B nng nghip

v pht trin nng thn

---------S : 109 /2001/Q-BNN

Cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam

c lp - T do - Hnh phc
-----------------------------------H Ni , ngy 16 thng 11 nm 2001

Quyt nh ca B trng
B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn
V vic Ban hnh tiu chun ngnh : 14TCN 101- 2001- Ging gim p Quy
trnh k thut thi cng v Phng php kim tra, nghim thu.
-------------------------------B Trng B Nng Nghip V Pht Trin Nng Thn
- Cn c ngh nh s 73/CP ngy 01 thng 11 nm 1995 ca Chnh ph quy
nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v t chc b my ca B Nng nghip v
Pht trin nng thn;
- Cn c Php lnh cht lng hng ha ngy 24/12/1999 ;
- Cn c Quy ch Lp, xt duyt v ban hnh tiu chun ngnh ban hnh
km theo quyt nh s 135/1999- Q- BNN- KHCN ngy 01/10/1999;
- Theo ngh ca ng V trng v Khoa hc Cng ngh v CLSP,
Quyt nh
iu 1. Nay ban hnh km theo quyt nh ny tiu chun ngnh : 14TCN
101- 2001- Ging gim p Quy trnh k thut thi cng v Phng php kim tra,
nghim thu.
iu 2. Tiu chun ny c hiu lc sau 15 ngy k t ngy k
iu 3. Cc ng Chnh vn phng B, V trng V Khoa hc cng ngh
v CLSP, Th trng cc n v lin quan chu trch nhim thi hnh quyt nh
ny.
KT. B trng B Nng nghip
v pht trin nng thn
Th trng
( k)
Phm Hng Giang

2
B nng nghip
v pht trin nng thn

----------

Cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam

c lp - T do - Hnh phc
------------------------------------

Tiu chun ngnh14TCN 101 -2001

Ging gim p - Quy trnh k thut thi cng
v Phng php kim tra, nghim thu
(Ban hnh theo quyt nh s: 109/2001/Q-BNN ngy 16 thng 11 nm 2001
ca B trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn)
1. Quy nh chung
1.1. Tiu chun ny quy nh cc yu cu ca quy trnh k thut thi cng, phng
php kim tra cht lng thi cng v nghim thu ging gim p c kt cu ging l
cc loi ng lc lm bng thp khng r hoc ng nha PVC c kh nng chng n
mn, c bn thu lc v cng tng ng nh quy nh cho thp khng r.
yu cu v vt liu, sn xut vt liu, thit k, duy tu bo dng ging c quy
nh trong cc tiu chun tng ng.
1.2. Ging gim p trong tiu chun ny l ging c lp t chn pha ng,
sau p lm gim p lc nc l rng nn bng cch cho thot nc theo hnh
thc t chy v ma l, kim sot qu trnh thm v ngn nga xi ngm v ct
chy lm mt n nh nn.
1.3. Phn loi Ging gim p:
1. Theo iu kin thi cng, chia lm hai loi: Ging o v Ging khoan.
2. Theo iu kin lm vic, chia lm hai loi: Ging hon chnh - l ging
qua ton b tng cha nc v t ng lc trn ton b chiu dy tng cha nc;
Ging khng hon chnh l ging ch khoan v t ng lc mt phn trong tng
cha nc.
Tiu chun ny ch quy nh cho ging gim p loi ging khoan (c gi
tt l ging gim p).
1.4. Cu to ca ging gim p bao gm: ng lc, ng chng, ng lng, ct lc s
cp, ct lc th cp, ng bo v ming ging (xem hnh 1.1).
ng lc l ng c lm bng thp hoc nha PVC c l ngn ct vo
ging nhng cho nc thm qua; ng chng l phn ng lin (khng c l) lm
bng thp hoc nha PVC, c lp c nh trong ging, ni trn ng lc ngn
khng cho ct chy vo ging, n nh thnh v ming ging; ng lng l on ng
lin khng c l ni di ng lc c tc dng chn ct, to khong khng y
ging cha cc ht ct lng xung do chng xm nhp c vo ging trong qu
trnh ging lm vic. Khc vi ng chng, ng chng tm l ng kim loi dng
n nh thnh ging trong qu trnh khoan v s c rt ln khi ging trong qu
trnh kt cu ging; Ct lc l ct n c sng chn cp phi ht hp l theo
yu cu ca thit k, dng chn lp vo khong khng gian vnh khn xung
quanh ng lc v ng chng c tc dng lc ngc, cho nc thm vo ging d
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dng nhng ngn khng cho ct t nhin ca mi trng xm nhp vo ging. Ct
lc s cp chn lp t y ging khoan, xung quanh ng lng, ng lc v 1 m trn
on ng lc; Ct lc th cp chn trn ct lc s cp.

Hnh 1.1. Cu to ging gim p.

