DESCRIPTION [Mitsubishi IC type MS1977P, FP ate the off-line primary PWM controller which are especially designed lor SMPS to get the requlated DC voltage fram AC power supply. As the totempole type high power grated in these IC, these IC can drive the MOS-FET with {ast rise and fast fall output pulse Type MS1977P, FP have the functions of not only high fre quency OSC and fast output drive but also current limit with {ast response and high sensibility so the true “fast switching requrator’ can be realized They have another big features of curtent protection to short and over current at secondary side, owing to the inte- ‘grated timer type protection-circuit, if few parts are added to the primary eireuit, FEATURE Type MS1977P, FP are the powerful and unique one so the 'SMPS with M51977P. FP will be able to realize such the fe. atures as © 500 kHz operation of MOS-FET + Output current of +28, Fast rise time of 60ns and fast fall time of 40ns Small through current owing to "maditied totempole driver circuit © Compact and light-weight power supply Small start-up current 80.24 typ. + Big difference between “start-up voltage” and “stop voltage” makes the smoothing capacitor of the power input section small Start-up threshold 18V, stop voltage 10V + Packages with high power dissipation are used to wit stand the heat generated by the gate-drive current of MOS FET 16-pin DIP, 20-pin SOP 1.5W (at 25) © Simplifies peripheral citcuit with protection circuit and builtin targe capacity totempole output High-speed current limiting circuit using pulse-by- pulse method (Two systems of CLM+pin, CLM—pin} + Protection by intermittent operation of output over cur rent Timer protection circuit + Over-vottage protection iu (OVP) + Protection circuit for output miss action at low supply vottage (UVLO) ‘© High-performance and highly functional power supply + Triangular wave oscilater for easy dead time setting APPLICATION Feed forward reguiator, Fly back regulator RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS *Vce of 12 to 30V + Operating trequency of up to S00KH2 T-ON terminal resistor of 10k to 75k + T-OFF terminal resistor of 2k to 30K. \ITSUBISHI M51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL PIN CONFIGURATION (TOP VIEW) couecror[T] tas. «G] [e]cum+ ewer] fa}cum wi] & [loro owor] § fer ove] [ror ver] [a)cr vel} []r-on Outline 16P4 couectoa—y] O [vec vourEa] [acum ewrrena] [jeu vw] alow earn |] fia} wear me Pn Eg Ble ono] 3 ber ove] [a}+-orr oer] fidjor ref fit-on Outline 20P2N + Connect the heat snk pinta GND ws oanMITSUBISHI M51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM owore Of eta, ELS vorr CO) ore ees prio ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Pararater Conditions T Ratings Un ais a v FT Fe emia vrope oS v_| ON tera nut er in OFF terial pl cer A Power daipton Tse w Terma aig er = wit ‘Soeata enerae c Taig | Subse enoertre © Nate sign shone he dtecion of ure ow no Re IG and — vgn shows he ure flow tm he 1 37°F The termina nas ne constant voltage charactors of 6B, sen currents supptua Wom otide The maim allowable voage is BY sien te constant voag 9 wrrsusisia ELECTRIC 67N'TSUBISH! “ANALOG ASSP> M51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS ‘v-c=Iev, 12=25C. unees oimerwise notec) —— Block | Symbot Parameter Vee. ‘porting sup vate range Vectsvanyi | Operation st up wotage Vecisror) _| Operation stp votage ‘iternce vatage vetwean operabon Vecowre_ | OVP reset supply votaae Vecisror’ | Olerence auolyvolage betwean opeaien =Vecoure | sop and OVP reset AN stant ang 3100 ii ees, Standby current HY | leo__[ opt era 35 | tcc ore | Greutourentm OFF state mn = var tecor | Crean tn OF ste went — weedy leo ov | Creut caren OVP te = — a | Wann oure ON/OFF wna nob est age = v S| Vent onsore| ON/OFF terminal low threshold votage : v 5 _| avenoworr| ON/OFF termina! hysteriis votage v eau | Corel iy To tonal npc mA Trauase | Corel man Sey Fi wea nt core mA © [alee | Gat trees bateen ms OW dears =1-35|=0.00| 0.70) ma Vee | Tera ose [is tema wo covei=0 4s zal v R Tern sires a = 0 e0| § | vor [Oeweton tage = ZA ze] v 4 Clases [ee nine or=isW = = [403.0] ya Gavcer | Vio ga of tector ano a — xo) 40) — Venoee | OVP tia Westl age — 1.00) ao} 1.60 tnawr | OVP ema pu caren — ove \ < |e3i M51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (voo=tev. Ta=25C. unless omerwise ntea)(CONTINUE) Block | Symbat Parameter Tet conatons| a] un Vou Vom p= itek oa] v Vou Voe™I8V. y= 100A T ap _| Vers] Opie votsoe VeesSV. mii Lol v 3 [ven a z0[ Vv & ou _I0V, b= =109A v ‘ouput gh votoge = ~ ‘Tormal protection operating temperature ELECTRICMITSUBISHI M51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL. TvPI ICAL CHARACTERISTICS THERMAL DERATING CURVE ax. RATING) sa is : E ol 2 sw}. : 8 ol S Bs AMBIENT TEMPERATURE Ty (°C CIRCUIT CURRENT VS. SUPPLY VOLTAGE (OvP STATE) efectos T reser powrorove| | Baivy 14 tvaNe—a6e) Peon 3 cae 3 5 BF a 5 ad net He Ba it | . a [SUPPLY VOLTAGE Voc (V} CIRCUIT CURRENT VS. SUPPLY VOLTAGE (TIMER OFF STATE) aot | 0 w SUPPLY VOLTAGE Yee (V) 70 CIRCUIT CURRENT VS. SUPPLY VOLTAGE (NORMAL OPERATION) Taf Bn Som 5 im 0 a = SUPPLY VOLTAGE vec ¥) CIRCUIT CURRENT VS. SUPPLY VOLTAGE (OFF STATE) Boag ; 4 10 ED a SUPPLY VOLTAGE ec (V) THRESHOLD VOLTAGE OF OVP TERMINAL ‘THRESHOLD VOLTAGE OF OVP TERMINAL VS. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE a) AMBIENT TEMPERATURE Ts 6-10 Se ELECTRICMITSUBISHI MS1977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL, VE THRESHOLD VOLTAGE FOR TIMER THRESHOLD VOLTAGE OF OLM+ TERMINAL VS. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ‘VS. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE § 5 z Sass 8 + | a 3 a4 ee 3 5 Sh a 8 ay £ 2s g # 2 i : Sao AMBIENT TEMPERATURE Tq. (©) AMIENT TEMPERATURE Ty (C) THRESHOLD VOLTAGE OF CLM— TERMINAL CLM-+ TERMINAL CURRENT VS. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE VS. CLM+ TERMINAL VOLTAGE j B as | 4 | ae | | 5 ee eee g se —~ 2 | op | ~ Ea | a} T 3 | 3 2-10) t 3 5 | 2 s 3 t z | 3 Bee ee S ATRFED RADSOSRTOROTTO AMBIENT TEMPERATURE Ta. (1) (CLM TERMINAL VOLTAGE Yau (V) ie aces areca OUTPUT HIGH VOLTAGE vs. ao OUTPUT SOURCE CURRENT ji | = *rmy i 3 rat I 5 7 424 [ 2- £ 2d Ht 3 . Bid ae 5 5 4 4 2 ac St © wal ee 2 oe 3 eee eo ; 5 os ETE TET ECE TEE LE UE) a a (CLM TERMINAL VOLTAGE Veun- (¥) OUTPUT SOURCE CURRENT lou (A) Se ELECTRICMITSUBISHI M51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL ON duty VS. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE leno ee) aol — Zin a eo INPUT VOLTAGE OF VF TERMINAL VS. EXPANSION RATE OF PERIOD 59 (a ad ow 20 ad} 2d Tee 8 8 We ee Te [EXPANSION RATE OF PERIOD (TIMES) ae e15MITSUBISHI MS1977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL FUNCTION DESCRIPTION Type MS1977P and MS1977FP are especially designed for off-line primary PWM control IC of switching mode power supply (SMPS) to get DC voltage from AC power supply. Using this IC, smart SMPS can be realized with reasonable ‘cost and compact size as the number of external electric parts can be reduced and also parts can be replaced by reasonable one. In the following circuit diagram, MOS-FET is used for out- put transistor, however bipolar transistor can be used with 10 problem. Fig. 1 FE ower i No is relate with M51977P Example application clrcult diagram of feed forward regulator nore in No i relates win ASI977 Ication circult diagram of fly-back regulator 6-16 eeeStart-up circuit section ‘The start-up current is such low curtent level as typical 60, ‘A, as shown in Fig. 3, when the Vcc voltage is increased {om low level to start-up voltage Vec\sranr. In this voltage range, only a few parts in this IC, which has the function to make the output voltage low level, is alive and Icc current is used to keep output low level. The large voltage ditference between Voc isramri aNd Vcc isror makes start-up easy, because it takes rather long duration from Vecistanr) t0 VecisroP' Vee Ve, wv =Eav SUPPLY VOLTAGE Vee (V) Fig. 3 Clroult current v ‘supply voltage Oscillator section ‘The oscillation waveform is the triangle one. The ON- duration of output pulse depends on the rising duration of the triangle waveform and dead-time is decided by the fall- Ing duration. ‘The tlsing duration is determined by the product of external Fesistor Roy and capacitor Cr and the falling duration is mainly determined by the product of resistor Rorr and capacitor Cr (1)0ectlator operation when intermittent action and OSC control circult does not operate Fig. 4 shows the equivalent charging and discharging cir- cuit diagram of oscillator when the current limitting circuit does not operate. It means that intermittent action and OSC. control circuit does not operate. The current flows through Rox trom the constant voltage source of §.8V. Cr is charged up by the same amplitude as Row current, when internal switch SW, is switched to charging side”. The rise rate of CF terminal is given as any ‘The maximum on duration is approximately given as = (VosenVoscr) XRonX< Cr a =) @ MITSUBISHI (ANALOG ASSP> MS1977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL where Vosen=4.4V Voscx=2.0V Ge is discharged by the summed-up of Rose current and ‘one sixteenth (1/16) of Row current by the function of Qs and Q, when SW), SW, are switched to “discharge side" <6 “CHARGING ° swt aaa Poet swircnen ev | CHARGING AND a fF al BISCHARGING Gl dons: i OISCHARGING M5197 Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of charging and discharging control ciroult for OSC. capacitor Cy CF TERMINAL WAVEFORM OF Your enwinat i WAS ‘On DUTY CONDITION Fig. 5 OSC. waveform at normal condition (no-operation of Intermittent action ‘and OSC. control circult) So fall rate of OF terminalis given as ee TEXRon Xr Vrore = RoreXGr (ws) @ ‘The minimum off duration approximately is given as (Woser—VoscuIXGr (4 Yeon TEXRox 4a) Ve.ort » Port where Vrore=3.5V ‘The cycle time of oscillation is given by the summation of Equations 2 and 4, The frequency including the dead-time is not influenced by the temperature because of the bul-in temperature con- ppensating circuit, Pane"MITSUBISHI ‘ANALOG ASSP> MS51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL (2)Oscillator operation when intermittent action and OSC control circuit operates. When over curtent signal is applied 10 CLM+ or CLM— terminal, and the current limiting circuit, intermittent action ‘and OSC control circuit starts 10 operate, In this case T- OFF terminal voltage depends on VF terminal voltage, so the oscillation frequency decreases and dead-time spreads The rise rate of oscillation waveform is gwven as (wis) 5) The fall rate of oscillation wavetorm is given as a Mee—Woro Yeon ~RorexCe + TEXRoyxC, *V'S) “ where Vr-on™4.5¥ Vue: VF terminal voltage Vyro® O4V Vur—Vro™0 it WeWeo<0 Vor—Woro=Vr-ore if We Wvro> Vr ofr 3.5 ‘So when Wr > 35, the