MT SO VAN E

V
CCH DY V CCH HC

N H XUT HAN I H C

Qc

GIA H NI

MC LC
Trang
1
2

Li ni u

B quyt quan trng n h t l phng php hc tp,

l phong cch hc tp

11

C T h t n g P h a m V n D n g
3

ay m n h di mi c bn cch dy, cch hc thc

hin Ngh quyt i hi IX

15

V O a n h
4

Dy i hc ch yu l dy cho
t duy sng to.

sv

cch hc, cch

20

T h t n g P h a n V n K h i
5-

Mt vi kin v vn

d bi dng nhn ti

22

G S. m T r u n g D n
6.

Bi dng hc sinh gii cc lp chuyn

29

G S. D n g T r o n g B i
7.

o to ngun nhn lc c trnh cao phc v

nn kinh t tri thc nc nh

35

GS. P h m S i T i n
8.

Bit mi dy mt v hc mt bit mi

39

G S. N g u y n V n o
>.

Mt s vn thi s v vic dy cch hc

43

G S. V V n T o

10. Ci tin phng ph p ging dy nn g cao cht

lng o to
P G S. T S . N g D o n i
11. Hc v dy cch hc
G S. T r n B H o n h
12. Suy ngh v dy hc i hc
G S. N g u y n N h
13. Tng quan v' phng php dy hc i hc
P G S . L c N gc
14. Tip tc i mi phng p hp dy hc theo hng
"Hot ng ha ngi hc
P C S . T S . N g h i m n h V
1 5 . phng php dy hc da t r n hot ng v
nhng thch thc mi vi GV v HS tiu hc
T S. N g u y n T r
16. Hc, dy, qu n l v tri thc ha
NG. N g u y n K
17. Sinh vin hc n h t h no ?
G S. T r n P h n g
18. N lc t hc vn ln hc gii
NG. m L c
19. Vi iu tm c trong ba mi nm dy Vn
G S. L T r V in
20. Dy Vn hc sinh t hc Vn
G S. P h a n T r n g L u n

2 1 . Th no l mt h' sinh gii Vn ?

143

G S. N g u yn D n g M anh
T S. D N g o e T h n g
22. M\ vn phn tch tc phm vn hc

162

GS. T r n n g X u y n
2.1 H-.C Vn

167

G S. T r n n h s
24. Phng hng dy v hc t Hn - Vit trng
ph thng

170

G S. D n g c S i u
25. Di mi phng p hp dy hc Lch s - mt yu
cu cp thit

178

G S. P h a n N g o e L i n
2fi. S u ch dn h cho gio vin dy Lch s

186

N G . o n T h n h
27. Bi (ing cho hc sinh nng lc t hc mn a l

193

P G S . N g u y n D c
2H. T hit k bi hc o c - Gio dc cng dn theo
phng php dy - t hc (bng hnh ng)

196

N G . N g u y n N g h a D n
2i). Hc sinh nn hc Ton n h t h no cho tt ?

199

G S. T S K H . N g u y n C n h T o n
30. Mt s kin v di mi phng php dy Ton
bc ph thng tru n g hc

210

P G S . T S . T r n K i u
5

31. P h t h u y tnh tch cc, ch ng ca hc sinh trong

hc Ton

218

N G T . V H u B n h

32. Lm-bi t p th nghim Vt l - mt cch t hc

t hiu qu cao

231

NG. N g u yn T h n g C hung
33- N h ng suy ngh sa u mt bi tp V t l

243

NG. o Vn P h t
34. Cc bin php h o t ng ha ngi hc trong dj

249

hc Ha hc
G S. T S K H . N g u y n C ng
35. H y ci tin cch hc ngoi ng ca bn

257

NG. o T r n g Q u a n g
264

36. T hc ngoi ng kh hay d

PG S. L K h n h B n g
T S . N g u y n V n Tu

r.

LI NI U
rong nhng nm th a m cr dao to ( trng s phm .
tp lp s v - n h n g nh i*a<) tm lai (c tran L hi kha
bi hn v h lun (lV hc i'd h lun (v cc m n hc.
H anh trang vo nghe ca cc nha gio tr khng chi c kirn
thrc i r mn hc m cn c c k i n th c v p h n g p h p
f'rtmg i ng ny c kh nhiu nh gio do say m vi ngh i
. tm h o n ", khng ngng t bi dng cho m in h tri thc mi r
nn L lc s phm bng cch c sch ho, ham gio hi tho
khoa hc, tham gia vit sch, vit bo, tong kt kinh nghim
ling dy... Do d k h i tip cn vi cch 7v, cch hc mi, h
tip nhn m t cch chu ng, ho hng, chc chn v m ang
tinh sang to cao.

Song s nh gio n h trn cn cha nhiu. N h iu ngi

bng lng vi cai d c hc nha trng m cha nhn cn
lri bit, kin h nghim v cch cly, cch hc, bin n th n h th
('a ci, th ti sn q u g i ca m inh n h l m t p h m cht ct
\'u ca nh gio. Vy th l n h ng V tng, n h ng cch dy,
rch hc tin tin, nh ng k in h nghim q u bu v vn ny
dng ti trn sch bo vi h ch l s knh n h vin chi ".
N h ng t nhng nm 80 tr li y, trong cc N g h quyt
{'a ng, trong nh ng bi p h t biu ca cc v l n h o ng
r Nhc nc (dc bit l nh ng bi p h t biu ca C Th tng
P hm Vn ng), trong cc hi ngh, hi tho khoa hc, trong
rc bi bo...nhng nh hng chin lc, n h n g lu n im
khoa hc v cch d y. cch hc sng to khng ngng c (
xut. Diu to nn m t khng k h i khoci hc si ng, li cun
v to iu kin cho cc nh gio gn b vi ngh dy hc cao
(/ v sng to vt ln chnh m inh. V tt nhin khng phi
t r cc nh gio (tru d hoa nhp itr vi khng k h t
7

T nguyn v tich cc p h c v cho s nghip gio (lc trn

phng din i mi cch dy, cch hc, c sa n T h o c (nay la
c san I y - T hc) ca Hi Khuyn hc Vit N am ii
thiu nhiu bi vit ca cc nh gio c b d y nghin cu kiou
hc gio dc v kin h nghim g i n g d y cc trig ph thng,
cao ng, i hc. N h ng bi vit y th hin tm huyt, tr tu
v trch nhim ca cc th h nh gio i trc i vi cc th'
h nh gio tr, cc bn H S, s v v ng o bn c quan tn>
n vic i mi cch dy, cch hc.
Vi m ong m un y, chng ti cho in cun M t s v n d v
c c h d a y v c c h h o c nhm m c ch cung cp thm cho (IV.
H S, s v m t tp sch tham kho v cc phng p h p cng nh
v kinh nghim dy v hc Xa v nay.
Cc bi in trong cun sch ny dc chn t c san T
h c . c san D a y - T h o c v mt s' ti liu khc, tp trung
ch yu vo vn cch cly, cch hc, gm:
* T tng v i mi cch dy cch hc;
* N h ng vn chung ca cch d y, cch hc;
* N h ng vn v cch dy, cch hc cc m n hc c th.
N h ng quan nim , nhng kin nu trong cc bi vit tp
sch ny cng ch c coi n h l n h ng vn nu ra (t trao
i, cng hng vo ngh: gp p h n i mi cch d y, cch ht
trong nh trng ngy nay.
H i vng tp sch s c bn c n nhn vi t m lng u
i v nng .
Chng ti rt m ong bn c gn xa vit bi trao i v vn
trn v chi bo cho nhng khim kh u yt chng ti c thm
kin h nghim lm nhng tp tip theo.
GS. NGUYN CNH TON

Q U Y D N H V IE T T T T R O N G SACH

1IS

hc sinh

sv :

sinh rin

<;v :

giao l in

IM'DII

phnt php dv hc

I'lH'.I) phng php giao dc

SGK : sch gio khoa

Bl QUYET QUAN TRNG NHAT

L PH N G P H P HC TP,
L P H O N G CCH HOC T P ("
C Th tn P h m V a n D n g

I mun ni thm (li diu v phng php gio (lc

n h U T xy dn^ con ngi v xy ng ch ngha x hi.

I N K S r O nu lII 1 ct tr gio dc l: hc bit, hc d

la m , hc lm ngi, hc c h u tg sng vi ngi khc. l
n h ng (liu NKSCO ni vi t t c cc dn tc trn th gii.
Phng php gio c trong thi gian ti pht trin nh th
no chn ai lng V: ging dy. hc lp bang nhng cng
ngl1 ru sao. hc ti trng, hc t xa nh th no v.v... y l
thi di thng tin. thi di tr tu. mi ngi c th hc
trng thnh.
Phi nghin cu khng ngng hon thin, khng ngng
di mi. khng ngng n n g cao. khng ngng p h t trin gio
dt' v mi mt. n h m lam nn lc lng ch yu ca s pht
trin ca dn tc, ca t nc, ca con dng i ln ch ngha
x hi. Dc bit phi ch n s khng ngng hin i ha
PPGD'2\ lm cho gio dc trong tm tay ca mi ngi, bng
cc phng tin hin di: nghe, nhn, ai cng c hc hnh
tron# cc loi trng cng lp. ii ip, hc thng xuyn...

Hi dng tr n "T hct s 10 (9/2000).

"T hoe" n h n m nh.

11

Phi gn hc vi hnh, hc d vn dng, hc (le si' to 1)0

hnh ngh, trong hnh nghip, trong cuc sng. Ilc n. hc 'li.
hc gi. hc m. Hc d ng x vi C0I1 ngi, vi cuc SI. vui
bn thn, hc d cng hin vo s nghip xy dng ci;Vt n.ie
giu dp.
Trong nhng nh bc hc nc ta. nhng ngi r trnh
cao. nhng ngi c cng trnh nghin cu c gi tr, ihivi
ngi va nghin cu v ng dng khoa hc, va giang <lvf
cc trng di hc. bi khng c g qu bang nhng kinh nghini
thc tin thu c trong qu trnh nghin cu v ng dni
khoa hc. khng sch no c th thay th dc. Chinh An bo
Anh-xtanh ni: Ci g c trong cc trang sch th ti
khng ging1. Phi gn gio dc vi mi trng thin nhin,
mi trng x hi. mi trng sng cua con ngi, lm cho ro il
ngi p, x hi p, cuc sng p, thin nhin p.
*

Tt c i hi mt iu kin tin quyt l ngnh gio dc

phi th a n h ton trong thi gian ngn nhng h hng, yu km,
sai st, dng thi phi c chng trnh hnh ng v k hoch
thc hin nhng cng vic d c cc vn kin ca ang, Nh
nc cng nh d lun x hi nu ra.
Lm tt v lm r t tt nhng iu tr n l tng bc xy
dng lu i gio dc nc ta va hin di, va dn tc. trc
lu i ny. c th ghi dng ch: Vo y l vo ni c t giu
kho bu ca tr tu dn tc v tr tu loi ngi; ra khi y l
i ti nhng ni mnh c th ng gp p h n quan trng nht
ca mnh vo s nghip xy (1ng t nc, do to con ngi v
chun b tng lai.

