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HVAC Simplified Solution Manual PDF
HVAC Simplified Solution Manual PDF
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HVAC
Simplified
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Solutions Manual
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HVAC
Simplified
Solutions Manual
Stephen P. Kavanaugh
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Copyright ASHRAE
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ISBN 978-1-933742-09-0
2006 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating
and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
1791 Tullie Circle, NE
Atlanta, GA 30329
www.ashrae.org
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims
any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The
appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or
guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that
the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may
quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording,
or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.
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Contents
Authors Note to Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
NomenclatureHVAC Terms, Abbreviations, and Subscripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Solutions to Chapter 2HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Solutions to Chapter 3HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Solutions to Chapter 4HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Solutions to Chapter 5HVAC Equipment, Systems, and Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Solutions to Chapter 6Comfort, Air Quality, and Climatic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Solutions to Chapter 7Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Solutions to Chapter 8Cooling Load and Heating Loss Calculations and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Solutions to Chapter 9Air Distribution System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Solutions to Chapter 10Water Distribution System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Solutions to Chapter 11Motors, Lighting, and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Solutions to Chapter 12Energy, Costs, and Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
v
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vii
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AC
adp
ADPI
ASD
bhp, BHP
Btu/h
c
C
Cv
CF
CFC
cfm
CLF
CLTD
COP
h, H
p, P
D
dB
db, DB
dp
E
EER
ESP
f
FCU
FPVAV
ft
gpm
H
HDPE
HRU, hru
hp, HP
HVAC
Hz
IAT (ti)
K
kW
kWh
kW/ton
L, l
Lp
Lw
LMTD
MBtu/h
MERV
NC
OA
OAT (to)
ODP
psi
psia
psig
ix
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NomenclatureHVAC Terms,
Abbreviations, and Subscripts
q
Q
R
Ra
Re
RH
RTU
rpm, RPM
s
S
SC
SCL
SHR
t, T
TC
TH
ton
TP
TSP
u
U
V
VAV
VSD
w, W
wb, WB
w.c.
x
x
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Solutions to Chapter 2
HVAC Fundamentals: Refrigeration
Problem 2.1
Solution
Find the Carnot COP and the ideal COP for a system that uses R-134a refrigerant at an evaporating temperature of 45F and a condensing temperature of
120F. Find the suction pressure and discharge pressures in psia and psig and the
temperature of the refrigerant leaving the compressor (assuming the ideal cycle
conditions).
( 460 + 45F )R
500
Carnot COP c = ------------------------------------------ = --------- = 6.73
120F 45F
75
h1 h4
110 52.5
- = ------------------------- = 5.2
Ideal COP c = ---------------h2 h1
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121 110
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Solution
Problem 2.3
Solution
A scroll compressor (Table 2.3) with R-134a refrigerant operates with a 45F
evaporating temperature and a 120F discharge temperature. Find the cooling
capacity (20F suction superheat and 15F liquid subcooling), compressor input
power, EER, suction pressure, and discharge pressure (psig).
@ te = 45F, tc = 120F, SH = 20F, and SC = 15F
qr = 28.9 MBtu/h (25,900 Btu/h), wc = 2.25 kW (2,250 W)
EER = qc/wc = 28.9/2.25 = 12.8 MBtu/kWh (= 28,900/2250 = 12.8 Btu/Wh)
Interpolating between P = 50 psia @ 40.3F and P = 75 psia @ 62.2F to P @ 45F
P (suction) 55.4 psia = 40.7 psig
Interpolating between P = 175 psia @ 115.8F and P = 200 psia @ 125.3F to
P @ 120F
P (discharge) 186 psia = 171.3 psig
What increase in capacity and EER can be expected if the superheat is lowered
to 10F and the condensing temperature is lowered to 100F? What is the disadvantage of doing this?
@ te = 45F, tc = 100F, SH = 20F, and SC = 15F
qr = 32.3 MBtu/h, wc = 1.77 kW (@ SH = 20F)
qr (@ SH = 10F) = 32.3 MBtu/h ( @ SH = 10F/ @ SH = 20F)
= 32.3 MBtu/h ( @ p 55 psia and t = 55F/ @ p 55 psia and t = 65F)
= 32.3 MBtu/h (1.11 lb/ft3 1.09 lb/ft3) = 32.8 MBtu/h
EER = 32.8 1.77 = 18.5 Btu/Wh
This represents a 13% increase in capacity and a 45% increase in efficiency. The disadvantage of doing this is that the condenser will most likely have to be cooled with
water to lower the temperature to 100F, and the 10F lower superheat provides a
smaller margin of error to prevent liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor.
Problem 2.4
Solution
2
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Problem 2.2
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Problem 2.5
How can you determine if a refrigerant has chlorine in its structure from the
R-xxx designation?
Solution
If the R number of the refrigerant has only two digits (which means the first digit of
the three-digit designation is 0), the sum of the remaining two numbers [(H + 1) and
(F)] must be 5 to ensure chlorine is not present. If the first digit of the three-digit designation is 1, the sum of the remaining two numbers [(H + 1) and (F)] must be 7 to
ensure chlorine is not present.
Problem 2.6
Solution
126 113
From Table 2.3 @ te = 40F and tc = 120F, qr = 25.9 MBtu/h and wc = 2.27 kW.
Thus, EER = 25.9 2.27 = 11.4 MBtu/kWh = 11.4 Btu/Wh and
COP = EER 3.412 Btu/Wh = 11.4 Btu/Wh 3.412 Btu/Wh = 3.34.
For R-22, using the P-h diagram (Figure B.2):
Point 1: (te = 40F), p1 83 psia, t1 = 60F, and h1 = 111 Btu/lb.
Point 2: (tc = 120F), p2 275 psia, t2 160F, and h2 = 124 Btu/lb.
Point 3: (tc = 120F), p3 275 psia, t3 = 105F, and h3 = 42 Btu/lb.
Point 4: t4 = te = 40F, p4 = p1 83 psia, h4 = h3 = 42 Btu/lb
h1 h4
111 42
- = ------------------------ = 5.3
Ideal COP c = ---------------h2 h1
124 111
From Table 2.4 @ te = 40F and tc = 120F, qr = 32.4 MBtu/h and wc = 2.74 kW.
Thus, EER = 32.4 2.74 = 11.8 MBtu/kWh = 11.8 /Wh and
COP = EER 3.412 Btu/Wh = 11.8 Btu/Wh 3.412 Btu/Wh = 3.47.
Problem 2.7
Solution
3
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Solution
Problem 2.9
With regard to the use of refrigerant mixtures as substitutes for CFCs, explain
the difference between azeotropes and zeotropes. What is glide?
Solution
Azeotropes are refrigerant mixtures that behave as pure substances. When the refrigerant exists in a mixture of vapor and liquid, the lines of constant temperature are parallel with the lines of constant pressure with changing vapor-liquid fraction on a P-h
diagram. Both lines are horizontal in the dome-shaped region of the chart bounded by
the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines. Zeotropes are refrigerant mixtures
whose components evaporate and condense at a gliding temperature that depends
on both the pressure and vapor-liquid fractions. The lines of constant temperature
within the vapor dome region of a P-h diagram are not perfectly horizontal.
Problem 2.10
Solution
The A2 designation indicates a low level of toxicity (A being nontoxic and B being
toxic). The value of 2 indicates a low lower flammability limit (LFL) with 1 being no
propagation in air and 3 having a high LFL. An ODP (ozone depletion potential) of
0.75 is unacceptable since many of the CFCs that have been banned have ODPs
around 1.0.
4
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Problem 2.8
Solutions to Chapter 3
HVAC Fundamentals: Heat Transfer
Problem 3.1
A stream of water flowing at 25 gpm must be cooled from 80F to 70F with
chilled water at 50F flowing at 20 gpm in a coaxial counterflow heat exchanger
with an overall U-factor of 450 Btu/hft2F and 1.25 in. diameter inner tube.
Calculate the required length of heat exchanger tubing.
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Solution
2
hft F ln ( 20 17.5 )
ln ( t 1 t 2 )
Ao = DoL, thus:
L = Ao Do = 14.8 ft2 (1.25 in. 12 in./ft) = 45.2 ft
Problem 3.2
Solution
Find the overall heat transfer coefficient for a schedule 40 steel pipe (do = 1.9 in.,
di = 1.61 in., k = 41 Btu/hftF) with an internal heat transfer coefficient of
48 Btu/hft2F and an external coefficient of 20 Btu/hft2F.
1.61 /2 in.
1.9 /2 in.
1
U o = ---------------------------------------------- : r o = --------------------- = 0.0792 ft : r i = ----------------------- = 0.0671 ft
ro
12 in./ft
12 in./ft
r o ln ----ro
ri
1--------- + ---------------- + ----ri hi
k
ho
1
U o = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.0792 ft
0.0792 ft ln ----------------------
0.0671 ft
1
0.0792 ft
----------------------------------------------------------------- + -------------------------------------------------------- + ------------------------------------2
2
41
Btu/hftF
20 Btu/hft F
0.0671 ft 48 Btu/hft F
2
U o = 13.3 Btu/hft F
Problem 3.3
Solution
A wall is made of a 4 in. thick layer of masonry (0.9 Btu/hftF) and a 1 in. layer
of insulation (k = 0.03 Btu/hftF). Find the overall thermal resistance if the
inner and outer surfaces have heat transfer coefficients of 5.0 Btu/hft2F.
1 x mas'ry x ins 1
R ov = R i + R mas'ry + R ins + R o = ---- + ----------------------- + -------------- + -----k ins h o
h i k mas'ry
R ov
1 in.
4 in.
------------------------------------1
12 in./ft
12 in./ft
1
- + ------------------------------------ + --------------------------------------- + ---------------------------------= --------------------------------2
2
0.03
Btu/hftF
0.9
Btu/hftF
5 Btu/hft F
5 Btu/hft F
2
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Problem 3.4
Solution
Repeat problem 3.3 if an added layer of in. plywood (0.2 Btu/hftF) covers
50% of the wall and the remaining 50% is covered by in. thick additional insulation.
Based on 1 ft2 (Awall = 1.0 ft2) and rearranging Equation 3.16 to solve for Rov :
x mas'ry
x ins
x ply&ins
1
1
R ov = A wall ----------------- + --------------------------------- + ----------------------- + ------------------------------------------------------------------- + ------------------
h i A wall k mas'ry A wall k ins A wall 0.5k ply A wall + 0.5k ins A wall h o A wall
R ov
4 in.
1 in.
------------------------------------
12 in./ft
12 in./ft
1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------= 1 ft
+
+
2
2
2
2
5
Btu/hft
F
1
ft
0.9
Btu/hftF
1
ft
0.03
Btu/hftF
1
ft
0.5 in.
------------------
1
12 in./ft
- + ---------------------------------------------------
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
2
2
2
5 Btu/hft F 1 ft
0.5 0.2 Btu/hftF1 ft + 0.5 0.03 Btu/hftF1 ft
2
Problem 3.5
Solution
To size condenser, break into two sections so that LMTD can be calculated for both
sections.
7
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Problem 3.6
Hot waste water flowing at 20 gpm at 200F is used to heat 15 gpm of incoming
water at 85F to 125F in a coaxial-counterflow heat exchanger. The copper
(k = 220 Btu/hftF) inside tube has an outer diameter of 1.125 in. and inside
diameter of 1.00 in. Compute the required length of tube for an internal heat
transfer coefficient of 750 Btu/hft2F and an outer heat transfer coefficient of
900 Btu/hft2F.
Solution
220
Btu/hftF
900 Btu/hft F
0.0417 ft 750 Btu/hft F
2
U o = 379 Btu/hft F
8
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ln ------ 85
t 2
Ao = DoL, thus:
L = Ao Do = 9.96 ft2 (1.125 in. 12 in./ft) = 33.8 ft
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9
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Solutions to Chapter 4
HVAC Fundamentals: Psychrometrics
Solution
A sling psychrometer measures the air temperatures to be 85F dry bulb and
72F wet bulb. Find: relative humidity, dew-point temperature, humidity ratio
(in lbmv/lbma and grains), specific volume, and enthalpy. Show results on a
chart and verify with the program PsychProcess.xls (on the accompanying CD).
Assume sea level elevation.
Tdb1
Twb1
Elevation
AtmPress
APinHg
HRatio1
RelHum1
SpHt1
Enal1
SpVol1
DewPt1
lbpCuFt
Problem 4.2
Solution
85
72
0
14.70
29.92
0.0139
97.0
53.7
0.246
35.6
14.04
66.4
0.000988
F
F
ft.
psia
in Hg
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Problem 4.1
lbw/lba
Grains
%
Btu/lb-F
Btu/lb
cu.ft./lb
F
lbw/ft3
Air flowing at 4000 cfm is heated from 70F (RH = 40%) at rate of 95,000 Btu/h.
Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH, wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychrometric chart.
Q 60 (min/h)
q = ------------------------------------ c p ( t 2 t 1 )
q
60Qc p
- = 92.2F
Thus, t 2 = t 1 + ---------------- = 70 + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
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Problem 4.3
Outside air (100F/75F) flowing at 1000 cfm is mixed with return air (75F/
63F) at 5000 cfm. Find the mixed air conditions (db, RH, wb, , and h). Sketch
on the psychrometric chart.
