative, Salpov

(stem, Saipov), p"qri)p, mother, vocative, prJTcp (stem, pi)Ttp)
/V//TW/),
orator,
vocative,
KUKoSaipxav, unfortunate,
Sai/iov)
But
pTJrop
(stem,
vocative,
p-qrop).
tcaKooaipov
Adject
(stem,
koko-
TaAas, wretched, vocative, TaAav (stem, rakav).
in these cases the
nominative
Vowels long by nature, excejU x and
, art
is still
marked
very often used
FIRST GREEK
116
GRAMMAR
Thus we may have <5 pjrv;/), w kiW, & dkdcrw raAas, a> //iAas, as well as w [xfJTep, w
kvov, <o akao-Top, <5 KaKoSuifxov, a> TaAav, w fxeXav.
(5) Stems ending in vt have occasionally a vocative, but
by no means often. The nominative form, except in a few
words, is far the more common of the two.
Thus Homer
uses ATav as the vocative of Afas (stem, Aiavr), whereas
as a vocative.
ro)p,
a>
KOLKoSaL/jLuv,
On
man
the other hand yepuv, old
A fas.
nominative form
Attic writers invariably prefer the
(stem, yepovT), generally
forms a vocative ykpov.

Adjectives are as uncertain as substantives
graceful one (stem,
Xapteis is the
x aP KVT)t
thus X"P tcv
occasionally found
is
but
>
<o
more common.
Participles of the third declension have never a vocative
form.
(6)
In stems ending in diphthongs, the vocative
is
gener-
from the nominative, being the pure stem, as

w /3ao-i\v, <5 ypav, but even in this case the nominative
would not be wrong.
ally distinct
(7)
ferred,
In
soft
but TrdAts
vowel stems the nominative
Thus
sometimes the true vocative.

far more common.
5 'x^ s e^ c
So
is
ix^v, or
<5
(8)
<3
sometimes pre-
7t6Xl does occur,
o-weo-is, or
<5
o-vvecri
>
In the case of adjectives, the nominative

found, as
is
is
the more often
yXvicvs.
Stems which
elide sigma,
as
A-qfioo-Oevcs,
generally
Arj/xoo-Oeves (nominative, Ar]fxoo-6euy]s).

form a vocative, as
In the case of adjectives the feminine and masculine have the
unhappy
same form, as u> SvcttvyJs dvep, a> Suo-tuy^s ywou,
<f)
man,
But the nominative
unhappy woman.
quently used, as w
Bvo-tvx'Q's
For masculine vocative,

nominative, as
<S
/*eya?
/xeyas, great,
aW-qp
v,
is
also fre-
wep, & Svo-rvxys yvvat.
and
but /xeya
a, are
marked
generally used the

is
found once or
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
twice,
which occurs once
fxeydke,
117
in Aeschylus, is probably
a licence.
In short there
is
no limit
al
"A/37/s,
w ywvj,
<3
Greek
in
We may
nominative for the vocative.
to the use of the
have w TaAavraTos,
Kpmjs, or any other nominative form.
CHAPTER
on
IV
VII (3)
GENDER
The gender of Greek
16.
substantives
is
ascertained some-
times by their meaning, sometimes by their form.
As
in English, so in Greek, difference in sex
used, as 6 dinjp,
77
yvvrj,
p-yryp, the father; the
daughter;
in
71-01-179,
AeW,
8ct7totis,
?y
man,
the
mother ; 6
7/
Actum, the
Of the names
17.
kv<s)v, 6,
77
Tttttos, 6,
77
7ra.Trjp,
77
is
made by means
of
lion, the lioness ; 6 Secr-
the mistress;
the master,
77
be ex-
Ovydrrjp, the son, the
17
the same form serves both genders, as

ixaprvs, the witness, 6,
woman;
the
vlos,
others the distinction
termination, as 6
may
In some cases distinct words are
pressed in different ways.
6,
77
in others again
Ocos, the god, 6,
77
ttcus, the child.
of beasts,
/Sovs
but
most are common, as 6, 77

occasionally happens that
it
a word signifying an animal with sex has grammatically only
one gender, as o
t)
8A<fc, dolphin, 6
xe^tiuv, swallow.
x
Aayws, hare,
t)
d\wn]^, fox,
In such cases the gender when necessary
pressed by the words dpprjv and drjkvs, as 6 Oijkvs
AayoK, the xhe-hire, 6
6t}Xv<;
Xckiotov, the male-swallow,

77
r,
StkcfiU, the 8hr-</<>/jJn'n,
1)
dppijv
apprjv dkio-mj^, the male-fox.
and
&>,
nre marked long, unless they entry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
118
Besides the names of masculine beings,
18.
names
are the
of all
as 6 TafjLrjXaov, the (month)
wind, 6
'IAro-os, the
Masculine
winds and months, and of most rivers

Gamelion, 6 f3oppds, the north
The reason probably is

month TroTapx><s,
(river) Ilissus.
that the Greek words for river, wind, and

avefxos, i*r)v
are masculine.
Diminutives are
all
Exceptions.
signify males
neuter,
even when
to dvOpu-n-Lov, the manikin,
as,
they
to dvSpdiroSov,
the slave, is also neuter.
A few
names
of rivers are feminine.
notable are the fabulous streams
Most names
of
in -ov are neuter,
feminine, as
19.
17
Aphrodite,
Glycerium,
names of females, of lands, islands,

and of abstract words, as r) Â^poSirrj,
woman, rj Acovtiov, Leontion, rj TXvKepuov,
are the
plants,
yvvfj,
17
Of these the most

and 17 2tv.
TLdpvqs.
and
17
Arjdrj,
mountains are masculine, but those ending

and in -rj feminine. A few others are also
Feminine
cities, trees,
r)
'Attik^, Attica,
AaKeSatfxiov, the (city)
17
Kews, the (island) Ceos,
Lacedaemon,
irirvs, the
r)
r)
r)
Sikcu-
when
they
pine,
ocrvvrj, justice.
Exceptions.
Diminutives
are
countries, 'EAAtJo-ttovtos is
neuter
even
woman. Of names of
masculine, and AeATa neuter, the
signify females, as to yvvatov, the
little
former being really "EAA77S ttovtos and the other the name of
a letter of the alphabet.
Of the names of islands, those in -ov are neuter.

Of the names of cities, there are many which are not
feminine.
Of these the most common are t6 "Apyos, to
"IAiov,
Ta "AfSSrjpa,
Of the names
palm,
01 AeAcôi.
of trees
and plants masculine are <f>0Lvt,

and some others ; neuter are
</>eAAos, cork, kittos, ivy,
those ending in -ov and

20.
Neuter
are the
-1,
as irpdcrov, leek,
names
of

tlte
a,
most
irkirept,
fruits, of
pepper.
the letters, the
circumflex accent,
GREEK GRAMMAS
FIRST
used substantivally, and every word when referred
infinitive
word
to merely as a
to
yi-wvj,
the
as to
fiijkov, the apple,
(word) woman, to
in as or
rjs
feminine
Second Declension,
which end
in os,
u>s
all in a,
.<i*//ua,
substantives
all
7;.
masculine are
neuter those in
to criynu,
tfjv, life.
Declension, masculine are
21. First
which end
22,
119
substantives
all
ov, wv.
All words in ov ujv are neuter, except the

Exceptions.
names of women, as 1) TXvKtptov but there are many words
The most important you have
in os which are feminine.
Others are
learned on page 9.
f
/eeptcos, tail,
fiijpwdos, card.
rpi/3o<;, footpath.
like
KeXevOos,
drpairos,
dfial-LTos, carriage-road.
0809, rdcppos.
KtnreTos,
ditch.
KlfiwTos,
chest.
Xn*><>$> coffer.
fcdpSoiros, kneading4rovgh.
things
hollow,
like
\77y09,
TrveXos, batldng-tvb.
cro/309,
yvddos, icdfuvos.
XijtcvOos, oil-flask.
7rp6ôv<; (009), ewer.

aicaTO*;* boat.
<rfjL(ipay8o<;, emerald.
names
crd7r(f)ipo<;, lapis lazidi.
of earths
/xi'Xto9, ochre.
like
acr(f)a\Tos, bitumen.
irXlvdos,
rfKetcrpos, amber.
aavos.
a/z/z.09,
yfrfjffios,
and
stones,
tyd/ipLos,
<nro86$,
sand.
Vowel* long by nature, exempt *
and
marked
OO
*, are
the circumflex
j3d-
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
120
TJrd/jLados, sand.
acrftdXos,
'
*Z
va\o$,
soot.
> names of earths and stones.
glass.
icoirpos, dung.
yvyjros, chalk
And
others.
Note.
stone,
like
Ai#os,
but
stone,
the diamond;
17
some
of
Aiflos,
KpvaraXXos,
ice,
07
particular
KpvarraX-
Xos, crystal.
Other words are merely feminine adjectives, the substanthem having dropped off; as
tives originally attached to
23.
7)
avXeios (Ovpa),
7)
hiaXeKTos
7)
(Tv<yKky)Tos (ifCfcXrjaLa), senate.
i)
8id/jL6Tpo<?
7]
avvSpos
7)
fidpfiapos
7)
7rpl%Q)pos
the house-door.
(^xdvtj), dialect.
diameter.
(<ypajjLfjL7)),
{^(copa), desert.
Third Declension.
(yrj),
foreign land.
(yrj),
neighbourhood.
Masculine are
(1) All substantives in dv, as (gen. avros)

(2) All substantives
words
r]
cf>prjv
(gen.
in
and
rjv
</>/oevos), spirit,
evs.
except the poetical
rjp,
K-qp,
r)
and
doom, and to
Krjp,
heart.
(3) All substantives in
raiment,
except
77s
and abstract nouns
in
r??s,
o-0?js
(gen. ZaOfJTos),
as raxvr-qs (gen. ra^v-
ttjtos), speed.
(4) All substantives in tip

X^Lpos), hand,
and to ovs
and
ovs,
except
17
xW
(g en
(gen. euros), ear.
(5) All substantives in tuv (gen. wi/os

r,
and
u,
and
ovtos),
o>/d
and
FIKST GREEK
to?
(gen. (dtos
and to
and
(gen.
</>uk
(gen. ko>6Wos),
<oos),
Feminine
24.
and to
are
121
except to v8u>p (gen. vSaros), water,
<g>to<s), //'///?,
fo//,
GRAMKAB
and the
rare
words
k<o6W
r)
o-kw/j (gen. o-KaTos), dirt.
(1) All substantives in avs,
ws,
(gen. ovs)
and a?
(gen.
aoos).
cis and i? except 6 o<is (gen.
and the rare words 6 ktcis, (gen. ktcvos) co?6,
(gen. SeAîyos) dolphin, and 6 <?x 19 (g en *X (0S )
(2) All substantives in
snake,
6<fiU)s)
o 8\<f>ts
ac?cfcr.
(3) All substantives in vs except 6 /36rpvs (gen. fiorpvos)
grapecluster, 6
l\6vs (gen. i'x#vos)
,/*V*,
6 /avs
mouse, 6 ard^vs (gen. o-Ta^vos) ear of corn, 6
dead body,
vtKvos)
6 irrj^vs
(gen.
jxvos)
(gen.
vkv<s
and
(gen. irq\(D<s) fore-arm,
ttcAckvs (gen. 7reAKea>s) axe.

(4) All substantives
anvil ; 6 Kavu)v rule ;

25.
Neuter
are
in
and
<ov
except o
(gen. oôs)
aK/xun',
o Kiiov, pillar.
(1) All substantives in a, av,
t,
v, s, ov, op, os,
7'.
(2) All substantives in ap, as, (gen. aros or ws) except the
rare
words 6
26.
nine
\fdp (gen. xpapos) starling,
and
Aas (gen. Auos)
Substantives in are partly masculine, partly femiare masculine, with the exceptions of r)
\//
those in
AatAa^,
(fi\f36s)
huiTicane
;
17
(gen.
Aai'AaTro?)
r)
Âe^, vein
X^P VL ^-> water for the hands (gen. ykpvifios)
the defective
17
(gen.
;
o^, wtce.
Vowels long by nature, except v and *, are marled long, unless they carry
<A circumflex acctitt.
and
FIRST GREEK
122
GRAMMAR
CHAPTEK V
ACCENTUATION
27.
Of
grave
the three marks of accent mentioned on
not written in Greek except
is
subdued
Thus
acute.
(he tied the horse), the
because there
allow of
its
in the sentence ovros
p.
tov ittkov
ZSrjcrc
word tov has the grave accent simply
no pause immediately after
itt-kov
110 the
represents a
it
to
it sufficient
But
receiving the full force of the acute.
and
ZSrjo-c,
is
when
ovtos,
have really the grave accent on those

and might be written ovtos,
syllables not already accented,

eSrjo-e,
ittttov.
The acute can stand upon any one
28.
of the three last,
the circumflex upon either of the two last
syllables.
word
barytone,
is
called
perispomenon,
oxytone,
or
A
ac-
cording as the last syllable has the acute, the circumflex, or
neither.
but one
oxytone;
word having the acute upon the last syllable

upon the last but two propar-
called paroxytone,
is
e.g.,
ittttos is
paroxytone,
ZSrjo-e
word having the circumflex upon the
proparoxytone.
last syllable
but one
is
called properispomenon, as oStos.
The acute may be on long
29.
or short syllables,
the
circumflex only on such syllables as are long by nature.
The acute accent can be on the

if
last syllable
but two only
but not evfiopfov.

The circumflex can be on the last but one only
the last
is
short, as
be short by nature, as
efyio/)</>os,
o-vkov,
The diphthongs ai and

and if the last
but not
if
the last
o-vkov.
ot are treated as short, as avOpunrot,
syllable
/xowrai,
does not prevent the preceding
is
long
syllable
by position
it
from having the
circumflex.
last syllable
but one when long by nature,
Vmcels long by nature, except
r,
and
a>,
if
accented
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
at
123
must have the circumflex whenever the
all,
short by nature, as fjyov, not
last syllable is
not yvvcuVcs.
-ijyov, yvi/cuKes,
See infra,
Exceptions like axrrc are only apparent.
35
(4) Obs.
The accent
30.
of a
word
is
altered
by the changes which
a word undergoes in inflexion, contraction,
No
requires an accent
syllable
etc.
rom the mere fact of
contraction.
contracted final syllable has the circumflex
was accented,
of the uncontracted syllables

Xpvo-kov,
xpiwov
but the acute
if
the
if
first
as, ti/xuci, ti/x^
the last was accented, as
ytyaios, yc-yws.
31.
When
an oxytone word undergoes
position or a conjunction,
in all other cases
throws
it
it
a pre-
elision, if
loses its accent altogether, but
back upon the previous
syllable,
as 7rap' ifiov for irapd ifwv, ovS' eyw for ovSe iyco, but SeiV
hri) (for
Seiva
32. In
hrrj).
the case of crasis, the accent of the
disappears, as rayadd for

is
paroxytone, and
by
crasis long
t<x
But
dyaOd.
if
first
word
the second word
accented syllable becomes through
its
nature, that syllable acquires the circumflex,
as rdpya for rd epya.

33.
When
dissyllabic
placed after the word to which they belong
prepositions
their accent
except dpî, dvri, dvcu
back on to their
first syllable,
all
throw
Sta,
as KaKuiv d-no for
a7TO KGLKIOV.
in Latin we find some words which always adhere

word which precedes them, so in Greek there are
certain words which have so little individuality that they
throw their accent on to the preceding word. These Greek
34.
As
to the
equivalents of the Latin -y">,
and are as follows
/",
etc.,
are called Enclitics,
(1) All the forms of the
indefinite
pronoun ns,
long by nature, ear/7 if r avti *, are mnrlnl hmg, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
124
p. 60),
7T(o,
and the
GRAMMAR
indefinite adverbs ttov,
itol,
7rw, ttoOcv,
77-77,
irore.
(2)
The
and
particles ye, re, vvv, irep, rot,
(meaning
8e
towards, and always attached to the preceding word).