2. Quy trnh k thut thi cng ging gim p
Quy trnh k thut thi cng ging gim p bao gm cc cng on: 1- Khoan
to l kt hp xc nh a tng; 2- Kt cu ging; 3- Thi ra lm thng thong
ging; 4- Bm kim tra; 5- Hon thin ging.
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2.1. Khoan to l kt hp xc nh a tng.
2.1.1. Cng tc khoan to l phi tin hnh bng phng php khoan xoay, thi ra
bng nc ln hoc dung dch chuyn dng t phn hu. Theo ng knh ging
thit k, nn khoan ging thnh hai cp: khoan ly mu xc nh a tng v su
tng cch nc (cp ng knh b); sau khi t su thit k th tin hnh khoan
doa m rng (cp ng knh ln) t ng knh thit k nh nu trong iu
2.1.10, 2.1.11 v 2.1.12.
2.1.2. Trong qu trnh khoan to l, phi nh v my khoan, thp khoan thng
ng bo m ging khoan thng ng, cn i. Nu dng my khoan t hnh
th phi chn bnh xe k c nh my khoan.
2.1.3. Cho php s dng phng php thi ra bng nc ln khi khoan cp ng
knh nh nhng my bm phi c cng sut ln y c "dung dch ctnc ln" ln khi ming h khoan v to dng chy ngc p lc gi thnh
h khoan. Trng hp h khoan n su v nc khng y c ct th ln khi
ming h khoan th phi dng mi khoan c km theo ng hng.
2.1.4. Phi p dng ch khoan hp l i vi cc lp t khc nhau:
1. Khi khoan trong tng ct phi gim p lc khoan ng thi tng s vng
quay v tng tc bm cho hp l;
2. Khi khoan trong tng t st th tng p lc khoan v gim tc vng
quay cng nh lu lng nc ra;
3. Khi khoan qua cc lp ct ht trung, ct ht th c ln si, phi thng
xuyn ko mi khoan ln lm sch ct trong ng hng.
2.1.5. Trong qu trnh khoan xc nh a tng, hip khoan khng qu 1m. Cch
hai mt ly mt mu lu v mt mu th nghim bng thit b ng ly mu chuyn
dng; Trong tng t st ly mu bng ng mu n c bi, trong tng t ct ly
mu bng ng khoan nng i hoc nng ba.
Vic thit k ging gim p trc khi thi cng ch l thit k in hnh; Thit
k chi tit, hp l ng lc, hiu qu ging s thc hin khi c ti liu chnh xc a
tng ti hin trng. Mt ly mu s quyt nh chnh xc khi xc nh a
tng, ly mu cng dy cng tt, c bit su nghi c s thay i a tng.
2.1.6. Ly mu, bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun mu phi theo tiu chun Vit
Nam TCVN 2683 - 91. Mu lu phi bc trong ti nylon buc kn, b trong cc
ca khay g chuyn dng, trong thi gian ang hin trng phi k cao v che
chn, khng b t hoc ngp nc. Mu lu ch c hu b khi nghim thu h
thng ging gim p a vo s dng sau 2 nm v phi thng qua Hi ng
chuyn mn t vn trc khi trnh cp c thm quyn quyt nh.
2.1.7. Mu chn th nghim phn tch thnh phn ht phi cch u theo su,
c tnh i din cho lp t khoan qua, khng chn cc mu c th.
2.1.8. Trong qu trnh khoan phi m t chi tit a tng v: Tn t, mu sc,
thnh phn thch hc v thnh phn cp phi ht; cht (i vi ct) v trng
thi (i vi cc loi t dnh); Mc ng nht v thnh phn, mu sc v trng
thi, cc tp cht trong t; S tiu hao ca dung dch khoan; Quan trc mc nc
xut hin v mc nc n nh trong ging. Vic m t, ghi chp phi tin hnh
theo tng hip khoan d gp lp t dy c mu sc, thnh phn v trng thi ca
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tng hip khoan t khc nhau; Phi m t v gi tn t theo tiu chun Vit Nam
TCVN 5747-1993.
2.1.9. Sau khi khoan t su thit k, n v thi cng phi lp bn v ct a tng
ging khoan c xc nhn ca ch u t T vn thit k lm cn c thit k chi
tit ng lc v ng chng.
2.1.10. Ch c tin hnh khoan doa m rng chun b kt cu ging khi c bn
v thit k chi tit do T vn thit k cp.
bo m ging khoan trn u v thng ng, cn chn ch khoan doa
hp l: Tc vng quay s 1, p lc khoan nh nht v lu lng nc ra
tng hp l khng ph v thnh ging khoan, bm sch mn khoan trc khi
vo hip mi; Khoan doa hai ln, ht mt hip th ko ln doa li trnh to cc
ng xon.
Khi khoan doa m rng ging chun b kt cu, nn s dng dung dch t
phn hu theo ng nng quy nh, m bo n nh thnh ging khoan.
Trong trng hp khoan doa c s dng ng chng tm, sau khi khoan doa
xong cn ra sch ging bng cch bm nc qua cn khoan xung st y ging;
Khi s dng dung dch khoan t phn hu, sau khi khoan xong cn bm lu thng
bng nc ln ra sch dung dch c v thay bng dung dch mi cng c
thnh ging khoan ri mi tin hnh kt cu ging.
2.1.11. Tu thuc vo a tng, cn khoan su hn y ng lng mt on cn thit
cha mn khoan lng ng trong qu trnh kt cu ging, khng mn
khoan ngp ln phn ng lc lm gim hiu qu ging.
2.1.12. Trong trng hp gp ct chy y tri trong ging khoan th tu su
gp ct chy, chiu dy ca lp ct chy v mc tri trong ging khoan m c
th chn mt trong cc gii php sau: tng c ca dung dch hoc chng bng
ng chng tm.
2.2. Kt cu ging.
2.2.1. Sau khi ging khoan n to ng yu cu thit k, tin hnh kt cu ging,
gm cc thao tc: th ng lc, ng chng, ct lc s cp v th cp, bm trm va
ximng-bentonit. Trong qu trnh lp t ng lc v ng chng, phi lp vt nh
tm theo ng khong cch nh trong n thit k; Cn lp c nh vt nh tm
di cng, cc vt nh tm pha trn ch lp cht sau khi n ni ng v iu chnh
nh hng dn iu 2.2.8.
2.2.2. Phi chun b y vt liu, thit b v nhn lc t chc thi cng lin tc
cc cng on, trong cng on th ng lc, ng chng, chn ct lc s cp v
th cp cn thc hin vo ban ngy, trng hp hon thin cng vic m phi
ko di sang ban m th phi c nh sng cn thit v c s chp thun ca T
vn thit k v Ch u t.
2.2.3. ng lc, ng chng c ni v th dn vo trong ging tng on mt cho
n ht theo ng n thit k. C th ni sn trn mt t thnh mt ct ri th
mt lc vo ging khoan khi chiu di ca ct (ng lc v ng chng) nh hn
chiu cao ca thp khoan.
2.2.4. Nn s dng loi my khoan c cng sut v trng lng ln, thp cao
v c hai rng rc cp thi cng lp t ging thun li, gim thi gian th ng
lc, ng chng hn ch cc tc ng gy sp thnh ging khoan.
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2.2.5. Phi vn cht y ng lng bng ren hoc hn kn ton b vin mp bng tm
thp c ng knh ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng lng, khng c hn chm
tng im.
2.2.6. Khi ni cc on ng lc v ng chng, phi vn cht khp ni n ht ren,
bo m cc on ng lin kt cht v thng, khng lm cong v xin ging.
2.2.7. Thao tc th ng lc, ng chng, ni ng trong ging khoan phi c thc
hin nhanh chng, nh nhng, chnh xc hn ch cc s c v thi gian thc
hin. Phi th cc ng bng quang treo chuyn dng m bo ng c th
thng ng, ng tm; Khng c th bng cch b cp treo ming ng. Phi
th cc ng d dng n tn su thit k, nu b vng tc l do ging khoan
khng t yu cu, khng c n hoc dng vt qua chng ngi khi b
vng; Khi phi ko tt c cc ng ln, khoan thi li v kt cu li t u, phi
ra sch mn khoan bm dnh ng lc phc hi hon ton kh nng thm ca
ng lc trc khi th li.
Nu ng lc, ng chng bng nha PVC th nn dng phng php khoan
doa bng nc ln v n nh thnh bng ng chng tm, trc khi kt cu ging
phi bm ra sch ging, bo m trong ging ch cn nc sch gim p lc
y ni khi th ng vo ging khoan.
2.2.8. th cc ng dn ct lc xung khng b vng bi cc vt nh tm, sau
khi ni tng on ng, cn dng sn nh du khi th dn cc on ng xung
ging v iu chnh cc vt nh tm sao cho cc thanh ca chng u nm trn
cng mt ng thng.
2.2.9. Khi th xong on ng trn cng, dng b kp ng gi cht ming ng
chng, treo ng trng thi t do, bo m thng ng, sau c nh
ming ging.
2.2.10. Sau khi lp t ng lc, ng chng theo ng n thit k v t yu cu
k thut, cn tin hnh kim tra thng ng ca ging ti tt c cc ging, bng
cch: Dng mt ng kim loi thng u c chiu di l ln hn chiu di on ng
lc di nht ca ging v ng knh ngoi nh hn ng knh trong ca ng lc
mt gi tr l a sao cho (a/l)x100 0,25%, treo bng cp v th t t vo trong
ging n tn y. Nu ng th khng xung ti su yu cu th chng t ging
b cong hoc xin, phi ko ton b ng lc v ng chng ln kt cu li t u.
2.2.11. Khi ging n t yu cu v thng ng, phi bt kn ming ging bng
np chp chuyn dng trong sut qu trnh th ct lc s cp v th cp.
2.2.12. Th ct lc s cp bng cch th ct t t qua hai ng dn t i xng
nhau qua ng lc, ng dn ct nn chn loi ng km hoc ng nha PVC ni vi
nhau theo thit k chuyn dng bo m tho lp nhanh v khng gy xo ng
nc trong h khoan. y ng dn ct phi h xung su cch y ging khoan
1m v c rt dn ln trong qu trnh th ct, bo m lun cch b mt ct khng
ln hn 1m nhng cng khng nh qu, phng ct b tc trong ng. ct lc
ri trong ng dn c d dng, trong qu trnh th ct cn cho mt vi nc ng
thi chy lin tc vo trong ng dn ct.