operation is just same as that in the no current imitting operation state The maximum on-duration is just same as that in the no= ‘operation state of intermittent and oscillation contrat circult and is givan as follows: ‘The minimum off-duration is approximately given as (Vosc—Voser) XCe__ Vur—Woro RloreXCr Vion T6XRowXCe ‘The oscillation period ie given by the summation of Equa- tion (7) and 8 [As shown in Fig. 7. the internal circuit kills the first output pulse in the output wavetorm. The output waveform will ‘appear from the second pulse oycle because the duration of first cycle takes C, charging time longer comparing with that at the stable operating state Usually the applied voltage to VF terminal must be prop- crtional the output voltage of the regulator. ‘So when the over current occurs and the output vollage of the regulator becomes low, the off-duration becomes wide. There are two methods to get the control voltage, which depends on the output voltage, on primary side, For the tly back type regulator application, the Induced voltage on the third or bias winding is dependent on output voltage. On the other tiand, for the feed forward type regulator applic tion, it can be used that the output voltage depends on the VouTace WavEronM oF CE THERMINAL VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF Our Put TERMINAL AF MAX. ON DUTY Fig, 6 OSC. waveform with operation of Intermittent ‘and OSC, control elreult operation START FROM ov 32 Vor BEE veal 0 220 vl He wih pi tL gee t Gog ran Fig. 7 Relation between OSC. and output waveform lon at start up M81977 Fig. 8 Feedback loop with low pass filter trom ‘output to VF terminal product of induced voltage and “on-duly", as the current of Choke coll wll continue at over load condition, it means the “continuous current” condition, Fig. 8 shows one of the examples for VF terminal applica- tion for the feed forward type regulator etieee" 18 ELECTRICPWM comparator and PWM latch section Fig, 9 shows the PWM comparator and latch section. The Con-duration of output waveform coincides with the rising duration of CF terminal waveform wen the infinitive resistor is connected between F/B terminal and GNO. When the F/B terminal has finite impedance and current tows out from F/B terminal,“A point potential shown in Fig '9 depends on this current. So the "A" point potential is close to GND level when the flow-out current becomes large “A point potential is compared with the CF terminal oscilla- tor waveform and PWM comparator, and the latch circult is set when the potential of oscillator waveform is higher than “A” point potential. (On the other hand, this latch circuit is reset by high level signal during the deadtime of oscillation (falling duration of ‘oscillation wavetorm). So the B" point potential or output wavetorm of latch circuit is the one shown in Fig. 10, “The final output waveform oF °C" point potential is got by combining the “B point signal and dead-time signal logi- cally. (please refer to Fig. 10), d Trews i oureut ey (oT Porc 1 Fe ose Fig. 9 PWM comparator and latch circult (osc WAVEFORM WAVEFORM, 1 OF OSC 8 tp 1 Pome a aa t i vowel n Fig. 10 Wavetorms of PWM comparator Input point A, latch circult points B and C ‘BY CAVALOG ASSP> M51.977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL Current limitting section When the current-limit signal is applied betore the crossing instant of “A” point potertial ane CF terminal vottage shown in Fig, 9, tis signal makes the output “ot” and the off state wll continue unti next cyclo. Fig 11 shows the timing rela- tion among them The current imiting circuit has two input terminals, one has. the detector-sensitivily of + 200mV to the GND terminal ‘and the other has — 200mV. The circuit will be latched it the input signal is ever the limit of either terminal It the current limiting circuit is set, no wavetorm is gener- ated at output terminal however this state is reset during the succeeding dead-time. So this current limiting circuit is able to have the function in every cycle, and is named “pulse-by-pulse current limit (05 waveronm Grr renanat Waveronw oF CES TERMINAL, CURRENT Livi SIGNAL IO. SerUaToM wove []_[] (@) tourrent limit Sc WAVEFORM OF cr TERMINAL WAVEFORM OF ‘CURRENT Limit SIGNAL TO SETUATEN WAVEFORM oF (&) current mit Fig. 11 Operating waveforms of current limitting clrcult, Wis rather recommended to use not “CLM+~ but "CLM- terminal, as the influence from the gate drive current of MOS-FET can be eliminated and wide voltage rating of + ae ELECTRIC 6-19Ww'TSUSISH! “ANALOG ASSP> MS1977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL 4V to AV is guaranteed for absolute maximum rating There happen some noise voltage on Rew during the switching of power transistor due to the snubber circuil anc stray capacitor of the transformer windings To eliminate the abnormal operation by the noise voltage, the low pass filter, which consists of Rr and Cyr is used fas shown in Fig, 12 It is recommended to use 10~100.2 for Rye because such range of Rye is not influenced by the flow-out current of some 200A from CLM terminal and Cyr is designed to have the enough value to absorb the noise voltage snd! ond ee ood —_| ) In case of CLM+ (b) In case of CLM Fig. 12 How to connect current limit circult Intermittent action and oscillation control section When the internal current limiting circuit starts to operate land also the VF level