ua] Cnn r Lams ermccli arse elec Peles é ae aieae Soeae | enmity “PY Wei DE ay, Thin implien, 22 EVE. Now Bat Prodnet”, beryl eyedaenk (give), > pe ewe= 6 (ZARA Role yh aed) Pex efeoy) eee Sorrs Ealick, Soe lol anal 2 Pitt erentishne yiell ener 0 mbomk over Stometne yolanse + (lane ase LAs funchow olereibeags o 12] Meal Conanalty im 3 Bimontiont os pane ware (em)isile dake Kea form bE cits wt); Be BEA WE). Hew EB, are Constanr ae, Fe seater Fonction Entunlly imudviclal ER tet egk tag oe Nanevedter}, Lezley Soak fay vonk povibine vecker3, © ongilaw frequency fey 2 VR, ta time. Nove! @ oc Phewe velouty3; ty tui can Fle otto ‘S Vaeuaim YA haw ompae B= 4 an a me rm C303 =~ 65009¢2.3) Le the gerael farm ae % = Wena hyptke =.c032 Pigs Wyse; ky = 003 Be Ae EDET Prepver sueveo vawasug Tbe ane + STEFF o Loans ag Rei;7 t wRe RE a0, = ~ an Rilfice- Now, B- TF; £2045, Were fere, ee whch ie ie tre K adler GAD cork scams conform wilh Ue nisl hand "37 Newtons “Snells daw ” + Ke Oy MARL = Varner, 4 a . > a} — wean Noise D Wwaker a 6)~12°; 0,2 Goa MAMWlR = yarn 2 Ve= Yad os “ nA New Vv, % eax id meer 77 Va (ani (208) Pe axe | “iFe The Avtukt violalin 2x0 Onpinceal Jinclinyy Fiveans, Fonconhy, enol OHH RE auunel P bight ale t 514] Flak (erees-cachonal) wen - tas Se cers as plashs cube Saeetteeee S10 Smaller bray by 7% Gi, ge ? Aetn ing Snelld Lom of oC erin ®, = Resin Oe F hutines= newinloi-is)-—> aA 81> by Ein 8, cen LS — ce, Hin TR ‘ Phetn ere natn Oyteh |S mpend ain VED rind nein come hat ale Phe ANP ab LE yang, = PCR GA IF > eB, (ngcopi satay) = Mop Con O30 KE SeicenO ys eee PTO) = Met te esr 2 OL uaIT-ne hes IS Ry 1 Mp emf — My SJ hymn, =hatneg . In thin i 2a beeomer afunchow Y ho oh Behn Cmmgle) — py i ‘ Stanek arin, 4S 7 [ES =3), ok Oar. War we BE. bere tye 1s Kee acd he, t : * New, airan pita, or ‘s \ X % Lee J rapeckn_) > TR Newel fran h, Mite Ma Ak Fon tn Suak NEY, IN ome dermaleck Wie tr anol gna 2 yale Buc]! ae 5. SON or KR, (Fy, J%> Anttend, clealy A daale de 8 ame plane. ope BAAR! Com vom Fmol onan Woletint. ha - MnO 2 mL. pm lC MT tes eee om rarl Smee eeSy (Tate 0) nil O-O) De T te Orin 6-2) Pa Toe cOy S rime, cx06g — cob 8 rir 6x3 D= Terms; ~ ¢608 n>) es Thine, - cents ) (yaar, Mey nyrin®, = hy rin Bs, eh ee Salih dna” poinking torraado- x A €0,0,0) an xy~plane, A % Cuchi tr of w “cline lol tyrant (vecte) we Tip Tall”, Now te tie’ in (0,0,0), KL Lail ao Cer ires rims’ od Fatanlard polan Lecahor Cesd6 mine) Ler amit rAaléus- cine F L0- cep 150%, 0- asm ick, 6-0> + H.aB-5, 0? bay: From Gi 62 = IB Ig = aot r= OR ens Rupiechin) , to ange bia F andl R Ao bot > Be Ris wetadeol away ham He x ckKackinr by lac? Sr So R= < cap lac’, wniae°> “(ee = Seo >t aenye plug-in fd Will Brorvass in same clolail in Lelie. 4, ye to rit hy An Bg = hy nOy Ge Rotahim ia by * 4, -8," Emerge k : ay Cockuior eedol : in Ry ne bE nlitface? [x ie nels Lows 7h tine, sharn®2 — © 9] » ane 84 1 TE nighle wterpaca : © Fret dad > hy 5 nO aby Gy ‘a Exe A a % 6, tes te bee From pictuwe 3 @, 297 3° 5-4? 4-7_e, Z-e: by 4. Oink @ > e+e at wing OG Urine. 2 By : ‘ : eee Na Mm (h- Oy= 1 7imOy > hy [rin dewOg ~ cert 0°02 = hin Oy WF hatind Cme5- nace d aimee = hirinOy — Qo Pr hydin 8 $1 - A600 — ng corarines = nine, —@) Fam O tina = maine) , to ak Av By! ai $4 oo hamma gin A ike, 3 ry crdsinb, = nny — @ BY S- 16, = Ps es fap Ein Vy ~ ia £[ 2 Find $1 Bowe} hy cob tons] Tbk vey troll, Ban wnd-—> & coda > 1 ae &y B b0comoy— Nak 21 BP pinte 3 — ny mnO) = ri By v > hy indy + 78,) reed j ryan Oy t An, ; = (20 alt= A? pinto) Te V0) WM byaciss Mest comple. — i xv eve) IAS 050) = (x-veMorx-veY > IF = ? Fink AG = x e 2 thee = (2661) em O-¥E) 4 Ox-ve) * ox 2, a.. So ef = as = Bioroexren - VEDA VEDY = ain (rev main (ort aval me Dols Beep = magn tavl)~ bx-vt yee (eve? Rave