Nu ng lc c dng bng nha PVC th ct lc phi th t t, u xung
quanh, khng tp trung mt bn trnh b sp hoc mo ng lc do p lc cc b.
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Khi ging c khoan v n nh thnh bng ng chng tm th cho php th
ct lc trc tip t trn ming ging, u xung quanh khong vnh khn gia ng
chng v ng chng tm. Trong qu trnh th ct lc s cp v th cp, ng chng
tm c rt dn ln nhng phi bo m chiu su lun ngp trong ct lc 1m.
2.2.13. Sau khi th ct lc s cp t cao trnh thit k, tin hnh ht nc t trong
ging lm n nh ct chn quanh on ng lc. Ch nn dng loi my bm
cng sut trung bnh to dng thm nh chy vo ging ct sp xp n nh
xung quanh ng lc. Trong qu trnh bm, cn theo di lin tc cao b mt ct
chn; Khi b mt ct chn n n nh, khng h thp na th ngng bm v th ct
b sung cho bng cao trnh thit k, sau tip tc th ct lc th cp. Quy trnh
th ct lc th cp, bm cho n nh cng ging nh i vi th ct lc s cp
xung khong vnh khn xung quanh ging sau khi bm ht nhiu gi v b mt
ct lc th cp n thc s n nh khng cn kh nng h thp c na.
Kt thc thao tc th ct lc th cp v ct n n nh th tin hnh bm va
xi mng-bentnit trm ging khoan.
Va ximng-bentnit c a xung ging bng phng php bm dng;
u di ca ng phu phi c mng ch T trnh trng hp va pht trc tip
vo ct lm xo ng lp ct lc. Ngay sau khi phun va ximng-bentnit xong
phi bm nc t trong ging ra kim tra kh nng va xm nhp vo ging. Khi
thy c hin tng va ximng-bentnit xm nhp vo ging th phi bm lin tc
nhng bm chm (bm vi lu lng nh) cho n khi nc bm ra khng cn ln
va th dng bm, thi gian bm khng c qu 12 gi.
2.3. Thi ra lm thng thong ging.
2.3.1. Thi ra lm thng thong ging c thc hin sau khi n hon tt vic kt
cu ging cho ging thng thong, nc thm vo ging d dng, bao gm: bm
dng vt cn, nhi nc, bm pht tia, bm nn kh.
Cc thao tc cn tin hnh phi hp v an xen t c hiu qu ti a,
theo yu cu k thut ca cc thao tc thi ra ging m bo khng lm rch
mng ng lc gy hng ging.
Nn dng phng php bm dng vt cn thi ra tm ging khoan trc
khi phi hp cc phng php thi ra khc, gm thao tc: th cn khoan xung
ging gn st y, dng my bm ca my khoan (my bm dung dch khoan) bm
nc sch lin tc vo ging, nc cng vi mn khoan s tro ln khi ming
ging v c dn thot i m khng bm tun hon tr li ging.
Nhi nc l dng mt qu nhi bng g cng hoc kim loi ng knh nh
hn ng knh trong ca ging 25mm, c l x p lc v c lp cc a da hoc
cao su ng knh xp x ng knh trong ca ging; Nn nhi dn t trn xung,
tng on hai mt mt, bt u t on cch nh ca ng lc 2m, mi on nhi
lin tc khong 5-10 pht tu a tng v mc bn ca ging, on cui cng
cch y ging hai mt khng nhi trnh trng hp qu nhi ri chm vo y
ging lm bc y.
Phi treo qu nhi bng cp, khng bng cn khoan (thao tc nhi thng qua
cn khoan cng c th lm rch hoc bin dng ng lc).
i vi mi ging nn nhi khng t hn 3 chu k, ngha l sau khi nhi sut
ton b ng lc t trn xung, ngng nhi bm vt mn khoan v nc bn ra
khi ging; Sau khi nc ln n trong, li bt u nhi chu k tip theo thao tc
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nh chu k u. Nu sau 3 chu k nhi m nc ra vn c th tip tc nhi n khi
nc ra trong.
2.3.2. Sau khi nhi nc kt thc, tin hnh bm pht tia v bm nn kh theo quy
nh di y. Thi gian bm pht tia ph thuc vo mc thng thong ca
ging.
1. Bm pht tia l dng my nn kh di p sut cao thng qua mt ng
pht chuyn dng c l pht kh (thng c 4 l) nn mnh thng gc vo mng
lc ra sch cc ht mn cn bm dnh lp nht cc khe rng ca mng lc theo
trnh t bm t di ln. Thit b bm pht tia v p lc bm phi tun theo yu
cu ca h s thit k, ph thuc vo loi vt liu lm lc. Vn tc ca vi pht
phi t 45-80m/s, p sut pht vo khong 14,07 kG/cm2 i vi ng lc bng thp
khng g v 6,12 kG/cm2 i vi ng lc bng nha PVC. Trong qu trnh bm
pht tia phi xoay u ng pht v ko dn ln, bo m cho tia pht qut u ton
b mt mng lc, nhng khng dng lu ti mt ch.
2. Bm nn kh c tin hnh sau khi bm pht tia. Khong cch gia u
cui cn dn kh v y cn dn nc phi hp l bo m hiu qu bm. Khi
bm phi o lu lng v h thp mc nc. Ch tin hnh vic bm kim tra
khi kt thc cng tc bm lm thng thong ging.
2.4. Hon thin ging.
2.4.1. Vic hon thin ging bao gm: lp t ng bo v ming ging; ng thu
nc kt hp tiu nc chn v cc ng dn nc ra cc ao h ni ng; Lp t
mng o lu lng; Trng c v lm v sinh hin trng.
ng thu nc kt hp tiu nc chn l on ng c c l v c bao
bi cc vt liu lc nh ct, si, vi a k thut, chy dc chn , ni gia cc
ging gim p thu nc thot ra t cc ging; ng dn nc l cc on ng
khng c l dn nc thot ra t h thng ng thu nc vo khu cha nc
theo n thit k.
2.4.2. Lp t ng bo v ming ging c thc hin ngay sau khi lp t ging
xong, cc cng vic cn li ch c php thc hin sau khi ging n c bm
kim tra theo quy trnh k thut c quy nh trong cc iu Mc 3 v t cc
ch tiu k thut quy nh iu 3.8.
2.4.3. Cho php lp t ng bo v ming ging tm bo v ging, khi bm kim
tra ging t cht lng quy nh iu 2.4.2 th tin hnh lp t ng bo v theo
n thit k cng vi cc thao tc hon thin khc.
2.4.4. Vic lp t cc on ng thu nc kt hp tiu nc chn phi theo ng
bn v thit k; Kim tra cao trnh o rnnh, cao trnh t ng bng my trc a
thng bng. Phi thi cng chiu dy cc lp lc ng bn v thit k, bo m ct
khng xm nhp vo trong ng.
2.4.5. Khi lp t ng dn nc, phi kim tra cao trnh t ng bng my trc c
thng bng. Sau khi lp, phi m cht.
2.4.6. Lp t mng o lu lng ti cc v tr theo bn v thit k; nh v v no
bu lng chc chn cc tm kim loi. Kim tra nm ngang ca cc cc cnh trn
ca thc o lu lng bng ng thu chun. y ca thit b o v im "0" ca
thu ch phi cng cao trnh nh trong ca ng dn nc v phi m bo ton
b lng nc thot ra t ging gim p chy qua mng o lu lng.
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2.4.7. Sau khi hon chnh vic lp t ging, cn phi: thu dn v sinh, hon tr li
mt bng theo ng yu cu, trng c bo v chng xi.
3. Phng php kim tra cht lng thi cng v nghim thu
Trong qu trnh thi cng phi tin hnh kim tra tt c cc cng vic thi
cng, m bo yu cu k thut v cht lng. Vic tng kim tra, nh gi cht
lng thi cng, nghim thu ging tin hnh bng vic bm kim tra theo quy nh
c th di y:
3.1. Thnh phn, ni dung, yu cu vic bm kim tra.
3.1.1. Bm kim tra thu thp s liu v tnh ton hiu qu ging, lm c s nh
gi cht lng thi cng ging. Tt c cc ging thi cng xong u phi c bm
nc kim tra cht lng; Ch nhng ging t cht lng mi c a vo s
dng, ging khng t cht lng phi honh trit trc ma ma l.
3.1.2. Bm kim tra bao gm: bm git cp, bm kim tra 3 gi v 12 gi. Phi
bm git cp, bm kim tra 3 gi cho tt c cc ging; Bm kim tra 12 gi cho
mt s ging theo quy nh ca T vn thit k.
3.2. Thit b bm kim tra v yu cu v lp t.
3.2.1. Thit b dng bm kim tra bao gm: my bm, thit b o lu lng,
thit b o mc nc, thit b kim tra hm lng ct.
3.2.2. Nn dng loi my bm in chm trc ng, vn hnh bng mt in, ch
s dng my nn kh (trong trng hp c bit, phi c kin ca T vn thit k
v chp thun ca Ch u t). Cn la chn loi my bm c lu lng, ct nc
p lc tng ng vi lu lng, mc nc ng ph bin ca lot ging c bm
kim tra khng gy ra p lc m trong ng lc; My bm phi c ng c
tnh Q-H tng ng vi ch bm kim tra tng i phng m bo s thay
i lu lng trong qu trnh bm kim tra khng qu 5%.
1. Vic la chn my bm, chiu su lp t trc khi bm kim tra phi cn
c vo cc tr s lu lng, mc nc ng thp nht o c thi im cui
cng ca giai on thi ra lm thng thong ging nu iu 2.3.1.
2. My bm (i vi bm in chm) hoc y ca ng dn nc (i vi
bm nn kh) phi c lp t su ti thiu 2m di mc nc ng thp
nht, nhng phi cao hn nh ng lc t nht 1 m. My c treo c nh, chc
chn trn ming ging, m bo n nh trong sut thi gian bm kim tra.
3. Trong thi gian bm kim tra, ngun in cp my bm phi lin tc v
n nh v tn s v in p, nu cn th b tr ngun in d phng v m bo
thi gian thay th ngun in cho my bm khng qu 1 pht.
3.2.3. Thit b o lu lng, bao gm: ng h lu lng v thng o lu lng.
Nn s dng kt hp c hai loi m bo chnh xc o lu lng v n gin
trong vic iu chnh khng ch lu lng bm n nh.
1. ng h lu lng phi c thang o ti 1 lt v phi c kim nh
chnh xc trc mi t bm nc kim tra.
2. Theo lu lng bm, thng o lu lng s dng l loi mng trn hnh
tam gic vung cn hoc hnh ch nht, kch thc m bo cc tr s ti thiu quy
nh cho loi thng ny v c ti thiu 3 ngn. Cc li chn sng b tr m bo
9

