Solar Photovoltaic:

Fundamentals, Technologies and

Applications

Lecture-1
Solar PV for our Energy Needs
Prof. C.S. Solanki
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
chetanss@iitb.ac.in

Contents
Energy
Energy Conversion processes
Direct and indirect energy conversion
World Energy scenario
India Energy Scenario
Renewable energy options
Can solar PV supply all energy needs?
1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1- 2

Energy

Energy
-Its capacity of a body to perform work
- its a driving force of change
-Energy can have many forms: Heat energy, electrical energy,
chemical energy, nuclear, light etc.
Units of energy

1 Calorie
unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise one
gram of water one degree Celsius.
1 Joule
ability to overcome one Newton along 1 meter (assuming g =
10 meter/s2
1 eV = Energy gained by an electron due to 1 volt potential diff.
1 cal = 4.184 joule, 1eV = 1.6 x 10E-19 Joules, (1 BTU = 1.0545 kJ,
10E7 Ergs = 1 joule)
BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV
1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1- 3

Other Energy Units

1 kWh
1 kW of load runs for one hour consumes
1kWh of energy
1kWh = J ??
1 ToE
Energy released from burning of 1 ton of oil of
given calorific value
= 42 GJ
1 ToE = 11634 kWh

ToE>KWh>BTU> cal > joule > erg > eV

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

How much energy is

required?
World Energy Scenario
1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

How much energy is used?

Worldwide consumption of primary energy, in 2005 it was 488 Exa-Joule
500

450

Exa Joules

400

350

300

1 Exa Joule = 1018 Joule

1 Tera = 1012

250
1979

1984

1989

Year

1994

1999

2004

Currently about 500 Exjoules = 138,000 TWh,

15.7 TW

1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

Energy requirement is growing

What are the parameters that affects the energy requirements?
- Population growth
- GDP increase

Economic growth is primary force behind increase in

energy demand
The Energy demand is projected to increase at the rate of
1.7% per year.
World population in 2011 is 7 billion
Worlds population in pre-industrial arena was about 1 billion
1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

Effect of GDP on energy requirement

Economic growth is primary driver for increase in energy demand
Worldwide GDP is closely linked with amount of energy consumed
Transport and electricity is directly related to growth
World DGP growth of about 3.2% (1971 2030)
Population growth, 1.65% (71-2000), 1% (2001-2030)

Ref: OECD/IEA,
World Energy
Outlook 2004
1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

Human Development Index (HDI)

1.0
US

Germany

China

Should we
consume
more
energy ?

India
0.5

Annual Electricity Consumption (kWh)

2000

6000

Question:
Estimate the
todays world
energy
requirement if
HDI of all country
is 0.8.

10,000

Ref: Livermore National Laboratory rep. no. UCRL-ID-140773 (October 2000)

1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

Energy Sources
Types of energy sources

Fossil energy: fossil fuel based sources Coal, Oil and Gas

Renewable Energy: Wind, solar radiation, biomass, etc.

Nuclear Energy: nuclear fuels, particularly Uranium

Gravitational energy: motion and gravitation between Sun, Earth and

Moon

Geothermal energy: Cooling of earth crust

1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

10

Primarily fossil fuels are used to

fulfill our energy requirements

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

11

World Primary Energy , 2002

Primary energy: Energy content of the fuel at source
4000
3500
3000
2500
Energy
2000
(M ToE)
1500
1000
500
0

l
a
co

35%
23%
21%
11%
7%
2%

l
oi

1%

r
s
s
s
o
a
r
s
e
a
l
d
a
g
le
b
y
c
m
a
h
u
o
w
n
bi
e
n
re

In 2002 the worlds primary energy consumption was 10345 MToE

1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

12

World Energy Consumption

About 57% growth by 2025 as compared to
2002
Much of the growth in energy is in emerging
economics (3.3%) as compared to 1.1% in
the developed economics

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1-13

Centralized Energy Generation

Energy Flow
Primary Energy (coal, oil, gas)
Energy Conversion facility (refineries, power plant)
Secondary Energy (Refined oil, electricity)

Transmission and distribution system (Railway, trucks, pipeline)

Final Energy (Energy delivered to consumer)
Energy utilization equipments. (Automobile, motor, heater)
Useful Energy (Distance traveled, cooked food)
1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1-14

Conventional Energy
Sources:
How much is available?