(3)
Of the personal pronouns the forms
/xe, p.ov, jxoi,
also (unless emphatic, or after a preposition)
and
o-ov, 0-0 l, k,
o-e,
ol, (Tcfie, crcfuv, cr^)to-i(v).
(4)
The present
indicative of ei/U (except in the second
person singular), unless
be emphatic, or stand at the
it
beginning of a clause, or follow aAAa, ovk,
In these cases cart
tovto.
yap tovto,
fxetôv
ovk
is
el,
jxrj,
a>s,
/cat,
always paroxytone, as eon
eo~Ti kolkov, etc.
35. Enclitics throw their aceent back on the preceding
word
tl,
KaAw?
Te,
and
last syllable, as,
some
accent to
enclitic is entirely
beautifully.
(3) After a paroxytone, enclitics of
accent, enclitics of
its
something beautiful.
perispome the accent of the
(2) After a
as
preceding oxytone does not subdue
the grave, as Kakov
lost,
way
in the following
(1)
two
one syllable lose their
syllables retain their accent
Xoyos
a certain
tls,
speech,
on their
but Aoyot nves,
speeches.
(4)
Proparoxytones and
properispomes
receive
from a
following enclitic an additional accent on their last syllable,

as, Setdv /xot,
show me ;
Observation.
exceptions to 29 as
(5)
its
When
avdp(07r6<s tls,
By these
oWe
for ws re, locnrep for ws irep, etc.
several enclitics follow one another each throws
accent upon the preceding, as
one ever says
to
tls /xot
et
tfyrja-l
ttotc,
If any
me.
36.
Certain words have no accent.
(1)
Of the article the forms 6, 77,

The prepositions kv, eis or h,
(2)
a certain man.
rules are explained such apparent
*?
and
a, are
These are
ol, at.
o>s,
marked
Ik or e.
TOST GREEK GRAMMAS

The conjunctions ti and
The negative ov, ovk, or
(3)
(4)
may be
These
u>s.
ov\.
accented, but only
end of a sentence or precede an

//ou sat/ so
or not? ov
The accent
37.
(fujcrt,
UNI
when they
enclitic,
as
7)
ov; do
he denies.
words changes with
of
are at the
<f>rjs
Knowing the accent
In
inflection.
regard to substantives and adjectives, the principal rule
is
of the nominative singular, accent the
other cases on the same syllable
if
the last syllable permits
Exceptions to this
otherwise accent the following syllable.

rule will be given as they occur.
But verbs throw
38.
verbs
their accent as far back as the last
reservation, that in compound

must not precede the augment, Xvofxtv
permits, with
syllable
accent
the
\.e\vKa[iV, kXkXvvro,
this
but
Trapko-yov, not Trapzo-ypv, Trapzlypv
not Trdpnypv.
The main exceptions

(1)
Accented
infinitive,
the
on
to this rule are these
the
penult,
the
second aorist middle
middle infinitive and participle,
first
aorist
infinitive,
ti/atjo-ou,
active
the perfect
7ri#r0ai, AeAvo-flat,
\ekvftkvo<i.
(2)
Oxytone are the
participles in
as
19, ovs, us,
second
ws,
TTiOiov, \v6ci<s } &i8ov<5, SitKVvs,
(3).
aorist
and present
participle
AcAvkcos, lo-T&s (but kvcras).
Perispomena are the second aorist active
and (except
in verbs
compounded with a
tion) the second person
middle, as
diphthongs at and
mood regarded
as long, not as short.
1.
imperative
but 7rapa\df3ov.
The
Observation
infinitive,
dissyllabic preposi-
singular, second aorist
Tridtlv, iridov, irpoSov,
active;
participles in -a?,
Participles in their inflexion are accented
as nouns, not as verbs.
Observation
optative
VovxU
2.
long by nature,
excejit
r,
ana
*>,
01
are
in
arr marked long, unless they carry
the eircumflex accent.
the
126
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
CHAPTER
VI
X.-XVII
FIRST DECLENSION
39.
Of
the words you have already learned,
a contracted form of an older 'Epfxeas.
Êpfxrjs is really
There are also a few
feminine nouns contracted in the same way, as
o-vktj, fig-tree,
for o-vKta.
N. V.
aVKT)
A.
avfcfjv.
G.
<TVKr)<;.
D.
crvicfj
But a few contract the ea into a, which they retain

as pva, mina (an Athenian coin), for /xvea,
throughout,
poppas, north wind, for fSopeas.
The
plural
N.
fiva.
fioppas.
V.
\xva.
fioppa.
A.
jjLvav.
fioppav.
G.
fivas.
ft op pa
D.
fjbva.
Poppa
is
always the same whether for masculine or
feminine, for contracted or uncontracted nouns.

40.
The dative
to the stem, as,
plural
stem
was originally formed by adding
ri/xa,
dative plural
rifxa-ia-L,
and
uri
this
longer form you will find in Attic poetry, and occasionally

in elevated prose.
The
was formed by adding -wv to the

by contraction tl/miov. It is
that all nouns of the first declension have
genitive plural
stem, as ri/m-wv, which became
due to
this fact

the,
*>
and
u, are
marked
circumflex accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
121
the circumflex on the last syllable of their genitive plural.
Adjectives do not follow this rule, and two rare substantive

are
exceptions,
namely,
a usurer,. xpwr< v
xpijcm)<s,
and
en/o-iat, trade-winds, tTijo-iiov.
additional examples for practice.
41.
dvpd,
door.
7)/jLepd,
day.
"KM
NINE
So fa, opinion.
P^X7
rpdireâ,
Tpocjyrj,
nurture,
"tyvX 7!*
S0l d-
!'
table.
fMolpa, fate.
aKavOa,
ye<f>vpa, bridge,
fiepi/jLva, care.
thorn.
J''J^
f'
irvkrj, gate.
pudyatpa, sword.
Qepdiraiva, handmaid, \v7rrj, pain.
</>i\id t friendship,
Xeaiva,
evvoia, goodwill,
Btya, thirst.
%\alva, cloak.
iraiheia, education
arpareia,
tcktvr), bed.
lioness.
apery,
fioptyr),
way of life.
expedition, biaira,
kco/jltj,
virtue.
form.
village.
MASCULINE
Aof/d?, Loxias.
re^vfrr)^,
irpohoTT)^, traitor.
evepyerrjs, benefactor.
7rocrjri]<;, poet.
XrjaTijs, robber.
artificer,
puOrirr}^, sclwlar.
07rXtT77?, lieavy-armed soldier,
arparccorrji;, soldier.
fiovkevrrjs, councillor.
8ecr7roT77<?, master.
d&XrjTrjs, champion.
CONTRACTED
fivd, mina,
yr), earth.
_.
(1)
Pt
">
'Adijvd
(the goddess)
Ath< ua.
If you examine the above examples you will find

That a remains in the nominative singular after
f>
t*
*""*
ana
r,
ami
c,
t,
tne feminine designation atva.

, are
marked
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
128
Exceptions are
Koprj, girl ;
head) ; and the poetical

(2)
That
sonants, a
whether vowels or con-
after all other letters,
changed to
is
Xpoa, colour
the rare word K-oppt^ temple (of the

dew.
epo-q,
r).
Exceptions are o-to& colonnade ;

}
to A/xa, boldness; Starra,
adder ; and the poetical ^pL/xva,
way
of life;
e;(ioVa,
care.
SECOND DECLENSION
The dative
was originally formed by adding

This longer form you will find
in Attic poetry, and sometimes even in prose.
43.
(xtl
plural
to the stem, as koyo-uri.
44.
Additional examples for practice
to fxerpov, measure,
6 7roi/o?, labour.
ypovos,
helirvov, dinner,
time.
hrjiios, people.
irehiov, plain,
ol/cos, house.
Scopov, present.
7tAo0to9, wealth.
%vyov, yoke.
6(j)6a\fjLO<;, eye.
roôv, bow.
17T7T09, horse.
ywpiov,
apiOjios, number.
irTepov, wing.
Trora/jLos, river.
i/jlcltiov,
place.
cloak
7roAeyLto?, war.
For feminine nouns, see page 119,
22.
Contracted
o povs, stream.
Ovyarpi&ovs, daughter's
rb icavovv,
vovs, mind.
basket.
ypvcroyovs, goldsmith.
u,
are
marked
long, unless iliey carry
son.
F1KST GREEK
(1)
1-0
words there are some
In these contracted
nt,
QRAMMAB
irregularities of
namely
The nominative, accusative, and vocative dual are
made oxytone, contrary to 30.

(2) Compound words have the accent on
but one, contrary to
30
as,
the last syllable
tunr\?, Mount Athos.
MtW?,
Minos.
a\o)?, threshing-floor.
7)
Keo)?, Ceos (island).
Kto?, Cos (island).

ea>9,
Of
these words
all
irregular in omega,
dawn.
but Acws
may have
and tws always has
their
accusative
as Aaywi> or Aayw,
bat Xto'w and w.

46.
The accentuation
is
irregular:
(1)
ca>
syllable as regards accent; (2) in the genitive

last syllable
rule that,
syllable
In
passes as one
and dative the
when accented has the acute, in violation of the

genitives and datives of all numbers a long final
when accented
takes the circumflex.
and
*, are
marked
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
130
CHAPTER
XVIII.
VII
ff
THIRD DECLENSION
Words
47.
rules of
belonging to this Declension violate the general
accentuation in
that words of
this,
accentuate the genitive and dative of

ending, as
foot ; 7roSd?,
irovs,
all
one syllable
numbers on the
case-
ttoSl, ttoSolv, ttoSwv, tto(tl.
Exceptions to this are

(1)
The common words
girl; and
n. light;
</><3s,
n.
ovs,
ear;
irais,
6,
f],
boy or
together with the rare or poetical
words ($?, f. torch; </>(6s, f. blister ; fyuos, m. thrall ; du>s, m.

and f. jackal; T/>ws, m. Trojan. These are all paroxytones
in the genitive and dative dual and in the genitive plural.
The adjective ttols has the same peculiarity, 7ravr6s, iravrC;
but
TTOLVTCOV.
and dative
(2) Monosyllabic participles accent the genitive
of all
numbers on the
gen. Sovtos
last syllable
but one, as
Sovs, giving,
being, gen. ovtos.
<ov,
PALATAL AND LABIAL STEMS

48.
Stems in
6 dojpaj;, breastplate,
Kopa^, raven,
CT(f)7]%,
Wasp,
Stems in
k.
st.
6copd/c. 6 oprvf;, quail,
rerrt^,
st. fcopa/c.
Ktjpv^, herald,
st.
aapK.
st.
oprvy.
grasshopper,
st.
TTTly.
St. (T(j)7)/C.
<rap%, flesh,
st.
y.
tcrjpv/c.
rj
<p\ofj, flame, st. (p>\oy.
irrepv^, wing,
st.
irrepvy.
aaXiriyt;, trumpet, st craX7Tcyy.

r,
and
u,
FIRST
MS IN
i)
XatXayjr,
GREEK GRAMMAR
Stems
7T.
hurricane,
except
6 Kcovay^r, gnat,
st.
kcovcott.
are rare.
There are no stems
st
XaiXaTT.
in
131
\iyjr,
tcciTTjXuf),
defective,
nom.
and
in
(f>
/cari)-
of uncer-
tain meaning.
STEMS
IN
6 "Aparfr, Arab,
tj
yS.
*Apa@.
st.
xepviyfr, water Jar Die hands,
st.
%pvij3.
aAwm^, /. fox, Ki}pv and <otVi, palm tree,

Observation.
from dAw7TK, KrjpvK and <f>oiviK, are anomalous, the stem
vowel being in the first case lengthened, in the others
shortened to form the nominative.
The stem
t/hx, /. hair,
forms a nominative singular #/h, and a dative plural Opiî{v).
STEMS IN DENTALS
49.
Stems in
Stems in
t.
iSpclos, sweat, IBpcor.

/ce\r)<;,
riding
hoise,
r)
st
8.
Oxytone.
(Tcfrpayk, seal, st a(j>paylB.

eX.7rt?, hope, st. iXircB.
%Xa/jLi><;, cloak,
fceXrjr.
st ^Xafivc).
Xefirjs, caldron, st. Xe/SrjT.
Kprjs, Cretan, st Kprjr.

eadrj^y raiment, st eadrjr.
yapis, favour,
fipaSvrr)?,
st.
yapiT.
slowness,
st.
Stems in
fj
Not Oxytone.
S.
"A/3Te/it9, Artemis,
st.
'Ap-
T/-UO\
7ro\tTt9,
,/ree
woman,
st
7ro\ZTo\
fipa&VTTJT.
dvBp(ovLTL<;, men's chamber,
vv%, night, st.vvtcr.

opofia, name, st ovofiar.
st.
avBpcoviriB.
Vowels long by nature, except v and , are marked long, unlets they carry
Stems in
to
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
132
Stems in
t.
xpr}/j,a, thing, st. ^prjfjLar.

fcv/jLa,
wave,
handmaid,
vTnjpeTLS,
rj
st.
virrjpeTiS.
KVfiaT.
st.
Not Oxytone.
6\
irpeaftvTLS, old woman,
st.
TrpeaftvTih.
There
is
one neuter stem in
it,
namely,
honey, gen.
fxk\i,
/xeAtTO?, dat. /xeAin.
DENTAL STEMS IN
i/t
50.
6 iXecfras, elephant,
iXecpavr.
st.
[fids, thong, st. l/jlclvt.
ryiyas, giant,
avBpcds,
st. <yi,<yavT.
dvhpiavT.
statue, st.
hpaicwv, dragon,
st.
Spa/covr.
Oepdirwv,
servant, st.
aevo<f)(ji)v }
Xenophon,
Oepairovr.
st.
Eevocjxovr.
STEMS IN DENTAL
.4 dditional
51.
6 alcov, age,
st.
examples for practice

6 av^rjv, neck,
alcov.
d/jL7re\ojv, vineyard, st. aytt-
Xl/jltjv,
irekayv.
6,
r)
%etfMov, winter,
st.
st.
iraiav, battle-song,
p,r)v,
month,
st.
XeifMov.
6,
st.
st.
st.
u,
snow
st.
s ^-
kclvov.
77
77
d/crts, ray,
st.
d/crlv.
pang,
st.
a)o7z/.
L( V>
onSis,
and
hen,
neighbour,
6 /cavobv, rule,
TtTaz/.
r,
\ifiev.
cock,
yecrov.
ircudv.
st.
aXe/crpvov.
yetrcov,
yeifJLwv.
st. yit^z/.
Ttraz^, 2ifem,
r/
avêv,
st.
haven,
dXe/crpvcov,
fcXoov, twig, st. kXcov.
Ae ificov, meadow,
NU
>
fc0Z/ -
FIRST GREEK
The words
52.
stem
GRAMMAB
133
Hoo-etSojv, 'A-irokkiov not only shorten their
but also form their accusative from a

stem without nu, as IIoo-ciSw, 'A^-oAAw. The forms 'A^dAAwva and II oo-eiSuW are poetical and very rare. The accent
is
in the vocative,
drawn back
in a
in the vocatives "AttoAAov
and
and
U6<tcl8ov,
few others, as 'Aydpepvov.
STEMS IN LIQUID RHO

53.
fia)o-T?;/3, girdle,
<j>a)p, thief, st.
st ^coarrjp.
6 drjp, air {no plural)
Trdvdrjp, pantlier,
st.
dep.
aWrjp, ether (no plural)
Carian, st
st.
irpaKrop.
irav-
Orjp.
Kdp,
st.
tax-gatherer,
7Tpd/cTQ)p,
(frap.
Kdp.
st.
aldep.
ol/ctfrcop, colonist, st.
oIkt]-
rop.
6 axm'ip, star> 1S declined like aidrjp, but the dative plural
has
a<TTpaj<Ti(y)
by metathesis.
STEMS IN NARROW VOWELS