decreases to lower than the certain level of some 3V, the dead-time spreads and Intermittent faction and OSC control circuit (which is one of the timer- type-protection ciroul) starts to operate The intermittent action and OSC control circuit is the one to generate the control signal for oscillator and intermittent action cireuit Fig.19 shows the timing-chart of this circuit. When the out- put of intermittent action and oscillation control is at “high’ level, the wavetorm of oscillator depends on the VF termin- al voltage and the intermitent action circuit begins to LYL™ osc waverons See TERMINAL ‘CURRENT UM Signa ‘OUTPUT OF CURRENT (a) witn cur REPRE RSREW ang Ose CONTROL cincunT Osc waveronM Caw aN SFR TERMINAL CURRENT UiMiT Sena —_——_———aw ‘urpur oF Gunmen tina vaToH an SATEEN ACHON ang Osc, ono ContRor ciReuT {b)' Without current limit signal Fig, 13. Timing chart of Interrmittont and OSC. control eireult Intermittent action circuit section Intermittent action circuit will start to operate when the out- put signal from the intermittent action and oscillation control ireut are "high" and also VF terminal voitage is lower than Vranite of about 3V. Fig, 14 shows the block diagram of intermittent action cir- Cult, Transistor Q is on state when VF terminal voltage is higher than Vrirwe of about SV, so the CT terminal voltage is near to GND potential \Wnen VF terminal voltage is lower than rune, @ becom es “off and the CT has the possibility to be charged up. Under this condition, ifthe intermittent action and oscillation control signal become "high", the switch SW, will close only in this "high" duration and Cy is charged up by the cur- rent of 12018 through SW, {SW is open) and CT terminal potential will rise. The output pulse can be generated only in this duration, When the CT terminal voltage reaches to 8V. the control logic circuit makes the SW, “ott” and SWe "on", in order to flow in the Inyacore ot 15418 to CT terminal ‘The IC operation will be ceased In the falling duration (On the other hand, when CT terminal voltage decreses to lower than 2V, the IC operation will be reset to original state, as the control logic circuit makes the SW, “on™ and SW “of Therefore the paris in power circuit including secondary rectitior diodes are protected from the overheat by the over current. Block diagram of Intermittent action elrcult Fig. 14can WI51 3 ASSP> 977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL NO OPERATING ‘DURATION Fig. 15 Wavetorm of CT terminal Fig, 16 shows the Ice versus Vcc in this timer-of duration, In this duration the power is not supplied to IC trom the third winding of transformer but through trom the resistor Ry connected to Vec line. Wihe R, shown in Fig. 1 and 2 is selected adequate value, Vee terminal voltage will be kept at not so high or low but adequate value, as the Ice versus Veo characteristics has such the one shown in Fig. 16 2a Zs 8 of ae z t £ Sas | se Es SUPPLY VOLTAGE Vex (¥) Ig. 18 toe v8. Veo In tmer-off duration of Intermittent action clrcult To ground the CT terminal is recommended, when the in- termittent mode Is not used, In this case the oscillated frequency will become low but the IC will neither stop the oscillation nor change to the i termittent action mode, when the current limit function be- comes to operate and the VF terminal voltage becomes Voltage detector circuit (DET) section The DET terminal can be used to control the output voltage Which Is determined by the winding ratio of fly back trans- former in tly-back system or in case of common ground cir- cuit of primary and seconsary in wes forward system, ‘The circuit diagram is quite sinvlar to that ot shunt regulator type 431 as shown in Fig. 17. As woll known trom Fig. 17 and Fig. 18, the output of OP AMP has the current-sink ability, when the DET terminal voltage Is higher than 2.5V but it becomes high impedance state when lower than 2.5 DET terminal and F/B terminal have iaverting phase char- acteristics each other, soit Is recommended to connect the istor and capacitor in series between them for phase Compensation. It is very important, ane can net connect by resistor directly as there is the voltage difference between ‘em and the capacitor has the OG stopper function, L j= wos $1.28 Equivalent circult dlagram of voltage detector | Fig. 17 ie 1s 88 FB L a Equivalent circult diagram of voltage detector 2.5 Fig. 18 ON-OFF circuit section Fig. 19 shows the circuit diagram of ON-OFF circuit. The Current town into the ON/OFF terminal makes the Qa “on land the switching operation stop. On the other hand, the switching operation will recover as no current flown into ON/OFF terminal makes Q, “oft” As the constant current source connected to Q, base terminal has such the hyst oes eo arMITSUBISHI MS1977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL isis characteristics of 20A at operation and 3yA at stop: ping. So the unstable operation is not appeared even it the ON/OFF terminal voltage signal varies slowly Fig, 20 shows how to connect the ON/OFF terminal The switching operation will stop by switch-off and operate by switch-on Transistor or pholo transistor can be replaced by this switch, of cource. No resistor of 30~ 100k 2 is connected and ON/OFF termina! is directly connected to GND, when itis not necessary to use the ON/OFF operation. Fig. 21 shows the cc versus Voc characteristics in OFF state and Vec will be kept at not