Solution
5000 cfm
4871 scfm
Qair2
QSair2
1000 cfm
926 scfm
mflow1
Stream 1
21921 lb/hr
mflow2
Stream 2
4166 lb/hr
Stream 3
mflow3
26087
Qair3
6000
Tdb3
79.0
HRatio3
0.0101
70.5
Twb3
65.2
RelHum3
47.9
SpHt3
0.244
Enal3
30.0
SpVol3
13.80
DewPt3
57.5
Problem 4.4
Solution
(mixed)
lb/hr
cfm
F
lbw/lba
Grains
F
%
Btu/lb-F
Btu/lb
cu.ft./lb
F
Stream 1 @
Qair1(cfm),
Tdb1(F),
& Twb1(F)
Stream 3 @
Qair3(cfm),
Tdb3(F),
& Twb3(F)
Stream 2 @
Qair2(cfm),
Tdb2(F),
& Twb2(F)
2
1
A gas furnace produces 60,000 Btu/h with an airflow of 1400 cfm heated air with
an inlet condition of 65F (RH = 45%). Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH,
wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychrometric chart.
3
12
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Qair1
QSair1
Problem 4.5
Solution
Outside air (95F/75F) flowing at 2500 cfm is mixed with return air (75F/63F)
at 7500 cfm. Find the mixed air conditions (db, RH, wb, , and h). Sketch on the
psychrometric chart.
Q2
2500 cfm
1 3 = 1 2 -------------------- = 2.05 in. ---------------------------------------------------- = 0.51 in.
7500 cfm + 2500 cfm
Q1 + Q2
Point 3 is on a line drawn from point 1 to point 2 at a distance of 0.51 in. from point 1.
Note that point 3 will be closer to the condition (point 1) with the larger flow rate.
From psychrometric chart, t3 = 79.8F, t3wb = 66.5F, RH3 = 49%, 3 = 13.8 ft3/lb,
h3 = 30.9 Btu/lb
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Problem 4.6
Solution
A quantity of 1600 cfm of air at 80F/67F enters an evaporator coil with a 0.12
bypass factor and a 45F apparatus dew point. Find the outlet air conditions (db,
wb, RH, h), the sensible cooling capacity, the latent cooling capacity, total cooling
capacity, and the SHR of the coil. Sketch on the psychrometric chart.
Q = 1600 cfm, t1 = 80F, t1wb = 67F, tadp = 45F, BF = 0.12
t2 = BF(t1 tadp) + tadp = 0.12(80 45) + 45 = 49.2F
A line is drawn on the psychrometric chart from point 1 [80F (db)/67F (wb)] to
tadp = 45F, which is located on the saturation (RH = 100%) line. Point 2 is located on
the intersection of this line and the line for t2 = 49.2F.
From psychrometric chart, t2wb = 48F, RH2 = 92%, h2 = 19.3 Btu/lb.
qs (Btu/h) 1.08 Q (cfm) (t2 t1)F = 1.08 1600 cfm (80 49.2) = 53,200 Btu/h
qL (Btu/h) 4680 Q (cfm) (W2 W1) lbw/lba = 1.08 1600 cfm (0.0110 0.007)
30,200 Btu/h
q = qs + qL = 53,200 + 30,000 = 83,200 Btu/h
SHRcoil = qs q = 53,200 83,200 = 0.64
13
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Problem 4.7
Solution
A 500 cfm outdoor air heat recovery unit (HRU) has a total effectiveness of 75%
(both sensible and latent are equal). If the exhaust and makeup airflow rates are
equal, find the conditions of the air (db, wb, h) leaving the HRU and entering the
room when outdoor conditions are 94F/77F and the room air entering the HRU
is 75F/63F. What is the capacity of this unit?
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Since s = L, T = s = L = 0.75
Since exhaust and inlet flows are equal, mmin/ms = 1.0
hhru = ho T (mmin/ms) (ho hr)
@ to = 94F (db) and 77F wet bulb, ho = 40.3 Btu/lb
@ tr = 75F (db) and 63F wet bulb, hr = 28.4 Btu/lb
hhru = ho T (mmin/ms) (ho hr) = 40.3 0.75 1.0 (40.3 28.4) = 31.4 Btu/lb
thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 94 0.75 1.0 (94 75) = 79.8F
thru-wb = 67F from psychrometric chart
3
Room Air
TdbRm
TwbRm
Outdoor Air
TdbOut
TwbOut
Elev.
SenEff
LatEff
Problem 4.8
Solution
Capacities
18.7
7.4
0.40
Outdoor Air
HRatioOut
0.0161
112.6
RelHumOut
46.8
SpHtOut
0.247
EnalOut
40.3
SpVolOut
14.32
DewPtOut
70.6
qTotalHru
qSenHru
SHRHru
75
63 F
F
94
77 F
0 ft.
HRU Outlet
Exhaust Air
Outdoor Air
Temps.
MBtu/h
MBtu/h
TdbHru
TwbHru
lbw/lba
Grains
%
Btu/lb-F
Btu/lb
cu.ft./lb
F
HRU Outlet
0.0112
78.2
RelHumHru
51.6
SpHtHru
0.245
EnalHru
31.4
SpVolHru
13.85
DewPtHru
60.4
HRatioHru
lbw/lba
Grains
%
Btu/lb-F
Btu/lb
cu.ft./lb
F
A sensible heat recovery unit (HRU) with 80% efficiency draws in 1000 cfm of
outside air at 10F and exhausts an equal amount of room air at 70F. Calculate
the air temperature leaving the HRU and entering the room. What is the capacity of this unit? What is the capacity for 40F outside air? Calculate the EER
(= capacity in Btu/h power input in W) for both conditions if two fans that
draw 700 W each are used.
@ to = 10F
thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 10 0.80 1.0 (10 70) = 54F
@ to = 40F
thru = to T (mmin/ms) (to tr) = 40 0.80 1.0 (40 70) = 64F
@ to = 10F, qs qhru 1.08 Q (cfm) (to tr)F = 1.08 1000 (10 54)
= 69,100 Btu/h
EER = q W = 69,100 Btu/h (2 700 W) = 49.4 Btu/Wh
@ to = 40F
qhru 1.08 1000 (40 64) = 25,900 Btu/h
EER = q W = 25,900 Btu/h (2 700 W) = 18.5 Btu/Wh
14
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79.8 F
67.0 F
Problem 4.9
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Solution
A quantity of 2500 cfm of air at 82F/70F enters an evaporator coil with a 0.08
bypass factor and a 45F apparatus dew point. Find the outlet air conditions (db,
wb, RH, h), the sensible cooling capacity, the latent cooling capacity, total cooling
capacity, and the SHR of the coil. Sketch on the psychrometric chart.
Q = 2500 cfm, t1 = 82F, t1wb = 70F, tadp = 45F, BF = 0.08
t2 = BF(t1 tadp) + tadp = 0.08(82 45) + 45 = 48F
A line is drawn on the psychrometric chart from point 1 [82F (db)/70F (wb)] to
tadp = 45F, which is located on the saturation (RH = 100%) line. Point 2 is located on
the intersection of this line and the line for t2 = 48F.
From psychrometric chart, t2wb = 48F, RH2 = 98%, h2 = 19.2 Btu/lb
qs (Btu/h) 1.08 Q (cfm) (t2 t1)F = 1.08 2500 cfm (82 48) = 91,800 Btu/h
qL (Btu/h) 4680 Q (cfm) (W2 W1) lbw/lba = 1.08 2500 cfm (0.013 0.007)
69,600 Btu/h
q = qs + qL = 91,800 + 69,600 = 161,400 Btu/h
SHRcoil = qs q = 91,800 161,400 = 0.57
Problem 4.10
Solution
A room at 75F/63F has a 36,000 Btu/h total capacity with a room SHR of 0.90
and an outdoor air (95F/75F) requirement of 400 cfm. Find the required sensible capacity and total cooling capacity of a unit to handle the building and outdoor air loads.
t1 = 75F (db) and 63F (wb), h1 = 28.4 Btu/lb
qroom = 36,000 Btu/h, SHRroom = 0.9
qs(room) = SHRroom qroom = 0.9 36,000 = 32,400 Btu/h
qL(room) = qroom qs(room) = 36,000 32,400 = 3,600 Btu/h
qs(OA) 1.08 QOA (cfm) (to ti)F = 1.08 400 cfm (95 75) = 8,600 Btu/h
qL(OA) 4680 QOA (cfm) (Wo Wi) Btu/lb = 4680 400 cfm (0.0142 0.0096)
8,600 Btu/h
Required equipment size to handle the room load and the outdoor air load:
qs = qs(room) + qs(OA) = 32,400 + 8,600 = 41,000 Btu/h
qL = qL(room) + qL(OA) = 3,600 + 8,600 = 12,200 Btu/h
q = q(room) + q(OA) = 41,000 + 12,200 = 53,200 Btu/h
15
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Solution
Air flowing at 1500 cfm is heated from 65F (RH = 35%) at a rate of 50,000 Btu/h.
Find the outlet air conditions (db, RH, wb, ). Sketch the process on a psychrometric chart.
Q 60 (min/h)
q = ------------------------------------ c p ( t 2 t 1 )
q
60Qc p
- = 95.8F
Thus, t 2 = t 1 + ---------------- = 65 + --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Problem 4.12
Solution
Air flowing at a rate of 2000 cfm at 78F/65F enters a cooling unit with a total
capacity (TC) of 60,000 Btu/h and a sensible heat ratio (SHR) of 0.75. Calculate
the dry bulb, wet bulb, and relative humidity of the air leaving the coil. Determine the apparatus dew point and the bypass factor.
Q = 2000 cfm, t1 = 78F, t1wb = 65F, qcoil = 60,000 Btu/h
h1 = 30.0 Btu/lb, W1 = 0.0103 lbw/lba
qs-coil = SHRcoil qcoil = 0.75 60,000 = 45,000 Btu/h
q s-coil (Btu/h)
45, 000 Btu/h
t 2 ( F ) t 1 ------------------------------------ = 78F ---------------------------------------- = 57.1F
1.08 2000 cfm
1.08 Q (cfm)
q coil (Btu/h)
60, 000 Btu/h
h 2 (Btu/lb) h 1 --------------------------------- = 30.0 Btu/lb ------------------------------------- = 23.2 Btu/lb
4.4 2000 cfm
4.4 Q (cfm)
Find point 2 on the psychrometric chart using t2 = 57.1F and h2 = 23.2 Btu/lb
t 2 t adp
57.1 51
= ---------------------- = 0.23
t2wb = 55F, RH2 = 85%, tadp = 51F, BF = ------------------t 1 t adp
78 51
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Problem 4.11
Solutions to Chapter 5
HVAC Equipment, Systems,
and Selection
Problem 5.1
Find the total cooling capacity (gross), sensible cooling capacity (gross), and
input kW for a Model 150 rooftop unit when the outdoor temperature is 95F,
indoor temperature is 80F/67F, and airflow is 5000 cfm.
Solution
For a Model 150 RTU with return air at 80F (db)/67F (wb), outdoor air of 95F, and
an indoor airflow of 5000 cfm from Table 5.2,
TC = 138 MBtu/h (138,000 Btu/h), SC = 99 MBtu/h (99,000 Btu/h),
and kW = 10.2 kW
Problem 5.2
Find the required fan power to deliver 5000 cfm at an ESP of 1.2 in. w.g. for the
unit selected in Problem 5.1.
Solution
For a Model 150 RTU with an air flow of 5000 cfm requiring an ESP of 1.2 in. of
water,
Interpolate between values for ESP = 1.0 and 1.5 in
BHP1.0 = 2.95 hp and BHP1.5 = 3.67 hp BHP1.2 = 3.24 hp
kW1.0 = 2.57 and kW1.5 = 3.19 kW1.2 = 2.82
RPM1.0 = 1234 and RPM1.5 = 1420 RPM1.2 = 1308
Problem 5.3
Solution
For a Model 150 RTU with return air at 74F (db)/62F (wb), outdoor air of 95F, and
an indoor airflow of 5000 cfm from Table 5.2,
TC = 131 MBtu/h @ wb = 62F, SC = 122 MBtu/h @ db = 80F and wb = 62F
SC74/62 = SC80/62 + 1.1 (1 BF) (cfm/1000) (EAT 80)
= 122 + 1.1 (1 0.5) (5000/1000) (74 80) = 90.7 MBtu/h
kW62 = 10.1 kW
Problem 5.4
Correct the results of Problem 5.3 for fan heat to obtain total capacity (net), sensible cooling capacity (net), and resulting sensible heat ratio (SHR).
Solution
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Problem 5.5
Solution
A building in St. Louis, Missouri, has a sensible heat gain of 23,000 Btu/h and a
total load of 33,000 when outdoor conditions are 97F/76F and mixed indoor air
conditions entering the cooling coil are 80F/67F. Select a cooling unit from
Table 5.3 to meet the load and SHR requirement. Specify the required cfm and
resulting EER.
qs = 23,000 Btu/h (23 MBtu/h), q = 33,000 Btu/h (33 MBtu/h)
@ to = 97F/76F and ti = 80F/67F, Q = 1200 cfm
SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70
For a Model 036, interpolate between values for OAT (aka to) = 95F and 105F
@ 95F OAT and EAT (aka ti) 80F/67F, TC = 35.8 MBtu/h, SC = 26.4 MBtu/h,
and kW = 2.97
@ 105F OAT and EAT = 80F/67F, TC = 34.5 MBtu/h, SC = 25.9 MBtu/h,
and kW = 3.31
Via interpolation, TC97 = 35.5 MBtu/h, SC97 = 26.3 MBtu/h, and kW97 = 3.04
Since this manufacturer reports net capacity values, no fan heat deduction is required.
SHRUnit = SC97 TC97 = 26.3 35.3 = 0.74
Since SHRUnit SHRLoad, the unit will not meet the SHR (dehumidification) requirement at the rated 1200 cfm airflow. Lower cfm to reduce SHR and improve dehumidification.