54.
r)
rpvcns, nature,
TToirjo-cs,
6 pivs, mouse,
st. (f>vo~L.
making,
st.
/3orpv<;,
7rot-
8vvap.cs, power, st Bvvafii.

vffpts, insolence,
crdcnSi
st.
ear
st
ftorpv.
tjctl.
6 pAvTis,
st. fiv.
grapecluster,
erraûs,
st vftpi.
lÔvs,
faction, st. araa-i.

seer,
st pavri.
rj
8/31/9,
exeejit
r,
and
, are
marked
fish, st.
oak
6<f>pv<;,
of
corn,
crra^v.
lyOv.
tree, st.
hrow,
Bpu.
st. 6<f>pv.
FIRST GREEK
134
GRAMMAR
axe;
56. Like 7rrjx v,s are declined, 6 ireXtKvs,
old
man
N.
and the plural
of
eyyÂvs,
rj
N. A. TreXeKT]
ireXeicv*;.
A. ireXeKvv.
G. D. ireketceoiv
G. TreXetcecos.
D.
ireXetcei.
N.
irpeo-fivs.
7re\.e/cet?.
irekeiceLS.
G. TreXe/cecov.
N. A.
irpkafti)
A. Trpeaftvv.
N.
irpe<rfteL<;.
V.
TrpeG-fieLs.
A. TrpeafieLs.
G. D. irpecrfieoLv.
G, irpeafiews
G. irpeafieodv.
D. irpeaêa^v).
irpecrftei.
The singular
N.
A.
D. irekefceai{v).
V. Trpeo-fiv
D.
irpkcrfiv^
eel.
is
only used in poetry, but the dual and
meaning
plural have in prose the
singular of which 7r/)ecr/?eimj?
is
ambassadors, for the
of
used.
N. eyêXu?.
iy%iXi,<;.
A.
eyêXvv.
iyêXea.
G.
iyêXvos.
iyêXecov.
D. iyîXvi
iyêXecriv.
Observe the fact that the long
final syllable in the genitive
and plural of soft vowel stems does not prevent the

accent from being on the antepenult.
singular
aorv being the
57. Neuters of this class are very rare,
only fully-declined word in
common
ao-Tv is generally given as ao-reos,
use.
The
but ao-rew?
is
genitive of
the only form
found in stone records and though there are many lines in

acrrecos, there are none in which acrrcos
poetry which require
must be
in
read.
Other words,
like vairv, mustard, only occur
the nominative and accusative singular.
There are
Attic no neuters ending in iota.

r,
and
u, are
marked
in
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
135
STKMS IX V
A dditioncd samples for practice
<
6 liTTrevs, horseman.
tpv<;, priest.
7pa</>eu?, painter.
Ei)$oev<?, Euboean.
Heipdevs, Piraeus (no

'JLperpievs,
The accusative
60.
(livelier
plural).
in Eretria.
plural of masculine stems in cv ought
not to be contracted to
-ets
or
The contracted form does
779.
not occur in stone records or in Attic comedy

criteria.
It is possible that
Xenophon used
the only true
it,
but he often
sins against his native tongue.
STEMS IN OMICRON AND OMEGA

61.
Words from stems
and Topyw, which

Atjtg!), Leto. st.
st.
have naturally no
maternal uncle,
/it/tô)?,
plural,
from the stem ro^yov.
irarpays, paternal uncle,
Atjto.
r}%<o, echo. st. r\yo.

'Ia>, Io.
in omicron
has, forms its plural
st.
Trarpco.
st. firjrpa).
'Io.
STEMS WHICH ELIDE SIGMA

names
cases,
and
doubly in the dative singular, as 'HpaKkerjs, Heracles
(the
62. Proper
in
-kAct/s
contract
in
all
hero).
Vowel
N.
'Hpa/cXi}?.
V.
'WpaicKels.
A.
'HpatcXea.
G.
'Wpaickeovs.
D.
'HpatcXel.
r,t r
avd
, are
marlnl
lomj, vnlrxs thry carry
FIRST GREEK
136
When
proper names like
they take the
first
GRAMMAR
Arjfioa-devrjs
require a plural,
declension forms, as ot 'ApicrTo^dvai in
Plato, Sympos. 218, B.
53.
Additional examples for practice.

6
XcofcpdTrjs, Socrates.
2o0o/c\r)?, Sophocles.
to
mountain.
o/309,
avOos, flower.
tyevSos,
Wvos,
lie.
nation.
Tetô?, wall.
CHAPTER
xxx,
VIII
ff.
65. There are also some contracted adjectives with only

two terminations, as evvovs, evvovv, well-disposed, evirvovs, airy,
evppovs, fluent.
They have this peculiarity, that they do
not contract their nominative or accusative plural neuter,

e.g.,
cvrrXoa, einrvoa, evppoa.
66. Like Âews are declined dyrjpojs, exempt

a>x/>ws, substantial,
and a few
others,
from old age,

among which are the
compounds of TrAews, full, as ava7rAe(us, Tre/nVAecos, e/x7r Actus.

The neuter plural is very rare. Plato has ifAea as neuter
The simple nXem is itself
plural nominative of fAews.
irregular.
Vmoels long by nature, except % and
a, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
Singular
137
lYl'RAL
n.
7rXe&)?.
vXlo.
irXecov.
7rXea)
irXeai.
7rXea.
a.
7rXe&>i/.
irXedv.
TrXicov.
7rXea>9.
irXeas.
7rXea.
&
7r\i(o.
7rX,ea<?.
irXeco.
7rXeG)i>.
7r\0)Z/.
irXeoiv.
(1.
7r\e'ft).
irXea.
7rXea).
7r\6)9.
TrXeais.
7rXeoj?.
For
<rws, sa/<?, see
G7.
Like
-tfivs
w/ra,
p. 140, 74.
are declined yAvxt's, sweet; evpvs, broad;
; rant's, swift ; 9i]\v<s, feminine ; and others.

as
Unlike substantives, adjectives do not contract ca
Ppa\\s, short
but
axr-rq,
rjBea.
The compounds
of irijxvs are exceptions to this rule, as
TP l7I" lX r e tc, not Swn/xca, Tpnnj\a.

Like /xcAas is declined raAas, TaAcuva, TaAav, wretched.
^ l7n1Xt
>
]->
68.
The
1'>
adjective
x a P^l ^
*s
anomalous in retaining
The feminine
in its feminine forms in Attic writers.

(fnovnjeis is
era-
of
not found in Attic, but the feminine substantive
/xÂiTovrra, honey-cake, is really the contracted feminine of

/xcXirdcis, as irkaKovSy flat-cake is
7tAuko19.
in
The
other dialects
Tlfiijets,
it is
not uncommon,
pure Attic though
e.g.,
snowy
viôcis
precious ; tAijcis, wooded; irrcpoci?, winged.
69. In adjectives like

is
the contracted masculine of
class is altogether rare in
ev-yev?/?, if
the
preceded by a vowel, ca contracts to
r/s
a,
of the nominative
not to
77,
as 171?/?,
healthy (stem vyua).
Plural
Singular
EL
i/yte?.
7**79.
vyte?.
V.
vytcjv.
g.
vyieai.
d.
a.
&
7*01)9.
.1.
vytel.
Dual
n.a.v. 7*?}.
g.d.
Vowd*
vyia
n.a.v. 1/7*6*9.
vyioiv.
long by nature, except % and , are marled long, unlets they carry
FIRST GREEK
138
GRAMMAR
Barytone adjectives have the accent in the genitive plural
on the
last syllable
but one, contrary to
p.
123,
30, as
avvrjdaiv for (rvvrjOeiov.
70.
aa(f>i]^, clear.
evcoSrjs, fragrant.
evreXrjs, cheap.
e7rc(f)av7]<;, notable.
av6dhr}<;, self-willed.
evrjOr]?, simple.
avrdp/cr)*;, self-sufficient.
eVSe?;?, deficient in.
vcf>vi]<;,
well-made.
vTro&eijs, inferior.
rpLrjpT}^, triply-fitted.
ev&aifjLoov, pivsperous.
rjSioov, sweeter.
nrXelwv, more.
Of these rpLrjprjs is only used in the feminine (sc. vavs,

and irXeliov is, as stone records show, somewhat
trireme),
irregular, retaining et before long vowels or
diphthongs only
and showing e before short vowels.

The forms with the diphthong are however used
when required by the metre.
in poetry
Singular
ifkeov, ifkelv.
n.
irkelcov.
a.
irkeova, irXelco.
irkeov, ifkeiv.
g.
irXeovos.
d.
ifkeovi.
Plural
71.
n.
irXeoves, ifkeiovs.
irkeova, ifkelw.
a.
7r\eova<;, 7r\etou?.
ifKeova, irXela).
g.
irXeovcov.
d.
7t\0<tl(v).
Many
of
the
adjectives
r,
and
of
a, are
one termination ought
marked
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
139
common
rather to be considered as substantives of

as
</>vyas,
plmipoU
6,
>),
nt'ntnj,
(stem
</>vyaS),
exiled;
; <iA6VoAis, 6,
arbitrcu
Occasionally the poets
<iAo7roAiS).
gender,
avroKpcrnop,
1),
o,
1},
patriotic ; (stem
formed a neuter even
to these, as neuter plural avroKpdropa.
The compounds
Xapts have a neuter even in prose, as crapes,
6,
of
ct'xapt,
rj,
to, winning.
Plural
Singular
n.
v%api<;.
v%api.
ev^dpiTe*;.
ev^dpna.
a.
evyapiv.
evyapi,.
evydpiias.
evydpira.
g.
evydpLTos.
evyaplivsv.
d.
evydpiri.
evydpiai,
7% The compounds
of 7rovs
form a neuter in -now,
e.g.,
ewrovs, u*ithout feet, halt.
Plural
Singular
n.
dirovv.
dirovv.
diroBes.
a7roSa.
a.
a7roSa.
dirovv.
diroBas.
diroBa.
g.
d.
diroBo<;.
a7roS&)z/.
diroBt.
diroaiiy).
Some compounds
masculine in
-irovv,
prefer to form their accusative- singular

as ttovXvttovs, many-footed, ace. irov\v-
TTOVV.
73. irpaos, gentle, has
some
of its forms
from a stem irpdu
of the third declension.
Singular
]].
Trpaos.
irpaeia.
a.
irpaov.
irpaelav.
irpaov.
g-
irpaov.
irpaeias.
irpaov.
Trpao).
irpaeia.
irpCufi.
the
irpaov.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
140
Plural
irpdea.
n.
irpaoi.
TrpaeidL.
a.
irpaovs
TTpdeids.
irpdea,
g.
irpdewv.
irpdeioav.
irpdkwv.
d.
irpaoLs or Trpdeat.
Trpdeiais
TTpaoL? or
most
74. <rws, safe, forms
of its cases
it p deat.
from the stem
crwo.
Singular
n,
crcos.
acad.
<tS)V.
a.
(TOW.
(Tcodv.
acov.
g-
(TCOOV.
crcoa?.
acoov.
d.
GQ)G).
n.
acoot or <rw?.
a.
(TCQOVS or
CTGOrp.
Plural
<ro)?.
awa
(roods.
acoa or
or
ad
ad
(TCDCOV.
g-
d.
o-<wat
(TCOOIS.
ctqoclis.
(TCWOfc?.
CHAPTER
IX
XL.XLIII
COMPARISON
75.
to
The words 7raAcuds, ancient, and crxoAcuos, slow, seem also

have the forms in omicron, as TraXaiortpos, crôAatdrepos,
precisely as the greater
number
76. Like 7r/3wos, early,

and
v,
and
of adjectives in a to.
6\pio<$,
a,
are
late,
marked
are also compared
GREEK GRAMMAS
1IKST
the poetical adjectives
7rA?Jo-ios,
near,
and
141
The
erSios, calm.
egMa^ which from their meaning are rarely compared, have once or twice the forms /zco-ui-
words
/jlc(to<s,
tniddlt
T/x>9, ix<raiTUTo<;
The word
and
has in good writers the analytic com-
</>i'Aos,
<t>i\rpos is
uros,
uratTtpos, tVcuVaTo?.
<j>i\o<s
parative fxaXXov
form
and superlative
purely poetical and
almost entirely confined to the vocative

friend, and the neuter plural
tive,
<5
<f>i\raTa
is
in prose
my
^lArare,
dearest
used as a substan-
our nearest and dearest.
77.
ripe,
t<x
The
fidXio-Ta <f>i\os.
<i'A.TaTos
Of
adjectives in
-<ov,
the words
irt(tiv,fat,
and
irk-Trw,
form their comparative and superlative irregularly, but
they are very rare indeed.

ttlcdv.
Triorepos.
ttIotcltos.
ireirwv.
Treirairepo^.
Trent (lIto-tos.
78.
A few
-eoraTos,
viz.,
adjectives in os are irregular in taking -eo-reposy
pure;
aKparos,
ippiofievos,
strong;
a<f>6ovos,
abundant.
aKparko-Taro^.
afcpaTe<TTepo<;.
79.
ppo)/jiveo-Tpo<;.
ippcofievecTTaTOS.
d(f)0oveo-Tpo<;.
acpOoveo-raros.
The words
v/3purrrjs,
insolent
(man), and cViâ/us,
charming, form their comparative and superlative as

v/3pLOTos
80.
and
if
from
lirLâptTos.
v/SpiGTOTepos.
vfipLo-TOTaros.
iTTCâpcrcorepof;.
i7rcâpiTojraro<;.
Of comparatives and
superlatives formed from ad-
verbial, prepositional, or indeclinable positives, the following
are of most frequent occurrence

<*,
the circumjlex accent
FIRST GREEK
142
GRAMMAR
irepav, on the other side ; irepatrepo^, further.
vTreprepos, upper, further ;

prep. vTrep,
vTrepraros, uppermost (from
over).
varepos,
vaTaTos,
latter, later ;
last, latest.
Trpovpyiairepos, more serviceable
(from irpovpyov,
serviceable
6,
rj,
TrpovpyialraTos, most
to),
Greek many adjecdo not form their

These
comparatives and superlatives by inflexional change.
generally use /xaXXov and /zaAwrra, as magis and maxime are
used in Latin ; as /xaXXov SrjXos, more plain, S?}Aos /xaXto-ra,
81.
As
in all languages, there are in
which
tives,
for euphonic or other reasons
or /xaAtcrra SrjXos, most plain.
CHAPTER X
XLIV
ADVERBS
82.
There
are
stems,
Some
many
adverbs besides those formed from
They may be formed from substantival
adjectives.
and many are
of a formation
now
difficult
or verbal
to trace.
Thus
are simply cases of adjectives or substantives.
forms like
<i'A(os
we
case in Greek, as in
oikos, house.
really see the
we
at home,
of/coi,
see the locative case of
The dative supplies a great number,
as
Srj/jLoaia, publicly,
from
Btj/jLoo-ios, public.
ISla, privately,
from
t'Sto?, private.
GTrovhfj, zealously,
from
aTrovBi], zeal.
and
a, are
in
remnants of the ablative
marked
F1KST QBESK
bom
QRAMMAB
r,
stilus bj the
and a greed number from
verbal stems by the suffixes -<v/r and -r<, as tfwpthjv, mixedly,
from (/ji"7>eir, ^<> ////./*, cAAryi'to-Ti, ?' <ir<<L\ from 'EAAî'i'êu', to
one
formed
are
as Kwifi6v, like a
-' '<>r,
Boffiz
t/Moi 6r*&
Others are really phrases like the English at
as K7roSwr,
rOJKJbflt,
For a large
84.
<>///
ro&tv).
e\-
no general principle of formation can
aAis, enough ; a0is, again ;
many adverbs
7raA.1i',
back
?Am\
avruca, vmmediaUi'jf ; cVct,
Hut
UKiy (for
^//'
(j^
class
Such are
iven.
.substantive
'/"/,
formed by the three

stem or the modified stem),
of' place are
-Ocv (attached to the
suffixes
-1,
and
(attached to the accusative), as oucot, at home, oikoOcv,
-8e
from home, from
we do not find
With the accusative
found, and then combines
In Attic prose
oTkos, house.
attached to the accusative singular.
-&
of plural
names
of places
often
it is
with the plural sigma of the case to form -fc as 'Adrjvafc