so high or low but at the adequate voltage, when Ry shown in Fig 1 and 2 is selected properly. % ON/OFF Oana ALA Fg) * | Yr 4g E Fig. 19 ON/OFF circuit 1 Fig. 20. Connecting of ON/OFF terminal Ms1977 onvore 16 CIRCUIT CURRENT fe (vk) os 5 wx SUPPLY VOLTAGE Vor (V! Fig. 21. Ico ¥8. Veo In OFF state Fig. 22 Equivalent clroult diagram of OVP OVP circuit section OVP circuit is basically constructed by the complementary ftip-lop citeuit as shown in Fig. 22. Once the input signal is applied to the OVP circuit which has the detect sensitivity (of 2Vee the output becomes “olf" and this “off” state will be kept unitil Veo becomes to less than OVP reset voltage(~ 85V) ‘As the OVP “olf” state is kept by the current through Ry shoun in Fig. 1 and 2, M51977 is designed to have the low ccs which value is some level of adding 101A to the start- Up current at OVP reset voltage ‘As MS1977 has such the lec versus Voc characteristics as shown in Fig, 23, no fallure is occured by applied high vol- tage to IC, That is; higher the Vcc or OC supply voltage, higher the loc current and larger the voltage drop at Ry As the OVP reset voltage is seltled rather high voltage of &5V, SMPS can be reset in rather short time trom the switch-off of AG power source if the smoothing capacitor is not so large value However the reset time may become problem when the Cry is large and so the discharge time constant of Cry X (Rr#Rp) Is large ‘ CIRCUIT CURRENT lee (ma) Cn Jee V8. Veo In OVP operation Fig. 23 eae eaeWTSUPS*" AVALOS ASS>> M5L977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL Output section It ig required that the output circuit have the high sink and ‘source abilities for MOS-FET drive. It is well known that the totempole circuit has high sink and source ability Howev- er, ithas the demerit of high through current For example, the through current may reach such the high current level of 1A, if type MS1977 has the “conventional” totempote circuit. For the high frequency application such ‘a8 higher than iQOKHz, this through current is very impor tant factor and will cause not only the large Ice current and the inevitable heat-up of IC but also the noise voltage. ‘This IC uses the improved totempole circult, so without a tetiorating the characteristic of operating speed, its through current is approximately 100mA APPLICATION NOTE OF TYPE M51977P,FP Design of start-up circuit and the power supply of IC ({ythe startup clrcult when it Is not necessary to set the ‘start and stop Input voltage Fig, 24 shows one of the example citcuit diagram of the start-up circult whichis used when it isnot necessary 10 set the start and stop voltage itis recommended that the current more than 300, flows ttvough R, in order to overcome the operation start-up cut- rant lectaran) 800 Cyec 18 nthe range of 10 10 47 F. The product of Ry by Cyce causes the time delay of operation, 0 the response time will bo long i the product i too much targe BSS an msromnn : | Bie ne ee Fig. 24 Start-up circult dlagram when It le not the start and stop Input voltage Just after the start-up, the loc current is supplied from Cyce, however, under the steady state condition, IC will be supplied trom the third winding oF bias winding of transtor- mer, the winding ratio of the third winding must be de- signed so that the induced voltage may be higher than the operation-stop voltage Vecistor The Vcc voltage is tecommendad to be 12V to 17V as the normal and optimum gate voltage 15 10 %0 15¥ anc! the outs put voltage (Vou) of type MS1977P FP is about 'Vec~-2V) itis nat necessary that the induces voltage is sattied high- er than the operation start-up voltage Voc (saan and the high gate drive voltage causes high gate dissipation, on the cther hand, too low gate drive voltage dows not make the MOS-FET fully on-state or the saturation state (M51977, NF wee | | Pano Fig. 25. Start-up clrcult dlagram when it Is necessary to set the start and stop input voltage. {2yThe start-up circuit when it ‘and stop input voltage It is recommend to use the third winding of “forward wind- ing” oF "positive polarity" as shown in Fig. 25, when the OC ‘source vollages at both the IC operation start and stop must be settled at the specified values. ‘The input voltage (Viwceranri). at which the IC operation starts, is decided by Ry and A utilizing the low start-up current characterisitcs of type M51977P, FP. The input voltage (Vix sror:). at which the IC operation stops, is decided by the ratio of third winding of trans- toxmer. The Vnisrasr) and Vinisror) necessary to set the start fe given by following equa- Ri, Vousranm Fa “eect ° Veccsrane) 9 Ney ty, Vistar =(Veeiston Ve) Het B Vm nein oo where leet Is the operation start-up current of IC Vccisraar? is the operation start-up voltage of IC Vecistom) is the operation stop voltage of IC Ve is the forward voltage of rectifier diode Vi cost is the peak to peak ripple voltage of Ney, REV men Veo terminal Wis required that the Visranr) Must be higher than Vig When the third winding is the ly back winding” or “reverse oes 6-23"S¥1 MS51.977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL polarity, the Viisranr) can be fixed, however, Visor: Can not be settied by this system, so the auxiliary circu is re- quired {@)Notice to the Vcc, Vec line and GND line To avoid the abnormal IC operation, it is recommended to design the Vcc is not vary abruptly and has few spike vol- tage, which