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Chapter 1 - Weldability of Metals PDF
Chapter 1 - Weldability of Metals PDF
Weldability of Metals
1. Weldability of Metals
DIN 8580 and DIN 8595 classify welding into production technique main group 4 "Joining,
group 3.6 "Joining by welding, Figure 1.1.
Production Techniques
DIN 8580
Main group
2
Deforming
Main group
1
Forming
Group
4.1
Assembling
Group
4.2
Filling
Group
4.3
Pressing
Main group
3
Separating
Group
4.4
Joining by
forming
Main group
4
Joining
DIN 8593
Group
4.5
Joining by
deforming
Main group
5
Plating
Group
4.6
Joining by
welding
Sub-group
4.6.1
Pressure welding
Main group
6
Changing material
characteristics
Group
4.7
Joining by
soldering
Group
4.8
Bonding
Sub-group
4.6.2
Fusion welding
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Figure 1.1
Material
Welding suitability
in
De g saf
sig ety
n
ility
sib
os
g p ture
ldin fac
We anu
M
Figure 1.2.
Weldability
of a
component
We
ld
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Influencing Factors on
Weldability to DIN 8528 Part 1
Figure 1.2
1. Weldability of Metals
understanding
in
properties
are
Figure 1.3
physical
characteristics of the material.
Process steps on steel manufacturing, shown in Figure 1.4, are the essential steps on the
way to a processible and usable material.
During manufacture, the requested chemical
composition (e.g. by alloying) and metallurgiBlast furnace:
Reduction of ore to
raw iron
Intake of C, S, and P
Converter:
Removal of C and P
through oxygen and CaO
Injection of
solid material
or feeding
cored wires
Ladle treatment:
Alloying and vacuum
degassing (removal
of N2, H2, CO/CO2)
Ladle treatment
electrically heated
transformation
processes,
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Figure 1.4
1. Weldability of Metals
A survey from quality point of view about the influence of the most important alloy elements
to some mechanical and metallurgical properties is shown in Figure 1.5.
Si
Mn
Cr
Ni
Al
Tensile strength
(-)
Hardness
Charpy-V-toughness
(-)
++
--
Hot cracking
Creep resistance
+(-400C)
(+)
Critical
cooling rate
Formation
of seggregations
++
++
Formation
of inclusions
++
(+)
(-)
++
+
+
with Mn with S
+ Increase of property
++ Strong increase of property
--
+
with Al
Decrease of property
Strong decrease of property
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Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6 depicts the decisive importance of the carbon content to suitability of
fusion welding of mild steels.
A guide number of flawless
fusion weldability is a carbon
content of C < 0,22 %. with
C-content (%)
(Melt analysis)
Fusion weldability
unlimited
(up to 0,30)
up to 0,21
Weldable
unlimited,
about 0,30
about 0,40
about 0,50
Material
up to 0,17
up to 0,22
up to 0,18 (up to 0,24)
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Fusion Weldability of
Unalloyed Quality Steels
Figure 1.6
1. Weldability of Metals
In addition to material behaviour, weldability is also essentially determined through the design
of a component. The influence of the design is designated as welding safety, Figure 1.7.
Welding Safety
Design
Stress condition
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Welding Safety
Figure 1.7
Welding Possibility
and
post-weld
heat
before
welding
the
Welding
preparation
e.g. Welding method
Consumble type
and auxiliaries
Joint type
Groove shape
Preheating
Actions in the case
of unfavourable
weather conditions
Execution of
welding
e.g. Heat control
Heat input
Welding sequence
Welding Possibility
Figure 1.8
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Post-treatment