AtJnns (for 'A&jvasSe).
86.
The
chief adverbs of time
wit 11? (indirect),
7tot,
when?
o-n-orc,
totc, then, ore, oirore, when.
CHAPTER
XI
XLVI
87.
are
to
'Hie cardinal, ordinal,
and adverbial numerals are as
follows
Cardinal.
1
'2/3'
eU,
fila,
ev
Ordinal.
<""
6 irpoiro s, the fust
Adverb.
airat;, once
Bvo
Bevrepos
6Y9
rpeh, rpia
rpLros
rpis
Vowel* long by nature, except
*,
and
, are
marked
FIRST GREEK
144
Sign.
8'
5e
6*
GRAMMAR
Adverb.
Ordinal.
Cardinal.
Terrapes, rerrapa rerapro^
TTpdfCi<;
irevre
irevTcucis
7re/A7TTo?
fCTO<i
e%aici<$
e7rra
e/3So/zo?
eTTTOLKl^
6/CTCQ
oy&oos
OKTCLKIS
evvea
evaros
evaicis
11 id evBe/ca
ivSefcaros
evê/cd/ci ;
I2ij3' BcoSe/ca
Bo)Be/caro<;
BcoBefcd/cis
7]
9 6'
10 j
ff
BeKa
1
13 iy Tpeis(rpid)icdi 8e/ca rplros Kai Sefcaro?
TpicrKaLBefcdfcis
U i$
T6TTClpS KOI BitCd TerapTOs /cdi be/caro? TeTTapeaicaiheicdiu*;
15
irevreKaiheKa
*'
7re/A7TT09 /cdi he/caro? TrevreKaihefcdicis
16*9' eKfcaiBe/ca
Ktos
17 if 7rTafcai$/ca
18 ?/ 6fCT(OfcaiSe/ca
efthofjLos icdi hetccLTO*;
eTTTaKaiheKaKis
oySoos
/cdl
Be/caros
oKTa/caiSe/cd/ei?
19*0' ivvea/eaiSefca
evaros
icdi
he/caro?
ivvea/cai&efcdfcis
20
a:'
elfcoaTos
eltcocrdicis
25
*V eifcocri
t/C0C7T0? 7reyLt7TTO?
elKoadtcis irevrdicis
30
TpidKovra
TplCLKOGTOS
TplCLKOVTaKlS
40
yu/
TerrapaKovra
rerrapa/coo-ro^
TerrapaKovraKi^
50
irevrrjKOVTa
7T6VT7]KO(Tt6<;
irevrriKovrdici*;
60
'
i^Kovra
ei^rj/coo-TOs
%7)K0VTdlCL<;
70
o'
/38o/Jbl]KOVTa
e{3$op,r)KO(TTO<;
eftBofjurj/covTaKis
80
tt'
oySor/fcovra
oySoTj/coo-TO?
dySorjKOVTd/cis
90
<_/
ivevrjicovra
ivevrjfcocTTOs
evevrj/covrdfas
100
p'
e/carov
e/carocrTos
efcarovrdfcis
200
<r'
hiCLKOcrioi, at,
BiaKOcrioo-Tos
hlCLKOG idicis
Tpiatcoaioi,
TpiCLKQCriOGTOS
TpiaKoaidias
T6TpafCO(TlO(TT6<Z
Terpafcocridfcis
300 t
eUoai(v)
irkvre
a
au, a
400
i/
rerpaKocrioi, ai,
500
<'
TrevTafcoaioi, ai,
a
a
icdi
heKaTos
irevTaicocrioo-TOs
u, are
marked
efacaiBeicdici*;
irevTaKocridKi^
FIl;
Sign.
eâKocrioi, ai,
700
yjr'
kiTTaKOGLoi, at,
800
oi
otcTatcocrtoi, at,
900
evatcoatoi, at,
ai,
fivpioi, at,
jl
88.
The
Adverb.
k%aico<Tio<TTOs
a
a
2000 fi Si^tXioi, ai, a

3000 ry rpisyiXioL at, a
10000
145
Ordinal.
;ii(linal.
600
1000 a yt\ioL,
GRAMMAR
efaicoani
eirraKoaiocrTo*;
cirr a kog lutein
oKTa/coo-ioo-ros
oktclkoctkikk;
ivafcocnoaTOS
ivcucotTiuKt.^
^lXioctto^
X^
S^^ôo-to?
Bi^TXid/civ
TpLSxiXiocrTOS
rpc^TXidKL<i
fivpLoa-roq
fWOU&iUQ
'
is shown in
To form com-
alphabet were used, as
letters of the
the second column, as signs of the numbers.
pound numbers kcli was often used, in which case the smaller
number was put first, as eiKoo-iv , twenty-sir, but e *ai
lko(tl, sir-and-twenty
So eiiaxrros Ikto%, twenty -sixth, but
octos /cat eiKocnos, sir-and-ticnit'cth.
Compounds of 8 or 9
are often expressed by means of the participles of 8to I
.
votv hkovra rpiaKovra, thirty lacking A

c'o5
nty-eight,
&kov rpioKocrTuv tos, the thirtieth year save one,
the
i.e.
twenty ninth year.

89.
Fractions were expressed
tions with the general formula
in different ways.
- our
Frac-
quarter, fifth, etc.,
expressed by compounds with fiopiov, as Tptrrjfioptov

7rfX7TT->iix6piov
Fractions with the formula
\, etc.
expressed by phrases like nfir

at 8vo /xolpaL
vim
might be expressed as the
Thus
to"i' c7r-ra
90.
ra e
p<f), or
'">' ;
long by nature, excrpt
last,
simply
The jnoft imports
faurrof, each;
ra rpia piprj
Fractions with
':.
ami
,,
J,
- were
|,
rdv
formula
t!
or in a shorter way.
tol < pipi)
j.
adjectives of quantity are
t5, all; vchttos, otootos,
ore marled /<my, mbtt lAry CBfT|f
tt circumjlex acctnt.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
146
which in a
series ? (Lat.
The adverbs
are
quotus
?),
much ;
ttoXvs,
every time;
/<aaTa/as,
dAiyoi, few.
7roAAaAas,
often;
irXetxrTaKLs, very often ; oAtya/as, seldom.
91.
it
When
avros comes between an article and substantive
acquires the meaning same, as 6 avrbs
It often coalesces
by
oLvrjp,
the
same man.
with those forms of the
crasis
article
which end in a vowel, as
Singular
n.
avros.
CLVTr).
TCLVTO,
a.
tov avrov.
rr)V avTrjv.
TCLVTO,
&
TCLVTOV.
rr)<;
d.
TCLVTO).
TCLVTTJ.
'
TCLVTOV.
avTrj<;.
TCLVTOJ.
Plural
n.
CIVTOL.
CLVTCLl.
a.
TOV? CLVTOV?.
tcl<$
TCLVTCL.
avTds.
TCLVTCL.
T(OV CLVTWV.
g-
tcus
tols avTols.
d.
T0l<i (LVTOLS
clvtcll<;.
Dual
n. a. v.
92.
TavTco.
TOIV aVTOLV.
d.
Like ovtos are declined

too-ovto(v), so great.
toctoOto?.
TOcravTi).
TOLOVTO^.
T0LCLVT7].
tolovto(v), such.
TTjXlKOVTO^.
T7}\lKCLVT7).
TrfKiKovTo{y), so
But the tau
old.
of the forms of ovtos beginning in that letter is
dropped, as rcurra, but Tocr-avra; and the nominative and

accusative singular neuter
may end
a>,
in nu.
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
147
With the same meaning as these fonns we also find too-oV

toios-<$, and njktKos-Se declined regularly, except that
&,
they have the suffix
-Se
appended.
In the following tables the pronouns and the id

formed from their stems are arranged so as best to show
93.
their relations to one another.
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES
interrogative
indefinite
demonstrative-
relative
rki wlwl
ns, some one
Trorepos,
7roTeoo9, one of Tpo<;, the one
which of two?
iroaos,
how
great ?
how
two (alteruter)
7roo-o9, of
size or
5Be, OUT09, ttM
of two
to<tovto<;,
(tantus, tut)
H'h'tf
7roto9, of some
quality
so
much
quot)
Of
OTTOTepOStWhidl
some Tocro9,TO(709Se 0(709, 07TOO-09,
number
great, so
quality! (quali<)
Who
of two
(alter)
much?(q>j
7TOt09,
09, 09Tt9,
y/'"'/\
htm
(quantvs,
quot)
Toto9, roiosBe,
TOIOVTOS,
km
much
Of
such a quality
0l09, 07T0M>9, of
which
(J
(qua! is)
(tal
TTTjXlKOS,
old?
hOW TrrjXLKo^tOfsonw
T7]XtKO<i, TfjXl-
V\t/f09, oirrjXl-
tcosBe, ttjXikov-
tco<i,oj
whichage
T09 of such age

Vowels long by nature, except r and m, art ma rked long, unlets (key carry
the circvm/Ux accent.
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
148
PRONOMINAL ADVERBS
interrogative
demonstrative
indefinite
7rov, where 1
ttov, somewhere
iroQev, ivhence ?
irodkv
relative
ov, ottov, wher*
(from
<
ivdevBe
oOev
ivTevdev
oiroOev
evravOol, thither
ol. 07T0L,
o
rore, then
ore, 6tt6t,
some-
whence
( where
{some
ttoI,
whither?
whither
tt6t,
when?
irrjvUa
TrjVL/cdBe
which
OTTTJVLKa
rrjvUa
7to)9,
somehow
irrj,
in some
way
this
CHAPTER
LV-
ft)?,
07Tft)9,
as
ravTrj ) in
rfjhe
hour
&8e
Ot/Tft)?
Try
rrjvLKavra
'
when
(at
TjVlKa
what
<
7TW9, h0W
irore, sometime
at
whither
inwhi
this
way
07T7J <
way
XII
ff
GENERAL REMARKS ON VERBAL FORMS

94.
Double
Forms.
Besides the third plural imperative active forms like \vovVowels long by nature, except v and
<u,
the circumjlex accent.
FIRST CREEK
riovy
QRAMMAB
and the middle forms
kvcravTiav,
149
Xvco-dutv,
\e\iv6uv, and the passive \vdevnov, we find in
Xvcraxrdw,
late
Greek
XveTiocraV) kvcraToxrav, kveaOaxrav, \vo~dcr6uxrav, AcAtVôxrav,
Such forms, however, are never found
\v6i)Toxrav.
in stone
Alexander the Great, and are

therefore when found in Attic prose texts to be regarded as
records or in verse
till
after
late alterations of the shorter forms.
95.
Such optative active forms as Avo-cus, Avcrcu, kva-auv

and \vo-ciav, are equally suspicious in
for \v<Tia<5, \v<rie(v),
Attic prose
as are also forms of the passive optative such as
They
kvOeiijTov for XvOeiTov.
The ending
present and futures,
96.
are not found in Attic verse.
-y for ci in
the second person singular
and passive
indicative, middle,
is
certainly
late.
97. In late writers the pluperfect indicative active
is
thus
inflected
99.
Singular
Plural
\e\vK6LV
\e\VKL/JLV
XeXv/ceis
XeXv/ceire
\e\v/c6i
\e\vKeurav
The
Auxiliary Tenses.
active indicative
may
substantive verb, as AcAvkws
The same
t/xt,
is
perfect
and
pluperfect
be expressed by the participle and the

clfxi,
true of the middle
AeAv/cws
and
fji>.
passive, as XeXvptvos
The subjunctive and optative perfect

ty.
more frequently expressed in this way than by
AeAv/xet/os
active are
AcAi'kw and XtXvKonjv, namely, AeAv/cws 5, AeAu/cws
For future
100.
in
perfect,
AcAvkws
tfo-o/Licu
The Perfect Imperative.
the active voice except
tt-qv.
was used.
This
when the
tense
is
not used
perfect has a present
meaning, and then the second person singular always ends

-0i.
Thus from
Ketcpaya,
shout,
and
, are
we have
marked
the imperative
in
FIRST GREEK
150
GRAMMAR
(2) fcefcpa%0i.
(3) K6fcpdyaT(o.
PL
(2) fce/cpayare.
In the middle and passive the third person singular is

in such phrases as ravra elprjo-Oa, let these things be
common
said.
The second person
singular
is
hardly used except when
the perfect has a present meaning,
from
as,
fie/Avrjo-Q
remember;
I remember ; irkiravo-o, quiesce.

Future middle and passive. There
/Acfivrjuai,
is no lack of
meaning seeing that in addition to the
future tense common to both the middle and the passive
voices we have also forms like XvO^crofiat and XeXvcropat,
and in the case of verbs from consonant stems sometimes
101.
futures with a passive
another like
102.
Tpacfi-ja-opai
from the strong
aorist erpdcfarjv.
Future middle in form, active in meaning.
Another peculiarity of the future is that a very large class

of verbs have a future middle in form but active in meaning.
In
fact,
almost
all
verbs which denote the exercise of the
bodily functions have this peculiarity.

are already deponents,
list.
The most important
shout,
/ce/cpaya, cry aloud, tcefcpdl;-
d\-
ftoav, cry, fiorjo-ofiai.
yekav, laugh, yeXda-
(poet.)
cry,
grunt,
ypv-
KcoKvaofiai.
lament,
olfico^-
shriek,
6\o\vlj-
o/xai.
6\o\veiv,
ryrjpvao/JLcu,
o/jLai.
OflCU.
/ccofcvetv, wail,
ol/jl(o^lv,
O/JLCLL
ypvêtv,
OfJUU.
/cekXayya, scream, iceic\dy%-
aXdôfxat.
yqpveiv
of these verbs
in the following
are.
103. aheiVy sing, do-o/xai,
aXakdêiv,
Many
and are not included
OpLCLL.
OTorvêiv, wail, ororvôpbai.
Vowels long by nature, except * and u, are marked long, unless they carry
151
d/coveiv, hear, aKovaofiai.
Oiyydveiv, (poet.)
104.
Sdtcveiv,
iaOletv,
105.
Bijôfiat.
bite,
eat,
eBofjuac.
touch, Qiôyiai.
tttvclv,
spit,
pofalv,
gobble, po<p^<To/j,ac.
Trrvao/jLai.
XiiTTTecVflapjXdyjrofiaL.
rpayyeiv, gnaw, rpcotjofiai,
irtveiv, drink, Trtofiat.
^daKeiv,
diravrav,
xavovjuu.
dirav- OpdxrKetv, leap, dopovfiai.
meet,
velv, swim, vevaopâi.
Tijcroficu.
walk,
fiaBi&LV,
gape,
ftahi- TrrjBav, leap, TrrjBâ-o/jLac.

ifKelv, sail, nfkevaofiat,.
ovfiat.
-fialveiv, go, -/3iJ(to/jlcu.
pelv, flow, pevaofiac.
(/3\a>atcLv), (poet.) go,
cnrovBdêtv, hasten, gttovBdaofiac.
fioXovfiai.
run
diro-BiBpdaiceiv,
away, air o-Bpaaofuu.

BiGotceiv, pursue,
Blo)!j-
(rpeêtv), run, BpapLOvfjuat.