Try lowering flow to 80% of rated flow = 0.80 1200 cfm = 960 cfm
CFTC = 0.97, TC97/960 = 0.97 35.5 = 34.4
CFSC = 0.90, SC97/960 = 0.90 26.3 = 23.7, SHRUnit = 23.7 34.4 = 0.69 OK
CFkWc = 0.975, kW97/960 = 0.975 3.04 = 3.04
EER = TC (net) kW (total) = 34.4 MBtu/h 3.04 kW = 11.3 MBtu/kWh (Btu/Wh)
Problem 5.6
Solution
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For a Model 042 @ 1300 cfm, interpolate between OAT (aka to) = 95F and 105F
@ 95F OAT and EAT (aka ti) 75F/63F, TC = 40.7 MBtu/h, SC = 31.1 MBtu/h,
and kW = 3.47
@ 105F OAT and EAT = 75F/63F, TC = 39.1 MBtu/h, SC = 30.4 MBtu/h,
and kW = 3.88
Via interpolation, TC97 = 40.4 MBtu/h, SC97 = 31.0 MBtu/h, and kW97 = 3.55
@ 80% airflow = 1040 cfm
CFTC = 0.97, TC97/1040 = 0.97 40.4 = 39.2 OK
CFSC = 0.90, SC97/1040 = 0.90 31.0 = 27.9
SHRUnit = 27.9 39.2 = 0.71 still too high
This result is typical for high-efficiency equipment that frequently cannot meet latent
requirements. Either use a smaller indoor coil with lower airflow and lower efficiency
to meet latent requirements or use the Model 036 since it is not oversized.
EER = TC (net) kW (total) = 40.4 MBtu/h 3.55 kW = 11.4 MBtu/kWh (Btu/Wh)
Problem 5.7
Solution
Problem 5.8
Solution
Determine if the unit selected in Problem 5.6 can meet an SHR of 0.68 for an outdoor condition of 85F and indoor condition of 75F/63F at the design cfm. Can
it meet the SHR at a lower cfm?
SHRLoad = 0.68 @ to = 85F and ti = 75F/63F
SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70
For Model 036 at 1200 cfm @ 85F OAT and EAT 75F/63F
TC = 34.6 MBtu/h, SC = 26.3 MBtu/h, and kW =2.66
SHRUnit = 26.3 34.6 = 0.76 too high
Correct to 80% airflow (960 cfm)
SHRUnit = 23.7 33.6 = 0.71 too high
The building heat loss is 37,000 Btu/h when the indoor temperature is 70F and
the outdoor temperature is 20F. Use the heating data of the Problem 5.6 heat
pump to determine the units capacity (with a 10% defrost cycle deduct) and size
the electric resistance supplementary backup if necessary. Find the system COP.
qh = 37 MBtu/h @ 20F OAT
@ 27F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 24.3 MBtu/h, kW = 2.80
@ 17F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 22.6 MBtu/h, kW = 2.76
Interpolated to 20F OAT and EAT 70F, TH = 23.1 MBtu/h, kW = 2.77
@ 80% rated flow (960 cfm)
CFTH = 0.98, TH20/960 = 0.98 23.1 = 22.6 MBtu/h
CFkW = 1.05, kW20/960 = 1.05 2.77 = 2.91
Deduct 10% for defrost:
TH20/960 (with defrost penalty) = 0.9 22.6 = 20.4 MBtu/h
Auxiliary heating requirement:
qAux = qh TH = 37 20.4 = 16.6 MBtu/h
kWAux = qAux 3.41 = 16.6 3.41 = 4.9 kW
( TH + q Aux ) 3.41
( 20.4 + 16.6 ) 3.41
COP = -------------------------------------------- = ---------------------------------------------- = 1.39
2.91 + 4.9
kW + kW Aux
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19
Problem 5.9
Solution
Meet the requirements of Problem 5.8 by selecting a natural gas furnace for an
indoor temperature of 70F.
qh = 37 MBtu/h @ 20F OAT
Find a furnace with TH > 37 MBtu/h and Q 960 cfm (the cooling mode airflow
from previous problems).
Option 1 for noncondensing furnace, use Model 060 (Table 5.4) that has a TH of
47 MBtu/h and set the fan speed tap on low (if ESP 0.4 in. for air distribution system) or med/low (if ESP 0.8 in.).
Option 2 for noncondensing furnace, use Model 060 (Table 5.5) that has a TH of
47 MBtu/h and set the fan speed tap on low (if ESP 0.4 in. for air distribution system) or med/low (if ESP 0.8 in.).
Option 3 (with very little cushion for extremely cold days), use Model 040 (Table 5.5)
that has a TH of 38 MBtu/h and set the fan speed on high and specify that the air distribution system required ESP does not exceed 0.4 in.
Problem 5.10
Solution
Repeat Problems 5.6 and 5.8 using a water-to-air heat pump with a 90F entering water temperature in cooling and a 45F entering water temperature in heating. Assume a pump power requirement of 160 W (this replaces the outdoor fan
of an air unit) and indoor fan is included in the total kW.
qs = 23,000 Btu/h (23 MBtu/h), q = 33,000 Btu/h (33 MBtu/h)
@ EWT = 90F and ti = 75F/63F, wpump = 160 W = 0.16 kW
SHRLoad = qs q = 23 MBtu/h / 33 MBtu/h = 0.70
From Table 5.6, try a Model 036 using Qwater = 9 gpm (analysis could also use 7 gpm
as starting point) and 80F/67F EAT and EWT = 90F, TC67 = 34.5 MBtu/h
Correct TC to twb =63F, TC63 = CF63 TC67 = 0.93 34.5 = 32.1 MBtu/h too small
Try a Model 042 using 8 gpm (analysis could also use 11 gpm as starting point) and
80F/67F EAT, and EWT = 90F, TC67 = 42.2 MBtu/h, SC = 30.8 MBtu/h,
and kWc = 3.22
Correct TC to twb =63F, TC63 = CF63 TC67 = 0.93 42.2 = 39.2 MBtu/h OK
Correct SC to tdb =75F, twb = 63F, SC75/63 = CF75/63 SC80 = 0.96 30.8
= 29.6 MBtu/h
SHRUnit = SC75/63 TC63 = 29.6 39.2 = 0.75 too high, since SHRLoad = 0.70
Lower cfm to 80% of rated Qair = 0.80 1400 = 1120 cfm
TC80% = CF80% TC100% = 0.97 39.2 = 38.0 MBtu/h
SC80% = CF80% SC100% = 0.90 29.6 = 26.6 MBtu/h
SHRUnit = SC80% TC80% = 26.6 38.0 = 0.70 OK
Correct kW to tdb = 75F, twb = 63F, and Qair = 1120 cfm
kWc = CF63 CF80% kWc @ 67 wb,1400 cfm = 0.98 0.975 3.22 = 3.08 kW
For Model 042 @ 1120 cfm, 8 gpm:
EER = TC (kWc + kWpump) = 38.0 MBtu/h (3.08 + 0.16) = 11.7 MBtu/kWh
Heating @ EAT = 70F, EWT = 45F, Qair = 1120 cfm, Qwater = 8 gpm
@ EWT = 50, TH = 38.1 MBtu/h, @ EWT = 40F, TH = 33.1 MBtu/h
Via interpolation, TH = 35.6 MBtu/h
TH = CF80% TH100% = 0.98 35.6 = 34.9 MBtu/h
kWh = 2.64 @ 45F, kWh@80% = CF80% kWh@100% = 1.05 2.64 = 2.77 kW
qAux = qh TH = 37 34.9 = 2.1 MBtu/h, kWaux = 2.1 3.412 = 0.62
TH + q aux
34.9 + 2.1
COP = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------- = 3.05
3.412 ( 2.77 + 0.62 + 0.16 )
3.412 ( kW h + kW aux + kW pump )
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Problem 5.11
A building has a sensible heat gain of 140 MBtu/h and a total load of 190 MBtu/h
when outdoor conditions are 95F/75F and mixed indoor air conditions entering
the cooling coil are 78F/64.5F. Select a rooftop cooling unit from Table 5.2 to
meet the load. Specify the required cfm, SHRunit, and fan motor size to deliver
1.2 in. of water external static pressure (ESP) and the resulting EER.
Solution
Summary: Use Model 240, Qair = 8000 cfm, BHPfan = 7.5 hp (6.8 hp),
and SHRUnit = 0.74.
Problem 5.12
A building zone has a total sensible heat gain of 105,000 Btu/h (walls, roof, windows, internal, people) and a latent gain of 20,000 Btu/h. The required outdoor
air ventilation rate is 800 cfm. Indoor conditions are 75F/63F and outdoor conditions are 95F/75F, and outside air is mixed with the return air before entering the unit. Select a rooftop unit to cool this zone. The fan must deliver 1.0 in.
water of external static pressure (ESP). Recall the capacities given are gross. You
must convert them to total net capacities by deducting the fan heat.
Solution
Loads
Room: qRS = 105 MBtu/h, qRL = 20 MBtu/h, qR = qRS + qRL = 105 + 20 = 125 MBtu/h
Outdoor air: @ to = 95F/75F, ho = 38.3 Btu/lb, @ ti = 75F/63F, hi = 28.4 Btu/lb
qOAS 1.08 Qo (to ti) 1.08 800 cfm (95 75) 17,300 Btu/h 17.3 MBtu/h
qOA 4.44 Qo (ho hi) 4.44 800 cfm (38.3 28.4) 35,200 Btu/h
35.2 MBtu/h
Totals: qs = qRS + qOAS = 105 + 17.3 = 122 MBtu/h
q = qR + qOA = 125 + 35.2 = 160 MBtu/h
SHRLoad = 122 160 = 0.76
Must now find mixed air conditions, which means the supply air or recirculated air
quantity must be known (or assumed) to compute the mixed air conditions when
mixed with the 800 cfm outdoor air. Note the Model 180 rooftop unit is rated at
21
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6000 cfm for the mid-range value. Since the SHRLoad is also a mid-range value, use
this flow rate for first computation; 5200 cfm of recirculated air at is mixed with
800 cfm of outside air 95F/75F to provide 6000 cfm of supply air.
Using PsychProcess.xls (mixing) provides a mixed air condition 78F/65F entering
the rooftop unit.
Qair1
QSair1
5200 cfm
5064 scfm
Qair2
QSair2
800 cfm
740 scfm
mflow1
Stream 1
22789 lb/hr
mflow2
Stream 2
3332 lb/hr
Stream 3
mflow3
26120
Qair3
6000
Tdb3
78.2
HRatio3
0.0100
69.8
Twb3
64.8
RelHum3
48.7
SpHt3
0.244
Enal3
29.7
SpVol3
13.78
DewPt3
57.2
(mixed)
lb/hr
cfm
F
lbw/lba
Grains
F
%
Btu/lb-F
Btu/lb
cu.ft./lb
F
Note: Input values (Qair1 and Qair2) are in cubic feet per minute.
For additional information purposes, these values are corrected to air
at standard conditions of =0.075 lb/cu.ft. (QSair1 and QSair2).
Stream 1 @
Qair1(cfm),
Tdb1(F),
& Twb1(F)
Stream 3 @
Qair3(cfm),
Tdb3(F),
& Twb3(F)
Stream 2 @
Qair2(cfm),
Tdb2(F),
& Twb2(F)
2
1
Via interpolation, @ 95F OAT, twb = 65F for a Model 180 rooftop unit
TC = 184 MBtu/h, SC = 147 MBtu/h, kW = 14.0 (gross capacities)
To correct for fan heat, go to fan data at 6000 cfm and 1.0 in. ESP:
kWfan = 3.32, BHP = 3.89 hp (need 5 hp motor)
TCnet = TCgross 3.41 kWfan and SCnet = SCgross 3.41 kWfan
TCnet = 184 3.41 3.32 = 173 MBtu/h OK since requirement is 160 MBtu/h
SCnet @ 80 EAT = SCgross @ 80 EAT 3.41 kWfan = 147 3.412 3.32 = 136
Correct for EAT = 78F
SCnet @ 78 EAT = SCnet @ 80 EAT + 1.1 (1 BF) (cfm/1000) (EAT 80)
SCnet @ 78 EAT = 136 + 1.1 (1 0.04) (6000/1000) (78 80) = 123
SHRUnit = SCnet @ 78 EAT TCnet = 123 173 = 0.71 Excellent, since
SHRLoad = 0.76 (flow can be increased since SHRUnit is lower, but this is not
necessary since unit is slightly oversized).
TC
173
EER = ---------------------------------- = -------------------------------- = 10.0
( kW + kW fan )
( 14.0 + 3.32 )
22
Problem 5.13
A water-cooled chiller must provide water at 45F to ten fan coil units that
require 45 MBtu/h (net) each with fans that draw 600 W each. The condenser
water is cooled with a cooling tower that can provide 85F.
a. Select a chiller to meet this load.
b. Calculate the required chilled water flow in gpm for a 55F chiller entering temperature (base answer on chiller capacity).
c. Calculate the required condenser water flow based on 3.0 gpm per ton of
chiller capacity.
d. Determine the head loss in feet of water across the evaporator and condenser.
e. Determine the chiller gross kW/ton (gross) and EER (Btu/Wh).
f. Determine system net kW/ton and EER if two pumps (chilled water and
condenser water) draw 2.0 kW and 2.25 kW, respectively.
Solution
qLoad = 10 FCUs (45,000 Btu/h + 3.41 600 W) = 470,500 Btu/h = 39.2 tons
a. A Model 040 (Table 5.10 ) water-cooled scroll compressor chiller will deliver:
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b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Problem 5.14.
A four-zone building has the loads shown below. The room air entering the coils
is 80F/67F and chilled water at 45F is supplied. Select fan coil units (assuming
a 10% deduction for fan heat) and specify airflow and water flow while attempting to maintain a coil outlet temperature of 55F 2.0F.