10
ngn cui cng, trc ca ming x mc nc n nh c chiu cao mc nc
chnh xc c ti 1mm. Thc o phi gn thng ng v tr tm thng, cch
ming x 0,5m v m bo v tr 0 trng vi v tr thp nht ca ming x.
3. Phi lp t van iu chnh, ng h hoc thng o lu lng v tr thch
hp trn ng ng x ca my bm iu chnh lu lng bm. Thng o lu
lng phi t nm ngang v c kim tra trc khi tin hnh bm kim tra.
4. Phi m bo nc x ra khng tr li ging (k c bng thm lc) lm
nh hng n kt qu quan trc mc nc trong ging bm v cc ging quan
trc; Trong iu kin bnh thng, v tr x nc cch ging ht nc v cc ging
quan trc ti thiu khng di 20m.
3.2.4. Quan trc mc nc trong qu trnh bm kim tra, c th dng thit b t ghi
mc nc hoc thit b bo mc nc bng in (nh sng hoc ng h). Chiu
di dy o mc nc ti thiu phi ln hn su t u bm t nht 5,0m v
c khc vch ti milimt, c ghi di 0,5m v th t su tng mt. Phi
kim tra chnh xc ca thit b o trc khi tin hnh bm bng cch o chiu
su mc nc tnh trong ging vi chnh lch kt qu o gia ba ln o lin tip
khng qu 1cm.
u o ca thit b quan trc c th vo ging trong ng o nc bng
thp hoc nha PVC, c ng knh trong ti thiu ln hn 1,5 ln ng knh
ngoi ln nht ca u o mc nc; ng o nc phi lp t su thch hp
vi loi thit b bm s dng, i vi bm chm th y ca ng o cch nh ca
my bm khng qu 0,5m; i vi my nn kh th chiu su lp t ng o phi
nm di phn ho kh ca ng dn kh t 5m tr ln.
3.2.5. Kim tra hm lng ct: nn s dng loi thit b kim tra trc tip kiu
Rossum hoc tng ng v c gn v tr thch hp ti ngay u on ra ca
ng ng x ca my bm. C th ly mu nc kim tra hm lng ct theo
quy nh ti iu 3.8.3, v tr ly mu nc pha mt di ca ng ng x v
ti v tr chy ri ca dng nc trong ng, mu nc ly vo thi im cui ca
giai on bm kim tra.
3.3. Yu cu k thut bm kim tra.
3.3.1. Ch tin hnh bm kim tra vo ma khng c l, mc nc ngm khng b
nh hng bi dao ng ca mc nc sng.
3.3.2. Cng mt thi im ch c bm kim tra mt ging v trong lc bm kim
tra th khng c khoan, o, thi ra hoc bm trong phm vi phu h thp mc
nc ca ging bm kim tra.
3.3.3. Phi bm lin tc trong mt ch bm (3 gi, 12 gi hoc trong mi cp
ca bm git cp) v khng ch lu lng n nh trong qu trnh bm. Phi hu
kt qu bm khi c bt c s gin on no, ch mc nc hi phc hon ton th
mi bm li t u.
3.3.4. Lu lng bm phi ph hp vi iu kin a cht thu vn. Lu lng thc
t ln nht c th ca tng ging c nh gi sau qu trnh thi ra lm thng
thong ging v m bo mc nc ng cui giai on bm khng nm di 1/3
chiu dy ca tng cha nc hoc 1/3 chiu di ca on ng lc c lp t
trong ging.
10