<f)ev<yt,v, flee,
ofiai.
êvôfiat.
proceed,
yuipzLv,
yu>pi}-
<TO/j,ac.
6 ever o fiat.
Belv, run,
iraiêtv, play, iraicrofiau
iriirreiv, fall, ireaovfiai.

tcd/jLveiv, be
weary, xafiovfiai,
<j>ddveiv, get before, (fiOtfcroficii.
varepelv,
106. (fiiwvai aor.),
be behindhand, vaTeprjO-ofxat,.
live, /3id>-
(rofjLai.
-yr}pd<TKecv,
grow
old,
be,
<rofiat.
aor.)
die,
diro-
Oavov/xat,.
Trdcrêcp,
-yrjpdcrofiaL.
(rXrjvat,
elvai,
aTToOvrjaiceiv,
svjfei',
Treiaro/jucu.
endure,
r\i]<Topui.
Vowel* long by nature, excrpt % and
, arr
marked
FIRST GREEK
152
GRAMMAR
Tvyydveiv,
107. \ayxdveiv, obtaifiyXiyl--
rev^-
obtain,
OfJbai.
O/JLCLL.
\afiftaveiv, take, \rf\jro/jlcli.
Kiyydveiv, (poet.
dpirdêiv,
seize,
KKeirreiv,
steal,
Kke-^rofxai.
grasping,
be
TrXeove/crelis,
)find,
dp7rdao/iai.
ifKeoveKTrjaofJuat.
KLY'rjcrofjLai.
by
108. Intellectual or emotional activity is expressed
dfiaprdvecv,
rwOdêiv, mock, TwOdcropLcu.
dfiap-
err,
Oavpdêiv,
Tr)(TO/JLCU.
know,
ycyvcoatceiv,
enjoy
aTToXaveiv,
yvdxropai.
learn,
fiavOdveiv,
admire,
Oav-
fidcro/JLCu.
dirokav-
GOjJLai.
p,a-
v/3pi%Lv, insult, vfSpiovfiai.
drjcropai.
o/jlvvvcu, swear, dpiovpai.
(r/cG)7rTiv,jeer, atccoyjrOfJULl.
109.
many
There are
some
more,
of
between the active and the middle.
Remarks on Contracted Verbs.
110.
irregularities are to
The verbs
(1)
Xp{op,ai,
use;
kvw,
oscillate
The
following
be remembered :w,
8i\p(o,
live;
thirst;
answer (of an
XP>
irtivQt,
hunger;
though from alpha stems contract in

(w/xev, t}t,
which
far i, subjunctive,
scrape; and
\pu>,
w,
>/s,
eta,
oyxw,
as,
w,
oracle);
smear;
ijs,
?},
etc., infinitive, r)v.
rub; occasionally contract in eta
also.
(2)
The verb pyw,
instead of ov and
singular piyf
shiver with cold, contracts in
ot, as,
infinitive
w and
w,
piydv; subjunctive third
optative third singular piyw)
participle piyuv,
pZyoxra, plycov, gen. /kywvros.
(3) "Words like
x^w only contract when the vowel epsilon
Vowels long by nature, except % and.
a>,
are marked long, unless (hey carry
is
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIRST
... by
another epnlon and before the endings
followed
ollowed
In
of the active.
I
with that of
fo,
Aio>.
8(2, StlS,
etT, ovcri
all
other COOCS their formation
The only exoeptiona
which
s iw ><>t It ;
syllables,
&1, 8oVfXV i &IT6,
imperfect eSow,
Seowi
The verb
those
are &o>,
and a
eis
ifl
identical
/ bind: and
Attic always contract like poly-
in
8oUCTl, to, ciS, l, ÔV/Xtl',
?ouv, etc.
like all other dissyllabic verbs in

Seirc,
If,.",
imperfect eSeoy,
But
Sew,
-<o,
Sew,
Sets,
lade,
ifl
Sci, Seo/xev,
eScis, cSci, etc.
in Attic to kovw, but

which have a short connecting vowel are
from Aow, and then contract ; e.g.
Aoew, wGw/i, contracts
persons
formed as
if
\6ofiev becomes Xovfiev.
\0T6
\0VT6.
ekoov
,,
eXovv.
\6ea6at,
XovaOcu.
Xoofjuevos
,,
Xovfievos.
CHAPTER
THi:
TKNSE-SYSTEM OF REGULAR VERBS IN OMEGA
You must
115.
carefully observe that in no tense of
there any stem-form

nt
i,
is
XIII
stem.
as there
not found.
It
is
shorter
may
than
Ai>,
which we
therefore also be called the
no part of the verb
The same
is
in
true of
Auw
call
is
the
verbal
which the syllable Av
all
pure verba, that
is,
which have the omega of the first person singular

nt indicative active preceded by a vowel.
Of coarse contracted verbs belong to this class, us
lung by nature, except
r,
and
tI/xu),
</>iAw,
and
8?/A<o
, are marked long, unless they carry
the circumflex
06
FIRST GREEK
154
were originally
GRAMMAR
and
rlfxaw, <iAew,
This
8r}X6(a.
is
a very im-
portant class of verbs, and far more Greek verbs belong to
it
than to any other.
Many impure verbs also belong to this group, that is,

have their present stem and their verbal stem identical, such
But with most impure
as Aeyo>, / say, and 7rAc/c(o, i" plait.
Thus of the verbs which you
verbs the case is different.
you take favyia or AetVw, you will observe
<f>evy and Aei7r are not the shortest
For favyo) has for aorist e^vyov,
stem-forms in the verb.
of which <f>vy is the stem, and AeiVw forms an aorist e'Ai7rov
from the stem Ar.
116. "We may now go further than we did on p. 65 and
may divide our verbs in a better way than by the letters in
which their stems end, for we have learned that some verbs
have no stem-form shorter than the present stem and that
have learned,
if
that the present stems
others have.
This at once separates
Greek verbs in omega into two
all
great groups
Verbs in which the present stem and verb-stem are
I.
identical.
II.
Verbs in which the present stem and verb-stem are
different.
To the former of these groups belong the vast majority of

The latter embraces a comparatively small
number of verbs, but from the nature of their meaning the
Greek verbs.
verbs which
frequently,
belong to it occur for the most part very

and so appear to be more numerous than they
are.
117. If
group,
we
we examine
the verbs which belong to the second
shall see that the present
stem
may
conveniently
be regarded as enlarged from the shorter stem-form or verbstem, but in different ways.
Vowels long by nature, except y
We may
and
u, are
thus divide the second
marked
FIRST GKKEK
ORAMMAB
155
group into smaller groups according to the way
in
which the
present stem, difbra from the verb-stem.
118.
I.
The vowel
of the present
stem
is
longer than in
the verb-stem.
verb-stem,
(pevyco, flee.
Xeiirco, leave.
119. II. In cases
present stem
is
when the verb-stem ends
verb-stem, @\a/3.
tvtt.
/cpvTTTG), hide.
KpV(j).
The present stem
certain letters
(1)
arise
is longer than the verb-stem

from the coalescing of the final
iota.
The
form tt
(2)
which
verb-stem and the semi-vowel y represented in
letter of the
to
in a labial, the
TU7TTO), strike.
120. III.
Greek by
\ctt.
increased by tau.
fi\a7rT(o, hurt.
by
<f>vy.
gamma,
palatals kappa,
chi unite with this iota
(o-a-).
fcrjpvTTQ), 'proclaim
for
tuttm,
for
ray-t-o).
opvTTQ), dig
for
opv^-t-co.
Delta and occasionally
gamma
order
tcrjpvfc-i-co.
coalesce with the iota
to form zeta.
KOfjLL^co,
carry
olp,a)<D, bewail
(3)
Lambda by union with
for
/cop,i&-i-a>.
for
olficoy-L-to.
the iota becomes kk.
fidWco, throw
for /3a\-i-a).
<ttWq), equip
for
VowU long
by nature, except
t,
ami
*, are
areX-L-co.
-marled long, unless they carry
FIRST
156
When
(4)
is
the verb-stem ends in
thrown back into
121. IV.
by nu or a
GREEK GRAMMAR
nu
or rho the semi-vowel
it.
T6LVQ), stretch
for rev-t-co.
(pOeipca, destroy
for
The present stem
is
(f)0ep-L-(o.
longer than the verb-stem
syllable containing nu.
by nu alone
(1)
verb-stem /3a.
/Salva, go.
rejjbvco, cut.
by
(2)
refi.
av
verb stem p,a0.
fiavddvo), learn.
/3\a<TTdva), grow.
j3\aar.
by ve
(3)
verb-stem kv.
tcvveco, Jdss.
The present stem is longer than the verb-stem by

when the verb-stem ends in a consonant, by wtk,
122. V.
a-K
or,
and sometimes by reduplication

yrjpdo-fca),
yiyvcbcTfCG),
also.
grow old
come
to
verb-stem yrjpd.
know.
evpla/CQ), find.
The
Still
<yvw.
,,
evp.
two classes must be regarded as quite irregular.

more irregular are the two remaining classes.
last
123. VI.
short stem alternates with one enlarged
by
epsilon.
(1)
The enlarged stem
in epsilon belongs to the present,
while other tenses are formed from the shorter.

Vowels long by nature, except % and a, are marked long, unless they carry
Bokcj
verb-stem 8ok.
(ea>), seem.
future Sofa) (not
The
(2)
&oki)<tci)).
shorter stem belongs to the present, while the
other tenses are formed from the enlarged stem.
verb-stem 6e\.
e6ek<D, wish.
future iOeXrjcrw.
124. VII.
form
its
l&ov,
The verb draws upon quite different stems to

/ see ; oô/xat, / shall see
different tenses, as 6pw,
saw, from opa,
on-, 18,
see p. 184.
CHAPTER XIV
THE TENSES IN DETAIL
Present and Imperfect.
125.
The imperfect
is
formed
from the present stem by prefixing the augment and adding

the personal endings.
Verbs when compounded with a preposition have the

augment immediately after the preposition, as et<r/?aAAw, /
throw Into, LO--c-/3a\\.ov cwrayw, / introduce, clo--r}yov.
The
(repositions crvv, with, and Iv, in, which become assimilated
J
to the first consonant of the simple verb,
forms before the augment,
pakXov,
becomes
12G.
c
lit
Ud
ypa<f>ov.
{iP<i\X(ji,
before the
When
before
But
<nyx/?dA.A(o,
throw
into,
resume their true

together, a
/ throw
iv--/3a\kov.
tK,
the preposition ends in a vowel, the
the
out
of,
augment.
augment,
-(u, about,
Vowclt long by nature, except
r,
v7ro-ypd<w,
and
and
irpo,
, are
be/ore,
marked
the circumjlex accent.
fowd H
subscribe,
never lose their
long, unlets they oarry
FIRST GREEK
158
vowel, although
7rpov/3aivov,
also
some
irpo
may
irregularities in
127. (1)
becomes
contract with
7rpo-e-/3cuvov,
for
ei,
GRAMMAR
e
to
went forward.
form ov, as
There are
augment.
not
t],
in the verbs
lav, leave, eleov.
eirea-Qat, follow, elirofir^v.
eOLêiv, accustom, eWtôv.
êiv,
ecrriav, entertain, elarlcov.
ekLrreiv,
eX/ceiv, draw, eTkicov.
epirew,
128. (2)
syllabic
Some
have, el%ov.
eiXirrov.
roll,
creep,
elpirov.
verbs beginning with a vowel have the
augment
uiveZaOai, buy.
icovovfirjv.
push.
icodovv.
ovpelv, make water.
eovpovv.
(tidelv,
129. (3)
Some
verbs have a double augment in Attic
avTifid\e2v, entreat.
rjvreftoXovv.
avTihiKelv, dispute.
rjvrehiicovv.
ajjb(j)oo-f3r]TeLV, dissent.
r/fAcpeo-fitfrovv.
afjL(f>Lyvo6iv s doubt.
rjLupeyvoovv.
Biatrav,
ihiyrcov.
diet.
hicLKoveiv, serve.
ehirjKovovv.
dveêaOai, endure.
^v6l^6ll7}v.
evo'xXeiv, trouble.
t/voj^Xovv.
avoiyevv, open.
avewyov.
apnrkyeaQai, have
1
30.
on.
rjpL7Tc^6/jLr)v.
The second or strong aorist active and middle.
Pure verbs cannot form
this tense,
verbs
consequently very rare in Greek,
possess
it.
It
is
and few even
of
impure
Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
hardly occuring at
That
their stem.
all
it
GRAMMAR
159
except in such verbs as have a root for
is
often thought a
to the fact that the verbs
common
which form
number, are in very frequent use.
it,
tense is due
though few in
Its inflexion is for the
same as that of the imperfect, and for the other

moods the same as that of the present. Thus from AeiVw we
have the active aorist cAiTrop, and from 7Tc6u) the middle
indicative the
aorist 7n66[xip'.
Active
Present
Imperfect
Svbjunctice.
Indicative.
s.
D.
P.
1.
eXenrop.
2.
\e*7T?.
3.
eXenre.
2.
ikeiirerov.
Optatiir.
XeLTTO).
XeLiroiiii.
Imperative.
Infinitiv.
\6L7T6.
Xelireup.
3.
i\ec7reT7]v.
1.
iXeLTTOfiev.
2.
eXetVere.
Participle.
3.
eketTTOv.
Xclttcop, Xeiirovaa, Xelirop.
Aorist
A
s.
D.
P.
1.
eXnrop.
2.
e\t7T6?.
3.
eXnre.
2.
iXiirerop.
3.
iXl7TT7)P.
1.
i\L7TOflP.
2.
iXl7TT.
3.
eXcTTOP.
VotoeU h>mj
l,y
Xlttcj.
XiTTOlfJLL.
Xi7T.
Xnrelp.
Xlttqjp,
nature, except
r,
and
m,
Xnrov<ra, Xittov.
are marled long, unlets they carry
FIRST GREEK
160
GRAMMAR
Middle
Present
Imperfect
Indicative.
s.
1.
eirei66fjL7]v.
2.
iireldov.
3.
iireiOeTO.
2.
iireLOeaOov.
3.
iireiOecrO^v.
Optative.
7TLdc0fjLCU.
7TL0OL/JL7]V.
Imperative.
Infinitive.
i
f~a
I).
Subjunctive.
irelOeaOai.
nrelOov.
1
p.
1.
eTreiOo/jieOa.
2.
eireideaQe.
3.
iireldovro.
Participle.
7rei06fjLevo<;,
77,
ov.
AORIST:
s.
I).
p.
1.
67rid6fjLr)v.
2.
eiriOov.
3.
eiriOero.
2.
iirldecrOov.
3.
iirideo-O'qv.
1.
67ri66/jLe9a.
2.
iirideade.
3.
eirlOovro.
Subjunctive.
Optative.
TriOwfJLCLL.
7Tl,0Ol/JL7}V.
Imperative.
Infinitive.
irideaOaL.
iridov.
3
131.
future
Participle.
iriOoiiei /09,
Future active and middle.

is
The
77,
07A
inflexion of the
the same' as that of the present, except that the
future stem forms no subjunctive or imperative.

tracted future has the
same
The
con-
inflexion as contracted presents.
E.g.
Vowels long by nature, except y and u, are marked long, unless they carry
FIRST GREEK (-KA.M.MAK
161
Future
PjUCSXNT
Lull
&
>.
T.
IUm
cnrepw, I
slwll sow.
1.
<j>L\a),
2.
<f)i\el$.
3.
(f)l\l.
(Tire pel.
3.
(f>i\eiTov.
<T7TpLT0V.
crirepels.
3.
<}>iXltop.
<T7TpLTOV.
1.
<f>i\ovjjLev.
cnrepov/jLev.
2.
<f)lkLT.
<T7TpLT.
3.
<f)i\.OV<Tl.
airepovat.
1.
<f>L\0lT)V.
<TirpOL7)V.
2.
<j)i\oL7i<;.
cnrepoir)*;.
3.
(f>t\OLTJ.
(Tirepoii).
2.
<j>l\oltov.
airepocTov,
Optative
S.
D.
etc.
Infinitive
airepelv.
<f)t\eiv.
Participle
(f)i\a)v,
-ovaa, -ovv
with
tlie
airepcov, -ovtja, -c
middle.
mute form their

by adding sigma to the .stem. The sigma combines
With gutturals to form xi, and with labials to form psi, while
7tA.ck-<u,
dentals are dropped before it.
/ jAait, 7rAc(o;
132. All stems ending in a vowel or a
future
/?Aa7r-T0j,
hurt, fiX-difrio; $S-a>,
sing, â-ofiac
irpdrTU),
do
(7T/Xiy), 7Tpd(0.
Towel stems have their vowels long before sigma, that is,
becomes eta, omicron becomes omega, alpha becomea
eta except when preceded by epsilon, iota, or rho, in which
epsilon
Vowels long by nature, except n
and
, are
marked
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
162
case
it
SrjXiocru)
(f>vpu)
not changed, as
is
ew (aw), allow,
(aw), knead, <f>vpao-u>
Tf/xw (dw),
133.
7roia>
edtra)
but
(3ou)
Sr/Aw
shout;
(aa>),
(oco),
laxrojxai
Ileal,
/3on/cro/Acu
TZfirjO-to).
The contracted future
is
verb-stem, and then contracting

stretch),
iroirjcnn
(ea>),
iw/mi (tao/xai),
future
tracted syllable
;
is
formed by adding
The
eo>
to the
as rev (verb-stem of reivia,
Stems ending
reveco, revoG.
their futures in this way.
pollute, /xiavu)
in A,
jx,
v, p,
form
syllable preceding the con-
always short,
assign, ve/xoj
ve/xw,
cnrtipo), soiv, o-Trepw
/ziau'to,
dyyeAAco, report, dyyeAto.
Not a few stems
in e (present ew), most stems in iS

and a very few in a8 (present doj), throw out
the sigma in the future.
Those in and a8 at once contract
the colliding vowels, kcxAw (ecu), call; future KaAw (for
134.
(present ifa),
KaAecrcu)
/?i/3dfw,
the stems in
bring, future
18 after
/3i/3w (for
/3iy8do-a>).
But
dropping sigma add epsilon and con-
tract, as Tropica, provide, Tropno for (Tropica)).
135.
The
first
or
weak
aorist active
and middle.
The stem is simply the future stem lengthened by alpha.