ee Gq Snestety Reg F = EV MOVED — beeved ced ave dfee micked “je fpaorbalin 8 PS — Raf = O- oe = Gple-ve) = Gv ain(x-ve)fed ase ere Lee vy = spect Jasare sn meotim 1, mredtivwny yew 4a we “2. Region of, Treidence Aa per ctevelopecl AWG ; 2 a : eet : “e (& MA 5 Ar * Ba 1 Ags inetelent ampli tude ™ . Ap? Adflectet Now Va= 34¥e= 675 ¥, Cairo) 47 > Traranatiet > Ap> CIF-WY 4A IP inan meters “VY ige +25 w, An= 2 $ii Cece shea, o[ine & RAs] pete § 1.750 * atta 2 ee octane" The Ar = fz s Az xl ony ete . ar cS Os I, Mpls Quay =e Kili) x) 8A, = Ty Pore ae Gane wiev2d Nota: Zp+ I, > Ty (= AG). fe en as Pw % pee © Spesl het, know ae My * WBm/see 1 TAR NV Nowe Mey = ipet0 mg a ale Avo, mnie R7O ialark, Ref e pan 7 » 2 waned mot Aplolivel4 on invatest, epee reve irate, £17 Mee Emlae gre 8 VetVi B4VE P—IWY? IS(BtVi) 2 VL D> 2A es Lasve Re sohe A 21 2[25=R). 1a. 1 -(GEeEI 3rhd Ofetar nes, Oe cold hanes obyained BR pb viet RET EL,ems 7 wis] my pene ae tecon® (xe! ) ra eA Ret letion ae pb edaeplohie he ele interface hg 2 k3 <—1— Re fleck on ok Cphorbc ntally be Reape flo ela ey be 1S for Vnter face Week re) Thy 2 ropectess aaypy a imterpor cemabnckvely af mutable spele, ale Ahenp ntl Wree vin ble . eee Ww, 7 Fine he tche og > al bole jrteyfrcer a My aler Po rtilectéct warer. i 1 pralhs dep hte obi. = hy (Por cara bresch ve: es, = de Dad he, abe name ha 6, 48,82. pe oe Wm “oece Mont, vimce pwalid Helly 2 wolsed corner hat E vowsahe Ce. cok say th meanry fal te speak: D 2 interfaced) i the SH anc Lith punye shoul pop jusl be fr neb,n=8. By lef. Oy, coms where jot rn plete Refietick Beom 1 Pyrat! Ca ecu 7 ngain Oy = hyn Ge finetti ens by HO turf rofled on : G = Gy ie % Py Geumediy } Ont Og +10"= 1970°> Oy IG, > O= T0- 7 hemn Oy = Nytin (90-Oy) 7 hen oh sor Gy > 2% _ pw > Tom Op 2 wep heRife octie! Amy lay tEL os turning ansay Jum Normeh because ny ih hasla Ma i Nod by trolls Amo’ pyatin Oy © hy rim Ox evotee uns whan Gy = 90° By hep, Lrifieok angle ff rm as i > nprin ©, = hg in V0% “ct eae FP wn Oy = 2 Oe =m (Be) aie wy ‘ elit Fem mg aberorpWan digit > at Ait aft for omgler exceectiry tha eiiticat atg© Poe min'ly) % 53.5" ? Reptected Zrttwn'ty = trevdel intesmty = To ae bf rere 7 tts] co phos oupf. "| Re paths Lenght obit. % ° 42 le-bl, A# / wareler yan 7,44 site byre anergy lEr eal le we ae eee, Shar ra Gomes, Faunce ff eee en “are 2 Many? 7 Aint woh’: ee U® # the nemaincler giney Khe phase liffeurco . on AAT | pare ? he? ‘LK © The coneap tual commited lind cnt a + Orly, oy, ap ,anolh moe ugh be. cleliiming fram a,lo, € The Ao prainclow seoulfrig pum the olivijan | (ash)-(osth)] lar-az/ yielly he sop bl” x A From bayer ceometey / goh one atthe ch Z Se atbte Cs-ais~b)(s-e) 7 Vy Spoge- 4), 49 em by Ltbaniteck, abrh*s £22) Grcsgy ancl Trtinaity are prophinel , De asflackiol intensity onoh fe merelink sntonsity af youn § 23] FznoxDENes one Te conmuclircl View: FF if 2 ‘ZT 2 Intensity, Sub sep R,Z gor qT, = Fi ( Iainn Pais Rofiectecl et Inciclink ware’ Fran Aedprchvre 24D nyerting Sralli dows alk pont A yields + Mal " |(elemendory Geen.) ; Aarerting Srellb dud ol / int B yieds? ca i Fro Dan @ E&lrminahiog “again 6x” by aubtrachionF yieldle * Maine, = nz 9mOs| RESULT — Leyes 1 ar 3 connecta ch or tree Aayerrs word az cennectact fo Layer d ES 23] T, By Oufinitin,, Le rumacenl apatunte iv he angle 6 Hak jusl rales tobel internet eplection (along xe “nIng- interface”) rapper. / ; Pru, 0, 1% che fime of Wie He equaling! eset nal [eames eain&] — ©, Paani) — @ | fine, O54 8, = WS BE o Gf Ecemenzany 2 @ Cent andi subaibetiog fom O inte -» hytine, 2 nyrin(90-6.) 