1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

15

Summary of fossil fuel reserves

Unit

Current
reserves

Oil

Billion
barrels

Gas

Coal

1/5/2012

Availability (
no. of years)

1047.7

Current
production
rate
26

Trillion
scf

5501.5

102.2

53.8

Billions
tons

984

4.8

205

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

40.2

16

Indian Energy Scenario

Oil: 2002

Coal: 2002
Proven reserves

Current
consumption

Proven reserves

Current
consumption

84396 MT

359.1 MT

700 MT

97.7 MT

Gas: 2002
Proven reserves

Current
consumption

660 BCM

35.04 BCM

1/5/2012

@ IIT Bombay, Chetan S. Solanki

17

Energy security
Oil accounts for about 34% of Indias primary
energy consumption
More than 85% of oil consumed in India is
imported
We have sufficient coal, but it is of low grade
We need to import nuclear fuel
Significant portion of hydro energy potential has
been tapped
We should look for alternative energy options
1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1- 18

Indian Electricity Scenario

Indias total installed capacity as of March 2011,

Fuel

MW

%age

115649.48

65.34

96,743.38

54.66

17,706.35

10.00

1,199.75

0.67

Hydro (Renewable)

38,106.40

21.53

Nuclear

4,780.00

2.70

RES** (MNRE)
Total

18,454.52

10.42

1,76,990.40

100

Total Thermal
Coal
Gas
Oil

ref: ministry of power, www.powermin.nic.in

Indias Annual Electricity

Generation

Capacity factor of a Power Plant

Capacity factor =

Energy generated during a

time period
Energy that plant would have
generated if operated with
100% capacity in same
duration

Sometime, it is also referred as plant Load Factor, ratio of

average load to the rated load of the plant

Typical; capacity factor of Coal power plant is 0.8 to 0.9

For wind and solar power plant is 0.15 to 0.2

Limitations of Conventional sources

Available in limited quantity (can not be renewed
at the rate of consumption)
Cause damage to environment
Centralized energy source
Energy security
Can not readily provide power where needed (no direct
conversion)
Limited efficiency due to multi-step conversion

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1- 22

CO2 concentration (ppm)

CO2 concentration in atmosphere

370
350
330
310
290
270
1750

1800

1850

1900
Year

1950

2000

Alternative Energy Sources

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

24

Renewable Energy Options-1

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1- 25

Path of energy conversion

sun light

sun light

optical concentration

wind energy

high temperature
thermal energy

thermodynamic
engine

rotor

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

solar cell

electricity

generator

electricity
electricity generator

sun light

Energy
conversion
through solar
cell is simple

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

L1- 26

How much percentage of energy

requirement can be supplied by Solar PV
technology??

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

27

World Solar Radiation Map

Annual solar energy density is in range of 1000 to 2500 kWh/m2/year

India electricity consumption density is 0.35 kWh/m2/year
1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

28

Available Solar Energy

The solar radiation falling on earth surface is about 90 PW
or 90x1015 Watt
Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption
Solar
Wind
Biomass

3,850,000 EJ
2,250 EJ
3,000 EJ

Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ

Electricity (2005)

1 EJ =1018 Joule

56.7 EJ

A small area use on earth surface can fulfill our electricity requirements
1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

29

Ref: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

Solar PV modules of 10% efficiency covering 100 x 50 km2

in India will generate as much electricity as produced today
in the country

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

30

Conclusion
Solar energy is huge potential to meet our energy
requirement

Let us understand now how to make use of solar energy

using solar PV technologies.

This course will provide you fundamentals of PV

technology, the technology for fabrication of solar cells
and finally application of solar cells
1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

31

Thank you for your attention

1/5/2012

IIT Bombay, C.S. Solanki

Solar Photovoltaic Technologies

32