is induced trom the stray capacity between the winding of main transtormer. To reduce the spike voltage, the Cycc, which is connected between Vcc and ground, must have the good high quency characteristics, To design the conductor-pattern on PC board, following cautions must be considered as shown in Fig, 26 |) To separate the emitter line of type MS1977 trom the the GND line of the IC (b) To locate the Cycc as near as possible to type MS1977 ‘and connect directly (c) To separate the collector ine of type MS1977 trom the Veg line of the 1C [41 To connect the ground terminals of peripheral parts of ICs to GND of type M51977 as short as possible coutecton: Fig. 26 How to design the conductor-pattern of type MS1977 on PC board (achematlc example) (4)Power supply circult for easy start-up When IC start to operate, the voltage of the Cvcc begins to decrease till the Cyc becomes to be charged trom the third winding of main-transtormer as the tec of the IC in- creases abruptly. In case shown in Fig. 24 and 25, some ‘unstable start-up" or “fall to start-up" may happen, as the charging interval of Cyc is very short duration; that Is the ‘charging does occur only the duration while the induced winding voitage is higher than the Cyce voltage, if t duced winding voltage is nearly equal to the “operation- stop voltage” of type MS1977. In this case the circult shown in Fig.27 is recommended. tis recommended to use the 10 to 4714F for Cyccs, and ab- out 5 times capacity bigger than Cvces 1or Cvees oft ove ‘S Trawsronuen \ 4 wois77 | Bec eee, Sono | Fig. 27 OC source circult for stable start-up OVP circuit (1)To avold the miss-operation of OVP Wis recommended to connect the resistor of 12k and capacitor betwoen OVP terminal and GND, and also resis- tor of 10K. in series to the photo-coupler as the input im- pedance of OVP terminal is very high and the pulsive displacement-current inclines to make the IC miss- ‘operation when Vcc is changed abruptly. a zine 4K PuoTo-couPLER M5197 [ove Lu ae Fig. 28 Peripheral circult of OVP terminal (2)Application circuit to make the OVP-reset time fast The reset time may becomes problem when the discharge time constant of Criy~ (Rr++R2) is long. Under such the cit- cuit condition, it Is recommended to discharge the Cyec forcedly and to make the Vcc low value: This makes the OVP-reset time fast Similar circuit is used to make the Vac low, when the reset ‘of OVP is done by the external signal TouAN 7 Sa TRANSFORMER Tee i + 51977 ye OF rie PART SHOULD Be SHR Fig. 28 Example circult dlagram to make the OvP-roset-time fast e-2e eeMITSUBISHI “ANALOG ASSP> MS1977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL (@)OVP setting method using the induced third winding voltage on tly back system For the over voltage protection (OVP), the induced fly back type third winding voltage can be ullized, as the induced third winding voltage depends on the output voltage. Fig, 30 shows one of the example circuit diagram. iS coat Le Yoo aime ‘WINDING 51977 re bono Fig. 90. OVP. ae method using the Induced third winding voltage on fly back system Current limitting circuit ()Peripheral circult of CLM+, CLM— terminal Fig.31 and 32 show the example circuit diagrams around the CLM-+ and CLM~ torminal. itis required to connect the low pass filter, in oder to reduce the spike current com: nent, as the main current or drain current contains the spike current especially uring the turn-on duration of MOS-FET. 1,000pF to 22,000pF is recommended for Cyr and the Pr: land Rerz have the functions both to adjust the “current- detecting- sensitivity’ and to consist the low pass titer. | at A Ge § ql M5197 wrt ear ER ed fe 1 pe gece] gee Fig. 31 Peripheral circult diagram of CLM+ terminal a M5197 * oe Fig. 82. Peripheral clrcult diagram of CLM~ terminal To design the Ryr and Ayr, it is requited to consider the influence of CLM terminal source current (Inciws OF huctae ), which value is inthe range of 90 t0 270A In order to be not influenced trom these resistor paralleled Value of Ryey and Rus, (Ryrs//Rype) Is recommended to be less than 1000. The Rex should be the non-inductive resistor {2)0ver current limitting curve {0)In case of feed forward system Fig. 38 shows the primary and secondary current wave. forms under the current limiting operation. At the typical application of pulse by pulse primary current detecting circuit, the secondary current depends on the primary current. As the peak value of secondary current is limitted to specitied value, the characteristics curve of out- ul voltage versus output current become to the one as shown in Fig. 34 3| a | 4 Row (a) Feed forward system (b) Primary and secondary current Fig. 83. Primary and secondary current waveforms, under the current limiting operation ourpur VALTAGE ‘OUTPUT CURRENT Fig. 34 Over current limiting curve on teed forward alee =MITSUBISHI MS1977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL The dement of the pulse by pulse current limtting system is that the output pulse width can not reduce to less than Some value because of the delay time of low pass filter ‘connected to the CLM terminal and propagation delay time Trocum from CLM terminal to output terminal of type MS1977. The typical Trocum IS 150ns. {As the frequency becomes higher, the delay time must be shorter. And as the secondary output voltage becomes higher, the dynamic range of on-duty must be wider, it means