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Total
Solution
Increase loads given in table by 10% to account for fan heat (this will be added to both
the sensible and totals loads).
10 a.m.
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
Totals
Sensible
34
51
28.5
33.8
147.3
3 p.m.
Total
44
66
38.5
41.8
190.3
Sensible
48
39.5
43.4
45.5
176.4
Total
66
49.5
59.4
60.5
235.4
Zone 1:
Peak load occurs at 3 p.m.: q1-Load = 66 MBtu/h and SHR1-Load = 48 66 = 0.73
A model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm, 80F/67F air and 13 gpm:
TC = 65 MBtu/h (Too low)
at 21 gpm: TC = 75.2 MBtu/h (High)
Reduce flow to 17 gpm and by interpolation: TC = 70.1 MBtu/h, SC = 46.7 MBtu/h
Check SHRFCU = 46.7 70.1 = 0.67 (OK)
Check outlet water temperature:
70, 100 Btu/h
TC ( Btu/h )
t o = t i ( F ) + ----------------------------------- = 45F + --------------------------------- = 53.2F
500 17 gpm
500 Q ( gpm )
23
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Zone 2:
Use same coil and water flow as zone 1 to meet 10 a.m. load, which is also 66 MBtu/h
with slightly higher SHR. So Model 60-HW-4 coil at 2000 cfm and 15 gpm will
work.
Zone 3:
Use same coil as zones 1 and 2, but water flow can be lowered to 13 gpm:
TC = 65 MBtu/h, SC = 44.9, SHRLoad = 43.4 59.4 = 0.73;
SHRFCU = 44.9 65.0 = 0.69 (OK)
Check outlet water temperature:
65, 000 Btu/h
TC ( Btu/h )
t o = t i ( F ) + ----------------------------------- = 45F + --------------------------------- = 55.0F
500 13 gpm
500 Q ( gpm )
Solution
Select a chiller (or chillers) to meet the combined loads of the coils in
Problem 5.14. Specify unit model number, required water flow, and gross kW/
ton and EER.
The peak block load occurs at 3 p.m. (although load in zone 2 peaks at 10 a.m.).
At 3 p.m., qLoads = 235.4 MBtu/h = 19.6 tons
A Model 020 (Table 5.10) water-cooled scroll compressor chiller will deliver:
TC = 20.4 tons = 20.4 12,000 Btu/ton-h = 244,800 Btu/h @ 45F LWT
and 85F Cond. EWT
Compressor demand will be 15.4 kW (15,400 W).
gpm(Evap.) = 244,800 Btu/h [500 (55F 45F)] = 49 gpm
kW/ton (gross) = 15.4 kW 20.4 tons = 0.75 kW/ton
EER (gross) = 244,800 Btu/h 15,400 W = 15.9 Btu/Wh
24
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Solutions to Chapter 6
Comfort, Air Quality,
and Climatic Data
Problem 6.1
Solution
Problem 6.2
Solution
Compute the heat rate of a 5 ft, 10 in., 160 lb male machinist at work.
AD = 0.108 m0.425 l 0.725 = 0.108 160 lb.0.425 70 in.0.725 = 20.3 ft2
Doing light machine work generates 37 to 44 Btu/hft2 (mid-range = 40.5 Btu/hft2)
Thus, Qmachinist = 40.5 Btu/hft2 20.3 ft2 = 820 Btu/h
Repeat Problem 6.1 for a 5 ft, 6 in., 120 lb performing ballerina.
AD = 0.108 m0.425 l 0.725 = 0.108 120 lb.0.425 66 in.0.725 = 19.1 ft2
A ballerina generates 44 to 81 Btu/hft2 (mid-range = 62.5 Btu/hft2)
Thus, qballerina = 62.5 Btu/hft2 19.1 ft2 = 1190 Btu/h
Problem 6.3
Solution
At the upper relative humidity level of 60%, the indoor temperature should be in the
73F to 79F range to satisfy the most individuals in the summer. At the lower relative
humidity level of 30%, the indoor temperature should be in the 74F to 81F range to
satisfy the most individuals in the summer.
At the upper relative humidity level of 60%, the indoor temperature should be in the
68F to 74F range to satisfy the most individuals in the winter (this condition is difficult to maintain in the winter because the outside air is drier). At the lower relative
humidity level of 30%, the indoor temperature should be in the 69F to 76F range to
satisfy the most individuals in the winter.
The temperatures are lower in the winter because occupants are typically dressed with
heavier clothing in the winter because of the lower outdoor temperature.
Problem 6.4
Why are people more comfortable in the winter with a lower thermostat setting?
Solution
Occupants are comfortable with a lower setting in the winter because they are typically dressed with heavier clothing because of the lower outdoor temperature.
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Problem 6.5
Solution
Find the required ventilation air for a 1500 ft2 college classroom with 40 students. The ventilation air is delivered through ceiling vents and returned though
a grille near the floor.
Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2
= 400 + 180 = 580 cfm
Since the ventilation air is delivered at the ceiling and exhausted near the floor, the air
will be delivered to the breathing zone and the zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ)
is 1.0.
Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 1.0 = 580 cfm
Problem 6.6
Solution
Repeat Problem 6.5 if the return is in the ceiling and the HVAC unit is in cooling.
Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2
= 400 + 180 = 580 cfm
When cold air is delivered at the ceiling, it will tend to fall into the breathing zone since
it is more dense than the room air. It will mix with the room air and fulfill its intended
effect before it is exhausted. The zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ) is 1.0.
Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 1.0 = 580 cfm
Problem 6.7
Solution
Repeat Problem 6.6 if the unit is in heating and the delivery temperature is
100F.
Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 10 cfm/person 40 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 1500 ft2
= 400 + 180 = 580 cfm
Since the warm ventilation air is delivered at the ceiling, it will tend to stay near the
ceiling and not completely mix with the room air before it is exhausted near the ceiling. The zone air distribution effectiveness (EZ) is 0.8.
Thus, Voz = Vbz EZ = 580 0.8 = 725 cfm
Problem 6.8
You are required to design a ventilation air system for a 3000 ft2 library with
supply and return in the ceiling, but no occupancy is provided. Specify the
required ventilation airflow rate.
Solution
If the building owner or building owners representative does not provide occupancy,
use the default values in Table 6.2. In the case of the library, the value is 10 people per
1000 ft2. It is advisable that this be noted in the design documentation or provided
directly to the owner or owners representative in writing.
Thus, PZ = (10 people/1000 ft2) 3000 ft2 = 30 people
Vbz = RPPZ + RaAZ = 5 cfm/person 30 people + 0.12 cfm/ft2 3000 ft2
= 150 + 360 = 510 cfm
In cooling EZ = 1.0 (cold air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)
Voz = Vbz EZ = 510 1.0 = 510 cfm
In heating EZ = 0.8 (warm air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)
Voz = Vbz EZ = 510 0.8 = 640 cfm
Problem 6.9
Solution
Determine the required ventilation air rate for a 3000 ft2, five-bedroom, threebathroom home.
Qfan = 0.01 A (ft2) + 7.5 (Nbedrooms + 1) = 0.01 3000 ft2 + 7.5 (5 +1) = 75 cfm
26
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Problem 6.10
A building with four zones has the airflow requirements below. Determine the
required ventilation air rate for a multi-zone ventilation air system.
Supply air:
Zone 1 = 800 cfm, Zone 2 = 1200 cfm,
Zone 3 = 700 cfm, Zone 4 = 1500 cfm
Ventilation air:
Zone 1 = 200 cfm, Zone 2 = 275 cfm,
Zone 3 = 150 cfm, Zone 4 = 500 cfm
Solution
Zone
1
2
3
4
Vz
200
275
150
500
Vp
800
1200
700
1500
Zp (Vz/Vp)
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.33
Zpmax
Assume EZ = 1.0, Vou = Vbz EZ = (200 + 275 + 150 + 500) 1.0 = 1125 cfm
Ev = 0.8 since Zp (max) 0.35
Vot = Vou EV = 1125 0.8 = 1406 cfm
Problem 6.11
An office with six zones is served with a single rooftop unit that provides 1.0 cfm/ft2
of supply air through the ceiling. The return is also in the ceiling. Ventilation air is
supplied at the rooftop unit return. Compute the required ventilation air rate in
the summer and winter given the following table.
Zone
1
2
3
4
5
6
Solution
Use
Reception
Office
Office
Office
Conference
Office
Area (ft2)
700
400
800
700
500
400
People
5
2
8
4
10
1
For summer [EZ = 1.0 (cold air supply in ceiling, return in ceiling)] and assuming that
occupants move from their office to occupy the conference room so that the normal
number of people in the building is 20 (not 30).
Multi-Zone Systems Only
Zone Description
Reception
Office
Office
Office
Conference
Office
Zone Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rp
20
0.67
1.00
205
1.00
0.8
256
people
5
5
5
5
5
5
Totals
Max Building occupants
Diversity
Ez
Vou
Estimated Vp/A
Ev
Vo
No. of People
5
2
8
4
10
1
Rp*people
25
10
40
20
50
5
0
30
150
Ra
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
A (ft2)
200
300
300
400
250
300
1750
Ra*Area
12
18
18
24
15
18
0
Vbz
37
28
58
44
65
23
0
0
0
0
Vp
200
300
300
400
250
300
0
105
Vp
Zpmax
Zp
0.19
0.09
0.19
0.11
0.26
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
cfm
cfm/ft2
cfm
Zone Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rp
20
0.67
0.80
256
1.00
0.8
320
people
5
5
5
5
5
5
Totals
Max Building occupants
Diversity
Ez
Vou
Estimated Vp/A
Ev
Vo
No. of People
5
2
8
4
10
1
Rp*people
25
10
40
20
50
5
0
30
150
Ra
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.06
A (ft2)
200
300
300
400
250
300
1750
Ra*Area
12
18
18
24
15
18
0
Vbz
37
28
58
44
65
23
0
0
0
0
105
Vp
Zpmax
Zp
0.19
0.09
0.19
0.11
0.26
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.26
cfm
cfm/ft2
cfm
27
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Vp
200
300
300
400
250
300
0
Problem 6.12
Solution
Problem 6.13
Solution
Problem 6.14
Solution
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Solutions to Chapter 7
Heat and Moisture Flow in Buildings
Problem 7.1
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Find the overall U-factor and R-value for a 2 4 in. wall with R-13 fiberglass
batts (approximately 20% of the wall is framing). The exterior wall is 5/8 in.
hardboard (standard tempered) over 1/2 in. vegetable fiberboard with no air
gap. The interior finish is 1/2 in. gypsum board.
Solution
R-Insul. Path =
R-Wood Path =
U (Overall)=
R(Total)=
Problem 7.2
R-Insul. Path =
R-Wood Path =
U (Overall)=
R(Total)=
Solution
0.074
13.59
Insulation
13
Wood
Sheath
1.32
1.32
4.375
Other
=0.20*7.925+0.8*16.55
Btu/hr-ft2-F
R-Path Total
16.55
7.925
=1/0.074
hr-ft2-F/Btu
Repeat Problem 7.1 if the exterior finish is 110 lb/ft3 4 in. face brick.
Solution
Problem 7.3
Insulation
13
Wood
Sheath
1.32
1.32
4.375
Other
=0.20*7.525+0.8*16.15
Btu/hr-ft2-F
R-Path Total
16.15
7.525
=1/0.076
hr-ft2-F/Btu
Find the overall U-factors (Btu/hFft2) and R-values (hFft2/Btu) of a 2.25 in.
thick solid wood door with and without a metal storm door.
From Table 7.1 for 2.25 in. solid wood door
U = 0.27 Btu/hFft2, R = 3.7 hFft2/Btu
With storm door
U = 0.20 Btu/hFft2, R = 5.0 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.4
Solution
Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of the wall in
the building shown below.
Assuming the 1 in. insulation is expanded polystyrene (aka beadboard):
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
Insulation
3.5
Other
7.28
=1/7.28
Assuming the 1 in. insulation is extruded polystyrene (aka pink or blue board):
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
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Out. Surface
FaceBrick Insulation
Other
0.25
0.45
5
8.78 hr-ft2-F/Btu
=1/8.78
0.114 Btu/hr-ft2-F
Other
8.78
Problem 7.5
Solution
Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of the roof/
ceiling in the building shown below if the insulation is polyisocyanuarate.
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
Out. Surface
0.25
17.25
0.058
1/2"slag
0.05
2" Polyiso
12
hr-ft -F/Btu
Acos.tile
1.79
In. Surf.
0.68
R
17.25
=1/17.25
Btu/hr-ft2-F
Problem 7.6
Solution
Assuming the attic is not ventilated, with no reflective barrier, 100F ventilation air
temperature (see Table 7.2):
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
Out. Surface
0.25
25.62
0.039
Metal
0
hr-ft -F/Btu
Acos.tile
1.79
In. Surf.
0.68
R
25.62
=1/25.62
Btu/hr-ft2-F
If attic is naturally ventilated, with no reflective barrier, 100F ventilation air temperature (see Table 7.2):
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
Out. Surface
0.25
26.42
0.038
Metal
0
hr-ft -F/Btu
other
In. Surf.
0.68
R
26.42
=1/26.42
Btu/hr-ft -F
In both cases, the most appropriate roof is #4 since the insulation is greater than
20 hFft2/Btu.
Problem 7.7
Find the overall U-factor and R-value for a wall with 2 4 in. fir studs on 16 in.
O.C. with R13 fiberglass batt insulation (approximately 15% of the wall is framing). The wall exterior is 4 in. face brick (110 lb/ft3) and 1/2 in. extruded polystyrene with a 1/2 in. air gap (no reflective foil). The interior finish is 1/2 in. gypsum
board.