The stems in A, /a, v, p which form their future without
sigma do not employ that
letter in the aorist,
but in com-
pensation lengthen their vowel; short alpha becomes long

after iota
it
and
becomes
rho, after other vowels
eta,
paiva),
and
eppava
sprinkle,
after consonants
Kadaipw, purify,
tKadrjpa.
Exceptions are
pualvco, pollute,
i/jbirjva.
T6Tpaiv(o,
irerprjva.
bore,
KoiXalvco hollow, eKotKdva.

XevKalvco, whiten, iXev/cdva.
opyalvco, enrage,
wpydva.
la^valva), dry, Xayyava.

r,
and
a, are
marked
QRAMMAB
FIRST GREEK
Kpsilon
becomes
t,
and
and
iota
lengthened, as /i<vw, remain, efxciva
The perfect
active.
the
perfect
upsilon
are
simply
Kptvio, deride, hcptva.
Tlie same stem supplies the

and pluperfect middle ami
\e, and the third future, which has a passive sense.
The characteristic mark of the stem is its reduplication.
The rules for reduplication are
137. (1) Verbs beginning with a vowel have no redupli-
136.
pluperfect active,
cation proper, but simply lengthen the vowel, as
6pp.u> (aw),
urge, &pp.r)Ka.
138. (2) Verbs beginning with a consonant followed
vowel or by lambda, nu, or rho, repeat the

with epsilon, as
plait, 7rc7rAex a
Ai'to,
AcAvkci
all
tKTova
is
</>iAw, irc<t>ikr]Ka.
its
reduplication, as ktciVo),
{ty/U*, injure, i^rjfxiiOKa.
Exceptions to (2) are

up,
ttAckw,
other cases a verb beginning with two
consonants takes only epsilon for

kill,
But an aspirate
represented by the corresponding tenuis, as

139. (3) In
l>v a
consonant
ypd^no, write, yypa<f>a
Kvaw, scrape, KCKvaiKa.
initial
which follow
verbs beginning with
all
(3), as, piTTTio, throiv, cppl<f>a;
p,
yk, yv,
y\v<fao,
eyXvfifMiL (passive); p.vi)pov(.vui, mention, efivijpLovcvKa; yviopifo,

'point out, cyviopLKa.
140. There are a strong and a
The weak perfect
active.
weak
perfect active.
Kappa
added to the
is
reduplicated verb- stem, the vowel following the rules laid
down
in 132.
Spa) (aw), do, hpaaca, SeSpdtea.
rlfiw (aa>), rlfirjaco, rerLpLrjKa.

141.
Stems
in tau, delta,
sonants before kappa, as

in
(ttlO),
changed, as
persuade,
and theta throw out these con*
fotc&tfti (<$vci), reproach, &vtf&uca
The vowel
irkirtLKa.
<f>0eipu) (<l>0cp),
t>
is
destroy, t<\>6apKa.
on d
*,
are
rmW
the circumflex acvtnt.
1(>'J,
occasionally
unless they carry
FIRST GREEK
164
GRAMMAR
The second or strong
perfect.
This is an old
formed directly from the verbstem.
The vowel of the stem undergoes change, and a few
stems in kappa, gamma, pi, and beta change these letters
142.
and comparatively rare
tense,
into the corresponding aspirates, as

7T/>l7r<0
{TTjXir\
143.
<f>evyo) (<f>vy\Jlee, 7re<f>evya;
Send, 7r7TO/X(a.
The perfect middle and passive.
This tense
is
formed by adding the personal endings of the principal

tenses of the middle directly to the perfect-stem without
Stem
connecting vowel.
When
XeXv-fiai.
any
Av, perfect-stem \e\.v, perfect middle
the stem ends in a consonant, the con-
changed according to the rules laid down in page 111.

The ending -vrai of the third person plural is incompatible
sonant
is
with consonantal stems, and in this case the periphrasis with

ei/M is
always used.
The following
table gives an example
of each class of consonant stems
Palatal
Dental
Labial
Liquid
Singular
nreirXeyiiai.
yeypa/x/iai.
ireireiayLai.
eairapfiai.
ireirXeâi.
yeypayfrac.
ireireiaat.
eairapaai.
TT6Tr\eicTai.
yeypairrao.
ireireiaTai.
eairapraL
Plural
7re7r\eyjie6a.
yeypaêOa.
ireirelajjieda.
ireifXeÔe.
yeypa<f)0e.
ireireiaOe.
eairapOe.
ireifkeyiievoi
yeypa/jifievot,
ireireia fjuevoL
iajrap/Jbevoi
elaL
144.
elaL
elaL
The future perfect
perfect stem
is
elaL
formed by enlarging the
by sigma and adding the
middle, as AeAiKr-o/>icu, from XeXv

145.
eairdpfieOa.
inflexions of the future
XeXi\J/op.ou,
from
AeAei7r.
The second or strong aorist passive stem.
and
a>,
are marked, long, unless they carry
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
165
This stein supplies the second aorist and the second future
\e.
It
formed by adding epsilon to the verb-stem,

being sometimes changed, as njnio, wit
ifl
stem-vowel
the
(verb-stem t<xk)
stem -Ack)
It<xki]v
The
(stem
raice)
7tAkw, plait
(verb-
(stem 7rAaKe).
farXAtcrpr
or
weak
aorist passive stem. This

and the first future passive, and
is formed from the verbal stem by adding 6e.
Before this
syllable the vowel of vowel stems is lengthened as in the
future, aorist, and perfect active, rr/ia, irtfx^drjv ; ireipa, try,
146.
first
stem supplies the
i7Tipddi)v
first
aorist
futures, TlfxtjOyja-ofiat^ 7PLpadi^crofJ.ai.
CHAPTER XV
VERBS IN
1
These verbs
17.
differ
-fxu
from the verbs
in
omega only
in the
and second aorist stems, and ocMany verbs

casionally in that of the perfect and pluperfect.
belonging to the -<o conjugation form their aorist activeinflexion
of the present
according to the
They
148.
(1)
-/it
conjugation.
are divided into
Verbs which
two
in the present
classes.
add
their person-end ingi
dicectly to the verb-stem or the verb-stem reduplicated with

</"/-/* i, / say ; TL-6-qp.i, I
j
which add v to the verb-stem in order to form
Verbs
(2)
the present stem as StiK-vv-fii, I sJimv (verb-stem &ik).
We shall add a few more verbs conjugated in full to those
iota
as,
already given.
oo
p.
The
rest
you
will
find in the list uf
170.
iMf
V nature, rrr, r t r ami *. rr mnrlnl h,ng, vnleSM they carry

GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
166
149.
'irj/JLL,
make
send,
go
to
inflected like ti'0;/u.
is
ACTIVE
present
%u,
ure,
tys, tyo-i (v), ie/xev,
i'ao-i(v).
subjunctive fa; optative Uirjv; imperative hi; infinitive
uvai; participle
imperfect
rets.
lets.
i-qv,
fet,
kt,
re/xev,
r'ecrav.
aorist ^Ka, 7^Kas vy/ce^), ct/zcv, etre, curai/ or
subjunctive 5
e?i/at
participle
future
optative efyv
es
infinitive
efs.
perfect
rfo-io ;
Ty/cav.
imperative
ef/ca;
MIDDLE
Ufxai,
optative
hasten ; subjunctive
leifxrjv
imperative
^rai
iy
tooyuat,
recro
e ^c
>
infinitive 'Uo~0ai
parti-
ciple zefievos.
imperfect
optative
future
teo-o.
re/xr/v,
aorist et/^v,
cf<ro, efro, etc.
subjunctive
<5/xat.
et'/^v.
rjo-ofxoLL
aorist passive
perfect ct/xat
efflrjv
pluperfect
subjunctive kdw
et/x^v.
future
kOrjo-ofiat.
verbals eros, eTeos.

It differs
from
TiBrjfiL in
its
perfect middle which has,
unlike tWcc/aou, a passive as well as a middle sense.

150.
The three
aorists tOrjKa, ^Ka,
and cSwKa are (with
the rare Z<ppr)Ka) the only Greek aorists in -Ka.

151.
4>r)fxi,
subjunctive
say ;
<co
infinitive <avat
<f>rjs,
cfirjcri,
optative
participle
imperfect e&jv, ^rjcrOa,
</>a/xev,
<f>air]v
<ar, <acrt.
imperative
</>a#t
or
cf>d6i.
</>ds.
e^,
</>a/>tv,
</>aTe, e<ao-av.
152. Besides the regular forms the perfect active of tW^/xt
has also the following

r,
and
u, are
marked
long, -unless they carry
CKAMMAU
FIRST GREEK
p.
1.
carafiev, W6
2.
earare.
'*>.
earaaL.
Subj. ttw
I may
crrTW5, (rr<xkra, ccttos
sf<nt<I.
pluperf.
stand ;
imper. to-radi, ottotw,
167
earaaav,
Io-tw/xcv, to-roxri
(rraTO',
ecrTaT
inf.
tliey stood.
opt. tarraiyv
earaycu
part.
gen. tcn-WTos, cttwot/s.
dTroflia/o-KU), / <&/
has the forms rtdvafiev, Ttdvare, rcOvao-i, 3 plural pluperfect
153. Similarly rWv-qKa, the perfect of
IrkSvaxrav
imperative redvadt, nOvdrto
infinitive Tidvdvai
participle tcOvcios, rtdveukra, re^vcos.
154. S^ta or StSoiKa (stem
Si),
I fear.
PLUPERFECT
PERFECT
BeBot/ca, BiBca
iBeBoi/cTj
BeBot/cas
iBeBoUr)<;
BeBoc/ce (BeBie)
iBeBol/cei (v) (iBeBlei)
(BeBol/ca/jLv) BeBifiev
iBeBifAev
BeBoUare, BeBcre
BeBoLKaat
(v),
eBeBire
BeBidaL
iBeBccrav
(v)
subjunctive BeBlco
imperative BeBcOi, BeBlrco, BiBire

infinitive BeBtivai (BeBoucevai)
participle BeBtojs, BeBivla, BeBio?

BeBoifca><;, BeBottcvta, BBoitco<;
55.
The following verbs

otSu,
INDICATIVE
prem
ring,
are from consonant-stems
/ know
SUBJUNCTIVK
OPTATIVE
ut
1.
olBa
elBco
elBeirjv
2.
olada
elBfj?
elBeir)?
''>.
olBe (v)
iMf
/)/
ii'itmr,
elBelrj
elBfj
men
1 "'"'
" rr v " ir
l'
Cil
h*ft vnJess they carry
FIRST GREEK CxRAMMAR
168
OPTATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
present
d.
p.
2.
XdTov
elSrjrov
elhelrov
3.
lo-tov
elBrjrov
el&eiTrjv
elBco/iev
elBelfjbev
lBt]T6
elBelre
1. Xcrîev
2.
&rre
3.
tow*.
IMPERATIVE
joas^
S.
1.
d.
fj$7)
p.
$Se
XctOl
(j>)
X(TTOV
3. jj(7TT)V
X(TT(t)V
6tSco?, elBvla, elBos
VERBAL
laTeov
y<TflV
L(TT6
2. 77<TT
3.
PARTICIPLE
l(TT(0
2. rj<TTOv
1.
INFINITIVE
elBevat,
2. rjBrjcrda
3.
el&ecev
elBaxrt (v)
(z>)
^<7ay
XcTTCOV
/tttare
etVoyLtat
156.
The forms
present are
writers,
still
nBafiev, otSare, ofSacri , for the plural of the
found occasionally in some texts of Attic
but ought undoubtedly to be removed.
The same
the case with the past forms given below.
They
are dilectical or late.