7? having; = mere, — ® Squmning oa: adeling Oat @ & tiiminate ©, t Ow Dea, npairre, tags dune, + rg an ocr nane,sng=nz (ore, + AiG.) Dn O,thpend [eaae wih dor hye re | Union | i tne Resuct as24] nck ee pélasien | onal (rtesiges 2 hare Acs gaiese ILo= nosed “Cie. ane at 90° & cack on) s. not poldrineh poleninent = geen FW ase pblwieen | and pioneer ee See ietie, Bab polemrer Coan be owanted od one pleases) 4) Tf ample betweer He prlacrah or orer of Potumzer | omol oleuznd is @ 245° Pang (bY Be Law Pf realy Lmat = heentie's Bo] a i Pes anyle eben the polanpabion Oe A polorieendard polarizer’ ti = 45 Pou fer: a © Tak = ( Ze) cops" ped 4) LKGWISE) > Frost = Zetec 1) Tat “yet « a5)4. 25) @ onl me ole finacl ioe! wim. 2h, , ny Ton p= hy 2 P Tom Op = tim Ge P Ope Tou'lAime.) = Tac'(nin 18) EBLE BV tiga troyele by 100 alt. Lo a ta Haigh J amircinuor path = TR; Lenem of "diamotric™ pate = 20 we path, Ly bbffemer = TR-2R, Conclibion dor condtimchive jytorferper (gelling taxtimas) of LZ wwee pat path Lay, differen = WN $n20/1,2,3---% oy TR ARZ AX, Naw marmem™ RY (Won trivials ine fo) wold eorrespenal 4° r= | > ks eed Mininum wwe O semi- urcle when we TAR Aart ln an marina (Bighe qprt’) lB? rm [|31) Continne dh: For chitunchve underferman (getting minimar) ff 2 wares! Pt Ligh tifporance = (a+tya EMFYU US. = 3 Hee ak mean? GAR = OF BIA => Rain BAF wimg ne 03 Trek Ob Minna mew of aemi-cacde A Bon & be adele opt” 2 17a BAM Spel Lem Bagh why i hr bite 2 ibapering d=) Sosa (vary Jor orm) Fee “I7ae avelen aprk"s i nae arin O,, = 7A mrp toveX (Ya) = WY > oooy, = 170 —@ a Far “IS te odin spot” % chain Gp = IGA a sooo x(te) 2 IS —> loo, = 15x —@ & mpmecrirg 4. @ fom G! > 1000 (y4- ¥ye) = 22 — @ Mow Yqy~ Wg = 40! malin Conn) > 1988 (01) = 2a OOM we = ae é w =e 1008 = [5 pty wine eee = [Smitul punghon Qaim (xta) Ary Len ixraye+ diner ns 33] Bain (x41) pA > Bee (x4) T+ Bain vealfy Rerultank veror i (Rees (x3) + 3.coa Gt OTH (Main (43) 4 Since) bs 2. 224 depth ff Ratubtank’s J (acorns) + Bea ere) + (Aoin Cet a) 4Zainlea) F pcos 3) + Meare) + 12 r3) corer!) 4 4 ain y ny PY ccteern tat cco eotvcriyeanMerdt Ik Feoeeayaacatnin erste saa 14 V4 13 coe Sena) -Ceangzt (2-0 et 3) 4 Fort 41) 41dain lpn atl3: ‘] Re = Rook pore of Cor Dt or 204 cor3D 4-6 - t earlSD = Re Fee rl, gitire? é oe ios * - D? 1s ER Oe 49H) = keg 2 be coe Py 8g Qt y+ fege % oo J Noy teker tee 4x07! = text § Geometric puputon q Vx ~P copdt corr t ED ISO = Re FeP(14 ee LM. ¢ HHP)? = peje =; oF eee , ae De metvaed dam crDtemnpD ? Eulers formar fon ole 2 = eign + CMNIED =? er Dt CodIDE----+ egrISD = Re en dtimud — epl( D-% Be 1 - ceoob-Latnd as i amok Noo nimr"D'in amelk > ave, sind D £ wFicopomx (use am Denominotor only) =? carDt ced 2D¥-- 4 EBITD = Re f {tanpenuéP) lee Pe antee) ¢ -éD => |rmnléD-ainDd D hyMe- > : » 35] : Tg four) m dhe mele, Aen AL pererclized AMM er implies > FO pc Ra Bae ape @ |; “y, 2 Abt : 2 Yeceonltiaht ' roth Lapp lifpesca = (ol)24| é ‘ 2 Spocing . ae ( | ee =? path Mosh clitfermer = olf Vaan ) + A (AY 2D Y IY xtywruxy => pol Any obra = ol S_¥ DoH Bax y + Xe = ha ae a. Brey | ae L tng Otten F(A) + 46% 2 nA a> [Lim OF AAAe =D Eo mage ap” aa SporeWith a coreriional imtentretahon- Ln BS] the metric (liters Lemaln) "Watoyreaany "dor & heau sere dy alvecke © ee Ab 4s nee ’ The usted py lioseem matre. M10, WaSttete aE a ogy | ole by stucquned at” Le Law of cosinap! Tn thin cask, Go eee (AO) Pepictiny oblique carters Coordinaliy, 7 mg ebtin, toes Ag ih orPee ancl W Latent pe. cx) ft welehine ter ait $00), te, -0) bie, VFqe wl J rey fom be agpitliod ( trteyata fon gre). Prececdatally hewerey, this imtexpretah'n. tant necemary, may in ck La, ly or eye ! Yours 4 eal for bo te ad 6 Maxinn, drin@ =n the 1h rroler Proxima bon of Ae Canty, CK vay eeseed we Crres™ — yh © Wry: C2). Reperhing oir Lhiy new mete; YE nS ¥sa, ph ders the cliff GPT) - 2y+ ex y oY ES Cae 4 ee ‘ Yay Yam y ~ CY emt” yay teaiy tro clepeninato- Ppa hang by. oO Ma: = Sy . fy Ne Se “y= dein Oy Aad ew8 = 2a (sing stcane) Hearty, Marzo (2 NAc 25 gang. 4, ~ bach by action golinn Ye waral “ola en” ) Now 4 bs le. it attrrenel | M204 KemO%y EE (Hin 9 4 coy) eae PMY 1 anes y >) : i cee). Lo : as RC] ing aang caine Fea fe Vitae Ve (Oat Os ainaemey OM) aim C84) = WY fr = 06 oot eee oe te counting “Dp Kim LA2 cegtiol TMOX e Ae Gia ses fee 7)3.6] B Aypinlrle do 0 curve (by di ruben) Kk emmt Jd alk port which one auch kal the Mfformar of catimeat from 2 dixecl pink (callicl foi) we a cmibomd, Ta waree coming prom he Qelitp (tht Mopper aloo tr be He Ayperpolic acnset pocir) thalgpre ove oF Ahi Ayporbolic steer oul of phan by & pixed omeint no matin Ke Loahio ow May sorser, Conetonk phere oifperrce 2 comrbonl prot Lary He AMffvera, Since Ae antermrl vanobor~ tr based ow & variahion spy the oth eryh, Appar => neglecting attauafyor one te obttancer, thi dy petholic nactrs theyld be unify ilummrned » Relevork pictuar * For examyle! Fie Stamolecl hyparbela a : x 2 a | 4 pow mohes co a,b seme conrbamle Suppose thir ap Lanrshveerh THR Sronay paper - sepa) By ef. + | D,- Pal = Gnstonk | dot a hy perteolor rtoupee Ry perdela > ply “ing Hedi Pee mip. Aegan The FOCZ Poet Ay po bolic cram3.8) A rource intent “NW poihicler at ance cbeaporseck 3,9) Una forrmdy nt all otintchine pe Sumouncling Apletical mac poce okt big tan eat ok! . otS5--me Source ED Crentually, ow the porliclts meve-ouls they Mech a otiatapee Bet) nrogpirg am amug ined Apren cat At face factive '347 Thine are 4h guok WN greek eler. “FLux? ds pul” 9 Mitr ft he toter wmber I parker noerirg Pupinoticnlar te a geen aunface . Finca the durface Px apht~ 4 parngnclirlar Le lp Aacks Cond the parheles one mort along peat), 1A four Aa bust “Naf bok at Lh) op 3h’. iia antonmiby oa he flux pir unt oreo’. ° ion Oi Nes 2 s by poco. Fe) = pe 5 Lad) als foe, Eid) = GZ Enotes Yea ome aturfoco F ot pho Doppler she fl /Dop ater eguahion: Anjht gona 242 eel aclahve opercl p>’ eu the Ot K ow ” oS fab Onan care” wouyelncp, ‘ec! Me’ apeed of Aight. we Iw tk col, Ad = (555,05 - 555)nm = 4OSnm frm = so 4metere}, d= 585 nny, C= 3x10 ™mpare plcg- 13 A, Remlt? ave 27000 m/,ee, Free, Le apprantrd woomelpg ht | Bygples tha Pte) exceeds Lhe ron shiple ol (aceopted), Kore daw etl ececlrt undilioay - aa ‘ AxUeOKm || WoRmAL zNEEBENCE 41] ier aseconaty SV em = Ram aan 1 Co nahin) 025mm = 1025 XIE D> benz soxnie'm Enligoonen finger ober Le oriprrperbion J wave raf leclicl at to “jlur-aia? sh tirfoce anct ware uflkcld al bottom Satt- glu” he Efacr» Sire Mymere = 1S , Ne & 1-0 ON ap > brace DP wwe apctl fume kip srtinfacr “douirt oleip aa, crave ruflelid pum botton anterfexs. “cleus sles Ma”. Duushre, for Baht fringer Comsbructire sintefersrer — “crests” rnackching uy wife ‘erert) “Cougs matching aap op wilh “treugs’) the eandihos will he palt. hong olifpearar = (N42) Enea ae F L by Miler apap cmen na path Aerplh oliff, = 87 Ginclan Ad VW AT 2 tne bya? d 2 (n+h)r i z£ j T= tne tyr aad wy oz 4 cee : 2 Ke ponte : the verwour fushk spoke, or spenpedl by oe , io [ae LOar da 5 How mramy eight pong eo pre oleng han tolh heryte of tka phils? P seb DEL, tobe for"hy rwunh m-valur olevore Le Le aoa inbefory Thin Sn in the Limit (of Mr fernuka), Bimenh hone he ruber of bunt frinper as “rvs? Fee Pe playin #4, dollere peruiphon (A) Ont 333 Auyhl Fainger - Come you gauge Why “L” ion’ cemiry into play ?wore: “seipe fy" jock poser ger lko° prac. 3G | Lip naflectick ol oit-oil inberface List riflacleh ot wf wells imteryface “skipa My? “ phep® p* became ee became hy rh, en ; ; po ee nae steer cauty ache > pal Lingle oliffeuner = Mei = we ‘ interfernc. in fice eee thiiceetes Aickrat A oil bayer at Inak pring (nd) PF Picknr J Adjer cormapmotiry HE n= 1 S6ma"n' staate o€ “0"F Femating Jurw cult» contour snword a pth deghe lffesrce Now ar = PAT = HWA > T= Ac 2 Scum we g Ai 7 Ge + aes S32-8rim boone a 4.3] z =f (és) EL ae a Yay, Tre point howe is && adel “Uinwl)i * al mn lwt+ Ele Emre publi ob plalicl in txt involve re teharot enor 3 Erb = Resumen = [dsrinet 4 aintweomr] © , From Leckae ~ Amnx4 Bain (xt) = SNC At Bcees (Qieyaaweng Jain gx + oh (ses 3 + sso) ato i =? Exwasnss {UPS Sones Vi Foe + S| SoReal) eae oN Wms rane + CT (wt + ,29) 2: Bal 3 yories wilh ongle an pe 44] apa? 