11
3.3.5. Tr s h thp mc nc phi m bo 2m i vi ging bm v chnh
s h thp mc nc gia cc ging quan trc lin tip khng di 0,1m.
3.3.6. Khi tin hnh bm (tr trng hp bm git cp) phi quan trc mc nc
trong t nht bn ging lin tip v mi pha cn ging bm v cc ging o, ging
khoan khc hoc mc nc ao h (gi chung l im quan trc mc nc) trong
phm vi xung quanh ging bm (trong khong t ging quan trc th t n ging
bm nc). Khi bm git cp, ch cn quan trc mc nc trong ging ang bm.
3.3.7. Trong qu trnh bm kim tra phi ghi chp y din bin v mc nc,
lu lng v cc thng tin cn thit khc theo biu mu Ph lc A.
3.4. Chun b bm kim tra.
Cn tin hnh cc cng vic sau y:
1. Trc khi tin hnh bm kim tra mc nc trong cc ging phi l mc
nc tnh trng thi t nhin, o ti thiu 3 ln mc nc tnh trong ging bm v
ti cc ging quan trc, mi ln cch nhau 15 pht trc khi bm; S dng cng
mt mc c nh o mc nc tnh v mc nc ng trong sut qu trnh bm
kim tra.
2. B tr t nht mt thit b o mc nc cho mi im d nh quan trc
mc nc.
3. Tng kim tra tt c cc thit b, cng tc lp t v tnh n nh ca
ngun in cung cp.
4. B tr nhn lc tin hnh o mc nc, lu lng ging bm v
cc im quan trc tng ng theo thi gian (tn sut) quan trc quy nh ti iu
3.5.
5. Kim tra trnh t bm kim tra (bm git cp, bm kim tra 3 gi v 12
gi).
3.5. Quy nh v thi gian (tn sut) o lu lng, mc nc.
3.5.1. i v bm 3 gi v 12 gi, thi gian (tn sut) o lu lng trong ging
kim tra c quy nh nh sau:
Thi gian k t khi bt u bm, pht
0 60
60 120
120 300
300 600
600 kt thc