Solution
R-Insul. Path =
R-Wood Path =
U (Overall)=
R(Total)=
Problem 7.8
R-Insul. Path =
R-Wood Path =
U (Overall)=
R(Total)=
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0.061
16.39
Btu/hr-ft2-F
=0.15*9.905+0.85*18.53
R-Path Total
18.53
9.905
=1/0.061
hr-ft2-F/Btu
Repeat problem 7.7 for wall with 2 6 in. studs on 24 in. O.C. with R19 batts.
Solution
30
Btu/hr-ft2-F
hr-ft2-F/Btu
=0.10*12.405+0.80*24.53
=1/0.045
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R-Path Total
24.53
12.405
Problem 7.9
Solution
Find the overall U-factors (Btu/hFft2) and R-values (hFft2/Btu) of 1.75 in.
thick steel door with a urethane core (no thermal break) with and without a
metal storm door.
From Table 7.1 for 1.75 in. steel door with a urethane core and no thermal break:
U = 0.40 Btu/hFft2, R = 2.5 hFft2/Btu
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Solution
From Table 7.3 (assuming resistance of a in. air gap resistance of a in. air gap):
U = 0.55 Btu/hFft2, R = 1/U = 1.82 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.11
Find the R-value of a wall that is 4 in. face brick, 2 in. insulation, and 8 in. heavyweight concrete walls. What wall number most closely matches this wall?
Solution
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
other
In. Surf.
0.68
R
12.12
=1/12.12
Wall #16
Problem 7.12
Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of an aluminum frame, double-glass window with a in. air gap and no thermal break.
Solution
From Table 7.3 (assuming resistance of a in. air gap resistance of a in. air gap):
U = 0.87 Btu/hFft2, R = 1/U = 1.15 hFft2/Btu
Problem 7.13
Find the overall U-factor (Btu/hFft2) and R-value (hFft2/Btu) of a 1.75 in.
thick wood door with and without a metal storm door.
Solution
Problem 7.14
Solution
Problem 7.15
Solution
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Problem 7.16
Solution
Find the shade coefficient for the window of Problem 7.12 with (a) no interior
shade, (b) closed, medium-colored blinds, and (c) dark-colored drapes with a
closed weave fabric.
Aluminum frame, double pane (from Tables 7.3 and 7.4):
(a) no shade, SC = 0.76
(b) medium blind, closed, SC = 0.63
(c) dark drapes, closed weave, SC = 0.35
Problem 7.17
Find the shade coefficient for the window of Problem 7.10 with (a) no interior
shade, (b) dark roller shades, and (c) light-colored drapes with an open weave
fabric.
Solution
Problem 7.18
Solution
tA
32
AD
AC
A
------- t i + -----R- + 1.08 Q AV t o + ------ + 1.08 Q DL t s
RR
RD
RC
= ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Floor A R A Duct
--------------+ ------ + -------------- + 1.08 ( Q CSV + Q DL )
R Floor R R R Duct
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Compute the losses through the roof and the attic ventilation air in Problem 7.18.
qR = (AR RR) (tA to) and qAV = 1.08 QAV (tA to)
from Problem 7.18
qR = (5000 ft2 3 hFft2/Btu) [27.2F (5F)] = 53,700 Btu/h
and qAV = 1.08 533 cfm [27.2F (5F)] = 18,500 Btu/h
Problem 7.20
Repeat Problem 7.18 if the duct is located in a 5 ft high crawlspace that has a 1 ft
exterior exposure with no insulation. The building is 50 100 ft and has an
R = 5 hft2F/Btu floor. Crawlspace ventilation is 0.05 cfm/ft2.
Solution
t CS
A Floor
AD
--------------- t i + ( F csb P Bldg + 1.08 Q CSV ) t o + ------ + 1.08 Q DL t s
R Floor
RD
= ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A Floor
AD
--------------- + P Bldg Q CSV + ------ + 1.08 ( Q CSV + Q DL )
R Floor
RD
1193
5000
------------ 68F + ( 4.42 300 + 1.08 250 ) ( 5 ) + ------------ + 1.08 553 103.6
5
6
t CS = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 42F
5000
1193
------------ + 4.42 300 + ------------ + 1.08 ( 250 + 553 )
5
6
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--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tA
5000
5000
1193
------------ 68F + ------------ + 1.08 500 5 + ------------ + 1.08 553 103.6
3
20
= ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = 27.2F
1193
5000 5000
------------ + ------------ + ------------ + 1.08 ( 500 + 553 )
6
3
20
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Solutions to Chapter 8
Cooling Load and Heating Loss
Calculations and Analysis
Problem 8.2
Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the roof/ceiling of the single office described in
Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis, Missouri, and room conditions are 75F/63F (db/wb).
Solution
For St. Louis, to = 95F, DR = 18F, lat = 39N (Table 6.5 or 8.2)
From problem statement, ti = 75F
Use roof #4 (see Figure 7.5 or 7.6)metal roof, Rins > 20, vented attic
From Table 8.4:
CLTDTable = 66F (lat = 36N), CLTDTable = 64F (lat = 42N), via interpolation
CLTDTable = 65F (lat = 39N)
CLTDCor = CLTDTable + (78 ti) + [(to DR/2) 85] = 65 + (78 75)
+ [(95 18/2)85] = 69F
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
Out. Surface
0.25
30.62
0.033
metal
0
hr-ft2-F/Btu
Btu/hr-ft2-F
Attic Space
2.9
other
In. Surf.
0.68
R
30.62
=1/30.62
Solution
Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the walls of the single office described in
Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis.
For St. Louis, to = 95F, DR = 18F, lat = 39N (Table 6.5 or 8.2)
From problem statement, ti = 75F
Use wall #16 (see Figure 7.4)
R(Total)=
R(Total)=
U (Overall)=
other
other
In. Surf.
0.68
R
13.38
=1/13.38
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Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain of the windows of the single office described in
Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis.
Double-pane, aluminum frame windows: U = 0.87 Btu/hft2F (Table 7.3)
Light blinds: SC = 0.58 (assuming a 45 positionTable 7.4)
For conduction see Table 8.4; all walls, h = 15
CLTDTable = 14F, CLTDCor = 14 + (78 75) + [(95 18/2) 85] = 18F
To compute solar, SCL zone types based on wall types, see Figure 7.4
Heavy wall, top floor SCL zone type = B
From Table 8.6, east wall, h = 15
SCLE = 48 @ lat = 36N, CLTDTable = 48 @ lat = 42N, thus SCLE
= 48 Btu/hft2 @ lat = 39N
From Table 8.6, south wall, h = 15
SCLS = 52 @ lat = 36N, CLTDTable = 81 @ lat = 42N, thus SCLS
= 67 Btu/hft2 @ lat = 39N
qEWin = qcond + qsolar = U A CLTDCor + SC A SCL
= 0.87 (3 ft 6 ft 5 windows) 18F + 0.58 (3 ft 6 ft 5 windows) 48 Btu/hft2
= 1410 + 2510 = 3920 Btu/h
qSWin = qcond + qsolar = U A CLTDCor + SC A SCL
= 0.87 (3 ft 6 ft 4 windows) 18F + 0.58 (3 ft 6 ft 4 windows) 48 Btu/hft2
= 1130 + 2800 = 3930 Btu/h
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 8.4
Solution
Compute the 3 p.m. internal heat gain due to lighting and office equipment of the
single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis
and is occupied for 12 hours per day.
Lights:
qSLights = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wS/bulb Nbulbs
For a heavy wall, LW block,
CLF zone type = C (Figure 7.4), CLF15 = 0.92 (12 h dayTable 8.13)
qSLights = 3.412 Btu/Wh 0.92 31 wS/bulb (E-ballast) 20 2 bulbs = 3890 Btu/h
Unhooded equipment:
qSEquip = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wS = 3.412 Btu/Wh CLF15 wSComp + wSPrinters
For a heavy wall, LW block,
CLF zone type = C (Figure 7.4), CLF15 = 0.89 (12 h dayTable 8.8)
qSEquip= 3.412 Btu/Wh 0.89 (15 125 + 4 160) = 7640 Btu/h
Problem 8.5
Solution
Compute the 3 p.m. heat gain (sensible and latent) due to ventilation air of the
single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it is located in St. Louis.
Assume it is a single zone.
Find outdoor ventilation rate for 15 people in a 1008 ft2 office (single zone).
Vbz = RP P + Ra A = 5 cfm/person 15 people + 0.06 cfm/ft2 1008 ft2 = 135 cfm
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.4.
36
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For cool air delivered through ceiling, EZ = 1.0, for single zone EV = 1.0
Thus, Vot = Vbz (EZ EV) = 135 cfm (1.0 1.0) =135 cfm
For St. Louis: = 95F MWB = 76F, Wo = 0.0142 lb/lb
and for building ti = 75F, twb = 63F, Wi = 0.0094 lb/lb
qSOA 1.08 Q (cfm) (to ti) = 1.08 135 cfm (95F 75F) = 2920 Btu/h
qLOA 4680 Q (cfm) (Wo Wi) = 4680 135 cfm (0.0142 0.0094) = 3030 Btu/h
Problem 8.6
Solution
Compute the total cooling load, sensible cooling load, latent cooling load, and
sensible heat ratio of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C if it
is located in St. Louis. Provide results for all three design conditions and compare with estimates given in Table 8.15.
Use TideLoad06b.xls or later and enter values as shown below.
The main screen input for the maximum dry-bulb (95F) mean wet-bulb (76F) condition is shown below.
The main screen input for the maximum wet-bulb (79F) mean dry-bulb (90F) condition is shown below.
Problem 8.7
Solution
Compute the heat loss of the single office described in Figure C.4* in Appendix C
if it is located in St. Louis and room temperature is 70F (db).
qh = 30.6 MBtu/h (total loss)
qh = 18.0 MBtu/h (net loss = total loss internal heat gain)
Note: Problem 8.7 results are also shown in the tables that follow.
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.4.
37
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The main screen input for the maximum humidity ratio (dry bulb = 85F, wet
bulb = 78F) condition is shown below.
Zone input values and output results for design dry-bulb and MWB conditions.
Zone 1
Morning Afternoon Morning
Area
1008 Cooling Cooling Heating
2
Area-ft qc (am) qc(pm)
qh
0.00
0.00
90
7.46
2.51
72
2.30
2.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Solar
Windows (N)
Windows (E)
Windows (S)
Windows (W)
Other
Enter CLTDs directly from Tables. Program will correct for temperatures.
Conduction
Windows (N)
Windows (E)
Windows (S)
Windows (W)
Other
Other
Conduction
Walls (N)
Walls (E)
Walls (S)
Walls (W)
Other
Other
Conduction
Doors (N)
Doors (E)
Doors (S)
Doors (W)
Other
Other
Roof/Ceiling
Type A
Type B
Floor
CLTD(pm)
14
14
14
14
4
4
4
4
7
12
8
13
CLTD(pm)
10
28
13
12
CLTD(pm)
U (Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am)
0.87
0.87
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
0.075
0.075
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
CLTD(am)
CLTD(am)
Latent
Lighting
Net Sen.w/o duct
Ductwork
Sensible
Latent
Total Vent Air
Total Sensible
Total Latent
Total Gain
Total Loss
38
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
TSP =
0.00
1.33
1.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.32
4.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.37
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.77
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.68
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.00
2.26
0.00
2.26
0.00
330
168
68
68
Area-ft
1008
Area-ft
68
T(slab) Perim.-ft
68
66
T
cfm
68
135
2.42
2.82
135
3.20
3.20
29
0.10
0.10
2.74
3.00
3.34
3.00
6.26
7.64
0.00
0.00
3.55
26.66
3.89
28.72
3.46
0.85
3.73
0.78
3.52
135 cfm
30.1
32.4
7.0
7.0
37.2
39.4
0.81
0.82
30.6 NetLoss
10%
1 in. wtr.
Btu/person CLF(am)
CLF(pm)
0.73
0.89
250
200
1
1
CLF(am)
CLF(pm)
0.73
0.89
3.412
People
15
15
Watts
2515
Btu/h
1
1
CLF(am)
CLF(pm) F(ballast)
0.84
0.92
3.412
Insulation Leakage
R4
Wrap-Unsealed
(MBtu/h)
(MBtu/h)
(MBtu/h)
SHR
(MBtu/h)
0.00
0.55
0.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
Area-ft2
T(flr)
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
People
Sensible
Latent
Internal
Sensible
90
72
Area-ft
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
Slab/Basemt
Area-ft
68
68
68
68
Watts
1
1240
Location
S-Ext
0.00
2.60
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10.10
27.09
18.0
Zone input values and output results for maximum wet-bulb and MDB conditions.
Zone 1
Morning Afternoon Morning
Area
1008 Cooling Cooling Heating
2
Area-ft qc (am) qc(pm)
qh
0.00
0.00
90
7.46
2.51
72
2.30
2.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Solar
Windows (N)
Windows (E)
Windows (S)
Windows (W)
Other
Enter CLTDs directly from Tables. Program will correct for temperatures.