s.
1.
rjBetv
2.
rj&eio-da, rjBeLs or
3.
fjBrj
d. 2.
ySeiTov
3.
rjSetrrjv
f}8r)<;
P- 1. 7)BeifJLV
2.
rjSeire
3.
rjSeaav
vs
and
u,
is
1KST
GREEK ORAMMAB
OlKtt,
INDICATIVE
/ AM
169
///v
SUBJUNCTIYK
OPTATIVi:
present
]).
1.
eoaca
eOLKCO
eoiKoirjv
2.
eoucas
regular, or
regular, or
3.
eoitceiv)
el/ccos <w, 17?, etc.
etVo>9 etrjv, etc.
3.
ioUaTov
1.
eoiyjiev
'1.
eoUare
3,
ii;a<Tt,(v)
infinitive
elickvai
partidpit
el/coos,
eltcvla, etVo?
past
i<a/cr),
ia>/cr}<;,
There
is
etc.
also a 3 sing. rj/cei(v)
future
etgco, regular
The forms
otVa/xv for loiyêv
as well as coikci'cu
and
coikws,
and olk<wi(v) for iacri(i')

ciKtvui and clmos, an-
for
probably un-attic.
Ton*** tony by nature, rrrrpf q nnrf *, are mrJ.rd Zona, uJa tty carry
the
FIRST GREEK
170
GRAMMAR
CHAPTER
IRREGULAR
IN ALPHABETICAL
ACTIVE MEANING
]
verb
alvw
meaning
future
imperfect
sing
fjdov
acroficu
praise
yvovv
alveaw
aorist
perfect
yveKa
fivecra
alvtaojiai
perceive
rjadavofxrii'
aiud-qaofiai
aKOVto
hear
TJKOVOV
aKoiKTo/xat.
-fJKOvcra
dicfiKoa
d|iapTdva>
err
ij/adpravov
aixapr'qao-
rnxaprov
i}p.dpTT)Ka
a!cr0dvo-
ycrdTj/j.a.1
UAl
fJLCU
dv&Xo-Ktt
spend
avr)\i<jKOV
dvaXibau
durjXcoaa
dvrjXtoKa
<Wya
dvtyxa
T)\pd/A7]V
dvofyvv|At
open
dviipyov
dvol^w
6/irTO|iai
arpop-cu
touch
7]TTT6fl7]V
frlTTO)
kindle
fJTTTOV
axf/u
dpirdâ)
seize
ripTrafrv
apiraaofj.a.1
dp X 0|ioi
&p X
begin
rule, start
Tipxov
avdv<o
make
7]tii;aV0V
OufuKVOV-
grow
come
to
acpiKvoijfirjv
rjpiraca
ijpTraKa
dptjo/Acu
7}ptd[XT)V
ijpyfj.ai
&po}
9jpa
VPX*
a<pii-oficu
d(plK6fi7]V
dcplyixai
Zj3aivoi>
âo/maL
^/SaXXov
/3aXw
ZfiaXov
/3e/3X7?/fa
pXanTft)
go
throw
hurt
ZfiKaiTTOv
pXdxJsw
/3Xafa
|8^/3Xo0a
pXerra)
look
tfiXeirov
(PXw<rKO))
(3ovXoficu
fare
|3cuvco
pdXXco
Pod)
yapA
wish
shout
duco ux-
ij3ov\6/AT}v
j3Xt\{/ofJLai
e/3Xe^'a
fioXodfiai
ifxoXov
fitufiXwica
j3ovXrj<rofjLa.L
iôvXr/drjv
(3e(ioi>XT)fiai.
'eyt]p.a.
yeyd/xrjKa
[3oifi<TO[iai
yafiQ
iydfiovv
orem
1
Indicative
compounds
Zj3t)v,
-/3d),
subjunctive
/3w,
optative âirjv, imperative
j3r)di
infinitive (Sijvai, participle /3ds.
a,
are marked long, unless
flicy
carry
(in
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
171
XVI
VERBS
OBDXB
midi'i.k
Jul
nBumra
a&rist
PA8SIVK .MKANINd
future
perfect
q.<rdri<TOfiat
aori8t
tfadrjv
alveOriaofiat rjvtdrjv
rivr)fJ.cu
...
...
dtcovadJjao-
...
...
perfect
TppLOLL
riKoOadrju
fJKOlHTpmi
rjixapr^drjv
ijpjdprrjp.ai
dvrfKudrjv
dvijKupxLi
dve(j>x0V v
dvi^ynau.
apiraad'qao- ijptrdadrjv
ijpTaauai
uau
afiaprrjdri-
nuu
dva\o)dri<TofXCU
dpoix&^TofJLCU
dipdrjcofiai
...
fUU
&pouai
...
fjpypAi.
...
fiad-fiaonai
PaXovfMu
-ipdd-qv
I'll
p\T)0TJffOUai
ptpXrjfiat
iâXofiijy
i\d\pop.aL
/SXo/St^to-
ip\d<pdriv
ip\dp V v
fUU
...
:::
Vowel
/',
tscrft
(h,
v.
and
*,
are marked long, unless they
FIRST GREEK
172
GRAMMAR
ACTIVE VIEANING
]
verb
meaning
imperfect
future
aorist
perfect
ya.fi.ov' fid. i
nubo
iyafiov/XTju
yafMov/xai
iy7}/j,dfj.r]v
"YCAW
laugh
eytXaaa
grow old
become
eytXwv
eyqpavKov
yeXdcrofiai
ynpdcrKtt
yrjpdcrofiaL
iyrjpdcra
eycyv 6 fJLTj v
yei/rjcro/xai
eya/6/A7]V
vtyvonai
yyd/JL7]fJiai
yeytprjfACLi
yiyoua
tyvwv
yiyvu>(rK<a
get
SaKVW
bite
ZSolkvov
ZdaKov
8LKVVLLL
show
ebelicvvv
5eta
5^5eixa
Se'xonai
receive
idexofirjv
e5ei;dfi7)v
dideyficu
bind
5ovi>
drjcroj
8er](r(0
i8er)<ra
SeSerjica
8(.6do-Kw
lack
teach
edeov
idldaaicov
8idd(i)
idldafa
dedidaxa
8vvap,at
am
able
arouse
eSvvdfirjv
dw/jeo/xai.
idvpifjOrju
e&tivqfiaL
jfyapov
eyepd
ijyetpa
wish
accustom
tfdeXov
eOeXrjtru)
ijdtXrjaa
ediu
ddiaa
eWuca
drive
ixa
fjXacra
eXyXcuca
lXkvko.
to eyiyvua-KOv yvuaofiai
ZyvuiKa
know
8ft)
8' W/
I9&W 4
8e8eKa
7}9Xr)ica
EXk
draw
ifkavvov
el\KOV
2X&
dXKvcra
6irorTa[tat
know
7)Tl(TT&IJ.T)V
in<TT'f}<TO-
rjTriaTTjdrjv
err op. a i
follow
eirrSfxrjv
\J/OfACU
icnr6/j.7]v
Ipvaôpcu
work
elpya6fA7]v
ipydaofxat
elpyaadpirjv etpyaafiat
evpia-K&>
find
T)Vpi<JKOV
evp-fjcrio
rjvpov
^x
have
el%OV
?w,
permit
etu3v
vyvvp.i
yoke
efrtyvvv
fj8op.ai
am
i]56fJ.T)v
IXavvci)
glad
GXQVu
<JX 0V
etdaa
ijadriaofAcu
-qvprjKa
6
axrl Ka
etdica
ijo-drjv
1
Indicative Zyvuv, subjunctive yvQ, yvu)s, etc., optative yvoirjv, imperative yv&di, infinitive YPtDvai, participle ypovs.
2
See TTO.
3
Strong perfect iyp-fjyopa in a neuter sense am awake.
4 In iambic poetry
loses its initial epsilon becoming 0Ao>, deXrjaw,
but even in poetry always rfdeXov, ydtXrioa, i]diXr]Ka.
and
a, are
marked
long, unless they earn/
FIRST
MIDDLE MEANINO
aorist
flit
OEEEK GRAMMAR
PAB8IY1
future
perfect
mi: \ni\;
aortit
perfect
iyeXdffdrjv
yvu)<rdri<TO
iyVUHT07)l>
Zypuxruai
uat
Setô/xai
iSeiîfirjy
58eiyfxcu
dr)x&'n<Tonai
i8Wnv
8eix6w-
eSdxdyv
teSetyfiai
fUU
5rj<TOftat
idrjadfxrjv
85efM<u
Sedrjao/xaL
ited'rjv
8c5(p.ai
8i5do/JLCu
5t5ai;d/j.r)v
dedlday/xai
8i8di-o/j.a.i
iScddxdy"
SedlSayLLcu
nytpdrjv
er?iycpfiai
8t.8ax0ri<TO-
fUU
tyepoOpUU
eyr/yepficu
qypofxriv
iyepdrjffofXCU
etdia/xai
i\adT}<TOLtai
rjkdd-qv
iXrfKanai
elXicvapMi
*'"
cpyaad-fao- eipydffdrjv
...
(tpyaapMi
ftrnt
CUfrfpOfMl
T)vp6fir)V
evpedjao-
rfCpTjfiaL
r)vp40r]v
rjOprjfiai
fJLCU
Zi-oficu
taxviuu
ti-ofiai
(<rx"nt""
(rxôAtat
ifcvtdfirjv
tevy/xcu
Hao/jLai
elddrjv
(tafitu
$vyt)Gopxu
i&yriv
(frvyfuu
In compounds iawSfirjv, and even in simple verbs the subjunctive
enrti/xot, optative cvoifx-qv, etc.

8 Indicative
ov .subjunctive
(<rx
pounds
<rxoAu),
imperative
Vowtla long by nature,
<rxu>, 0"X?7*
e * c ' optative axoirjv (in
crx^J, inlinitive trxctV, participle
exctjti
*,
awl
oxuv.
is
com-
FIRST GREEK
174
GRAMMAR
ACTIVE MEANING
meaning
verb
bury
Ka0CUpu>
Ka9ô|xai
sit
Ka0T]p.ai.
sit
Kadrj/ATjv
KaXa>
call
en&Xovv
purify
down
future
imperfect
OdlTTtt
aorist
ZdOLTTTOV
6d\pw
tdaxpa
iKadaipov
KaOapu)
Kadedov/xai
eKadypa
KaXw
eKaXeaa
Kade {6 fxrjv
perfect
eKadefofiyv
iKadrj/j-rju
Kd|iva)
Kaw
or
labour
(Kafivov
Ka.fiovfji.cu
ZKCLfLOV
KeKfxrjKa
burn
Znaov
Katiaoj
fKCLvaa,
KeKavKa
mix
ixepavvvv
intpdaivov
KCpG)
Kepdavd
eKepaaa
eKtpbava
ZkXcLoi'
KXavaofxai
^KXavaa
moXm
Kpdvvt5jjii
KeKXrjKa
KaOao/xat
Kp8cUVW
gain
xXda)
or weep
kXcu'oj
KXa-ffao)
kXcttto)
steal
t-KXeiTTOV
KXtxpu
Kp|ldwvp.l
hang
KpefxCo
iKpifiaaa
Kptvb)
part,
eKpefidvvvv
Znplvov
KpivG)
k'Kpiva.
KTlilfl7]U
KTrjaofMai
iKT7j(rdfj.r]v
KiKTtffiaL
iXdyxavov
X-fjôfxai
ZXaxov
etXrixo-
i\dfJLJ3avov
Xr)\pofiai
ZXafiov
etXrj<f>a
Xr)ao3
ZXadov
Xf)Xrjda
X-qcofiaL
eXa.86fj.Tiv
XiXrfa-fiai
e/cXeâ
or
x^KXocpa
KX^xj/ofxai.
KeKpiKCL
judge
2
Xa^xdva)
acquire
obtain bv
Xap.(3dvco
receive
Xavddvw
lie
XavOdvo-
forget
eXdvdavov
eXdvdavo-
|xav0dv(i>
learn
efidvdavov
fiadrfGOfxai
ffiaQov
fxefxadrfKa
Hdxojiai
fight
efxa.x6fJ.7fv
fj.axovp.ai
efxaxead-
fxefxdxrffJ.a.1.
|xtyvv|ii
mix
ifdyvvv
fdfa
tfufr
remind
ifjdfxvvaKov
-flVTfGlt)
-Hfju/wcra
KTttJJlCU
lot
p-ai
hid
p.l(iV"qCTKW
/"?"
f
J
1
used as a present, /
am
and forms
optative
exceptionally KeKXyp-r/v, KeKXfjo, /ce/cXflro, KCKXrjfxeda, KeKXrjade, kckX^vto.
2
K^KTVfiat has the present force of I possess, and forms its subjunctive
exceptionally KeKTUfiai, KeKT-rj, KeKTfjrai, etc., its optative KeKTr)fir}v, KeKryo,
KeKTTJro, KeKTJifxeda, KeKTrjade. kckt^vto.
Ke'KXrffiai
is
u, are
called
marked
its
FIRST GREEK
GRAMMAR
MiDDir.
futurr
UUKOra
acrid
PAMIY1
perfect
mi \mn<;
fed
Jul,
Tfddfificu
IP
(KaXeaapLrjv KiKXrjfiai
KaXovfiai
(KaddpOrjv
KXydrpofmi iKXjdTjV
KeKadapfxai
KtKXrjficu
'
KCKXrjffO-
K^Kpa/JMl
Kcpwfiai
iKepaadfiriv
KXavcrofiai
tK\av<rdfn]v K^KXavfiai
Kavdrjcofiai
(Kavdijv
KiKavfiai
Kpadr)<rofJiat
iKp&d-nv
K^KpdfJLCU
KKXaV<TO-
(KXaOdrjy
K^KXavfiai
(KXtyOlJV
KtKXfflflCU
ftmt
KXe<pdrj<xo-
iicXdinjv
fUU
(Kpefidad-qy
Kptvot'nai
(KpidTJV
K^KplfUJU
Kpidr)<TO-
fMU
iKT7\BT\V
\rj\f/otwi
i\a^6fiT}v
etXrj/xficu
Xrj<pdrj(TOfiai
ciXWw
ctXrryfiai
iXri<pdrjy
(IXrjfifxat
(/iL
X 0v>>
Ht/uynai
iixlyjjv
^fiyrjfjLai
If
ffOfiCU
In the Reuse of forget

iTiXavddvonau, etc.
4
The
vrjcdf,
always the compound form
in prose
is used as :i present with the sense /

subjunctive exceptionally fiffipufiau, fUfivrj,
optative fif/jLvy/x-qv, fte/i7A M f Au'!7T0 M c A"'W*e ^ a A^M*
The imperative fjUfjun/ao = remember ('
jH-rfect passive fx^fwrffiai
remember, and
fiffivrrrcu,
we hud
etc.,
it
its
iMiwyuTo.
forms
its
Voxctls long by nnt
'
the
lit.
.,1 loivj,
vnleu they carry
>
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
176
ACTIVE MEANING
meaning
verb
imperfect
vo/uQ)
httfiica
veuSfJUKa
cpjiyv
olrjaofiai.
iprjdrjv
tfafarp
-tiXXw
oix^cofjiai
VO[Uo>
think
gone
perfect
VL\pU)
hands)
think
otopai 2
aorist
vev^jxrjKa
vitfii
future
heifia
-iviâ
distribute Zve/iov
wash (the -Zvifyv
vtyM
vefiQ
kvbjxiôv
(rfxofiai
am
-SXXvpa 3
destroy
-6X&
-wXecra
-oXwXeKa
6p.VV[JLL
swear
smell
&p.vvv
6/j.oOfiai
tifioaa
dfJubflOKa
<h(T(f)paivb-
d(r<ppr]<ToiJ.cu
<h<r<pp6p.riv
owe
SxpeiXov
ocpeiXfiaw
uxpeiXrjcra
(bcpelXvKa
uxpXov
&<pXr)Ka
6cr4>paivo-
nat
finv
6<j>Xi(TKdv(i)
incur
(dis- Co<p\i<TK<xvov ocpX-riao}
grace,
etc.)
iraC
play
2irouov
Trai<ro/Acu
Hiraura
-rr^TraiKa
Trd<rx<
suffer
%ira<rxov
Trelaoficu
i-waQov
iriirovda
1TTdvVi5|ll
expand
eireravvvv
7rerw
e-Tr^Taaa
fasten
tirriyvvv
ir*f)ii)
Ziryt-a
-irifxir\T)v
TrXifjau
'iirXncra
burn
-eirip.irprqv
-Trp-fi<TU
^Tprjaa
irtva)
drink
frtpor
-irtofiai
Ziriov
irforrci)
fall
ZlTLTTTOV
Treaovfiai
Zireaov
ireirTutca
irXcw
sail
ZirXeov
irXeixxoixal
^vXevaa
TreirXevKa
irpdrTti)
transact,
fare
iirpa.TTov
7r/>dw
tirpaâ
ireirpaxa
irrj-yvvfii
4 fill
-irp.ir\T]|Jtt
irlp/irpt]|ju
iriiruKa
n-iwpdya 6
The verb vlfav
In prose the present
is
iriirXriKa
in prose
used only in compounds.
oiofiai is
contracted (ofytcu).
3
6XXvux is in prose always
like
the imperfect
compounded with
u>,
d7r<5,
(po/Arjv,
generally
viz., aTroXXvfii.
GREEK GRAMMAR
FIBST
1CIDDLI
mi\mm;
acrid
PA8HTI mean:
perfect
vefiovfiat
v(tfidfir)i>
vev^firjfiat
-viypofiat
(vtipdfn)v
-vtvififiat
future
flvHM
perfect
vefiov/iat
Ivtfl-ffdlfV
vvtfir\fim.
vofitovfiat
ivofi'tcBifv
vev6fito~fiai
vofuadrjaofiat
...
-dXoi'fiai
uiXbfvnv
-6Xu}Xa
duodyaofiat
ihflLBTfV
dfiwfiofiat
6<pei\âo-
u<f>i\ridi)v
fiat
6<pi\-ndrr
cofiat
&(pXr)fiat
xatffdjao-
ixalad-nv
xlxat<Tfuu
fiai
xeTaadrjao- (xcrdo-frnv
xtxrafiai
fiat
xayrjo-ouat
xXycofiat
(xX-naafi-nv
xixXno fiat
-ir\Tfadr)o-o-
ixdyrjv
ixXifcdnv
xdxrrya
xixXtffffuu
ixXrjfi-nv
fiat
(xprjadrjy
-xixpijfiat
xodr)o~ofiat
4x607]*
xixofiat
xpdouat
(xpdxBrjv
xixXevvfiai
xixpayfiat
-irpr)<rdq<TO-
fiat
...
ixpa^dfirjv
xpdofiat
xtxpayfiat
TpaxBvcofiat
xexpdoflCU
xifixXrjfu
is
in
i>rose
always comj>oundd with
<V, in
which case the
[ttad (fixixXrjfu.
5
in pTOM always compounded with