12

I Ol 1Ill'll) tiling lio (lc ]; I lu <l;u nh l I v; I m f;i. H

tron*!; l o n u n ( l i r n r;i CUI I n n h h o e l p n i a tiii l i e v CU.I Itim

n^iioi. nn< c;io linn In. (lo lo nh n lc. I>1 <iun:u nh.-'in li.
1 111 u 1 114 cnn nui. nhuni tlc** h lam n rn s n<r|wrp ln c;i (lfm
!( . CU;| 1lni lai. D l s hc hi I)M1 b. l s hoe tp SUI (loi
CU; |

m oi

ILi; I l u m . ' n

m i t ; n t f lii) n h n

(in

b C u y c i I UU

trni hc nht la phi hap hc tp. h;v n! cch kh.ir 1.1

phong each hc tp. Phiii thm n h u n phong rch ny. (!( win
<ii
r;m<! c hiu t|ii;i >hCI> mu nhiin gip khng n<Tr:
nam' rao nlninjr diu qu nh! ciiii COI1 ngi l chn l, l khon
i><\ Im cong nghi*. Phong cch ny l nhng i\ lt p nht ca
iin tc minh, cua cc dn tc* khc, cua c loi ngi, nghn l
hon toin tri Ii^c vi t t c nlny g l phi vn ha. phn
vn ha, l ngu (lt. l bng ti.
y l cch nhn, tm nhn r t rng ln v cao xa gip con
ngJi. loi ngi nhn thy nhng chn tri ngy cng rng m.
theo (uan -i) ca Cc Mc: Ngi n sau dng tr n vai
ngi (ln trc* (l nhn xa hn... Khng c con (lng d vng
di VI khoa hc. chi ngi no chu kh hc hi.... th mi dt
lin ri (lch ca mnh.
Diu ct VU trong phng php khoa hc l thy mt cch
sng t v vn dng mt cch th n h tho phong cch tr n dy.
t m < thi rng l i. khoan dung i vi ngi c kin
khc mnh: Coi kin khc nhau, c khi tri ngc nhau, l
iu bnh thng trong khoa hc. Ch c tho lun, tra n h lun,
lt qua lt li, ngi thy m t ny. ngi thy mt khc, th
mi dn dan tip cn ci ng, ng thi phi thy ci ng
cng khng c g l vnh hang, l bt bin.
(ly ti mun nhn m nh mt (liu m ti thy r;Yt cn
thit (li vi chng ta, l s tru n g thc trong linh vc tri thc.
T ru n g thc ngha l khng gian di, khng bp mo s tht,
khng la di mnh, ng nghip ca mnh v mi ngi, tm
13

1.11 l c p h m c h i

t r o n i s i i * . n g a y i h n n T . l i MI ( l i i v i V I \ V

lm Dy l diu c\c k quan trng. Tliv gio phi dy cho hc

tr n i a mnh tr n h xa nhng iu tri ngc m chm: u\
thng thy mt cch ilau lng trong hnh vi ca mt s t
ngi tr thc, ngi lm khoa hc nc ta. Ni n h vy l
nhc li nhng diu ti (l vit v nhng xu xa khng th
dung th trong tnh trng mua bn bang cp... cn chn ra ( I1<11 ny
ni khc, trng ny trng khc, cp bc ny hay cp bo khc...
Trn dy ti ch lm ni bt nhiK (liu qu an trng nht v
phong cch hc tp. bi khng c phong cch nv thi khng c
nn khoa hc chn chnh v mt nn gio c giu tnh hin (li
v tnh dn tc, khng r n th lm
c gio c l quc sch
hng u, tng lai ca dn tc.
Ti sp vit n nhng dng cui ca hi vit ny. Trong
sut thi gian chun b vit loi bi v gio dc. tm tr ti lun
nghi v s nghip cch mng ca nhn dn ta. v con nK x
hi ch ngha ca dn tc la, v th h tr r a (lt nc ta. v
nn gio dc quc dn v cng tc gio dc. cng lc m ti yu
mn vi t t c tm lng tha thit ca mnh. Ti mun kt thc
loi bi vit v gio dc lng mt li nhn gi:
Hi anh ch em lm khoa hc nc ta! Hi anh ch em lm
gio dc nc ta! Hy don kt li, on kt mt lng, on
kt v s nghip ln, s nghip cch m ng v i ca ng ta v
Ch tch H Ch Minh, l sng ca chng ta.
Hi cc bn tr. i vo th ki mi trong thi i mi, cc hn
h y h c tp tlnh ngi v lm ngi, gp phn vo cng
cuc cng nghip ha, hin di ha nc nh, xng ng vi cha
anh, snh vai cng bn b trn th gii.

14

DY MNH I MI c BN CCH DY,

CCH HC THC H I N NGH QUYT
OI HI IX "
V O a n h
gh quyt Di hi IX d xc ( l n h : "Thc hum gio (lc
cho mi n^i, r nc tr thnh mt x hi hc tp.
lo (\\'U kin cho mi ngi mi la tui (lc hc tp thng
xuyrn sut di (Vn kin Di hi IX. NXl Chnh tr Quv ia.
tr 1Oil. 202 (vit tt l VK). Quyt (inh '17 QD- TTg ngy 4/ M
2001 cua Th tng ( hnh ph cng d quy nh: "To iu
kin th u n li cho cc t n g lp n h n dn u c c hi tip thu
gio dc sau tru n g hc", tc l gio (lc (li hc i chng.

"Mi ngi hc. Hc sut i. i he di chng. X hi he

tp" (l l bn m c tiu chin lc i mi c bn cch dy hc
Vit Xam ha nh p vo tro lu cch m ng hc t p ton cu vi
s p h t trin kinh t tri thc, x hi hc tp. vn minh tr tu.
f)i mi c b n c c h dy. c c h hc n h m ci c h CU1 c n g l
J'c:\ nc tr th n h mt x hi hc tp. mt x hi m ai cng
duc hc hnh. Hc h nh sng to sut di. Cng nng l tr
thc. Dn tc thng thi. Mun c x hi hc tp, phi doi mi
c bn cch dy. cch hc. theo n h ng nh hng v nhim v
chin lc trng yu ca i hi IX : i mi m c tiu hc. Hc
o lm ngi "Pht trin ton din v chnh tr. t tng, tr
tu, do c, th cht, nn g lc s n g to. c thc cng drK'

* ( ' h u tc h Hi K h u y n hc V i t N a m .

1 Bill clftng tr n "Dy - T hc" s 21 (12/ 2002)

lng nhn i, khoan (lung, tn trng ngha tnh, li sng r van

ha. quan h hi ha trong gia dinh, cng dng v XI hi"
(VK). t r . 1 1 4 ) ; thc hin phng chm hc: "Hc d i lii VI
hnh, kt hp vi lao dng sn xut, gan vi x hi". "Kit hop
ni lc vi ngoi lc th n h ngun lc tng hp d p h t trin"
(VK). tr. 92). Di mi c bn cch hc: Hc sut di "phrtt huy
tinh th n c lp suy nghi v sng to, n ng cao nn g lc t
hc. t hon thin hc vn v tay ngh... t to vic lm. ch
dng Um kim c hi lp nghip (VK. t r .l 10)... t hon thin
n hn cch (VK. tr. 114). di mi phng thc: "kt hp hc tp
trung, hc t xa. hc qua my tnh, x hi ha, p h t trin da
dng cc hnh thc hc. y m n h vic xy dng cc qu
khuyn khch ti nng, cc t chc khuyn hc (VK, tr.l 11).
v xo nh con ng p h t trin vic hc: sm ph cp trung
hc (2010) cho th n h ph v nng thn ng bng, sm ph cp
s dng tin hc v m ng thng tin quc t trong nn kinh t v
i sng x hi (VK, tr. 94), "m rng hp l quy m i hc,
n n h n s p h t trin kinh t tr thc v ph cp trung hc,
"to iu kin th u n li cho cc tn g lp nh n dn du c c hi
tip thu gio dc sau trung hc".
i mi c bn cch dy. cch hc v mt x hi hc tp hin
di, m bn sc d n tc l mt cuc vn ng cch mng
thng xuyn v rng khp, khoa hc v di chng, cng dng
v c nhn, v con ngi v bng ni lc ca con ngi v ca c
s. ca khoa hc. ngi dy. ngi khuyn hc. ngi qun l,
ca n h trng, gia dinh, cng dng v ca chnh ngi di hc
di s lnh o ca ng.
Ngi hc va l mc tiu, va l ng lc i mi cch dy.
cch hc. T gic t b "li hc nhi nht mt ln cho c i",
"li hc th dng tip thu mt chiu" kh ph bin hin nay.
tch cc, ch dng to ra ch v nng lc hc sui i. "hc
16

k h n l a o kri<j <1111^. h o e m a i ( l

tin, b mi".