Conduction
Windows (N)
Windows (E)
Windows (S)
Windows (W)
Other
Other
Conduction
Walls (N)
Walls (E)
Walls (S)
Walls (W)
Other
Other
Conduction
Doors (N)
Doors (E)
Doors (S)
Doors (W)
Other
Other
Roof/Ceiling
Type A
Type B
Floor
U (Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am)
CLTD(pm)
14
14
14
14
4
4
4
4
7
12
8
13
CLTD(pm)
10
28
13
12
CLTD(pm)
0.87
0.87
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
0.075
0.075
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
CLTD(am)
CLTD(am)
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Latent
Lighting
Net Sen.w/o duct
Ductwork
Sensible
Latent
Total Vent Air
Total Sensible
Total Latent
Total Gain
Total Loss
TSP =
0.00
0.70
0.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.32
4.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.57
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.68
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
0.00
2.00
0.00
2.26
0.00
330
168
68
68
Area-ft
1008
Area-ft
68
T(slab) Perim.-ft
68
66
T
cfm
68
135
1.23
1.63
135
4.41
4.41
29
0.10
0.10
2.74
3.00
3.34
3.00
6.26
7.64
0.00
0.00
3.55
23.78
3.89
25.84
3.09
2.04
3.36
1.67
3.52
135 cfm
26.9
29.2
9.5
9.1
36.3
38.3
0.74
0.76
30.6 NetLoss
11%
1 in. wtr.
Btu/person CLF(am)
CLF(pm)
0.73
0.89
250
200
1
1
CLF(am)
CLF(pm)
0.73
0.89
3.412
1
1
CLF(am)
CLF(pm) F(ballast)
0.84
0.92
3.412
Insulation Leakage
R4
Wrap-Unsealed
(MBtu/h)
(MBtu/h)
(MBtu/h)
SHR
(MBtu/h)
0.00
-0.08
-0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
Area-ft2
T(flr)
People
Sensible
Latent
Internal
Sensible
90
72
Area-ft
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
Slab/Basemt
Area-ft
68
68
68
68
People
15
15
Watts
2515
Btu/h
Watts
1
1240
Location
S-Ext
0.00
2.60
10.10
27.09
18.0
39
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Zone input values and output results for maximum humidity ratio conditions.
Zone 1
Morning Afternoon Morning
Area
1008 Cooling Cooling Heating
2
Area-ft qc (am) qc(pm)
qh
0.00
0.00
90
7.46
2.51
72
2.30
2.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Solar
Windows (N)
Windows (E)
Windows (S)
Windows (W)
Other
Enter CLTDs directly from Tables. Program will correct for temperatures.
Conduction
Windows (N)
Windows (E)
Windows (S)
Windows (W)
Other
Other
Conduction
Walls (N)
Walls (E)
Walls (S)
Walls (W)
Other
Other
Conduction
Doors (N)
Doors (E)
Doors (S)
Doors (W)
Other
Other
Roof/Ceiling
Type A
Type B
Floor
CLTD(pm)
14
14
14
14
4
4
4
4
7
12
8
13
CLTD(pm)
10
28
13
12
CLTD(pm)
U (Btu/hr-ft2-F) CLTD(am)
0.87
0.87
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
0.075
0.075
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
CLTD(am)
CLTD(am)
Latent
Lighting
Net Sen.w/o duct
Ductwork
Sensible
Latent
Total Vent Air
Total Sensible
Total Latent
Total Gain
Total Loss
TSP =
0.00
0.39
0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.32
4.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.07
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.68
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.07
0.00
1.86
0.00
2.26
0.00
330
168
68
68
Area-ft
1008
Area-ft
68
T(slab) Perim.-ft
68
66
T
cfm
68
135
0.64
1.04
135
5.03
5.03
29
0.10
0.10
2.74
3.00
3.34
3.00
6.26
7.64
0.00
0.00
3.55
22.34
3.89
24.40
2.90
4.22
3.17
2.83
3.52
135 cfm
25.2
27.6
12.2
10.9
37.5
38.4
0.67
0.72
30.6 NetLoss
11%
1 in. wtr.
Btu/person CLF(am)
CLF(pm)
0.73
0.89
250
200
1
1
CLF(am)
CLF(pm)
0.73
0.89
3.412
1
1
CLF(am)
CLF(pm) F(ballast)
0.84
0.92
3.412
Insulation Leakage
R4
Wrap-Unsealed
(MBtu/h)
(MBtu/h)
(MBtu/h)
SHR
(MBtu/h)
0.00
-0.39
-0.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
Area-ft2
T(flr)
U(Btu/hr-ft2-F)
People
Sensible
Latent
Internal
Sensible
90
72
Area-ft
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
68
Slab/Basemt
Area-ft
68
68
68
68
People
15
15
Watts
2515
Btu/h
Watts
1
1240
Location
S-Ext
0.00
2.60
40
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
10.10
27.09
18.0
Solutions to Chapter 9
Air Distribution System Design
Problem 9.1
Solution
Q = 1400 cfm: The shape of the room lends itself to two diffusers, 700 cfm each, that
have to throw air in near equal distance in four directions. A four-way diffuser is
appropriate.
To achieve an ADPI > 90%, T50/L = 1.4 to 2.7 with louvered ceiling diffusers
(Table 9.2)
For L = 9 ft: T50 = (T50/L) L = 1.4 9 = 12.6 ft to L = 2.7 9 = 24.3 ft
For L = 10 ft: T50 = 1.4 10 = 14.0 ft to L = 2.7 10 = 27.0 ft
So the diffuser must have a T50 between 14.0 and 24.3 ft in four directions
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Try a 16 16 in. (Table 9.4): at 610 cfm T50 = 20 ft and at 765 cfm T50 = 25 ft
Via interpolation: at 700 cfm T50 23 ft OK, and NC = 27 OK
TP = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.094 (700/765)2 = 0.079 in. of water OK
Problem 9.2
Repeat Problem 9.1 for room 256 (Appendix C, Figure C.7*), which has a
40 40 ft floor with 2200 cfm.
Solution
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.7.
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
To achieve an ADPI > 90%, T50/L = 1.4 to 2.7 with louvered ceiling diffusers
(Table 9.2)
For L = 10 ft: T50 = 1.4 10 = 14.0 ft to L = 2.7 10 = 27.0 ft
So the diffuser must have a T50 between 14.0 and 27 ft in four directions
Try a 12 12 in. (Table 9.4): at 520 cfm T50 = 26 ft and at 610 cfm T50 = 30 ft
Via interpolation: at 550 cfm T50 27 ft and NC = 32 too high, but may be
OK for VAV
Try a 14 14 in. (Table 9.4): at 500 cfm T50 = 19 ft and at 625 cfm T50 = 24 ft
Via interpolation: at 550 cfm T50 21 ft OK, and NC = 25 OK
TP = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.058 (550/500)2 = 0.07 in. of water OK
Problem 9.3
Solution
Size a MERV 6 filter and a matching filter-grille for room 255 (Appendix C,
Figure C.7*) that will limit the final resistance to 0.5 in. of water. One dimension
should be a multiple of 24 in. if possible.
hFinal 0.5 in. w.c. and recommendation is hFinal 4 hInitial
Thus, hinitial = hfinal/4 = 0.5/4 = 0.125
For a MERV 6, 2 in. thick, pleated filter at 300 fpm, hInitial = 0.13 in. w.c. (Table 9.7)
V = VRated (hInitial/hRated)0.5 = 300 (0.125/0.13)0.5 = 294 fpm
A = Q V = 1400 cfm 294 fpm = 4.76 ft2
W = 24 in. = 2.0 ft: H = 4.76 ft2 2 ft = 2.38 ft = 29 in.
Use 24 in. 30 in. grille (Table 9.6): TP = 0.024 in. w.c. @ 1431 cfm
TPGrille = TPRated (Q/QRated)2 = 0.024 (1400/1431)2 = 0.023 in. w.c
Problem 9.4
Solution
Problem 9.5
Select a unit to either fit in the hallway outside room 255 (Appendix C,
Figure C.7*) or above the ceiling (42 in. vertical space) and route metal supply
ductwork with round take-offs and metal return ductwork.
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Solution
42
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.7.
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Supply duct:
1400 cfm section use 16 in. duct h/100 ft = 0.096 in. /100 ft
h = h/100 ft [L + Leqv] = 0.096/100 ft [5 ft + 12 ft + 32 ft + 21 ft] = 0.07 ft
Straight, plenum, 90L
700 cfm section use 12 in. duct h/100 ft = 0.10 in. /100 ft
h = 0.10/100 ft [20 ft + 5 ft + 5 ft + 15 ft + 35 ft] = 0.08 in.
Straight, reducer, 45L, 90L, ceiling box
Return:
1400 cfm through a short 30 24 in. section h is negligible
Problem 9.6
Solution
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 9.7
Solution
The solution is demonstrated in the figure below and in the spreadsheet sample on the
following page.
*See errata for HVAC Simplified posted to www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates for corrected Figure C.7.
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
43
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1100
14
1029
550
12
700
16
For Sizing
Par. Path
10
For Sizing
Par. Path
183
183
Diffuser
cfm
Rated cfm
550
500
Duct Width or
Height
Return
cfm
Dia. if round
0 if round
2200
28
20
1
h/100'
"Wtr./100'
0.103156
Rated h
0.058
566
183
0.070
h/100'
0.01605
0.021
0.000
Grill
cfm
Notes:
Rated cfm
Rated h
2200
2307
0.024 48" x 24"
Rated Vel Face Vel Rated h Notes:
h final
Filter
cfm
Area (sq. ft.)
fpm
fpm
in. water 2" MERV 6 Pleated
h clean
2200
8
300
275
0.13 0.13" @300 fpm (clean)
3
0.022
Total
0.328
0.566
Problem 9.8
Select a fan with a direct-drive motor to provide 1200 cfm at a TSP of 0.8 in. of
water. Specify the required speed tap setting, resulting motor power output, and
estimated required power demand.
Solution
44
Copyright ASHRAE
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Solution
Select a belt-drive fan and motor to provide 2000 cfm at a TSP of 1.2 in. of water.
Specify the required fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor with a 6 in. diameter drive pulley, resulting motor power output, and estimated required power
demand.
A 1.5 hp fan will deliver 1930 cfm @ 1.2 in. w.c. (too small)
A 2.0 hp fan will deliver 2050 cfm @ 1.2 in. w.c. for:
A fan speed of 1150 rpm
Required 1.5 BHP (which can be delivered by a 2.0 hp motor @ 75% load)
From Table 11.2 Motor = 84%
WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 1.5 hp (0.84 1.0)
= 1.33 kW
DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 6 in. (1750 1150)
= 9.13 in. 9 1/8in.
Problem 9.10
Select a belt-drive fan and motor to provide 7500 cfm at a TSP of 3.25 in. of
water. Specify the required fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor with an
8 in. diameter drive pulley, resulting motor power output, and estimated
required power demand.
Solution
Interpolating between 3.0 in. w.c and 3.5 in. w.c. for 7500 cfm for a 17R (24.5 in.) fan
rpm = 1955, BHP = 5.9 hp @ 3.25 in. w.c.
Use a 7.5 hp motor, Motor = 88%
WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 5.9 hp (0.88 1.0) = 5.0 kW
DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 8 in. (1750 1955) = 7.16 in. 7-1/8 in.
Problem 9.11
Select a motor and specify the resulting bhp and fan speed to provide 1.2 in. of
water external static pressure (ESP) and 6000 cfm for a Model 180 (Table 5.2 of
this book) rooftop unit. Provide the fan pulley diameter for a 1750 rpm motor
with a 4 in. diameter drive pulley.
Solution
bhp
3.89
bhp
4.79
rpm = 1154, kW = 3.63, bhp = 4.25 need 5 hp motor (4.25 5 = 85% load)
From Table 11.2 Motor = 87.5%, from Table 11.3 fPL = 1.0
WM,In = 0.746 Wreqd (hp) (Motor fPL) = 0.746 kW/hp 4.25 hp (0.875 1.0)
= 3.63 kW (note: same as value in table)
DFanPulley = DMotorPulley (rpmM rpmFan) = 4 in. (1750 1154) = 6.06 in. 6-1/16 in.
Problem 9.12
Solution
45
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 9.9
4000
8000
12000
16000
Problem 9.13
Solution
Using the fan laws, develop fan curves for 800 and 600 rpm.
Prob 9.13
1000 rpm
Q - cfm
2400
4800
7200
9600
12000
800 rpm
Q=(800/1000)Q1000
h "wtr.
2.96
2.94
2.57
2.09
1.35
h=(800/1000)2h1000
600 rpm
Q=(800/1000)Q1000
h=(800/1000)2h1000
Q at 800 rpm - cfm h at 800 rpm - "wtr. Q at 600 rpm - cfm h at 600 rpm - "wtr.
1920
1.89
1440
1.07
3840
1.88
2880
1.06
5760
1.64
4320
0.93
7680
1.34
5760
0.75
9600
0.86
7200
0.49
Problem 9.14
The fan described in Problem 9.12 is connected to an air distribution system that
has a loss of 1.8 in. of water at 9500 cfm when the dampers are open and 3.0 in. of
water at 5000 cfm when the dampers are set at a minimum opening. Develop a
system curve for both situations (dampers full open and minimum) and find the
resulting flow when the fan is turning 1000, 800, and 600 rpm for both situations
(dampers full open and minimum). Estimate the required power at all six points.
Note: efficiency will remain nearly constant with varying fan speed when the fan
law [h2 = h1 (rpm2/rpm1)2] is applied.
Solution
Eff. Curves
100
0 rp
m
2.0
800 r
pm
Da
mp
er
h - in. water.
3.0
Mi
mi
mu
m
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
65%
1.0
2000
4000
600 r
pm
6000
Q - cfm
70%
System Curves
Fan Curves
65%
en
Op
per
Dam
8000
10000
12000
46
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Problem 10.1
Solution
Size the piping (Schedule 40 steel) and compute the system head loss for the
(direct-return) chilled water system shown in Figure 10.1 (and Figure 5.10). The
distance between each FCU is 50 ft, and the distance between the last FCU and
the headers is 30 ft. The distance between the first FCU and the chiller is 120 ft.