Khong cch gia cc ln o, pht

5
10
20
30
60

3.5.2. i vi bm 3 gi v 12 gi, thi gian (tn sut) o mc nc trong ging

kim tra c quy nh nh sau:
Thi gian k t khi bt u bm, pht
05
5 30
30 60
60 90

Khong cch gia cc ln o, pht

1
2
5
10
11

12
90 120
120 kt thc

20
30

3.5.3. i vi bm 3 gi v 12 gi, thi gian (tn sut) o mc nc trong ging

quan trc c quy nh nh sau:
Thi gian k t khi bt u bm, pht
Khong cch gia cc ln o, pht
0,5
05
1
5 15
2
15 30
5
30 60
10
60 90
20
90 120
30
120 kt thc
3.5.4. i vi bm git cp, thi gian (tn sut) o mc nc, lu lng trong qu
trnh bm quy nh nh iu 3.5.1 v 3.5.2 nhng thi im tnh t khi bt u
mt cp lu lng mi.
3.5.5. o hi phc mc nc trong ging bm c tin hnh vi thi gian (tn
sut) o nh iu 3.5.2 v 3.5.3 nhng thi im tnh t khi kt thc bm.
3.6. Bm git cp.
3.6.1. Bm git cp phi tin hnh cho tt c cc ging xc nh t lu lng ca
ging, lm c s chn lu lng bm kim tra 3 gi, 12 gi hp l, bo m dng
thm ti ging trng thi chy tng; Cc yu cu v bm git cp c quy nh
nh sau:
1. S lng cp lu lng bm khng nh hn 4 cp.
2. Lu lng bm ti a (Qmax) c xc nh trn c s kt qu s b v lu
lng, mc nc trong ging giai on cui cng ca qu trnh thi ra lm
thng thong ging. Lu lng bm mi cp c xc nh trn c s Qmax nh
sau:
Cp 1:
25% Qmax;
Cp 2:
50% Qmax;
Cp 3:
75% Qmax;
Cp 4:
100% Qmax.
3. Thi gian bm mi cp mt gi. Trnh t bm theo th t cc cp lu
lng tng dn. Phi duy tr s n nh ca lu lng bm ngay t thi im u
ca mi cp lu lng.
4. C th chn mt trong hai ch bm git cp: git cp lin tc hoc git
cp cch qunng. Nu chn ch bm git cp lin tc th sau khi kt thc bm
mt cp, tip tc tng lu lng t n cp tip theo; Khng c dng bm
gia cc cp lu lng. Thi gian iu chnh lu lng mi cp cng nhanh cng
tt, khng vt qu thi hn 5 pht u tin mi cp. Nu chn ch bm git
cp cch qunng th sau mi cp lu lng, ngng bm ch mc nc hi phc hon
ton mi c bm cp tip theo.
5. Phi o hi phc mc nc cho ti khi phc hi hon ton hoc ti thiu
khng di 4 gi trong trng hp thi gian hi phc mc nc ko di.
12