that it is required to make the on-duration much more narrower. So this system has the demerit at the high- ‘2 oscillating frequency and higher output voltage appli tions. To improve these points, the oscillating frequency is set low using the characteristics of VF terminal. When the cur- rent limitting circuit operates under the over current condi tion, the oscillating trequncy decreases in accordance with the decrease of VF terminal voltage, i the VF is lower than .5V. And also the dead time becomes longer. Under the condition of current limitting operation, the output ‘current Iz continues as shown in Fig, 33. So the output vol- tage depends on the product of the input primary voltage Vw and the on-duty. It the third winding polarity is positive, the Vec depends on Vyw, 80 It is conctuded that the smoothed voltage of Vour terminal depends on the output DC voltage of the SMPS. So the sharp current limitting characteristics will be got, it the Vour voltage is feed back to VF terminal through low pass filter as shown in Fig, 35. | s1977 Hy-———dJven aH, Rae ur = Come 1.95 Feed back loop through low pass filter {from Vour to VF terminal Ivis recommended to use 15k! for Ryrrs. and 10,000pF tor Cyrra I FIg.35, Fig, 36 shows how to control the knee point where the tre quency becomes decrease eg mo [TE TS Tomer TO MAKE THE KNEE Fig. 36 How to control the knee point (0) In case of fly back system The DC output voltage of SMPS depends on the Vcc vol- tage of type M51977 when the polarity of the third winding is negative and the system is tly back. So the operation of type M51977 will stop when the Vec becomes lower than ‘Operation-stop voltage” of M51977 when the DC output voltage of SMPS decreases under speci ood condition 6 value at over 8 g \ 5 POINT THAT vec VOLTAGE z . Of THIRD WiNdiNG 3 oe VOLTAGE DECREASES oa UNGER “OPERATION-STOP 8] Ue VOLTAGE" bc OUTPUT CURRENT Fig. 37 Over current limitting curve on tly back system However, the M51977 will non-operate and operate inter- mittently, as the Voc voltage rises in accordance with the decrease of Ice current The fly back system has the constant output power charac- teristics as shown in Fig. 37 when the peak primary current ‘and the operating trequency are constant To control the increase of OC output current, the operating trequney is decteased using the characteristics of VF ter- minal when the over current limitting function begins to operate. ‘The voltage which made by dividing the Voc is applied to VF terminal as shown in Fig.38, as the Induced third wind ing voltage depends on the DC output voltage of SMPS. 15k 22 oF less is recommended for Re in Fig, 98, itis noticed that the current flows through Rand A will superpose on the lecrerant: current Wf the By Is connected to Cycee in Fig. 27, the current flows through R, and R's independent of the lccisraari Ovcc COLLECTOR M8197 o Fig. 38 Circult dlagram to make knee point low ‘on fly back system (©) Application circuit to keep the non-operating condi ton when over load current condition will continue {or specitied duration 6-26 otePrP SES Gata E51 9777) SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL ‘The CT terminal voltage will begin to rise and the capacitor connected to CT terminal will be charged-up, if the current limiting function starts and VF termiral voltage decreases below Vrscimel =3V} HW the charged-up CT terminal voltage is applied to OVP terminal through the level-shifter consisted of butter transis: tor and resistor, it makes type M5197 keep nov-operating condition. Ms1977 Fig. 39 circult dlagram to keep tne Ing condition when over load Current condition will continue for Specified duration Output circuit (1)The output terminal characteristics at the Voc voltage lower than the “Operation-stop” voltage TOMAN M5197, J Fig. 40 Clroult dlagram to prevent tne MOS-FET gato potential rising “The output terminal has the current sink ability even though the Vec voltage lower than the “Operation-stop" voltage or Veetsror (It means that the terminal is "Output low state’ ‘and please reter characteristics of output low voltage ver- ‘us sink current.) ‘This characteristics has the merit not to damage the MOS- FET at the stop of operation when the Vec voltage de- ‘creases lower than the voltage of Vcc sron), a8 the gate charge of MOS-FET, which shows the capacitive load char acteristics fo the output terminal, is drawn out rapidly. ‘The output terminal has the draw-out ability above the Vec voltage of 2V, however, lower than the 2V, it loses the abil- ity and the output terminal potential may rise due to the leakage current. In this case, it is recommended to connect the resistor of 100k between gate and source of MOS-FET as shown in Fig. 40, (2)MOS-FET gate drive cower dissipation Fig. 41 shows the relalion batwe2* the applied gate vol tage and the stored gat chare In the region (), the charge is mainly stored al Cs as the depletion is spread and Guo '9 small owing to the off-state of MOS-FET and the high crain vetage. Inthe region @', the Gao is muttiplied by the *mirrar tect fas the characteristics of MOS-FET transters trom of-state to on-state In the region @, both the Coo and Cos affect to the charac- teristics as the MOS-FET is on-state and the drain voltage is low. 3 TOTAL STOREO GATE CHARGE inc? Fig. 41 The relation between applied gate-source voltage and stored gate charge The charging and discharging current caused