"I. 1 V l h o c 1 1 111 CI''

( l i c H) " p h t h u v l i n h t h n dc l p s u v n g h i v s n g t o . (l

cao nang lc t hc. l)(>;m thin hc vn v Lv n^li, t to vic

lU, ch ng tm kim c hi lp nghip. t hon thin nhn
cch" (VK. tr. 109, 110. 114).
Ngi day - lc ln nng ct i mi CCh dv, cch hc
cn t b li dy nhi mt ln cho c i. li truyn th p d;il
mt chiu, p h t huy t (luy s n g to v nng lc t hc. to ra
nn g lc v thi quen hoe sut i ca ngi hoc, lm tt chc
nn g mi ca ngi thy hc, chuyn gia v vic hc, ngi
khuvn hc. h tr, khuy n khch, to iu kin. dy cch hc
cho ngi t hc ch. t hc ngh, t hc nn ngi tri thc ha
p h t trin ton din.
Ngi khuyn hc ' lc lng h tr trng yu i mi cch
dy, cch hc, va tch cc, kin tr vn ng mi ngi hc
thng xuyn, va to iu kin v mi trng th u n li
khuyn khch ngi hc p h t h u y tt n h t ni lc t hc, t rn.
va lm tm gng sng t hc sut di.
Ngi qun li gio dc, kh u yn hc - lc lng ch o i
mi cch dy, cch hc - cn i mi c bn t duy v cng ngh
qu n l: Q un l gio dc v q u n l "gio dc thng xuyn cho
mi ngi hc sut i", "gio dc ca mi ngi", "gio dc ca
he sut i lm gc" (ly t hc lm ct), qu n tri t ton din
Ngh quyt Di hi ng IX ng thi tp tru n g sc t ph vo
linh vc then cht l cch hc, cch dy (tc l y m nh i
mi c bn cch dy. cch hc) v i hc (tc l thc hin gio
(lc sau tru n g hc cho mi ngi). Trn tinh th n dn ch ha,
s hi ha, pht huy tt n h t ni lc. kt hp t n (lng mi
ngun lc hn ngoi, tng tcV^itorrx hi; p-thing c tin

17

b ca cng ngh v thng tin v thng lu mi tng bc

cng ngh ha qu trnh q uan l gio (lc.
Nh trng cn i mi c bn theo m hnh dy - t h<\
o to - t o to, k t hp o to b an u VI o t o thng
xuyn, do to c b n vi do to cch hc. cch lm. Di mi
thi dua Hai tt: Hc tt v dy tt cch hc, p h t huy ti nht
ni lc t hc ca ngi hc. i mi ch thi c cho phu hp
vi cch hc, cch dv mi, khuyn khch t hc, t nghin cu.
N h trng gn vi gia inh, Hn ch cc phng |)h|)
quyn uy, cho roi cho vt hoc nung chiu, cho ngt cho bi
qu ng, khuyn khch ng dng cc phng php day - t
hc. gip tr em hc nn ngi, xy dng gia inh hiu hc tit
tin ba tt: hc tt, lm tt. khuyn hc tt.
N h trng g n vi x hi. Gio dc x hi ha. Gio dc
ca hc sut i. C nc tr th n h mt x hi hc tp, mt m t
trn khuyn hc - khuyn ti. Ton dn va lm, va hc. vi
khuyn hc. Tng cng dng dn c. tng cng dng x hi
ph n u tr th n h cng ng hiu hc tin tin 3 tt : hc tt
hay ph cp gio dc tt, lm tt hay ph cp v ci tin ngh
nghip tt, khuyn hc tt hay c iu kin v t chc khuyn
hc khuyn ti tt.
i mi c bn cch dy, cch hc l s nghip qun chng
di s lnh do ca n g b a phng. Trc ht mi cn b,
dng vin, on vin l ngi hc, ngi khuyn hc mu mc.
Mi chi b, chi on l mt cng ng hiu hc tin tin. i)ng
b on kt. tp hp mi lc lng v t chc x hi trong mt
tr n khuyn hc - khuyn ti, h gio dc - nh trng lm ch
lc. Hi khuyn hc lm u mi, on th a n h nin lm xung
kch, cng vi cc t chc khuyn hc bo tr gio dc. qu
khuvV* hoc xy dng phomr tro ton dn va lm. va h<*
18

klUYi hc tinning xuyn v rng kh]), (lon k(t (ly

mnh. <lni IK1 r bn cch (ly, cch hc. xv (lng th/mh cm

Vila

xI l i ni h r 1 p t c s . . . .

19

DY
I
HC
CHU YU

LA DY
CHO SINH VEN CACH HC,
* '
CCH T DUY SNG TO m
Th tng P h a n V n K hi
o co ca B Gio dc v Do to d trnh by li ngh
l y . khng thiu iu g, v nh gi tnh hnh
gio dc nc ta, nhng th n h tu, nhng yu km v phrtng
hng p h t trin thi gian ti. Ti xin nhn m nh thm mt s
im. Ngay v nh n g im c la chn, chng ta cng d
quen thuc v tng tho lun nhiu ln. Nu c gi mi m. thi
l ch ln ny chng ta quyt khng chi ni. vit v bn, m
phi lm thit thc v tm ra cch lm th t s c hiu qu.
T h n h t l ch t lng gio dc i hc.
Trng i hc. q u a ton b ho t ng ging dy v hc t|)
t t c cc mn hc, cn bi dng cho sv tnh cm say m hc
tp, say m tm ti p h t hin nhng ci mi, lng mong mun
cng hin cho n hn dn v nim hoi bo da t nc thot
khi tnh tr n g ngho nn, lc hu, c th snh vai cng cc
cng quc nm chu, n h li Bc H cn dn.
Trong thi i khoa hc v cng ngh p h t trin r t nhanh,
trng i hc cn gip sv thu n h n c nhng kin thc v

(l> Trch p h t biu ca T h tng P han Vn Khi ti Hi ngh Gio d c pi

hc - t chc t 1 * 3/ 10/ 2001 ti H Ni. Dftnp tr/? ")a\' T /i cMs '2
(

12 / 2 0 0 1 ).

k'l n.ing- n l).in n h t v ch yu dy cho s v cch hc. cch t

d u y sng t(ii) Sgiii s v hil c c h hoe v quen t (luy sng to
(1)1 mi v the thch ng VI mi tnh hung trong th trng lao
iM v tron" <oi sn x hi khi ra trng. Mt nng lc c th
rH iian Irn m trng (li hc cn tra n g b cho s v l nng
l<* tun vic 1;Il v to ra vic- lm cho bn thn v cho nhng
iifiUf'Ji khc, s v phi bit cch lm vic trong mt tp th. bit
c c h hp t c VI m i ngi, d n g thi p h i c n n g lc c n h

tra n h c trong nc, khu vc v trn t h gii.

o to c di ng nh n lc nh trn, phi bt u t
vic thit k chng trnh v ni dung o to. Ti c bit B
Gio (lc v Do to dang cng cc trng i hc xy ng cc
khung chng trn h chun cho gio dc di hc. y l mt vic
lm cn th i t tiu chun ha, hi nhp vi khu vc v
qiic t, ng thi gi gn nhng tiu chun v gi tr ca dn
tc ta, ca nh hng x hi ch ngha. Tuy nhin, chun ha
khng phi l n h t lot, bc i hc phi l bc hc a dng,
b;io m cc sc th i ca cc ngnh, ngh khc nhau, cc a
phng khc nhau.
Mun thc hin dc chng trn h tt phi c phng php
d ay v hc tt. M t s gio s i hc ni y l khu yu n h t
ca cc trng i hc nc ta hin nay. Dy i hc l ch yu
dy cho s v cch hc, nh vy trc h t n h gio phi l ngi
bit cch hc, bit nghin cu khoa hc, bit th u thp, la chn,
x l thng tin, ham m hiu bit, ham m khm ph ci mi.
Cc trng i hc nn t chc trao di v phng php ging
dv mi, p h t h u y t n h c h n g , c s n g t o ca s v .

21

MT VAI Y KIEN VE VAN E

BI DNG NHN T I (1)
GS. m T r u n g Dn

u a n n i m v n h n t i

Trong cc cuc bn v vn pht hin v bi dng

nh n ti, di khi nh n g kin khc nhau li bt iiun
t ch mi ngi q uan nim ti nng theo mt cch rin'. Vi
th. chng ti mun ni quan nim ca chng ti v n h n ui.
C th quan nim nh n ti l nhng ngi, khi cng ihc
hin mt nhim v trong cng mt iu kin nh nhn^ gi
khc, t h i u q u h n h n . N hn ti c th x u t hin
trong mi lnh vc hot dng, v cc mc khc nhau. *)e
ngng m hn c l cc nh n t i trong cc lnh vc nc s la
bng ca t nc, cc nh cao ca tr tu, vn hc, khoa hc,
k thut, v.v... vi quan nim n h vy, nhn ti l tinh hoc ca
dn tc. v c tc dng r t ln i vi tin b ca x hi.
Mt dan h ngn c nhiu ngi tn thng ni rnf ti
nn g ( nn g khiu) 5% do tri ph, 95% do lao ng m c. slh
t h c ngha l x hi khng chm lo gi m nim say m hc
tp. lao dng? to mi trng tt v nh hng HS vo hc tp.
nghin cu v.v th d c dc tri ph cho mt u c minh nn
th nhng m m mng ca n hn ti cng s b thui cht ioc
nh hng tn mn vo cc lnh vc khng quan trng, Tin
vng. Cho nn ng, N h Iic ta lun lun coi trng vic )ht
Bi dng trn T h c ' s 15 (2/2001).

h 1 . Im>j timing nh.ih t;n v H (i) - })T lun ran tro ini sao c
( l i t L k i n l i n h . t ( l t h c t l i v n ( l e n y .