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NORM: ((-1)? +(1?)'? @)"" ExerciseS: A particle's state is characterized by the state vector y= (04,2, 0, 0.5, 7,~3). Normalize this state vector. That is, “dot” y and y*, take the square root of this dot product, and then rewrite y by dividing each component of ‘y by this square root Since all entries are real, in this case y" = y = (0.4, 2, 0, 0.5, 7,3) > Length of y= (y'w)'7 = (47° 42) (OF + (0.5) + (7F +(-3)"}". Now divide each entry ofthe vector by tis length to get the “normalized” wavefunction. Exercise6: Repeat exercise 1 for y = (1,{2-i }, 0,{3i + 0.5}, 7, — 3). Length[y] = (y'y)'? = {(1)°() +2 -)'@ -i) + 0" 0 + Gi + 0.5)'Bi +0.5)+(7)' (7)+(-3)' (-3}'7 Length{y] = (y"y)'? = { 1 +(2 +i)(2 -i) + Gi-0.5x3i + 0.5)+49+ 9)" Length{y] = (y'y)'?= {1 45+ 9.25449 + 9)'= (73,25)!, Normalized y > Each entry of given y divided by this length. Enercise7: Ity =(V1, 92, (a1), va), normalize y ‘Notice thatthe square ofeach entry ofthis vector is just a natural number. Length{y] = (v'y)' = (14243+...+ (n 1} n)"™ Now {142+3+ ...+ (n—1)}# n} = n(n +172 } An arithmetic progression! ‘Therefore, Length{y]= (y'y)"*= fain +1)2}" Exercise8: If y ={(1)', (1/2)", (1/4)", (1/8)", ...(1/2)", ...}, normalize y. [Notice that cach entry isthe square root of a power of 1/2 Now, Length[y] = (y'y)'? = square root of the sum of successive powers of 1/2. ‘The sum is a converging geometric progression that sums to “1/(1 ~ 4)" > 2. ‘Therefore, Lengthy] = (y'y)'? =)" Divide each entry of given y by “@2)"" to obtain the normalized wavefunction Exercise9: yix)= —x°+ 1, cannot be normalized ifx ranges over any infinite interval (for example, - infinity to infinity, zero to infinity, et.) explain why normalization is not possible inthis ese.Normalization requires determining this “continuous vector's length”, then scaling (dividing) this vector by the reciprocal ofthe determined length, For a “continuous vector”, Length{y(x)] ={ INTEGRAL OF (yy) OVER SPECIFIED DOMAIN} '?. In this cas, this amounts to integrating the square of the given function over any interval with atleast one ‘of the limits of integration being either infinity or negative infinity. The result: The integration always interpretations of quantum ‘truncated sines and cosines, that describe a free particle (as per Schodinger’s equation with V set to zero), are ready examples of non-normalizable wavefunctions that surface atthe outset of quantum theory! Exercise10: A particle in one of the states: UP, DOWN, and SIDEWAYS. These states are characterized by the state vectors y "= (0, 1,), y "= (1, 1, - 1), and y “"™"= (i, 0, 0). Normalizeg each of these three states. Just proceed along the lines of exercise #5 / #6 . Exercise11: Refer to exercise 10. Determine the “dot product” between the different normalized state ‘vectors. Are any ofthe state vectors “orthogonal” (means: “perpendicular” ~ ie, the dot product y= 0")? Here, g stands for one state vector out of the three while y stands fora different state vector Out of that same set. tv is the probability density forthe input at which y is evaluated provided there are a continuum of inputs atphyy Exereisel2: A particle is characterized by y(x) = (2)!e™™, where x is any real number. What does y*y