by this gate charge makes the gate power dissipation. The relation be- tween gate drive current lo and total gate charge Qas is shown by following equation: ose Is switching frequency AAs the gate drive current may reach up to several tenths rlliampere at S0OKHz operation, depending on the size of MOS-FET, the power dissipation caused by the gate cur- rent can not be neglected In this case, following action will be considered to avoid heat up of type MS1977, (1) To attach the heatsink to type M51977 2} To use the printed circult beard with the good ther mal conductivity (3). To.use the butter circuit shown next section (@)Output butter circuit Itis recommended to use the output buffer circult as shown In Fig, 42, when type MS1977 drives the large capacitive load oF bipolar transistor. PRM5197 Fig. 42 Output butter circult dlagram DET Fig 43 shows how to use the DET ci detector and error amplitior For the phase shift compensation, it is recommended to connected the CR network between DET terminal and F/B terminal i for the voltage $ 1 coerecrma eal a wots Ow by a % wsi977 | |-o—---+---* Fig, 43 How to use the DET circult for the voltage detector Fig. 44 shows the gain-trequency characteristics between point B and point C shown in Fig. 43, ‘The Gi); and , ate given by following eugations [At the start of the operation, there happen to be no output ulse due to F/B terminal current through C, and C2, as the potential of F/B terminal rises sharply just after the start of the operation. (00 VOLTAGE GAN) tog (8) mea Fig. 44 Galn-trequency characteristics betwoon point B and C shown In Fig. 43 * GWNALOG ASS?> WI53.977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL Not to lack the output aul: is acommenced to connect the capacitor C4 as shown biy broken line Please take notice that the current flows through the Ay and Ry are superposed to lac isranri Not te superpose. Ry is connected to Cyccz as shown in Fig. 27 How to get the narrow pulse width during the start of operation Fig. 45 shows how to get the narrow pulse width during the start ofthe operation. tthe pulse train of forcedly narrowed pulse-width continues too long. the misstart of operation may happen, so it is recommended to make the output pulse width narrow only fora few pulse at the start of op- eration. 0.11F is recommended for the C. msie77 | 2S { Zoo Sinker Se + Fig. 45 How to get the narrow pulse width during the start of operation How to synchronize with external circuit ‘Type M51977 has no function to synchronize with external circuit, however, there is some application circuit for syn- cchronization as shown in Fig. 46, If this circuit is used, the synchronization may be out of order at the overload condi- tion when the current limitting function starts to operate and VF terminal voltage becomes lower than 3V. M5197 TON cr T-OFF cr rong OS cr Ror ayaa poo, . Svcrnonous oy pulse gz 33 gs VX VX gs y wv 36 | 33—— - —-av 3 Writ PULSE T Haaawum putse woth oF MEMS nous SaChMONOLS SE Fig. 48 How to synchronize with external circult eetW'TSUBISHI M519'117P FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL M5197 oxo ewrten. Fig. 47 Driver circuit diagram (1) for bipotar transistor Driver circuit for bipolar transistor When the bipolar transistor is used instead of MOS-FET, the base current of bipolar transistor must be sinked by the negative base voltage source for the switching-oft duration, in arder to make the switching speed of bipolar transistor fast one. In this case, over current can not be detected by detecting tor in series to bipolar transistor. so it is recommended to.use the CT(current transformer) For the low current rating transistor, ype MS1977 can drive it directly as shown in Fig. 48. Attention for heat generation The maximum ambient temperature of type M5197 is + 85°C, however. the ambient temperature in vicinity ofthe 1C is not uniform and varies place by place, as the amount of ‘power dissipation is teary large and the power dissipation is generated locally in the switching regulator. So itis one of the good idea to check the IC package temperature. The temperature diference between IC junc tion and the surface of IC package is 16°C or less, when the IC junction temperature is measured by temperature dependency of forward vottage of pn junction, and 1C pack age temperature is measured by “thermo-viewer’, and also the IC is mounted on the “phenol-base” PC board in normal atmosphere So it i concluded that the maximum case temperature (surface tomperature of 1G) rating is 120°C with adequate ‘margin. It is noticed that the minimum thermal protection operating temperature is 120°C {ss type M51877 has the modified totempole driver circuit, the transient through current is very small and the total ower dissipation is decreased to the reasonable power tevel Fig. 49 shows the transient rush (through) current wave- forms at the rising and falling edges of output pulse, re- spectively a 3l| TF Ycoucron | Nee Your BIPOLAR ster? as Td No emrrreR ; i | Fig, 48 Driver clrcult diagram (2) for smail bipolar transistor Whiner Veasis Sma AAT RISING EDGE OF Oureur PULSE Wasa: 2erciv Vinal Trae AAT FALLING EoGe OF oureur PuLse Fig. 49. Through current waveforms of totempole driver clrcult at no-load and Vee of 18V condition eeeAPPLICATION EXAMPLE Feec forward types SMPS with mui-oupt MITSUBISHI MS51977P,FP SWITCHING REGULATOR CONTROL COLLECTOR vc 51977 | onsorr ) Paes