Chapter 6 Design of Pad Foundations 6.0 NOTATION be Point on surface of conerete to nearest face of a bar A Length of a side of a rectangular pad foundation Ay ‘Area of tensile reinforcement Aa ‘Area of tensile reinforcement to resist bending about xaxi Ay ‘Area of tensile reinforcement to resist bending about y-axis > Width of reinforced concrete section B Width of a side of a rectangular pad foundation (least dimension) © Soil cohesion (kN/m*) Cin Minimum cover to tensile reinforcement G Size of column i G Size of column in y-direction Ga Cone resistance by static cone penetration tests (kg/em*) a Effective depth to tensile reinforcement of a conerete section 4, Effective depth to tensile reinforcement resisting moment about x-axis 4 Etiective depth to tensile reinforcement resisting moment about y-axis D Depth of foundation below ground level & Resultant eccentricity of all column vertical loads in x-direction e Resultant eccentricity of all cohumn vertical loads in y-direction ere Eccentricity of vertical end reaction from ground beams in the xcdirection en Eccentricity of vertical end reaction from ground beams in the syirection ER Modulus of elasticity of concrete E Modulus of elasticity of steel fe Tensile stress in steel reinforcement h Characteristic veld strength of steel Sou Characteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days F Frictional resistance to horizontal movement under pad foundation h Overall depth of conerete section/thickness of pad " Effective depth of soil under foundation for computation of settlement Hy Active pressure on side of a foundation (kN) H, Passive resistance on side of a foundation (kN) Hn Ultimate factored horizontal load at underside of foundation Hy Unfactored horizontal shear from column on foundation in the -xdirection 215216 Reinforced Concrete x PREE Unfactored horizontal shear from column on foundation in the y-direction Factored horizontal shear from column on foundation in x-direction Factored horizontal shear from column on foundation in y-direction Active pressure coefficient of soil Modulus of subgrade reaction for horizontal movement in soil Rankine passive pressure coefficient of soil Dimension of a rectangular pad footing in x-direction Dimension of a rectangular pad footing in y-direction Modular ratio E,/E. Coefficient of volume compressibility of soil (m?/MN) Unfactored moment from column on foundation about x-axis Unfactored moment from column on foundation about y-axis Unfactored moment on foundation about x-axis due to eccentric surcharge Unfactored moment on foundation about y-axis due to eccentric surcharge Unfactored fixed end moment from ground beams on foundation about x: Factored moment from column on foundation about x-axis Combined unfactored total moment on foundation about x-axis, Uniactored fixed end moment from ground beams on foundation about y-axis Factored moment from column on foundation about y-axis Combined unfactored total moment on foundation about y-axis Factored moment on foundation about x-axis due to eccentric surcharge Factored moment on foundation about y-axis due to eccentric surcharge Factored fixed-end moment from ground beams on foundation about aeaxis Combined factored total moment on foundation about x-axis Factored fixed-end moment from ground beams on foundation about yeaxis Combined factored total moment on foundation about y-axis Coefficient to determine horizontal modulus of subgrade reaction Unfactored vertical load from column on foundation Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi Factored vertical load from column on foundation Soil bearing capacity coefficient as per Terzaghi Total overburden pressure at foundation level Effective overburden pressure at foundation leveV/centre of layer Percentage of tensile reinforcement to resist moment about x-axis Percentage of tensile reinforcement to resist moment about y-axis Unfactored combined total vertical load on soil under a pad foundation Sliding resistance of concrete pad foundation on soilux rorR Design of Pad Foundations 217 Factored combined total vertical load on soil under a pad foundation Allowable vertical load on soil under a pad foundation Sliding resistance of base in x-direction Sliding resistance of base in y-direction Net pressure on soil for settiement computation (MN/m?) Unconfined compressive strength (kN/m?) Ultimate bearing capacity of soil under a pad foundation Radius of circular footing Restraint factor for computation of early thermal cracking Shear strength of soil Shear strength from unconfined tests (= qu/2) Differential temperature in a concrete pour for calculation of early thermal cracking Perimeter of column at prescribed multiples of effective depth of pad Perimeter of column footprint on pad foundation Design concrete shear stress Shear stress in concrete at perimeter defined by U,, Shear force across critical section in a pad foundation Shear force in a critical perimeter defined by Uy Factored end shear of ground beam Maximum crack width (mm) Depth of neutral axis in a concrete section from compression face Depth of lever arm Depth of top of pad foundation below ground level Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete/*C Unit weight of soil (kN/m’) Unit weight of water (kN/n) Angle of frietion between soil and concrete Horizontal movement of foundation Maximum allowable horizontal movement of foundation Calculated strain in conerete at a depth ht from compression face Strain corrected for stiffening effect ‘Tensile strain in concrete due to temperature gradient causing early thermal eracking Strain at centre of steel reinforcement Strain at depth h corrected for stiffening effect Critical percentage of steel required to distribute early thermal cracking Vertical stress at centre of a layer of soil due to net foundation pressure ‘Angle of internal friction