represent in this case ~ A probability? A probability density? \y*y is the probability density at the point of ts evaluation. The product of this density and a short interval “ax” containing the point of evaluation, isthe probability tata value from within this short interval will be the result of a measurement. Exercise13: y takes all values from 0 to 5 as inputs. If y is already properly normalized and y(2) ‘What is the probability that subjecting this state to measurement will yield a value between 1.9 and 2.1? dx =2.1=1.9= 2, y*Q)y(2)= 2? +.1°=.05 > Probability that a value in the given interval will be the result of measurement is “y*y dx” (approximately —in that “dx” is small enough to justify neglecting integrating) > *.05(.2)" > 01 14: Given y(2) = 0.3, can the probability density corresponding to the input ‘2" be determined. If probability density. Enei s0, determine ‘YES! Itis just y*@Qy@)= 3° = Exercise15: Given y(1.4) = 2 + 0.31, can the probability density corresponding to the input ‘1.4" be determined. Ifs0, determine this probability density ‘YES! Most trivially ~ just do “y*(1.4)y(1.4) nv ac Prom “nat Deal scald tec Pea z yeu. ty, © ie Bree Stony dhe cain sayy oe range FS Matis | % Ul oak Ya? ~_ PLEASE NOTE: The exercises to follow are only illustrative of 2 methodology. Some of the cases are not normalize-able and/or are singular and/or involve base functions that are not orthogonal to each other.Exercise! 7: Say y = (x? - 1)(x + 1) describes a physical system and gn = x" {n= ...~3,-2,0, 1, 2,3...) are the eigen-states of the measurable quantity a issue, decompose y in terms of the given on and list the value ofthe weights An. = (x! + (=I? 9 y= (gt + (ge ALT, Ao= =I y= (P= et D=x- Exercise18: Repeat previous exercise for y = (x? +1)(x ~ i) Ix! + (idx? > y= (et + (909 AD= 1, AO= i. w= OP + Di Exercise19: Repeat previous exercise for y= (x? IM(x~ 1D Y= (P= I= I= x x +1 = (x? + (Dx! + (x? Sy =()g2 + (Dot + (90 9A2= 1, AL=1, AO=1. Exercise20: Repeat previous exercise for y = 4x and on = (x +2)" {n =2,0,1,2,3, 0) Summarily, y= 4x = (x +1P—(x-1? = (x + @y2P"— (x +2927! > y= (gre (1) 2 > A2=1, Ax i. Exercise21: Repeat previous exercise for y= 3sin"(x2) and n= cos(nx) (n=. 3,~2,.0,1,2, 3, .-} y= 3sin"(w/2)=3 (1 ~ esx V2 = (3/2\(c0s0x) ~ (3/2\eos1x) >(3/2)90- (3/2)91 > AO= 3/2, A1= -372. 2,0,1,2,3, Exercise22: Repeat previous exercise for y = 2sin(x)sin(4x) and gn = cos(nx)(n ‘c083x = c0s(4x — x) = cosaxcosx + sindxsinx ‘€085x = cos(4x + x) = cos4xcosx — sindxsinx subtract 2% from 1" 053x—cosSx ™ 2sindxsinx > y= co3x — cosSx= g3—95-3 A3™ 1, AS Exercise23,] ‘The state ofa particle is characterized by the state vector “y = (2 ~i)i+ (1+i)) — (3 ~2i)k” {here i, j,k, are algebraically equivalent to the familiar unit vectors of 3D Cartesian coordinates}. Normalize y. List the probabilities with which states i,j, k will be produced as @ result of measurement. Length of y= (y'.w)"?= (2-2 +i) ++ 1-H + B-2)B-42)"” (2 ii + (14i)j - G 2205)". Length of y= {5 +2 + 13}!2=2(5)!*-3 Normalized{y] = Wrorm. Since the state vectors i, j k have unit length and are relatively perpendicular (orthonormality), nd Kt wv", ‘The “angle measures (dot product)” between i,j, kand y are respectively ‘These are, in tur, respectively (2 —i/2(5)"*", (1+) 25)", and *— (3 —2iV25)""". ‘The square of the NORMS (magnitudes) of these complex numbers are the desired probabilities. ‘Answers: Probabilities : y> i, j, k= 5/20, 2/20, 13/20 respectively. m2] 6.4] ‘The emission spectrum of an element are the electromagnetic frequencies emitted by the element when it has been “excited”. Excitation typically refers to heating of, passing electrical discharges through, or other6.2] antinued * means of directing energy at the element. An excited element then