The chiller head loss is found using the specifications of a Model 060 scroll compressor design (Table 5.10). The fan-coils units are Model 60-HW-4 (Table 5.12).
Use ball valves for all valves 2 in. and smaller and gate valves for larger valves.
E-Pipelator.xls results for old steel pipe and 50F water:
Input
Piping Loop Head Loss Calculator - System Designer for HVAC Systems
Liquid Water
Temp
Den
Vis
Flow
gpm
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flow
gpm
160
120
80
40
20
0
Coils
50 F
62.38 lbm/ft3
8.88E-04 lbm/ft-s
HDPE Piping
Nom. Dia.
Inches
4
1.5
2
1.5
0.75
0.75
Steel/Brass
Nom. Dia.
Inches
4
3
3
2
1.5
3
DR
I.D.
Roughness
OD t
in.
(for HDPE in ft.)
11 3.68
0.00007
11 1.55
0.00007
11 1.94
0.00007
11 1.55
0.00007
11 0.86
0.00007
11 0.86
0.00007
Schedule I.D.
40 or 80
in.
40 4.03
40 3.07
40 3.07
40 2.07
40 1.61
40 3.07
Pipe Mat'l
for Rghness in ft.
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
Flow
gpm
20
160
0
FCU
Chiller
1.32 cps
Vel
fps
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Re
Vel
fps
4.0
5.2
3.5
3.8
3.2
0.0
Re
Rated
Flow
gpm
21
150
0
Rated h
@ 60F
ft. water
10
15
0
Inlet
Size
inches
1.5
4
0
Inlet
Vel
fps
3.6
4.1
0.0
Optional Input
Re(in)
31892
95677
0
Rated
Vel
fps
3.8
3.8
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95059
93556
62371
46288
29713
0
Other
Fittings
& Valves
ball valve
Zone
Flow
gpm
20
20
0
Cv
@ 60F
gpm
81
27.5
0
Quanity
2
1
0
Inlet
Size
inches
1.5
1.5
2
Inlet
Vel
fps
3.6
3.6
0.0
Re(in)
31892
31892
0
Open Systems
Rated
Vel
fps
14.7
5.0
0.0
Only
Output
Re(rated)
h
Ft. Liquid
38381
9.2
102808
17.2
0
0.0
Coil sub-total
26.4
Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty.
h
ft
Ft. Liquid
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
HDPE sub-total
0.0
Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty.
h
ft
Ft. Liquid
2 T-Straight
6.8
4
5.7
2 90 L
4.5
0
5.0
2 90 L
4.5
0
2.5
2 90 L
2.8
0
4.6
2 90 L
2.1
0
2.7
0 90 L
4.5
0
0.0
Fe/Br sub-total
20.4
Re(rated)
148043
50261
0
Fitting sub-total
? ? Elevation
Total Loss
h
Ft. Liquid
0.3
1.3
0.0
1.6
0
48.4
Graph (Figure 10.8) and calculation (Equations 10.4 and 10.7) method for new steel
pipe and 60F water (the abbreviations following the equivalent length values correspond to the fittings listed in the drop-down boxes in the spreadsheet):
160 gpm section use 4 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 1.6 ft/100 ft
h160 = 1.6 ft/100 ft [2 120 ft + 4 5.7 ft (90Ls) + 2 5.7 (gate v.) + 4 6.8 (T-str.)] = 4.8
120 gpm section use 3 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.5 ft/100 ft
4.5
h120 = 3.5 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 2 3.5 ft (Red.) + 4 5.2 ft (T-str.)] =
80 gpm section use 3 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 1.8 ft/100 ft
h80 = 1.8 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 4 5.2 (T-str.)] =
2.2
40 gpm section use 2 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.3 ft/100 ft
h40 = 3.3 ft/100 ft [2 50 ft + 2 3.5 ft (Red.) + 4 3.4 (T-str.)] =
4.0
20 gpm section use 1 1/2 in., schedule 40 pipe h = 3.0 ft/100 ft
h20 = 3.0 ft/100 ft [2 30 ft + 4 3.4 (90Ls)] =
2.1
hvalves = 2 2.31 (20 gpm/81)2 (1 1/2 in. ball) + 2.31 (20 gpm/27.5)2 (1 1/2 in. zone) = 1.5
hFCU = 10 ft (from Table 5.12) (20 gpm/21 gpm)2 =
9.1
16.8
hChiller @ 160 gpm (from Figure 5.12) =
hTotal = 45.0
Copyright ASHRAE
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Solutions to Chapter 10
Water Distribution System Design
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 10.2
Select a chilled water pump and corresponding motor for the system described
in Problem 10.1.
Solution
The system requires a pump that will deliver a 160 gpm flow rate and 45 ft of head,
assuming the water treatment program will be good to maintain the condition of the
pipe. In this case, a Model #2-1/2 AB pump (Figure 10.14) with a 7 in. diameter
impeller will provide 46.5 ft of head at 160 gpm. It will require approximately
2.8 bhp, so a 3 hp, 1750 rpm motor will suffice. Note the selected pump will operate
near 73% efficiency, which is near the maximum efficiency point (MEP) of 75.5%.
If the water treatment program is uncertain, the old steel pipe roughness and head loss
(48.4 ft) should be assumed. Although a Model 5x5x9-3/4B pump with a 7-3/4 in,
impeller will provide adequate flow and head, it is not a good choice. Note the efficiency at the resulting operating point is only about 45%well below its MEP of
79.5%. A more extensive set of pump curves should be consulted to select a pump
that will operate at a more favorable efficiency.
Problem 10.3
Solution
Size the piping, compute the required head, and select a pump and motor for the
condenser water loop shown in Figure 10.3. Use the Model 060 chiller from
Problem 10.1 with a flow rate of 200 gpm. Use SDR 11 high-density polyethylene
to eliminate corrosion in this open loop. The distance between the basin and
upper tray in the cooling tower is 12 ft.
Graph (Figure 10.9) and calculation (Equation 10.4) method for HDPE pipe:
200 gpm use 4 in., DR11 pipe h = 3.3 ft/100 ft
h160 = 3.3 ft/100 ft [2 250 + 12 ft + 6 38 ft (90Ls) + 4 5.7 (gate v.)] =
Elevation =
hCondenser @ 200 gpm (from Figure 5.15) =
hTotal =
25.2
12.0
12.5
49.0 ft.
The Model 5x5x9-3/4B pump with a 7-3/4 in. impellor will provide 54 ft at 200 gpm
but is not a good choice. Note the efficiency at the resulting operating point is only
about 56%, well below its MEP of 79.5%. A more extensive set of pump curves
should be consulted to select a pump that will operate at a more favorable efficiency.
If the pump is used, a 5 hp/1750 rpm motor is acceptable.
48
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Problem 10.4
Solution
Problem 10.5
Design the chilled water piping loop for the system shown using Schedule 40 steel
pipe and gate valves on the main piping, with two-ball valves and one motorized
zone valve (Cv = 18) on the fan-coil loops.
See solution beneath Problem 10.5 solution.
Compute the required head loss and select a chilled water pump for
Problem 10.5.
Solution
Input
Piping Loop Head Loss Calculator - System Designer for HVAC Systems
Liquid Water
Temp
Den
Vis
Flow
gpm
0
0
0
0
0
0
Flow
gpm
70
50
35
20
15
0
Coils
50 F
62.38 lbm/ft3
8.88E-04 lbm/ft-s
HDPE Piping
Nom. Dia.
Inches
1.5
1.5
2
1.5
0.75
0.75
Steel/Brass
Nom. Dia.
Inches
3
3
2
1.5
1.25
3
DR
I.D.
Roughness
OD t
in.
(for HDPE in ft.)
11 1.55
0.00007
11 1.55
0.00007
11 1.94
0.00007
11 1.55
0.00007
11 0.86
0.00007
11 0.86
0.00007
Schedule I.D.
40 or 80
in.
40 3.07
40 3.07
40 2.07
40 1.61
40 1.38
40 3.07
Pipe Mat'l
for Rghness in ft.
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
Steel-Old
PVC
PVC
Flow
gpm
20
70
0
60HW4
Chiller
1.32 cps
Vel
fps
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Re
Vel
fps
3.0
2.2
3.3
3.2
3.2
0.0
Re
Rated
Flow
gpm
21
80
0
Rated h
@ 60F
ft. water
10
7.5
0
Inlet
Size
inches
1.5
3
0
Inlet
Vel
fps
3.6
3.2
0.0
Optional Input
Re(in)
31892
55811
0
Rated
Vel
fps
3.8
3.6
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54574
38982
40502
29713
25999
0
Other
Fittings
& Valves
ball valve
Zone valve
Flow
gpm
20
20
0
Cv
@ 60F
gpm
81
27.5
0
Quanity
2
1
0
Inlet
Size
inches
1.5
1.5
2
Inlet
Vel
fps
3.6
3.6
0.0
Re(in)
31892
31892
0
Open Systems
Rated
Vel
fps
14.7
5.0
0.0
Only
Output
Re(rated)
h
Ft. Liquid
38381
9.2
73108
5.9
0
0.0
Coil sub-total
15.1
Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty.
h
ft
Ft. Liquid
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
2
0.0
2 5-LoopHdrLastTO 30
HDPE sub-total
0.0
Qty. Fitting Selector Leqv Qty.
h
ft
Ft. Liquid
3 T-Straight
5.4
2
2.4
0 90 L
4.5
0
1.1
2 90 L
2.8
0
3.3
2 90 L
2.1
0
7.8
0 90 L
1.8
0
0.0
0 90 L
4.5
0
0.0
Fe/Br sub-total
14.5
Re(rated)
148043
50261
0
Fitting sub-total
? ? Elevation
Total Loss
h
Ft. Liquid
0.3
1.3
0.0
1.6
0
31.2
49
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Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Solutions to Chapter 11
Motors, Lighting, and Controls
Problem 11.1
Solution
An air system design requires 6600 cfm with 3.0 in. of water (static pressure).
Find the required motor size, drive pulley diameter (if the blower wheel has a
12 in. diameter pulley and the motor is 4-pole), fan efficiency, and motor
demand.
A 17R fan (Table 9.13) will deliver:
6000 cfm and 3.0 in. TSP when operating at 1730 rpm and requiring 4.33 bhp
7500 cfm and 3.0 in. TSP when operating at 1920 rpm and requiring 5.68 bhp
Via linear interpolation to the operating requirement:
6600 cfm and 3.0 in. TSP when operating at 1810 rpm and requiring 4.9 bhp
6600 (cfm) 3.0 (in. water)
Q (cfm) p (in. water)
fan = --------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------------ = 0.636 = 63.6%
6350 4.9
6350 bhp
Use 5 hp, 1725 rpm motor (Motor = 86.5%) from Table 11.5
Note: rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 4 1800 rpm
rpm Fan
1810
D Motor = D Fan ----------------------- = 12 in. ------------ = 12.6 in. = 12 5/8 in.
1725
rpm Motor
0.746 kW/hp W Req'd (hp)
0.746 kW/hp 4.9 (hp)
W MotorIn = ---------------------------------------------------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------- = 4.2 kW
0.865 1.0
Motor f PL
Problem 11.2
Solution
Compute the demand, KVA, and KVAR of a 6-pole, 20 hp motor at 100%, 75%,
and 50% load.
rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 6 1200 rpm, 20 hp
From Table 11.2, Motor = 91.0%
From Table 11.3, fPL-100% = 1.0, fPL-75% = 1.0, fPL-50% = 0.99
From Table 11.4, PF100% = 0.84, PF75% = 0.81, PF50% = 0.74
For 100% load,
W MotorIn
0.746 kW/hp 20 (hp)
16, 400 W
W MotorIn = ------------------------------------------------------ = 16.4 kW, I = ---------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 49.0 amps
0.91 1.0
3 E PF
3 230 0.84
Copyright ASHRAE
Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Problem 11.3
Solution
Compute the demand, KVA, and KVAR of a 2-pole, 15 hp motor at 100%, 75%,
and 50% load.
rpm 7200 no. of poles 7200 2 3600 rpm, 15 hp
From Table 11.2, Motor = 89.5%
From Table 11.3, fPL-100% = 1.0, fPL-75% = 1.0, fPL-50% = 0.99
From Table 11.4, PF100% = 0.89, PF75% = 0.88, PF50% = 0.84
For 100% load,
W MotorIn
12, 500 W
0.746 kW/hp 15 (hp)
W MotorIn = ------------------------------------------------------ = 12.5 kW, I = ---------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 17.6 amps
0.895 1.0
3 E PF
3 460 0.89
Problem 11.4
Solution
A 30 DE-25 in. fan is operated at 1195 rpm to deliver 10,000 cfm at 3.5 in. of
water. Select an 1800 rpm motor to drive this fan and specify resulting demand
(kW), KVA, and KVAR at the design point and at 6,000 cfm.
30 DE-25 in. fan at 1195 rpm, 10,000 cfm, and 3.5 in. TSP
bhp = 7.84, use 10 hp motor @ 78% load
From Table 11.2, Motor = 89.5%
From Table 11.3, fPL-78% = 1.0
From Table 11.4, PF78% = 0.83
For 78% load,
W MotorIn
0.746 kW/hp 0.78 10 (hp)
6500 W
W MotorIn = --------------------------------------------------------------------- = 6.5 kW, I = ---------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 19.7 amps
0.895 1.0
3 E PF
3 230 0.83
Problem 11.5
Solution
Repeat Problem 11.4 if a motor one size larger than required is specified.