T i n g r n n g h h i u
Bc l sm Iiht ca ti nn g kill con n^i t m i gh nh
trn*' l cc i i s c nn g khiu, cch HS ni ln trong qu trnh
hoc lp. Nng khiu ru a 1S rt da dng. Trong mt 1) hc, HS
r t h ni l n s o VI c h n g b n d o t r li n h a n h c c c u h i ca
GV t ra trn l(|>. e*() lm bi chun xc. do tho vt trong lc
lm th nghim, d) bit tp hp cc bn xy dng phong tro
cua lp v.v. Dim m nh ca HS ny l nn tng cho ti nng
thuc lnh vc hot dng ca cc em trong tng lai. Vic
p h t hin nng khiu ca HS thng khng ging nhau: C
nhng <*m nng khiu ny n r t sm t la tui cha n
trng m ta thng gi mt cch tr n trng l cc thn d o n g .
Cng c khng t em khc khi hc ph thng ch hc bnh
thng , thm chi cn b hng trong cc k thi tuyn sinh vo
cc trng (li hc. nh ng khi ra di li l ngi xut chng.
P ht hin ng s trng ca HS trong mi ngnh hc, cp hc
dc khng b ph bt k mt m m mng ti nng no. v nh
hng cc em dng vo cc ngnh ngh thch hp l mt nhim
vu rt qu an trng m mi GV phi lm.
L m t h n o d p h t h i n v bi d n g n h n t i
cc nc c nn gio dc pht trin v hon thin, h
thng cc trng tng di hon chnh, va m bo vic pho
cp gio (lc rng rai, va m bo cht lng cao. Vic phn
loi trng theo cht lng c lin hnh cng khai, c x
hoi tha nhn. Ch di ng i vi sv c phan bit theo
trng o to. T t c cc iu kin khin cho vic bi dng
nh n ti c th thc hin mt cch d dng. Chng hn n h
M trong hu h t cc trng i hc chnh quy. di hc m, di

hc cng ng, (li hc phi chnh quy. cao dng, trung ho

chuyn nghip, v.v. u c h o to ti nng (Honour) d thu
h t cc HS u t trong trng ca mnh. H ny dc ch o
v m t chuyn mn bi mt Hi ng o to ti nng quc gia
(vit t t l NCHC). iu kin d tuyn vo cc h ti n n ^
ny l kt qu hc tp cao trong cc nm hc trc, v (lc 12
GV hoc n h khoa hc c uy tn gii thiu. Chng trnh hc
ca cc h ny r t a dng t cch ly nguyn chng trnh
chung khi ging dy, nng cao bn g cch chng minh cht ch
hn, n cch a thm vo mt s gio trnh nng cao (khong
20%) hoc ging dy theo mt chng trnh khc hn. Ngi ta
cho rng tnh a dn g ny ph hp vi tnh a dng ca nng
khiu ca HS ang theo h ny nu khng hon thnh nhim
v hc tp s b thi loi, cn nu tt nghip loi ny s dc
gii thiu hc tip cc trng c th bc xp hng cao hn.
nc ta, h thng o to HS nng khiu c t chc
vi chc nm nay nhiu cp hc di dng trng chuyn, lp
chn v thc t nhiu HS tt nghip cc h ny ang tr th n h
nhng cn b c ti trong nhiu lnh vc hot dng x hi kh(
nhau. Tuy nhin, do cha u t y vo vic ch o vo cc
loi hnh o to ny tm ra cc phng thc o to ph
hp, nn mt s' lp t p h t i lch vi cc yu cu c bn ca
gio dc, dn n s khng ng tn h ca d lun x hi v
quyt nh nh ch cc lp ny cp tiu hc v cp THCS, v
ch t chc cp THPT. Ch cn cc ngnh ngh thut, th thao,
v.v. l c cc lp bi dng nng khiu t la tui nh.
T y c mt cu hi cn c gii p l phi chng chi
cc m m mng ti nng v vn ngh, th thao l bc l t la
tui nh v c th bi dng sm, cn ti nng v khoa hc, k
t h u t th khng nh vy?
24

Tip xe nhiu VI IS cc lp Iing khiu v s v h o to

ti nng, ti c cm Kr l hn h nlu khn ; phi nh vy; cc
lp nang khiu, tuy chi' c mt t l khnt nhiu HS bc l
sni kh nng, nh ng t l ny cao hn cc lcip thng rt
nhiu. Vy lm th no n n g cao hn na ti l ny?
Khng c ci gi li k h ng sinh ra t mt ci g". Thin
hn v n n g khiu cng vy, cng c ngun gc ca I1.
Trong cc ngun gc c th k n dng h. cch gio dc ca
tii dinh v cc q u a n h x hi. Tc dng n mi con ngi
la tui cng nh th du n d li cng su sc, v t h c
nhiu n h n ti cho t nc, ta khng chi hi lm c cc
n ng khiu hn h th n h m t cch ngu nhin, m phi gieo
trng n bn g cch gi m tn h t m khoa hc cho th h tr
cng sm cng tt.
Trn t h gii, nhiu n h khoa hc ni ting cng c quan
im n h vy. Loon Lederm an. nh v t l hc M c gii
Nobel nm 1998 v cng trn h p h t hin ra h t Muon - ntrino,
c mt x u t c do v v n d ny: ng ta cho rn g c
n h n ti, vic quan trng n h t l truyn cho mi ngi, c bit
l lp ngi tr h n g th di vo khoa hc. Cc thy c gio cp
tiu hc thng khng chun b y kin thc v khoa hc t
nhin, nn kh n n g gi m lng say m khoa hc cho HS t la
tui nh b h n ch r t nhiu. Da vo Hi ng xy dng kh
n ng v khoa hc (Committee on capacity building in science,
vit t t l CCBS). ng ta xut mt k hoch gv lng
h am m khoa hc cho tr em trong la tui t 6 n 12 (gi l
chng trnh M ain la pate - bn tay nho bt) m b t u
vic b tc li cho GV cp tiu hc nhng kin thc cn thit.
ng hi vng nu th a m gia k hoch ny, th c th hnh th n h
nhiu HS n n g khiu v khoa hc v k th u t hn na. Nh
vy, c phi l cn th n h lp cc lp mu gio chuyn? Khng
25

phi th, n h ng cn phi ci tin cch dy cc trng ny.

C hng nh cc lp mu gio cc em ch nn chi cc tr chi
bn hng, gi lm bc s... nghe* k cc chuyn v ch co, ch
th... hay sao? i vi cc cp hc khc cng c nhiu diu rn
r t kinh nghim.
Trong thi gian qua, cc trng nng khiu gp phn
tch cc vo vic bi dng v do to HS gii nc ta. T l
HS th n h d t cc trng ny cao: nhiu em t gii cao
trong cc k thi Olimpic quc t. Trong s ny mt s tr
th n h cc n h khoa hc gii, nng ct trong di ng cc cp b
nghin cu cc vin, cc ging vin cc trng i hc.
Tuy nhin, nu hi do u m c cc thnh tch n h vy thi
cc cu tr li c th r t khc nhau. Ngay cc HS ot gii
Vng trong cc k thi Ton quc t cng p h t biu l diu cc
em hc dc nhiu n h t cc trng chuyn l mo lm tnh.
Vi h chuyn L th nhiu GV ch r n g ta bt HS ph thng
hc chng trnh i hc. Khi ln i hc, cc em ny th y hu
nh khng hc thm c g nhiu v mn ny. v.v. Mt gio s
Trng HBK Paris d t ra cu hi trong s cc HS Vit Nam
ti trng ny trong my nm nay ti sao c em cc k x u t sc.
dng u c trng, c em li hc r t vt v v c nguy c b
loi khi trng? Vy c phi t t c cc HS gii cc trng
chuyn, khi ot gii cc k t h i quc t u s tr thnh
n hn ti?
Khi tng k t th n h tch Olympic Vt l trong su by nm
li y, chng ti thy tuy s gii Vng c t hn nh n g thnh
tch dng i cao, ngha l trnh HS u mc tng i
cao. Dng nghip tri' t h gii u khen ngi chng ta c mt
nn gio dc ph thng (tt nhin l v Vt li) r t tt: l ngi
trong cuc, ti bit r l s dng u ny ch c trong s cc HS
26

gii t h;im gia i tuyn Vt li m khng phi trong ng (lo cc

US rui rp. Diu tri vi quy lu t phn b t nhin ca Vt
l hc. v mang dng iu ca hin tng quen thuc trong Vt
li. lin tng bo ho trong qu trnh bm quang hc... Ni
cch khc, nhiu em dim cao trong cc k thi do dc cc
thy dy cho cc dng bi ton, v khi gp cc vn cha
(lc nghe* thay ging v cn phi vn dng kin thc ca minh
mt cch sng to de gii th lng tng. Truy nguyn nhn, li
ny mt phn do co trng chuyn (Vt l) cha th t s tuyn
d<ir cc HS c nn g khiu, v trong giang dy cng cha ch
d n g mc* n bi dng phng p h p t duy, gi m lng hng
say tim ti ci mi. Mt khc, cng do khng t ph huynh HS
d qu an nim lp nng khiu ch nh chic cu da con em
mnh vo i hc, hoc n mc ch cui cng l ot gii
trong cc k thi HS gii, xem vic rn luyn phng php t duy
vt li cho HS l vin vng khng thit thc. Ni nh vy t t s
c ngi hi liu chng ta b nhiu cng sc v tin ca t
chc cc k thi HS gii, a cc on HS i tham d cc ki thi
Olympic quc t c li ch thit thc no khng? Ti xin mn
li ca G.s. A sthu r Eisenkraft, ph ch tch k thi Vt l quc t
ln th XXIV ti M, ni vi HS th a m d k thi ny thay cu
tr li:
Hi dy, cc HS nh tui s nhn vo t t c cc em ang c
m t ti y, v xom cc em thc s l nhng a n h hng. Nhng
HS y s hiu rng bng cng hin ca mnh v lao dng gian
kh, cc em y s t c vinh d nh cc em y, v gim c
m mt ngy mai s i din cho t nc mnh trong cc cuc
tra n h ua quc t(?\
i vi vic bi dng n h n ti, cn g hiu qu hn cch
khi dy Irons lp tr nim tin v c m y?

27

Chnh theo phng chm y. my nm Rn dy <i Trng

i hc Khoa hc T nhin (Di hc Quc gia H Ni) d th n h
lp h o to c nhn khoa hc t i nng, tuyn sinh Lront s
cc HS c nhiu th n h tch hc tp nht bc ph thng, nh
trng d Lo nhng diu kin tt n h t v c s vt cht, v i
ng GV v mi trng hc tp. T t c nhng iu y gp phn
to nn nim t ho v lng t tin cho s v cc em ny theo
hc mt chng trn h nng cao bc di hc. Bc du thy
cch do to ny c nh hng tt n cht lng o to nhn
c l cn qu sm d c th ni mt diu g t h t chnh xc.
Thay cho kt lun, ti mun by t s dng cm ca bn
th n vi nhng tr n tr ca nhiu n h gio lo th n h di vi s
nghip o to nhn ti cho t nc: y l mt vic m ch
ring ngh nh gio dc khng th lm ni. N hn ti nh ml di
th. sc chng chi vi ging bo, nng ma. HS ra trng
ch mi nh mt cy non n h t vn m. N c trng thnh
hay khng l tv thuc ca ngi trng v s chm bn sau
ny. Cy con c tt n my nu trng vo c h u t nh th
cng ch c th tr th n h cy cnh m thi.

28

BI DNG HC SINH GII

CC L P c H U Y N 'u
GS. D n g T r n g B i

in nay tr n t h gii c cc hnh thc sa u y tuyn

chn, bi dng cc HS c nng khiu, gi t t l cc

HS gii.