omitted ifixlxprjfu.
intraiiMtive / hare fared.
irifixptffu is
second urn
is
xixpa-,
Vowels long by naturt,
excej>t
r,
find *, ore
marked
in wliicli
OMI
the cXrcumJtex accent.
FIRST GREEK
178
GRAMMAR
ACTIVE MOANING
3
meaning
imperfect
future
iirvvdavb-
Tretiaofiai
iirv66/j.T)v
irtwvafxai
quire
flow
ippeov
pxrqaofuxi.
ipp&qu
ippv7]Ka
break
epprryvvv
crpvvvfu
throw
quench
ecrfitvvvv
O-KWITTft)
jeer
âKUTTTOV
despatch
turn
HcrTeWoi>
<rre\u>
HcrreiXa
<TTp'4>W
?<TTp<pOV
<TTp\pO)
ârpeâ
TCV0)
stretch
trewov
TvQ
tIV<X
TiTOLKO.
ri\i.v<a
cut
Zrefivov
re/xQ
HrefAov
TirfxrjKa
tCktw
bring
Ztlktov
Tô/xai
HreKOv
T^TOKa
verb
irvvBdvo-
hear,
MM
pCirroi
OTcXXtt
in-
aorist
perfect
tpp-nfa
'ippiirrov
ptyio
?ppi.\J/a
ipptcpa
ZaPeaa
<TKlb\{/OfJLCU
^craX/ca
forth
TTpt&O-KO)
wound
iTlrpuXTKOV
Tpibaoj
irpuxxa
Tpir
turn
Zrpeirov
Tp\l/0)
arpeij/a 2
TTpo<pa
nryxdvw
hit,
trfryx&vov
TÔfW.L
Ztvxov
TTVX7}Ka
vire(rx^p-V v
hap-
pen
promise
viciaxvoti-
viroaxvô-
4>cuvco
show
e<paivov
<pavu>
<f>0eipa>
destroy
tcpdeipov
<pdepu>
Hcpdeipa
4>6 3
produce
HtpVOV
(pvcro)
Z<pvo~a
VJTKTXVOV-
|UU
fUU
The verb criXKu
There
The strong
nature.
is
also
is
ordinarily
compounded
irt<payKa
2<p9apKa
Z<pdopa
in prose writers.
found in poetry a strong aorist ^rpairov.

two senses of I grew and 7
aorist e<pvt> has the
It is declined
i<pvv, Z<pvs,
r,
and
?0J, tyv/JLev, tyvre, ?<pv<Tav.

a>,
am
by
The sub-
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
MIDDLE MEANING
future
aorist
PASsivr. mi: a nino
futun
'perfect
...
perfect
aoritt
bayfioofian.
tppdyrjv
<?pparya
pi<pdr)<TOfmi
ippi<pdrjv
tppififiai
afirjaofiai
t<r(3r]v
tafiriKa,
<TKUHpdr)<TO-
taKuxpdrjv
fiat
((TTaXfUtl
areXoufiat
ia-TeiXdfirjv
arpiôfiai
aTp\f/dfl7]lf t<TTpa/Afxai
<TTa\r)<rofia.t
icrdX-qv
{ffraXfiat
<TTp\J/Ofiai
i<TTpd(pr}v
tvTpafifiai
<TTpa<pT]<TO-
TtvoOfxai
iTetvdfXTjp
TirafKU
iarp4<p0rjv
fiai
revovfiai
irddrjv
radfjao-
fUU
refiovfiat
Wt/477/ZCU
4Ta.fi6fJ.riv
refiovfiai
iTfH)dt)V
Tirfirffxai
iT(nl)6rfv
riTpwficu
irpairbfirfv
rirpafifiaL
Tfirjdrjffofjuai
TTfli)(TO-
fiat
TÔfJXLl
ircKSfiriv
TpdHTOfJMl
Tpu)0r)cofiai
rptxf/ofJicu
Tptif/Ofiai
lTpvtydfi.-r\v
irpdirnv
iTpt<pQt\v
(pOVOVflCU
(pavoGfiai
icprjvdfxrjp
(pavrpo-
xitpaofuu
icpdurjv
i<pdvdr\v
ri<pr\va
fUU
<pdepovfjLat
i<p6dp7jv
((pdapfiai
<t>dapf)ffo-
fiat
<pv<xofiax
juiict;
0uj.
pvu,
Ntitlitr
(pvrjs, fr:iti\v
is
pvvai,
and
J'onml in Attic.
tl
puttetplt
The
/ am by nut
r,
ami
*,
<
the circumflex a*
/,
unUu tkey carry
FIRST GREEK
180
GRAMMAR
ACTIVE MEANING
verb
Xaip
Xao-KW
XP1
meaning
future
imperfect
aorist
perfect
%X ai P 0V
Xaiprjaco
exdpr)v
KexdpTjKa,
yawn
HxacTKoi>
Xavodjj.a.1
%X avov
pour
^X eov
Kexyva
K^x v a.
iXPV^dfirjv
KixPVJM.1
rejoice
there
need
is
ixprjv
Xpri<TTai
or xpV"
Xp|wxi
use
ixptifj-yv
A0A
push
iibdovv
Xpyvofiai
&<T(ti
Zuxra,
1
The perfect K^xV va nas a present sense. Owing to this it has some
imperative forms, as Kexw aT gape in Aristophanes.
2
The third person singular of 2%ea is not contracted but remains
2x ee ( v )> thus being easily distinguished from the same person of the imperfect, x et he tised to pour.
Vowels long ly nature, except
r,
and
a,
are marked long, unless tley carry
FIRST
Ml
future
1)1)1.
GREEK GRAMMAR
181
MKANINd
per'
aorist
XÔfUlL
(Xe&W
K^x vP- ai
uxrofiai
euadfi-qu
Zucficu
Vw
pcrject
flit'
Xvdriaofiai
(X^rjv
XPVcOtjco-
k^xvucu
KlxpVt""
fiac
The subjunctive xM 3 XPV (* XPV V) the optative XP*' V ('''

the iiifiuitive XPV VCU (* XPV clât), and the participle x/xu;'
'
etrj),
XPV
iaxr/xau
UMTd-fyrOfW.1
>
&v).
long by nut
\m
the circumflex vu<
they carry
XP^l
FIRST GREEK
182
GRAMMAR
CHAPTER
XVII
VERBS WHICH FORM THEIR TENSES FROM DIFFERENT

ROOTS
(1) Speak, say
dyopevw,
/ say,
and
et7rov; perfect etp^/ca
futures p-qOrjo-ofiou
The
its
compounds have future epw
aorist
perfect passive etpTj/xai; aorist ipprjOrjv;
and
elpycropLat.
aorist clttov is particularly irregular, the second person
and plural being formed
in both singular
as
if
from
etna.
Thus
ehrov,
eiTTov.
et7raTe,
et7ras,
cotc^),
lttcitov,
elirarrjv,
L7rofXV,
et-Trare,
So in the imperative we have el-irk and etVdvrwv, but

eiVaTw, and eiirarov.
The alpha does not appear in
the optative, infinitive, or participle.
Aeyw
is
more frequent than dyopevu when the simple verb

compounds; Aeyw,
is
required, dyopevw taking its place in
Aea>, e'Aea,
kkkyOyv, AeY^cro/^cu, AeAeô/xou.

(2) Take, choose
alpu),
fipy)K<x
take; imperfect jjpovv
Most
aorist eiAov.
third root
future alprjo-w
perfect
come from a
dXia-KOfxac,
dXiocrofiat
of the passive forms
I am
aorist
taken;
edAwv,
imperfect
or
ypedrjv
->}AtcrKo/x^v
perfect
future
edXwKa.
or
ypy p,ai.
of cu/ow has the meaning / choose.
I choose ; imperfect ypovpyv future alpyjarofxai
perfect ypy pat, I have chosen, and / have been chosen ; aorist
ypWrjv, I was chosen; future atpeOyarofxat, I shall be chosen;
yprjcrofxai, I shall have been chosen ; aorist elX6p,yv, I chose.
The middle
alpovp.ou,
v\
and
<u,
nBST GREEK GRAMMAB

Verbals
<u/jTns\
map
tlt<tt
b\
taha^ oc that
188
map
be chosen;
or to be chosen.
alpTo<s, to be taken,
(3) Go, come
I go ;
pxo/xai,
Wl;
tive
subjunctive Tw; optative
thai; participle
infinitive
to*fu;
in
l<ov.
imperfect ya, see p. 98.

future
see p. 98.
eTfjLt,
aorist fjkOov. tkdu), eKOoifii, cA#, ikOetv, l\6J)V.
/ am come.
/ was come.
perfect l\i)\v9a., or r}Ku,
pluperfect elkrjkvdi], or
The future cAcwro/uu

and in tragedy.
tJko',
not Attic, but occurs in other
is
dialects
(4)
io-Otto,
Eat
eat ; imperfect iprOiov.
future cSofxai
aorist <<f>ayov.
perfect e&JSoKu
participle tfySoicm or PtPfHoKiLs.
perfect passive eSvJ&oyxcu, or KaraPtppuipai.

aorist KaTeBto-Orjv.
(5) Live
&I
lire;
seep. 152,
subjunctive {
fljF
partieiple
imperfect
110(1).
optative ftfrrj imperative ft;
infinitive
fwi'.
future
<wi';
Puoo-opa^
rarely
fto-w;
aorist
ifHmv.
perfect /?e/?tWa
perfect passive impersonal filfltm
(6)
KTtV(U, aiTOKTlVl), /
JKH
/.///.
future KTCl'W, U7TOKTyW.

Vvwels luwj by nature,
,r
rj//ie
marked
circumflex accent,
GRAMMAR
FIRST GREEK
184
aorist CKTeii'a, avreKTeiva.
perfect aVeKrova.
pluperfect airtKTovq.
The uncompounded forms

in the perfect and
are the rarer, and are quite
un-Attic
aTToOvrjCTKio,
imperfect
die ;
aorist dirkOavov
is
uses
not to be
For the passive Attic writers used the forms of
imitated.
oO/xou
Xenophon
pluperfect.
KareKavov and KaraKeKova, but he
Kara/catvco,
a.Trkdvr](TKOV
future
perfect rkdv-qKa, never
aTroQav-
compounded
pluperfect kreOvaJKr] never compounded.
(7) See
opQ> (aw)
eiSoVj
l8o)j
O7rto7ra
future
see; imperfect kwpow

or
18k
t'Sot/xt,
passive
perfect
ISeiv,
iSe,
kopapiai
future oxpopai; aorist
l8(ov
or
perfect
Sifxfxat
kopaKa or
aorist
tb<f>0rjv
6<f)drj(ro}Mai,.
(8) Sell
7rojAw
(ew),
77(6Aow,
aVoSwcro/xai
more
sell ;
dire8i86/xr)v
aorist aVeSo/x^v
rarely
future
;
a7roSt<5o/xcu
7rwA?;o-a)
perfect
or
imperfect
more frequently
irkirpaKU..
passive 7rcoXovfxai.
future 7rwA?ycro/xat
perfect irkirpapat
aorist kirpaOrjv.
pluperfect k-e.-pu.px)v.
future exact irtTrpavoiiai.
(9) Consider
kcrKOTrovv^
crK07rw,
ka-K\pdiJLr)v
Vowels
perfect
loruj
or o-kottov/xgu
future
crKei/'o/xat
aorist
'ka-Kfxp,at.
by nature, except
tlie
r,
and
&,
arc marked long, unless they carry
circumjlex accent.
QRAMMAB
IIKST QRBSK
(10) Strih
/ tHh
TV7TTO),
future trardîa
Volllhl.
aorist tVdraâ.
perfect 7r7rA?/ya.
passive rvTrrofxai
perfect
7rc7rA?/yyxcu
hrX^yip
aorist
future
compounds <VA
(in
7rA>/y//<ro/zui
future
7rc7rA>yo/xai.
But when TiVra) means / strike with th hand Of

forms are used.
Thus future
7rc7rA?yyu
future passive Tx^rnfropxxi.
The other tens*
generally supplied by a periphrasis, <.</., aorist active rA
different
lvpa\ov, passive
7rA7;yaa.
(U) Run
rpkxui,
;
Weov
0tu,
Tpx<>v->
8pap.ovp.ai
aorist l8papov
future 0pc(o/xai,
Oeuaropai,
perfect S8pdpijpuii.
(12) Hear, carry

<f>pu>,
-U.TOV,
-e,
<fxpov,
future
oro>;
-drtjv,
-apcv,
-arc,
ivijvyp.ai; aorist
^cy^y
middle
i)vtyKov,
aorist
^KtyftOI
p.
</*/x)/zai,
VjveyK-a?,
ouropm
pip', vt'jVynai.
(13)
/ 6wy ;
fuvov/tat,
iirpidfirjv
tive
subjunctive Spfap
7r/Hw,
7rpidp.vo
passive aorist
lui\n'fitp
7~*'S 'i'/T<o.
present passive would be supplied by a periphrasia

irpatriv tvpidKto.
Votcclt lona
Iry
nature, except
tiu
ami , are marked

cimtmjUx accent.
r.
long, vnlett they tarry
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& R
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William Gunion Rutherford-First Greek Grammar (Macmillan's Greek Course) (1888)

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William Gunion Rutherford-First Greek Grammar (Macmillan's Greek Course) (1888)

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^acmulan\s reck Course

First Edition 1878

New Edition iSyg

in part re-written, but

might have done away with something that commended

for the success of a school-book is often

fortunate accident of one man's

views of the majority.

larger, it is not that I

have abandoned the

sprang, namely, that the part of an

and leave exceptions

many who have used

but in response to the criticism of

the book, the presentment of the

by printing on two pages what before

wa< printed on one.

Indeed far from relinquishing the

idea I have carried

out more faithfully, omitting such

forms as occur seldom and selecting as examples of inflexion

common words that I could find. As

was glad of an oppor-

edition the latest results of

the free discussion of the last ten or twelve years.

opportunity came when

Course of which this

the starting point.

was proposed to publish I

ground the great main

in short to teach the regular

sion in use at the time

proper place in the

and ordinary modes

the most precise of languages

sary carefully to revise the

Greek accidence and syntax,

was necesto take its

I have to acknowledge a great deal of very generous and

valued help, not only from

from many others who in using the book had detected

Perhaps I ought to add that though I have " atticized

remembered that the compiler

an elementary grammar must be governed more or

stone records prove that

the true forms.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

from others in some

compiled on a new principle, and

much matter which has

hitherto not appeared in

elementary books, and some facts that are the fruits of

First Part comprises only such forms as

succinctly as the nature of the case allows.

know, and these are put as clearly and

to avoid the necessity of explanations in English,

the lesson for the day appear

possible to the jealous eye of the pupil, while at the

time the local

might be brought as largely as possible into play.

languages the relation

nee can never be clearly understood

becomes thoroughly familiar with the principal