emits only certain very specific wavelengths (frequencies) of electromagnetic radiation that can be assessed via a diffraction experiment. ‘Typically “light” from the clement i directed aa diffraction grating (which i just a slide with a very large number of slits per unit length oni). The diffraction grating causes the directed “mixed wavelength light” to fan-out at different angles depending upon the component wavelengths (here i, in principle, nothing save Thomas Young’s double sit experiment to determine the wavelength). A telescope is used locate the “wavelength specific (in case of visual light that means “color specific") bright spots” o a high degree of accuracy. The emission spectrum ofan element is an “optical signature” ofthe element under consideration. This spectral analyses of wavelengths is & method of assessing the constituents of substances and of inaccessible samples (such as stellar material) The standard instrument for spectral analyses, that combines the aforementioned pars in one piece, is called a spectroscope. 73) 6.3] ‘The absorption spectrum of an element refers to the wavelengths of incident radiation that an element “swallows”. When “white light” (which is in practice, to say electromagnetic radiation that involves @ wide range of wavelengths) is incident upon a particular element, the element absorbs only very specific ‘wavelengths, The residual “light” (typically reflected), when subjected to spectral analysis, shows very specific “dark spots”, These “dark spots” in angular location correspond to the wavelengths that the clement absorbed with facility! Pot) 6.4] “The plum pudding model of matter postulated that the neutrality of bulk matter could be accounted for by assuming that the positive charge centers (plums!) were swarmed by a sea of negative charges (the pudding). Rutherford’s scattering cross-section experiment spoke against this mode! by suggesting that the positive and negative charges could not be packed closely together after all. Specifically, Rutherford was ‘able to compute the observed cross section of positive alphe particles scattered from a thin gold foil by assuming a positive center of charge and a coulombic interaction between the alpha particles and this conjectured positive target. Where were the negative charges? Why doesn’t the alpha particle beam go “electrostatcally unimpeded” through the electrically neutral thin foil? These questions, together with his coulombic model's success, effectively dismissed the plum pudding model of matter. 751 6.5] Classical electrodynamics (Maxwell) compels the assertion: “An accelerated charge radiates energy.” Since orbiting charges (such as electrons) are in accelerated motion (velocity direction continually changing), these charges will loose energy — and, therefore, orbital height ~ and collapse into the nucleus in short order! Consequently the idea of such orbital motion is untenable by classical accounts. pb6] 6.6) Bohr's postulated special non-radiating orbits to avoid the issue dealt in problem #5 and to account for the ‘observed emission spectrum of elements (specifically hydrogen) in terms of allowed orbit transitions. por] 6-7] Bsns te miso to hen me eh seme 6-8) 49 Conformity bot batest adang 209. Pos) Lig Begy wei esfav [righ INPEN (ge 7 neconee” Kent Bas to” 6% nfl a og 46 ciple Bn oy > dwk + kr mre RO ae sastend of WERK WS poclcl’ > mvH enh Fed nyenbc~ Smepins tT, prnaming REHM > Lin rhs io ephe K2, A cgnadiion forme ACL PY Biz)*e-0 Cagpadadtio: in com be aoled Zr yy oe get Hy admit:Pio) 6.10] v for a given system is obtained by solving the “appropriate” Schrodinger equation. ‘The Schrodinger equation appropriate to a given system is determined by “potential energy terms”. These terms are the ‘main variable