1. T chc cc ngoi kha ( ngay trng ph thng), cc

cung vn ha thiu nin, cc bo tn g khoa hc - k th u t, (l
HS khng ch c xom m cn c lm cc th nghim khoa
hc.
2. T chc cc k th i H S gii tng mn hc, t trng n
tnh ri ton quc. Rt nhiu nc dng hnh thc ny: cc nc
XHCN (trc y), Php (Concours general). Ba Lan, M. T rung
Quc v.v... Sm n h t l Olimpic quc t, hin c Olimpic v
cc mn Ton. L. Ha. Sinh.
3. T chc cc lp chuyn hc su hn mt mn no
ngay trng ph thng hoc cc lp trc thuc mt trng i
hc.
4. T chc cc trng chuyn c th trc thuc m t trng
i hc, n h Trng chuyn Ton. L thuc i hc Nvxibic
(SNG). T n on g chuyn thuc i hc Baltimore (M)... An .
Thi Lan c nhng trng c hit, dn h cho HS gii, tuy khng
(ly su v tng mn nh ng do to vi c h l lng cao.
111 Bi ing trn " T h o c" s 1 1 (10/ 2000).

2 9

5.
Cc k i th i H S gii c m t s hn ch. Cc k thi ny tin
h n h t p tru n g trong mt s gi. v d 5gi/ngy, trong 2 ngy
di vi Olimpic quc t v Vt l. Th sinh phi gii cc bi tp,
lm cc th nghim theo cc d ca ban gim kho. Cm mang
ti liu vo phng thi, cm trao i vi cc bn.
N hng nghin cu khoa hc li l mt qu trnh tm ti lu
di. p h t hin ci mi tr n cd s t n dng t t c nhng g
bit qua sch bo, t i liu, v thng l cng trnh c tnh cht
t p th. Tnh c h t nghin cu khoa hc ca cc k thi Olimpic b
h n ch. n h ng mc dch ca vic p h t hin, bi dng HS c
nng khiu li l tim dc nhng em sau ny c th tr thnh
nhng ngi nghin cu khoa hc gii.
V vy, t nm 1992, Vin Vt l thuc Vin Hn lm khoa
hc Ba Lan t chc mt cuc thi quc t mi ly tn l Bc
u tin ti g i i Nobel v Vt l ", cho HS PTTH (di 20 tui).
Th sinh phi np cho ban t chc bo co v mt cng trnh
nghin cu. ti c th l ch to mt dng c lm th
nghim. Kt qu c th khng mi, nhng nu tm li dc bng
phng php ca ring mnh, c cht t sng to, th c gii
(c i th n mt th n g Ba Lan nghin cu). c 2
HS Vit Nam th a m gia cc nm 1995 v 1997 (1 c bng
kh en v ch to dng c th nghim). Php cng c hnh thc
thi ny cho HS ca mnh, bn cnh Concours general, nhng d
thi l cc nhm HS c GV ca mnh hng dn.
i chiu vi cc h nh thc tuyn chn HS tr n y, Vit
N am ta cn thiu hnh thc : bc u nghin cu khoa. hc. Ta
c hnh thc ny i vi sv (lm kha lun tt nghip). Ta
cng t chc thi lm dng dy hc, nhng l cho GV.
By gi xin ni v lp chuyn, v ti khng hiu cocng
trnh nghin cu khoa hc no. hay hi ngh khoa hc no i
30

c l r n k t l u n v t c h i CM CJ1C l) c h u y n , t n n rc s <l B

(lo (lc* - Dao to (l quyt (lnh xa b cc lp chuyn TH('S.

Trong tp ti liu ca Vin KIKD. ti (Ic (<c li pht
biu ca c T 1 U lining Phm Van Dng ti tri Nghin cu
CC(.l) (th an# A - 1996): 'Phi ch trng o to nh n li. phi
chn t rp I. n h t l t cp II. nhng em c nng khiu clr
bit, n h t l v Ton. L, Ha. Nhc. Th dc...".
T h n g 1 - 1971, ti i hi Ton hc min Bc lan th nht
c Th tng Phm Vn ng li ni: "Hin nay ta c cc lp
chuyn Ton, p h t hin HS c nn g khiu t cp II... Phi p h t
hin sm: 100 em cp II ln n lp 10 (lp cui PTTH hi d)
cn dc 50%, ln n i hc cn 50% th tt".
Li p h t biu ca c Th tng Phm Vn ng n nay
khng.dng na chng?
Trc dy, ti c c mt vi bi bo v cc lp chuyn.
C bi ph p hn cc lp chuyn l khng p h t huy tr thng
minh s n g to ca HS. m ch bin cc em th n h cc th gii
bi tp". D nhin cc lp chuyn cn mt s vn d tn ti cn
giai quyt, nhng ti t hi nu cho cc tc gi bi bo tr n dy
l(p chuyn th tc gi s p h t huy tr thng minh ca cc em
bng cch no?
Bng cch trnh by li lun v phng plp nghin cu
khoa hc. phng p hp sng to chng? ng l c th gii
thiu phng php tm ti giai mt lot bi tp cng loi,
hoc c mt nt chung no d. N hng cng chi c th gii thiu
trong vi tit bng nh ng vi d in hnh. Sau th lm g\ nu
khng cho thc h nh gii bi tp? Gii nhiu loi bi tp khc
nh au chinl l th c tr tu, chnh l rn luyn tr thng
minh! Nu cc em tr th n h th gii hi t p gii thi d l diu
<lntf mng. Trong t t c cc k thi tiu c yu cu gii bi tp.
vic luyn cho cc em p ng tt n h t yu cu d va thit
31

thc, va gp phn cng vi cc hot ng khc- rn luyn nhn

cch ca cc om.
Li c ngi ph ph n cc lp chuyn dy khng ton
din, HS hc lch; chuyn Ton hay chuyn Li th l l cc mn
Vn. S v.v... Ta ch vic hi cc GV ch nhim cc lp chuyn
th thy ngay rng HS ca h hon ton khng thua km g HS
cc lp i tr v cc mn khng chuyn, tuy khng tn nhiu
thi gian vo cc mn . n gin l v HS lp chuyn d qua
sng lc (thi tuyn) nn u l HS kh, th dc tr tu ni trn
li lm cho u c h nhy bn hn, su sc hn.
C kin cho r n g chng trnh cc lp chuyn nng n,
nhi nht. Mc ch cc lp chuyn l cung cp cho HS, ngoi
hc vn chuf cho mi em HS. nhng kin thc v k n n g su
rng hn v m rrin khoa hc no d m h thch th v c kh
nn g hc c, h,ng dn cc em bc u nm c khoa hc
v s b rn luyn phong cch nghin cu khoa hc. Tt
nhin chng trinh cc lp chuyn phi su rng hn. trong mt
s tit n h t nh phi i n h an h hn. s d mt s ni HS
khng tip th u c tt ch yu l v u vo cha dng, thi
tuyn khng nghim tc. Thc t HS lp chuyn ca mt s ni
ngi nhm ch. Tnh hnh ny cng ging nh tnh hnh nhiu
trng chuyn ban. Ban A chng hn l dnh cho MS c kh
nng hc khoa hc t nhin, d kin trng c 10 lp th ban A
ch khong 3 - 4 lp, nhng li m ti 8 - 9 lp th rt nhiu HS
ngi nhm ch v d nhin chng trnh ban A tr th n h qu
ti.
HS cc lp chuyn c tip thu c chng trnh hay khng?
Cu tr li l kt qu cc k thi quc gia v hu h t th sinh cc
k thi ny l HS cc lp chuyn.

32

L.I thnh vi n cua ban gim kho mn Vt li l 15 nm nay

li I hy ban gim khiio r t hi lng v kt qu cc k thi, ch
phim nn ran g kt qu ca bng B (cc tnh min ni) th u a qu
xa kt qu ca biin, A (cr tnh ng bang), nhng s cch bit
(l la tnh tr n g chung ca nn gio c nc* ta. k thi quc
g\:\ M m nay. d thi mn Vt l l) 9 c 4 bi ton du kh. ring
bu s 1 (C hc) th ban gim kho cho l qu kh. c th phi
1)0 nu p h n ln th sinh khng lm dc ( kt qu chung khi
qu thp). N h ng n khi chm th ha ra r t nhiu thi sinh
(phn ln l ca hng A) lm c, th m ch vi em li c li
gii dy hn p n, v xt thm mt scV trng hp kh d
n a khng c trong p n. Chng ti d ngh trao mt s
ln giai v th y xng dng, nhng sau xt tng q uan gia cc
mn d n h phi rt bt. C hng ti bo nhau: HS lp chuyn gii
tht!
C ngi li ph phn r n g HS cc lp chuyn gii lm l
git c gii quc t. khng ai sau ny tr th n h nh bc hc!
Nu hiu l n h bc hc mc quc gia th c dy. mt s nh
khoa hc c tn tui ca nc ta trc y l HS lp chuyn.
Hu h t HS cc lp chuyn u tr th n h c nhn, tin s...
t h n h cn b kh oa hc - k t h u t c lc ca nc ta. Trong vic
hnh th n h i ng cn b c s dng gp nh nh ng ng
t r n trng ca cc lp chuyn. Cc lp chuyn ch c th p h t
hin, bi dng cc m m mng n h n ti. c th n h n h n ti hay
khng cn p h thuc vo vic hc di hc, sau i hc.... vo
hon cnh cng tc v n lc c nhn.
C kin p h n n n rn g vic m cc lp chuyn, lp chn
gy ra tm l ganh (lua trong ph huynh HS, ai cng mun cho
con em mnh c hc cc lp y v c nhiu thy gii dy, nn

b t con om hc thm d d thi tuyn, chy cht" dc C011 om

(lc vo. Ch c vic chy cht" bt hp p h p l sai. cn tm l
m un cho con e m m nh tr th n h HS gii th rt chnh dng.
Ch cn ph hu yn h n h gi n g con em mnh, nu khng c
k h a n n g lt vo lp chuyn th ng c d m n xi", c d n
hc thoi mi lp thng, dng du lp thng con hn dng
bt lp chuyn.
C mt vi diu cha hay trong tnh hnh cc lp chuyn,
lp chn, ch yu l vic m tr n lan. Theo ti chi' cn chn
chnh cc lp chuyn, khng nn xa b. Nay B Gio dc v
Do to c quyt n h xa b cc lp chuyn cp THCS.
Nhiu ngi bo ti Yn ch, cc trng s i tn lp chuyn
th n h lp c h t lng cao"! C n h u cu th n

SC

vn tn ti.