13
3.7. Bm 3 gi, 12 gi.
3.7.1. Bm kim tra 3 gi, 12 gi thu thp cc s liu cn thit, xc nh cc
thng s a cht thu vn c bn ca tng cha nc, phc v cho vic tnh ton
hiu qu ca ging. Thi gian bm ca mi ch bm ph thuc vo iu kin
a cht khu vc trn c s s liu kho st ban u (h s nh nc v dn thu
lc ca tng cha nc), do T vn thit k quy nh, m bo:
1. Bm kim tra 3 gi, tin hnh cho tt c cc ging n thi cng.
2. Bm kim tra 12 gi, ch nh cho mt s ging i din, phn thnh cc
cm ging c cc iu kin v a tng, cu trc ging tng ng. Mi cm la
chn mt ging i din bm kim tra 12 gi, do T vn thit k la chn.
3.7.2. Chn lu lng bm cn c vo kt qu phng trnh ng cong lu lng
thc t ca tng ging xc nh t kt qu bm git cp, bo m dng thm vo
ging ch chy tng.
3.7.3. Qu trnh bm kim tra phi m bo lin tc, khng c ngt qunng; Lu
lng bm duy tr trong sut thi gian bm kim tra c iu chnh v quyt nh
ti hin trng trong 5 pht u tin v m bo sai s khng vt qu 10% so vi
lu lng n la chn. Trong sut thi gian bm phi duy tr lu lng n nh vi
sai s khng vt qu 5% so vi mc lu lng n c quyt nh giai on
u.
3.7.4. Kt thc bm kim tra phi tin hnh o mc nc hi phc tt c cc
ging quan trc v ging bm theo thi gian (tn sut) quy nh iu 3.5.2 v
3.5.3. Thi gian o: T lc dng bm ti khi mc nc hi phc hon ton hoc ti
thiu bng thi gian tng ng ca mi ch bm trong trng hp thi gian hi
phc qu di.
3.7.5. Phi kim tra tt c cc s liu bm kim tra, x l cc sai s th trc khi
a vo tnh ton. Cc ging c cc sai s v lu lng, mc nc hoc b gin
on trong qu trnh bm kim tra phi c loi b v tin hnh bm li t u.
3.8. nh gi cht lng thi cng ging.
3.8.1. Cht lng thi cng ging c nh gi thng qua ch tiu "hiu qu ging",
k hiu l "" v lng ct ra theo nc trong qu trnh bm, k hiu l "m". Hiu
qu ging , tnh theo phn trm, l t s gia h thp mc nc l thuyt (Slt)
v h thp mc nc thc t (Stt). h thp mc nc thc t (Stt) c o trc
tip trong ging ht ti thi im kt thc bm kim tra. h thp mc nc l
thuyt (Slt) c xc nh bng mt trong cc phng php sau y:
1. Phng php th (xem biu B.2 Ph lc B), p dng khi c t nht 3
ging quan trc v mt pha ca ging ht.
T kt qu o h thp mc nc trong t nht 3 ging quan trc ln cn
ging ht v mt pha, v th S=f(r) trn giy bn logarit, trc tung t l thng
(bng mt) biu th h thp mc nc S, trc honh t l logarit biu th khong
cch t cc ging quan trc n ging ht nc tnh bng mt. Ko di on thng
thu c v pha ging ht nc n ranh gii gia vnh khn ct lc v ct t
nhin ca mi trng thm (ngoi suy kt qu). Tung ca im giao nhau ca
on thng ko di v ranh gii ngoi ca vnh khn ct lc chnh l h thp
mc nc l thuyt.
13

14
2. Phng php th suy din (xem biu B.1 v B.3 Phc lc B), p dng
khi ch c mt ging quan trc.
T kt qu o h thp mc nc trong ging quan trc v th S=f(t)
trn giy bn logarit, trc tung t l thng (bng mt) biu th h thp mc
nc, trc honh t l logarit biu th thi gian k t khi bt u bm, tnh bng
pht. Trn biu ny xc nh S ng vi hai thi im t1 v t2 sao cho t2/t1 = 10
v t2 cng gn thi im kt thc bm cng tt. V h to S theo r trn giy bn
logarit, trc tung t l thng (bng mt) biu th h thp mc nc, trc honh
t l logarit (bng mt) biu th khong cch k t tm ging bm. Trn h to
ny xc nh im A c honh bng khong cch t ging quan trc v tung
l kt qu o h thp mc nc trong ging quan trc vo thi im cui
trc khi ngng bm. V on thng i qua im A ng thi i qua hai im c
honh r1 v r2 sao cho r2/r1 = 10 (im A nm trong khong gia r1 v r2) v S
ng vi hai im ny gp i gi tr S thu c trn. Ko di on thng thu
c v pha ging ht n ranh gii ngoi ca vnh khn ct lc. Tung ca
im giao nhau ca on thng ko di v ranh gii ngoi ca vnh khn ct lc
chnh l h thp mc nc l thuyt.
3. Phng php th - gii tch.
Trn th trc tip S=f(r) nu im 1 iu 3.8.1 hoc th suy din
S=f(r) suy t th S=f(t) trnh by im 2 iu 3.8.1 xc nh S ng vi r1 =
10m v r2 = 100m, ng thi ko di on thng thu c ct trc honh ti im
A. To ca im A ng vi r = r0 v S = 0. Xc nh cc thng s ca tng cha
nc T=0,366.Q/S; =2,25.T.t/r02. Trong T - dn thu lc, m2/ng; - h s
nh nc; t - thi gian bm , ng; r0 - bn knh nh hng ca ging, l honh
ca im A xc nh trn, m. Thay cc gi tr T v va tnh c vo cng thc
sau:

S=

0 ,183Q 2 , 25Tt
lg 2
T
r

Trong : r - ly gi tr bng bn knh ca ging k c phn vnh khn ct lc, m.

Gi tr S thu c chnh l h thp l thuyt.
Nu mi trng thm c ng nht cao (mi trng thm khng c cc
thu knh, lp kp thm nc km) c th nh gi theo bt k mt trong 3 phng
php trn; Mi trng thm khng ng nht, nn nh gi theo phng php
th.
3.8.2. Khi nh gi cht lng thi cng ging, cn lu :
1. i vi cc ging khng hon chnh, c s bin dng dng thm vng
gn y ging nn h thp l thuyt xc nh bng cc phng php nu trn c
th c sai s kh ln, tu thuc vo t l gia chiu di ng lc v chiu dy tng
thm nc. h thp mc nc l thuyt c th xc nh chnh xc hn bng
cch t mt piezometer ln cn ging ht nc (cch ging ht khng qu 2m)
v o trc tip h thp mc nc l thuyt trong ng piezometer ny.
2. i vi cc ging hon chnh, trong trng hp nghi ng kt qu tnh ton
h thp mc nc l thuyt th cng c th kim tra li bng phng php o
14

15
trc tip mc nc trong piezometer ln cn ging ht nh quy nh im 1 iu
3.8.2.
3. Nu khi bm kim tra, mc nc trong ging kim tra h thp vt qu
20% chiu dy tng thm nc th s nh hng ng k n dn thu lc ca
tng cha nc, khi x l kt qu h thp mc nc phi hiu chnh theo cng
thc sau:

S td
S tth = S td

2H
2

Trong : Stth - h thp mc nc thc t n hiu chnh, m;