For a 30 DE-25 in. fan at 1195 rpm, 10,000 cfm, and 3.5 in. TSP
bhp = 7.84, but use 15 hp motor @ 52% load
From Table 11.2, Motor = 91.0%
From Table 11.3, fPL-52% = 0.99
From Table 11.4, PF52% = 0.78
For 78% load,
W MotorIn
0.746 kW/hp 0.52 15 (hp)
6500 W
W MotorIn = ---------------------------------------------------------------------- = 6.5 kW, I = ---------------------------- = ----------------------------------- = 20.8 amps
0.91 0.99
3 E PF
3 230 0.78
52
Copyright ASHRAE
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Problem 11.6
Solution
A pump that operates 3000 hours per year and requires 400 gpm and 55 ft of
head is significantly oversized. The curve of the existing pump is shown in Figure
10.12. The impellor diameter is 9.75 in. and the motor is 20 hp. The required
flow rate is attained by throttling the pump discharge valve.
a. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor efficiency and power demand at the throttled position.
b. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor efficiency and power demand for the 20 hp motor if the pump impellor was
trimmed to a size shown on the curve that provides the needed flow and
head.
c. Estimate the required horsepower and compute the resulting motor efficiency and power demand for the adequately sized motor if the pump
impellor was trimmed.
d. Estimate the annual energy consumption for the three above options.
For a cost of $500 to trim the impellor and $1000 to purchase and replace the
motor, estimate the simple payback for the options in 11.6b and 11.6c.
a. For a Model 5x5x9-3/4 pump with a 9-3/4 in. impeller:
@ 400 gpm, h = 88 ft, pump = 73%
Wreqd = 400 88 ft (3960 0.73) = 12.2 hp
For 20 hp motor, %Load = 12.2 hp 20 hp = 61%
Motor = 91%, fPL = 1.0
WMotorIn = 0.746 12.2 (0.91 1.0) = 10.0 kW
b. For a Model 5x5x9-3/4 pump with an 8-1/4 in. impeller:
@ 400 gpm, h = 55 ft, pump = 75%
Wreqd = 400 55 ft (3960 0.75) = 7.4 hp
For 20 hp motor, %Load = 7.4 hp 20 hp = 37%
Motor = 91%, fPL = 0.96
WMotorIn = 0.746 7.4 (0.91 0.96) = 6.3 kW
c. For a Model 5x5x9-3/4 pump with an 8-1/4 in. impeller and either 7.5 or 10 hp
motor:
@ 400 gpm, h = 55 ft, pump = 75%
Wreqd = 400 55 ft (3960 0.75) = 7.4 hp
For 7.5 hp motor, Motor = 88.5%, fPL = 1.0
WMotorIn = 0.746 7.4 (0.885 1.0) = 6.2 kW
d. For a., E = 3000 h 10 kW = 30,000 kWh
For b., E = 3000 h 6.3 kW = 18,900 kWh
For c., E = 3000 h 6.2 kW = 18,600 kWh
Problem 11.7
Solution
Design a lighting system for a 30 40 ft classroom using 2-bulb, 48-in. T-8 fluorescent lighting fixtures with electronic ballasts.
Classroom illumination is D or E (Table 11.8).
Try higher level first (E, illumination = 750 lumens/m2 or 75 lumens/ft2).
A 48-in.-long T-8 lamp, 2710 lumens (mean), 31 W (Table 11.11)
Each two-bulb fixture provides 5420 lumens and requires 62 W.
Luminaries = 75 lumens/ft2 1200 ft2 5420 lumens/fixture = 16.6 fixtures
Use 17 or 18
53
Copyright ASHRAE
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Problem 11.8
Solution
Compare the demand of the resulting design for problem 11.7 with ASHRAE
Standard 90.1-2004 limits for this application.
For 18 bulbs: W = 18 fixtures 62 W/fixture = 1116 W
LPD = 1116 W 1200 ft2 = 0.93 W/ ft2
From Table 11.10, LPDClassroom = 1.4 W/ ft2
Design complies with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 since 0.93 W/ft2 < 1.4 W/ft2.
Problem 11.9
A 1000 ft2 storage area is currently lit with standard 100-W incandescent bulbs
to an illumination of 30 footcandles for 80 hours per week. Compare the annual
operating cost of using existing bulbs and replacing them with equivalent lighting output compact fluorescent bulbs. Include operating cost (at 8/kWh), cost of
bulbs (at $3.00 each), and installation cost (1 hour at $20/hour labor).
Solution
For 100-W incandescent bulbs that provide 1710 lumens each with an average life of
750 hours:
Luminaries = 30 lumens/ft2 1000 ft2 1710 lumens/bulb = 18 bulbs
W = 18 100 W = 1800 W
1800 W
18 bulbs $0.30 $20/h
Annual Cost = 80 h 52 weeks ----------------------------- 0.08 $/kW + --------------------------------------- + ------------- = $740 yr
1000 W/kW
750 h
750 h
For compact fluorescent bulbs, use 26-W (33-W actual), which provide 1700 lumens
each with an average life of 12,000 hours.
33 18 W
18 bulbs $3.00
$20/h
Annual Cost = 80 h 52 weeks ----------------------------- 0.08 $/kW + --------------------------------------- + ------------------- = $223 yr
1000 W/kW
12000 h
12000 h
54
Copyright ASHRAE
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Solutions to Chapter 12
Energy, Costs, and Economics
Problem 12.1
Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
split-system heat pump with a medium-efficiency scroll compressor, an indoor
fan with a standard AC motor, and an axial condenser fan.
Solution
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Copyright ASHRAE
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No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Problem 12.2
Solution
Problem 12.3
Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
packaged rooftop unit with a medium-efficiency reciprocating compressor, an axial
condenser fan, an indoor fan that delivers 1.5 in. of water, and a return fan that
delivers 1.0 in. of water. Fan motors are 85% efficient and fans are 65% efficient.
Solution
56
Copyright ASHRAE
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--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Problem 12.4
Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
ground-source heat pump using a high-efficiency scroll compressor, a fan with
an ECM, and a 50% efficient pump with a 60% electric motor that delivers 25 ft
of water head. Assume the entering water temperature (EWT) to the unit is 85F.
Solution
Problem 12.5
Compute the HVAC system demand (kW/ton) and efficiency (EER, COP) for a
chilled water system with a high-efficiency water-cooled centrifugal compressor,
70% efficient chiller pumps with 50 ft of head, 70% efficient loop pumps with 70
ft of head, air-handling units with 75% efficient supply fans that deliver 5.0 in. of
water, 75% efficient return air fans that deliver 2.0 in. of water, 70% efficient
condenser pumps with 60 ft of head, an axial fan cooling tower, and fan-powered
variable air volume (FPVAV) terminals with ECMs. Assume all motors are 92%
efficient (except ECMs).
Solution
57
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Problem 12.6
Repeat Problem 12.5 but replace the VAV system (supply fan, return fans,
FPVAVs) with fan-coil units (FCUs) that have a nominal 10 ton/4000 cfm capacity and circulate air with 3 hp fans driven by 85% efficient motors.
Solution
Problem 12.7
Solution
Problem 12.8
Solution
Problem 12.9
Solution
58
Copyright ASHRAE
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A building in Birmingham, Alabama, is occupied five days per week from 8 a.m.
to 8 p.m. During the occupied period, it has a cooling load of 120 MBtu/h at 97F
outside air temperature and a cooling load of 0 MBtu/h at 57F OAT. During the
unoccupied period, it has a cooling load of 40 MBtu/h at 97F outside air temperature and a cooling load of 0 MBtu/h at 57F OAT. In heating, the load is
80 MBtu/h at 17F OAT (occupied), 60 MBtu/h at 17F OAT (unoccupied), and
0 MBtu/h at 47F OAT (occupied and unoccupied). It is cooled by a unit with a
125 MBtu/h capacity and 14 kW demand at 97F and a 141 MBtu/h capacity and
11.4 kW demand at 67F. It is heated by a unit with a 120 MBtu/h heating capacity with an 80% efficiency with a 1.5 hp 82% efficient fan motor. Compute the
annual cost of heating and cooling the building based on 8/kWh in the summer
and 7/kWh in the winter. Natural gas cost is $1.80 per therm (ccf).
See table on following pages.
Find the savings for the system described in Problem 12.7 if the efficiency of the
cooling unit was improved by 20% (same capacity with 20% lower demand), the
efficiency of the furnace is 95%, and the fan is reduced to 1 hp with a 90% efficient motor.
See table on following pages.
Repeat Problem 12.7 using a heat pump with the same cooling capacity and a
heating capacity of 120 MBtu/h with an input of 11.3 kW at 47F and 55 MBtu/h
with an input of 9.8 kW at 17F.
See table on following pages.
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Solution
59
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60
Solution
61
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Problem 12.10
Solution
Maint. Cost*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Main. Inflation
Rate (%)
5
Added Annual
Payment ($)
746.03
Gen. Inflation
Rate -CPI (%)
5
Added Monthly
Payment ($)
62.17
Disc. NCF
-266.03
-216.79
-168.85
-122.12
-76.51
-31.93
11.69
54.44
96.39
137.62
178.19
218.18
257.64
296.66
335.28
373.56
411.58
449.38
487.02
524.55
562.03
599.51
637.04
674.67
712.45
750.44
788.66
827.18
866.04
905.28
Pres. Worth
-266.03
-482.82
-651.67
-773.78
-850.29
-882.22
-870.53
-816.08
-719.69
-582.07
-403.88
-185.70
71.95
368.60
703.88
1077.44
1489.02
1938.40
2425.42
2949.96
3511.99
4111.50
4748.54
5423.22
6135.67
6886.11
7674.77
8501.95
9367.99
10273.27
The added monthly mortgage payment is $62.17, but the savings is only $40 per
month. However, the cost of energy is inflating at a higher rate compared to inflation
and the monthly note is fixed, so after 12 years the owner begins to receive a positive
return if he/she plans on owning the home for this extended period and the life of the
energy efficiency package is more than 12 years. Given the frequency of moving to a
new home for the typical US family, this would be a marginal investment.
Problem 12.11
Solution
62
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Problem 12.12
Solution
Maint. Cost*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Main. Inflation
Rate (%)
5
Added Annual
Payment ($)
1012.88
Gen. Inflation
Rate -CPI (%)
5
Added Monthly
Payment ($)
84.41
Disc. NCF
-532.88
-470.93
-410.89
-352.63
-296.04
-241.01
-187.43
-135.20
-84.22
-34.39
14.37
62.16
109.05
155.14
200.50
Pres. Worth
-532.88
-1003.80
-1414.69
-1767.32
-2063.36
-2304.37
-2491.80
-2627.00
-2711.22
-2745.61
-2731.24
-2669.08
-2560.03
-2404.89
-2204.39
Solution
Disc. NCF
27000.00
25741.24
24540.90
23396.27
22304.79
21264.01
20271.58
19325.27
18422.94
17562.57
Pres. Worth
-173000.00
-147258.76
-122717.87
-99321.59
-77016.80
-55752.79
-35481.21
-16155.94
2267.00
19829.57
PW10 = $19,829.57
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63
Problem 12.14
Solution
Disc. NCF
27000.00
25141.73
23411.10
21799.35
20298.36
18900.51
17598.74
16386.46
15257.53
14206.24
64
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--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Pres. Worth
-173000.00
-147858.27
-124447.18
-102647.82
-82349.47
-63448.96
-45850.22
-29463.75
-14206.22
0.02
Problem 12.15
Solution
A ground-source heat pump costs $5000 more than a conventional heating and
cooling system. It saves approximately $400 per year in energy costs and $100
per year in maintenance costs. The owner plans to live in this home for 20 years.
The energy inflation rate is 7%, the discount rate is 5%, and the general inflation and maintenance rates are 6%. What is the present worth at 20 years and
what is the discounted payback?
Discounted 20-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation
Added Cost
Discount
Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation
of ECO
Rate (%)
Rate (%)
Rate (%)
Rate -CPI (%)
5000
5
7
6
6
Year One
Year One
Salvage Value
Energy Savings Maint. Cost*
in Year 20
400
-100
0.00
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Disc. NCF
500.00
479.78
460.39
441.79
423.95
406.83
390.41
374.65
359.54
345.04
331.13
317.79
304.98
292.70
280.92
269.61
258.76
248.35
238.37
228.78
Pres. Worth
-4500.00
-4020.22
-3559.82
-3118.03
-2694.09
-2287.26
-1896.85
-1522.20
-1162.66
-817.62
-486.48
-168.70
136.29
428.99
709.90
979.51
1238.27
1486.63
1724.99
1953.78
PW20 = $1953.78
DPB 12.6 years (time at which PW = 0)
65
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Problem 12.16
Solution
Repeat Problem 12.15 for ie = 6%, ig = im = 7%, and d = 6% and compare these
results with a simple payback analysis.
Discounted 20-Year Economic Analysis with Inflation
Added Cost
Discount
Energy Inflation Main. Inflation Gen. Inflation
of ECO
Rate (%)
Rate (%)
Rate (%)
Rate -CPI (%)
5000
6
6
7
7
Year One
Year One
Salvage Value
Energy Savings Maint. Cost*
in Year 20
400
-100
0.00
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Disc. NCF
500.00
468.17
438.38
410.48
384.37
359.92
337.03
315.61
295.54
276.76
259.18
242.72
227.30
212.87
199.36
186.70
174.86
163.77
153.38
143.65
PW20 = $750.05
DPB 16.3 years (time at which PW = 0)
SPB = $5000 [$400/yr ($100/yr)] = 10 years
66
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Pres. Worth
-4500.00
-4031.83
-3593.45
-3182.97
-2798.60
-2438.68
-2101.65
-1786.05
-1490.50
-1213.74
-954.56
-711.84
-484.54
-271.67
-72.31
114.39
289.25
453.02
606.40
750.05
--`,,``,`,,,`,,`,````,`,`,,,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Copyright ASHRAE
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