N h ng tn ti ln lt n h vy th qu l khng n, cng kh
q u n li. cng d lch lc. Hin nay vn c th i HS gii cp huyn,
tnh, cho lp 9. nn cc trng c HS d thi s phi c nhiu
hn h thc bi dng, nhiu loi lp c h t lng cao p ng
yu cu. v khng c s n g lc th lm sao c HS gii dc!
Ngy 25/8/1997, ti c mi d l kh en thng cc em HS
o t gii trong cc k thi quc t. H u ht cc em ny du l HS
cc lp chuyn. T v m y gio s d th a m gia bi dng cc
em bo nhau: K h n g c c c l p c h u y n , c h n g ta n g
h n g o t g i i q u c t V \

34

O TO
N G U N NHN Lc

C TRNH CAO P H C v # NEN k i n h t

TRI THC NC NH (U
G S. P h a m S T i n
ang t h k XXI khi nim v kinh t tri thc ngy cng
r r n g v dc s d n g rng ri nhiu nc. hnh
th n h mt nn k inh t tri thc cn c n hiu diu kin, nhng
quan trng l phi c mt ngun n h n lc trn h cao c kh
lmg nam bt v lm ch cc tri th c mi n h t trong thi i.
N hn lc trn h cao c hiu l nh n g ngi c dc o
to nhiu trn h khc n h a u , n h n g ch yu dc o to sau
i hc. Nc ta dang trong thi k dy m n h cng nghip ha.
hin di ha v d a n g ch dng hi n h p quc t, do hnh
t h n h v xy dng nn kinh t tri thc s l iu t t yu. Vic
o to ngun n h n lc trn h cao phc v nn k inh t tri
thc nc ta d thc hin t h no v trin vng ra sao ?
Nhng nm q u a s nghip d o to n h n lc trnh cao t
dc th n h tu n h t nh. V m t s lng. Lin x v cc nc
XHCN trc y d to cho nc ta khong 10 ng n cn b c
he v tin s. tin s khoa hc. V tin h n nay cc c s o to
sau i hc tro n g nc do to c gn 5 ngn ngi c hc
v tin s. 38 tin s khoa hc v hn 10 ng n thc s. T h n h tch

" Bi ng trn "T hc" s 15 (2/2001).

35

(l c nh gi trong Ngh quyt II Ban Chp hnh Trung

ng Dng kha VUI: "Ciio dc sau i hc o to dc s
lng n g k cn b c trnh cao m trc dy phi d vo
nc ngoi".
V m t cht lng v hiu qu. hin nay trong tt ca cc
lnh vc khoa hc cng n h kinh t - x hi nc ta, nhng
ngi c ht v tin s. tin s khoa hc d v ang p h t huy kh
nng ca mnh. Cng vi cc cn h c o to nc ngoi,
khng t ngi dc do to trong nc tr th n h cn b du
ngnh v c nhng dng gp rt dng ghi n hn vi nhng ',ii
Lhng quc gia, quc t. Nhiu ngi dc phong hm gio s,
ph gio s, c cng lao ln trong s nghip gio dc v o to
trong nc, cng nh vi t cch l chuyn gia gio dc nc
ngoi. Nhiu cng trn h nghin cu cua h c ng dng rng
ri v mang li li ch to ln cho x hi.
Tuy nhin, nu so s n h vi yu cu c a vic xy dng mt
nn kinh t tri thc chng ta phi do to sau i hc tt hn
hin nay ng thi c cn b di do to ti nc ngoi mt cch
c hiu qu. Cc c s do to sau di hc phi chuyn bin cho
ph hp vi yu cu mi, va phi tn g quy m o to vi mc
hp l p ng yu cu, song phi c bit ch trng nng
cao cht lng do to. Trong o to thc s, vic xem xt xy
dng li chng trnh do to sao cho hin i, ph hp vi iu
kin nc ta. ph hp vi tng o to. mang tnh thit
thc, cp n h t khoa hc tin tin v ngy cng ha nh p vi cc
nc l vic quan trng. Nhng cng vi vic xy dng chng
trnh o to mi. cc c s o to phi thc hin cai tin
phng php do to mt cch trit . o to sau i hc phi
l cp hc di du trong vic t hc l c h n h , v th. mi mn
hc trong chng trnh phi gii hn vic ging dy l thuyt, n
nh gi trao di. tho lun hay hc nhm ca ngi hc, phi

q u y ( l n h r k'Hf t h c v t i l i u b t b u c , p h i n g h i n c u i

VI ngii 1 hc. Mt s mn hc phi yi cu cht ch. khi lng

(hc hnh, thi nghim. Mi ging vin sau i hc phi thy r
t r n r h n h i m g i n g d y VI c h t l n g r a o v c k t q u b c

hc ny. Trong mt thi gian ngn, c ('hng 2.3 nam chng ta

phi bin vic (lo to m ngi hc* ch ng cao. t hc. t
cu vi s gip (1(1. h tr v phng php hc tp v
nphin cu ca ging VHM1 . ngi hng n khoa hc.
Tin s l t r n h (l cao nht, tiu biu cho cht liiK o to
cua bc sau i hc. do (l c h t lng do to phi dm bo ngy
cng nn g cao. Lun n tin s phi cha dng nhng ng gp
mi c gi tr trong lnh vc khoa hc chuyn ngnh, th hin
kh nn g sng to. c lp nghin cu khoa hc ca nghin cu
sinh Vi yu r u n h vy th phn ln cc d ti lun n tin s
phi x u t p h t t nhng cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc, th
hin s kt hp cht ch v t nhin gia o to v nghin cu
khoa hc.
V pha ngi hi*. VI y thc hc tp nam vng kin thc
v k nng chuyn ngnh. ngi hc c quyn yu cu cc c s
o to. rc ging vin cung cp t liu, ti liu tham kho
(l mi ngi t n g h i n c u l c h n h , bi ging ca ging
vin phi mang tinh ch (ln r rng. Mt khc, Igi hc cng
dc php yu cu ging: vin t vn v chuyn mn sau cc bi
ging trn lp hc hoc to diu kin cho ngi hc nghin cu
khoa hc. Yu cu ca ngi hc s mt yu t quan trng
I hr dy cc c s do to thay di cch thc do to hin nay.
Cng vi vic o to trong nc, t nm 2000 chng ta
trin khai n "o to cn b khoa hc k th u t ti cc c s
nc ngoi bng ngn sch N h nc". n ny m ra mt
thi k mi (l do to cn b khoa hc k t h u t trnh ci cao, m
(lt u s l nhng "my ci" hot dng cc trng i hc v

nhng ngi cng tc ti cc vin nghin cu. Trong tuyn chn

s u tin cho cc ngnh khoa hc trng im, cc ngnh khoa
hc k th u t v nng, lm, ng nghip song cng dnh chi tiu
thch ng d do to di ng cn !> khoa hc t nhin, khoa
hc x hi v nh n vn. vn ha ngh t h u t v Vdc.
Nm u tin trin khai n o to ti nc ngoi, nhiu
ngi cn r t r trong vic ng k d thi v h cha chun b
tt v kin thc ngoi ng cng nh chuyn mn. Mt khc,
mt s trng i hc, vin nghin cu cha c k hoch mnh
d n trong o to cn b, cha to diu kin d nhiu ngi d
thi Nh nc c diu kin la chn d bi dng nhn ti.
N hng vi vic tuyn chn nghim minh, cng bng chng ta s
la chn c nhng ngi xng ng d c i o to ti cc
nc c nn khoa hc v cng ngh p h t trin.
N hng ngi c chn la c i hc s c cung cp y
iu kin hc tp t*t nht, tip th u kin thc v phng
php o to mi cng n h tip cn vi phng php nghin
cu khoa hc hin i. ' n c nhim v q u n l cht ch trong
v sau qu trnh o to, gip vic o to n h n lc trinh cao
nc ngoi khng n h n g th n h cng v m t s lng, cht
lng o to m cn th n h cng ch o to c nhng
ngi c thc chnh tr tt, lm vic ht lng cho t nc.
o to sau i hc trong nc cng vi do to nc
ngoi s l hai hng song song v u q u a n trng. Phi lm tt
c hai hng do to th mi o to c ngun nhn lc trnh
cao, phc v cho t nc p h t trin, c bit l trong cc
ngnh mi nhn ca khoa hc cng ngh, gp phn hnh thnh
nn kinh t tri thc ca nc nh.

38

BIT MI DY MT V
HC MT B I T MIm
GS. N g u y n V n o
th phn loi cc phng php dv v hc di hc
thnh hai nhm chnh.

Nhm th nht, dy v hc theo kiu "thy c - tr ghi".

Ngi hc ch hc theo n h n g iu th y dy, khng tham
kho thm ti liu, sch bo khc. Theo phng php ny. mc
iu khin ca ging vin tng l cao hn nhng thc ra l
rt thp, khin cho ngi hc tip thu kin thc mt. cch th
dng, km kh nn g sng to v k h nng t hc sut di. c n
phi chm dt cc phng p hp dy v hc theo kiu ny cc
trng i hc ca ta cng sm cng tt.
Nhm th hai. L y ngi hc lm tru n g tm , coi ngi hc
l ch th ca qu trnh dy v hc. Ging vin ch dy nhng
kin thc c bn, (lng vai tr hng dn, ch o v kim tra
qu trn h hc. khng lm thay ngi hc. Cn ngi hc phi t
diu khin qu trn h tip th u kin thc, tham kho m rng
kin thc theo cc ti liu, sch bo, di s iu khin s
phm ca ging vin. Ging vin nu ra vn , sv tp giai
quyt d. C s di thoi gia ging vin - s v , gia s v - sv. Hai
hot ng dy V hc cng phi hp vi nh au v cng p h t huy
tc dng, dn ti c h t lng cao c a o to, hnh th n h nn
Bi ng trn 7 y h c" s 10 (9/2000).