aspect" of the Schrodinger equation — the other terms of the equation being ‘uniform across systems described by the same set of parameters. The terms involving derivatives of position and time coordinates change in number depending upon the number of position and time variables ‘number of particles). In regards tothe Schrodinger equation, the potential energy terms vary withthe context (modeling) just as the force terms vary with the context (modeling) in applications of Newion's second law. Strictly speaking, classical equation based on the “conservation of energy” principle is the analog ofthe Schrodinger equation {Ilustrations/contasts tobe given in lecture.) Quite general mathematical methods (separation of variables) in many and most familiar cases split the ‘Schrodinger equation into two secondary equations — an equation involving only the time parameter and an ‘equation involving the remaining position and miscellaneous parameters. The secondary equation that does ‘ot involve the time parameter is called “the time independent Schrodinger equation”. The original (parent) ‘Schrodinger equation is often referred to as “the time dependent Schrodinger equation”. Solutions of “the time independent Schrodinger equation” are two fold: Each y that satisfies (works!) the «equation comes paired-off with a “real number ” ~ that is, the solution is “a function together with a specific corresponding real number”, These functions are called “eigen functions" and their corresponding. real numbers are called “eigen values”. Pon) 6.10) Quantum numbers are values (generally integers) that allow for the listing of “eigen values” as a convenient sequence. {Illustrations/contrasts to be given in lecture.) Pbi2} 6.12) more than one eigen function has the same eigen value, then the “quantum state” (that corresponds to this eigen function) is said to have degeneracy/multiplicty. {Illustrations/contrasts to be given in lecture.} pos) 6ABD, 6.14], 61ST, 6-16I, 6.17] petached (IN PEN), Poi4} 6,18] Imagine a particle, such as the electron, to be a tiny ball, Further imagine that this ball could rotate about an ‘axis (much like the Earth rotates on its axis). Such a picture serves as an analogy. The intrinsie “spin” of a Particle is an aspect ofthe particle that shares some of the mathematical properties of a vector under going rotation. Even so, “spin” can be quite unlike an ordinary vector under going rotation in various ways. ‘Specifically, for example, a particle with spin value of % (such as an electron) “returns” to its starting state in 4x radians (instead of 2x for geometrically familiar vectors) remniscent of the normal to a Mobius stip. Empirically speaking, the spin of a particle is a concept derived from the observation of unexpected ‘magnetic moments and/or emission spectrum lines — which while agreeing significantly with state transitions based on 2 coulombic interaction between an electron and the nucleus, on close examination ‘reveal fine separations of wavelengths where non were anticipated. The appearance of the finely separated ‘wavelengths can be explained (loose analogical explanation) by likening the spinning electron to a tiny current loop (therefore like a tiny bar magnet) in the field of a yet preater current loop (the orbit loop). This interaction is termed “spin-orbit” coupling. Now a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field has potential eneray618] conrtinuel: based on its orientation relative tothe fel. When the expression fortis “relative orientation” related is incorprated into the potential energy term, the resulting appropriate Schrodinger equation yields the “fine structure” observed in spectral analyses of emitted wavelengths. 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