St - h thp mc nc thc o, m;
H - chiu dy tng cha nc khi cha bm, m.
4. Phi kim tra v x l ngay cc s liu th ti hin trng, hu b kt qu
v tin hnh bm kim tra li trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Lu lng bm c s thay i vt qu 5%;
b) Biu S=f(t), tr cc gi tr ban u, khng th hin ng ng c trng, cc
s o khng nm trn ng thng hoc gn thng;
c) Biu S=f(t) l ng gny khc.
3.8.3. Lng ct ra theo nc trong qu trnh bm c xc nh bng thit b nh
n nu iu 3.2.5 hoc bng cch quay ly tm mu nc ly t ng x ca my
bm. Khi xc nh lng ct thng qua mu nc, phi ly ti thiu 3 mu nc,
mi mu t nht 1 lt 3 thi im khc nhau vo cui thi gian bm, kt qu l gi
tr trung bnh ca 3 mu nc .
3.8.4. Ging c nh gi thi cng bo m cht lng khi bo m ng thi 2
ch tiu sau:
1. Ch s "hiu qu ging" khng nh hn 70%.
2. Lng ct ra theo nc m khng ln hn 10 mg/lt.
Cc ging bm kim tra khng t c thi ra v kim tra li, sau 3 ln
thi ra, kim tra m vn khng t th honh trit v thay ging khc vo ln cn
ging c.
3.8.5. Phi lp h s hon cng ging gim p sau khi kt thc bm kim tra v
hon thin ging. H s bao gm: Bo co hon cng km theo tr ging khoan c
a chi tit cc thng s v kt cu, cu trc ging kt hp vi a tng dc trc
ging. Bo co hon cng phi nu y bin php thi cng to ging, kt cu
ging, thi ra lm thng thong ging; Chng loi vt liu s dng to ging
nh: loi dung dch dng thi ra, khi lng v cht lng ct lc s cp v th
cp, khi lng ximng-bentnit, cc c tnh k thut ca ng lc v ng chng,
ng v np bo v; c tnh v chng loi cc thit b bm kim tra, s kim tra
v cc kt qu bm kim tra; S b tr ging gim p, h thng ng thu, dn
nc v cc ti liu lin quan khc.

KT. B trng B Nng nghip v PTNT

Th trng Phm Hng giang n k

15

16
Ph lc A

Mt s biu mu s dng trong qu trnh

bm kim tra ging gim p
Biu A.1.

Biu quan trc mc nc trong ging bm/ging quan trc

K hiu im o:
V tr:
n v hnh chnh:
Khong cch n ging ht:
snh:
Ngy bm:
Thi gian bt u:
Thi gian kt thc:
STT

Thi gian
o

Khong cch t
im so snh n
mc nc (m)

Ging bm:
im so snh cao :
Cao im so snh (m):
su mc nc tnh n im so
Ngi o:
Ngi kim tra:
Xc nhn ca T vn gim st:
Cao mc
nc (m)

Ghi ch
M t thi tit, din
bin cc s kin trong
qu trnh o, cc s c
k thut nu c.
Biu A.2.

Biu ghi chp s liu o lu lng ca ging bm

Ging bm:
V tr:
n v hnh chnh:
Ngy bm:
Thi gian bt u:
STT

Thi gian o

Thit b o:
Ngi o:
Ngi kim tra:
Xc nhn ca T vn gim st:
Thi gian kt thc:
Lu lng, l/pht

Ghi ch
M t thi tit, din bin cc s
kin trong qu trnh o, cc s
c k thut nu c.

16

Ph lc B (Tham kho)
Mt s biu s dng tnh h thp mc nc l thuyt trong ging
khoan
Biu B.1. Biu h thp mc nc S=f(lgt)
Ging quan trc RW81.5-02, khong cch n ging ht RW81.5-01 r = 30,5m
S

Thi gian

TT

bm ht

h
thp
mc nc

(pht)

(m)

to

0.000

0.007

0.030

0.068

0.097

0.120

0.142

0.162

0.180

0.188

10

10

0.208

11

11

0.218

12

12

0.225

13

13

0.235

14

14

0.246

15

15

0.253

16

20

0.284

17

25

0.310

18

30

0.335

19

35

0.360

20

40

0.380

21

45

0.395

22

50

0.407

23

55

0.423

24

60

0.432

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

75
90
105
120
135
150
165
180

0.460
0.488
0.505
0.517
0.535
0.550
0.560
0.568

Q = 6.5l/s = 561.60m3/ng
S2
S1
St

Lu lng bm:
S = S(100) - S(10)

0.496
1

10

0 .1

0 .2

0 .3

0 .4
y = 0 .1 2 7 4 L n (x ) - 0 .0 9 1 1
0 .5

0 .6

0 .7

0 .8

0 .9

0.202
100

0.293
1000

Biu b.2. Biu h thp mc nc s=f(logr)

Biu S = f(logr) ca ging ht nc RW81.5 - 01
Ging
ht nc
RW81.5 - 01

Ging
quan trc

Mc nc Mc nc
tnh
ng
3.820
1.248
RW81.5 - 02 3.766
3.198
RW81.5 - 03 3.770
3.355
RW81.5 - 04 3.750
3.449

0.1

Stt
(m)
2.572
0.568
0.415
0.301

10

Slt
(m)
2.033

100

%
79.043

1000
1000

11

Stt

Slt

0.01
0.01
00

r
(m)
0.076
30.50
60.05
90.35

y = -0.2438Ln(x) + 1.4047

22

33

19

biu b.3.
biu suy din S=f(lgr) suy t S=f(lgt) ca ging quan trc gn nht

Biu suy din S = f(logr) ca ging ht RW81.5 - 01suy t ging quan trc RW81.5-02
Ging
ht nc
rw81.5 - 01

Ging
quan trc

Mc nc Mc nc
tnh
ng
3.820
1.248
rw81.5 - 02 3.766
3.198
0.586
S = 2S* = S(100) S(10) =
tg = S/(ln(100) - ln(10)) =
0.254

0.1

10

Stt
(m)
2.572
0.568
0.852
0.266

100

Slt
(m)
2.094

%
81.401

1000

Slt

y = -0.2545Ln(x) + 1.4378

Stt

Stt

0.01
0

r
(m)
0.076
30.50
10.00
100.00

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