39

nh n g con ngi c du c sng to. c kh nng di xa S U I (!1

trn con dng hc vn. y l phng php dy tin tin, cn
c p dng rng ri trong Lt c cc trng di hc ca ta.
bc i hc, phng php ging dy v phng ph p hc
tp c vai tr cc ki quan trng di vi cht lng do Lo. D
t hiu qu cao cho ngi hc: "hc mt bit mi", iu u
tin cn i hi ngi dy l phi "bit mi dy mt". Bit
mi y khng chi' dn th u n v khi lng kin thc m cn
c v phng ph p t duy, kh n n g sng to, ch vt kh,
o dc, t cch. Do vy, ngi ging vin dng thi phi l nh
khoa hc. Ngi ta ni r t ng rng: "Mt ngi din thuyt
gii c th khng phi l nh khoa hc. Song mt GV i hc
gii n h t thit phi l nh khoa hc".
Ngy nay, vi s p h t trin v bo ca khoa hc v cng
ngh trong nn kinh t tri thc vi tc d tng trng nhanh
chng ca kin thc loi ngi, vic chuyn i ngnh ngh
tr thnh t t yu vi nhiu ngi th vic h c v t h c s u t
i tr th n h yu cu b t buc i vi mi con ngi, vic
khin to nn x hi hc tp tr t h n h trch nhim ca mi
quc gia. V vy, khi ni n cht lng o to, chng ta phi
nhn nh n khng ch thng qua kt q u hc tp trong nhng
nm th n g hc nh trng, m cn n h gi kh nn g p
ng cng vic sau khi r a trng, k h nng chuyn dch ngnh
ngh trong cuc i v k h nng p h t trin, theo kp nhng
th n h tu hin i ca khoa hc v cng ngh.
Thi gian hc tp trong trng di hc ch hn c h trong
vng 4 - 5 nm. Vy th nhng gi cn phi cung cp cho s v
h c th s dng v p h t trin trong sut cuc i. l:
1.
Mt s k i n t h c c b n , c h n h xc. iu ny i hi
ging vin phi r t gii v chuyn mn c th nu cho s v
40

11 hlin 14 khi Inm cri bn nht. gip h hiu bn cht vn . N

ciif (li hi s v c t r in h tip th u kin thc, c thng
tin khoa hc, gio trnh, ti liu th a m kho c cht lng cao, c
dc cc phng th nghini tt.
2 . s v phi dc tra n g b p h n g p h p h c , p h n g
p h p t h c , p h n g p h p t d u y d hiu su sc v bn
cht vn d, p h n g p h p s n g t o d p h t trin vn d.
Chnh l phng p h p (ly r a ging vin v phng php hc
ca s v s to nn c xo da s v i sut cuc di lao ng v sng
to c a h.
3. C kin thc c bn. ngoi ng v phng ph p hc tt,
s v cn cn dc r n l u y n t t v t h lc v ch . D l ch
vt kh, quyt tm vn ln. khng chu km ci, ngho nn.
lc hu.
V vic hc v t hc sut i d tr th n h vu cu b t buc
i vi mi con ngi trong thi i chng ta nn ni dung hc
tp t t r cc cp hc phi c xem xt li theo chiu hng
p m ti mc ti thiu, ch gi li n h ng kin thc c bn vi
cc ti liu, gio trn h th t sinh ng, hp d n v chnh xc do
nhng nh khoa hc hng du ca t nc bin son. Phng
php ging dy ca ging vin phi dc c bit quan tm.
(lc n n g ln n mc ngh th u t. Ngy nay. vic ging dy
phi c tng bc hin di ha vi cc cng c nh my tnh
v Internet, lm cho vic ging dy sinh ng hn, hp d n hn.
Tuy vv. cc rng c hin di nv vn khng th th ay t h c
cc ging vin. H l nhng ngi gip . hng dn s v di
trn con ng hc tp. s n g to, p h t minh.
khc phc tnh t r n g hc tp ru l cng thng ca HS
ngy nay. c bit l trc cc k thi tt nghip, thi tuyn, trong
41

thi gian ti chng ta cn tip tc rrn rng quy m do to, da

d ng ha cc loi hnh o to. huy (lng cc ngun ngoai v
ngn sch cho cng tc o to. Chng ta phi cng nhau phn
u sao cho v i c h c t p tr th n h n im vui, n im h nh
p h c ca mi ngi, dc bit l ca th h tre. C nh vy con
em ca chng ta mi c th t hc v t hc sut di. chng ta
mi xy dng c mt x hi hc tp lnh mnh.

42

MT
S VN T H I s V VIC

DY CCH HC <1}
GS. V V n T o

/ . Q u a n n i m m i v m i q u a n h g i a h o c v d a y
S th ay doi c b n trong qu an h gia dy v hc ngy nay
l vic hc v ngi hc (lc xem l l do tn ti ca vic dy'v
ngi dy. Vic dy phi thc s i vi vic hc. ngi dy phi
gn b vi ngi hc: vic "dy c hiu qu" n h t thit phi dc
d n h gi t vic "hc c hiu qu". N h vy. cn phi b t du t
qu an nim v hc m xc n h quan nim v dy v t d lm
r mi quan h gia hc v dy v xc nh yu cu v o to
v bi dng (JV.
H c -> D y -> T, BD GV
N h vy GV cn ci tin vic dy bng cch nghin cu vic
hc ca ngi hc. Theo quan im ny, cn lm r qu an nim
v hc v dy trong cch hiu v mi qu an h gia chng.
Vv h o c l g?
Hc trong nh trng l ni v s thay i cch thc m
ngi hc d hiu, tri nghim, hoc d quan nim v "th
gii xung quanh mnh". "Th gii xung q u a n h mnh" bao gm c
q uan nim v phng ph p c trng cho mt mn hc hoc
mt ngh m h an g hc.

Bu n g tr n "T hc" s 17 (4/2000).

43

T qu an dim ny. nn g lc then cht trong vic hc nhng

mn hc, l hiu.
Hiu c ngha l cch thc m ngi hc nhn thc v plin
bit dc nhng hin tng lin quan n ch th. diu ny cn
qu an trng hn l cch thc m ngi hc bit ci g v nhng
hin tng hoc bit lm t h no thao Lc chng. Chinh
y l s ph n bit gia bit vi hiu; c th bit m hiu hoc
bit m vn khng hiu; cn d hiu th t t nhin phi bit.
Nhiu ngi c th ti hin nhng kin thc trong sch m
minh nh dc trong khi vn k h n g h i u ch , theo ngha l
ch gip gii quyt nhng vn d thc t gi?
Nhiu ngi hc c kh n n g nhc li mt khi lng thng
tin theo yu cu; nhng iu nv khng n h t thit l s
minh chng v mt s th ay i trong phm tr hiu, bt ki
bc hc no.
Hc l mt s th a y i v cht cch nhn ca mt con
ngi v thc tin; diu ny r t cn thit d nh gi nhng lp
lun v hc.
S ci thin v vic dy phi dn n vic hc ca ngi hc
c c h t lng cao hn. N i hi GV phi thay i cch ngh,
cch ci thin v vic hc - i hi s thay cli trong quan nim,
trong l th u y t v dy hc, sao cho ph hp vi thc t.
T d d y l g?
Mc ch ca dy l lm sao cho ngi hc bit hc ng
cch v cch l kh thi. l lm th a y d i c c h h i u c a
n g i hc, sao cho ngi hc b t du quan nim v hin tng
v tng theo cch m cc nh khoa hc, Ton hc, S hc. L
hc., hoc chuyn gia v cc ch khc quan nim, c ngha
l lm cho ngi hc hiu c cc nh khoa hc . Ciii l.i11
44

gio (lc o i hc i hi phi khuyn khch ging vin lp lun

tng minh vo ci h lm v v sao h lm n h vy. Gi thit
tliy l. gio dc di hc s c hiu qu, nu ngi dy t hi v
nhng tc ng ca vic dy ca mnh di vi vic hc ca s v s
nh th no?
Mc (lch hng du ca dy l gip cho ngi hc hc c;
dn d ch l: mi hn h dng ca ngi dy. v mi th ao tc
nh hng hoc ci tin vic dy u cn dc xem xt theo
mt tiu ch on gin: c d n ti m t cch hc ca ngi hc
dc thit k bi ngi dy h a y kh n g
Q u a n h g i a d a y v hoc
Dy v hc. n h t l i hc. gn vi nhau m t cch m t
thit v c th thit k'c.
GV nn dy n h t h no? iu ny cn ty thuc vo gi
thit ca GV v ci v cch m ngi hc s hc: do dy tt
i hi GV phi nghin cu k v cch hc ca ngi hc. Dy v
hc l hai hot dng tng tc thng xuyn. GV phi hc hi,
l hc thng xuyn, hc trong khi dy: GV khng th dy tt
m li khng hc thng xuyn.
Dy tt i hi GV phi c gng lin tc hc v cch hiu
ca ngi hc v v nh ng tc ng ca dy vi cch hiu
.
S suy nghi v h n h ng ca ngi hc chu tc ng su
Sc bi ni dung v mi trng trong d h hc. H r t ch
n n h n g i hi ca GV v ca s n h gi; nhng cng kh
m bit c h s lm g? Vic hc ca h nhiu khi khng tp
tru n g nhm vo ni dung ca mn hc, m li nhm lm va
lng GV. nhm nh v ti hin t im cao m khng ch
trng n hiu.
45

Tm li. d hc th phi hiu, c hiu th mi hnh ng c

H c - H iu

->

H n h

Mc ch ca Hc l Hiu, trn c s l Hnh.

2.
C ng n g h k i m tra c h iu n g v c hnh
d n g k h n g ? L c n g n g h hi. C ch h c c h i u qu c
t h t m t t l Hc - Hi - H iu - H nh (4H)

Hoc

^7 Hiu
= Cch hc (4 H )
^ Hnh

C th chia lm hai trng hp chnh thng gp trong cuc sng:

a. Hiu su, h n h tho (v d Lm gii mt ngh).
b. Hiu , H nh ngay (v d d lm mt loi thao tc thc
hnh dn gin no ).
Nhiu tnh hung thc t c th coi l s giao n h a u ca hai
trng hp ny. T c cch vn dng-thch hp.
A. HC - HI (SU) - HNH (THO)
Trong qu trn h HC, tip thu s ging dy ca GV. t
nghin cu ti liu.., mc ch trc h t v cng l ti thiu m
ngi hc phi t l H i u .
a.
Bng cch no m t kim tr a c l mnh hiu, hiu
"ng", hiu "chnh xc", hiu "su", ch khng phi l hiu "l
m", hiu "sai".. Chnh l vic t hi v vic t tr li m c th
t nh gi xem mnh d hiu mc no. T hi, t tr li, t
46

(lnh yi l mt (u trnh pht hin ra nhng iu khng hiu,

khng thng sut v r n phi tm cch gii quyt nhng thao
m/ic d. Qu trnh ny l q u trn h m ngi hc rn luyn
phng php t duy c h o hn thn, n n g c a o nng l c tm ti
gii (lp cho cc cu hi t ra, qua m nm vng hn nhung
ni dung cn thit, can p dng. Trong qu trnh ny. nu t
mnh thy khng tho mn ch no . th c th hi ngi
khc v tip th u li p, nh c th hiu hn.
b.
HI ngi khc c nhiu cch, c th chia th n h 2 loi
chinh: hi ch dng hoc tch cc v hi t h ng. H i ch ng
l ch hi sau khi t hi. t p v d thy r ch no l ch
minh khng t thoa mn c; n h vy, cu hi s c th hn,
sng s a hn. m ang tnh a ch cao hn. Khi hi tch cc. lc:
nh n dc cu tr li th s c cm gic ngay l "thng" hay
"cha thng" vi cu tr li, t c thm c s tip tc tm
hiu vn d k hn. dy. can ch h a i th i ca ngi hi
i vi cu tr li ca ngi khc: d dn g chp n h n hoc vi
vng khng chp nhn, tc l du cha suy ngh k v cu tr
li m L thi . d mc khuyt im v s "ch quan". Kt
qu cn dt. phi l "hiu hn trc", ri tng bc tin lin
"hiu y d hn, hiu su hn". Thiu kh u t hi, t p m
di hi ngi khc ngay, th cu hi thng chun b khng k
cng, khng su. cho nn hiu qu tip nh n li p s thp,
tc l khng hiu thm c my.
Khi nim hi "ngi khc" c h m rng, l t cu hi vi
cc i tng "ngoi bn thn"; i tng ny khng ch l
"ngi" khc m cn l: a/ Cc ti liu, t liu r t a dng, nh
sch, bo, phim, nh, bng ghi m, gh hnh, di tch, di sn v.v..;
b/ Cc phng tin mi v cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng
n h cc cng c nghe nhn, my tnh, mng thng tin trong
nc, quc t... N h vy, tim nng ca "ngi khc" (vi ngha
47

rng) l mt ngun lc bn ngoi r t m n h cho vic hi, vic hi

ch ng. Qu trin h t hc ca ngi hc l qu trin h kt hp
s n lc ch q u a n ca ngi hc, ch yu l n lc t duy vi
s tranh th t n dng, kh a i thc ca ngi hc i vi nhng
ngun lc ngoi.
c.
Khi s vic hi theo kiu ch dng, l khi s mt qu
trin h tng tc vi "ngi khc". C hai loi tng tc: tng tc
trc tip v tng tc gin tip. Tng tc trc tip l qu trnh:
"hi - p"; "hi tip dp tip"... gia ngi hi v ngi c
hi. iu ny thng xy ra gia ngi vi ngi, v ngy nav
li cn c th xy ra gia ngi vi loi my tnh cng phn
mm c tn h nng tng tc. Tng tc gin tip xy ra khi
ngi dc hi khng phi l nhng trng hp va nu; v d,
ngi hi di tr a cu sch, n h n c li p ca sch, c th
thy cha tho mn. nn tr a cu tip tc, c th c nhng
ngun khc... cho n khi "tm hi lng" hoc "c tho mn".
S tng tc ny c sinh ra. bt u t vic hi; hiu qu
tng t c, trc ht ph thuc vo mc "chun b hi". Kh
vy, ngi hc phi hc cch hi: cch t hi v cch hi "ngi
khc". GV cn d y cho ngi hc cch hc, cch t hc, c bit
l cch t hi, cch hi "ngi khc".
T hi - T p - T nh gi -> Hiu -y Hnh
Ch ng -> Hiu -> Hnh

Th dng -> Hiu - Hnh

(Hc - Hi - Hiu) - Hnh: Hng ca lii l d hiu
su, ri thnh tho.

48

Con n^r Hc - H nh theo s d ny l phi qii Hiu tc

l luu (X s<> li thuyt, n h n thc r a hnh- Dv l;i con ng
hio
chi lng. theo chiu s u , hiu su t hnh tho.
Nh vy. hc p h i i di vi hi thi mi l c u . hiu su V
(Iniii thi mi li thy nhtintf iu cn rhia hiu, can phi tip
tc hc. Ong cha ta thng ni "hc hi ", r th hiu nh sau:
Khi hc, thi khng nn ch tip thu mt chiu. m phi lt
(li l t l i v n . t c l p b i d r a d c c u h i v t m ( c c c h

tr li. th mi hiu c su, c rng. Nhn thc (lc tm

quan trng ca vic hi, cn hc cch hi, cu hi phn nh
c "trng" diu cn cha hiu, iu cn cha bit, cu hi
th hin dc* l trnh cc bc hi:-cp "cu hi v tr li" th
n h t l tin d cho cp cu hi v tra li" th hai V.V.. Nh vv,
"hi" chnh l mt thao tc "kch thch" t duy trong qu trnh
hc. m nhim v l t ra m t vn p h i gioi quyt, nhm
lm cho ngi hc hiu su hn.
C th biu th tr n th n h 3 khu: HC - HI HlU.
d.
Trong vic hc. t h u t ng "hi" xut hin di nhiu
dng. V d:
"Hc h i", nh trn d nu, l: hc phi i di vi hi, vi
cch hi.

"Vn ". T "vn" c ngha l "hi"; t "" c ngha l "d

xu t, "dt ra" cm t "vn " c ngha l " xu t cu h i",
t ra cu hi. Vic hc xt n cng l nhm nng cao "nng
lc tr li (gii c) n h n g cu hi c ra (vn )%v ra
quyt nh (quyt), "nng lc gii quyt vn ". Chnh v vy
qu trnh hc phi l q u trn h hi (vn) v tr li (p), l qu
trnh "vn - p", l mt chui vn - p, khu tr cl tin d
cho khu sau. Bng cch . ngi hc di su vo vn , hiu
r vn hn, y hn, t c kh nn g hn h dng, gii
quyt vn d vng chc hn.
49

"T v n ", ' C vn". Trong nhiu trng hp. n g i hc

phi hi "ngi khc" chnh l tm ngi "t vn", "c vn"
hi cc v v gp . khuyn co.
c.
Vic t hc r a s v l mt qu trn h nghin ngm iu
m n h hc, lt i lt li vn , hnh th n h nhng thc mc,
nhng cu hi. i di vi s c gng t tr li d gii quyt tng
khu.. Trong qua trnh ny. nhng ch thch dng, cn tim
thy, tm bn, tm ti liu. s dng my vi tnh v.v. d hi.
tra cu, thm ch di thoi. Ct li ca vic t hc ca s v l
vic t duy, rn luyn phng p h p t duy, t d u y c lp, t
duy p h n tch, ph p h n , tng hp, t d u y sng to. Cch t duy
trong t hc ngy nay cn tnh n hiu qu tng tc nn t
chc hc tp v lm vic theo nhm, c i thoi, k c hc tp
c my tnh h tr.
Chnh v t h Hi ngh quc t v i hc t h k XXI: "Tm
nhn v hn h ng44 (thng 10/1998, t i Paris do UNESCO
t

chc), nu r: ngi tt nghip i hc ngy nav phi l nhn

lc t duy. c trng ca phng php hc i hc l hc cch
t duy g i i quyt vn .
B. HC - HI - HIU () - HNH (NGAY)
Hng ca hi l hnh ngay. K h u hiu y vn phi
c, nhng khng n mc p h i hiu s u , m ch yu l hiu cc
yu t trc tip cho h n h , n h quy trn h , thao tc. Con ng
ny thng dng trong o to ngn hn, cng nh trong nhiu
trng hp ct thao tc ngay, ng quy trnh. Tuy nhin, s
hiu khng su cng c nh hng n hnh, n h t l khi phi
x l nhng trc trc, s c khi hnh.
50

T hi - T chip

>

- > H i u -- I l n li
T c h c c - H i u -> H n h

^
T h ng
H i u > H n h
( H o c - H i - H i u ) - H n h : Hng n iu hi l (l
hint li hanh ngay.
<

3.
C ch h c t h n g m in h i hi phi c c c h d y
t h n g m in h
Mt vi v (l ly t nh ng cu chm ngn ca ng cha ta.
l hc c sng t o : "hc m t - bit mi".
Vai tr h tr ca GV trong dy cch hc cng phi theo
hng dy thng minh: mun vy, GV phi bit mi dy
mt, tc GV phi t hc. t cp n h t kin thc, phi hc
thng xuyn sut i, lun lun khng cn thng tin mi,
t d lun lun gi dc "v th bit mi". GV dng s hiu
bit su rng ca mnh d hng dn, gi 1 cho HS, thc cht
l GV to cho HS mi trng tr tu cn thit HS t p h t huy.
l ch trng hc bn. "Hc th y, khng ty hc bn".
Vai tr r a GV l t chc cc cch hc nhm, to ra tng
tc HS - HS, HS GV, giao cho nhm t qun l di s h tr
a GV. HS c th t ng k t bn cng hc vi nhau.

51

D l ht lng hc thy, "Khng th y m y lm nn",

Tn s hc do". Ch khi HS ht lng hc GV th mi c th hc

dc nhiu, c hiu qu. GV c tc d n g vi HS trc ht l nu
gng: gng v cch sng, cch di x: gng v tinh th n "hc
khng bit chn, dy khng bit mi", gng v vn (lng tr
tu, gii quyt cc tnh hung, n h ng kinh nghim v bi hc
chnh GV c kt; gng v t chc lm vic khoa hc. ngh
nghip v.v... ch khng ch l nhng bi ging, nhng k tho
lun. Cch dy ca GV gii l to cho ngi hc c tip xc,
lm vic trong mi trng c nhiu GV gii, ri c nhng iu
kin vt cht k t h u t tt.

52

CI TIN P I i N G P H P GING DY
NNG CAO CHT LNG O T O 1
PGS.TS Ng D o n i
rong Ngh quvt Hi ngh ln th hai Ban chp hnh
T rung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam kha VIII v nh
hng chin lc p h t tri n gio dc.do to trong thi k cng
nghip ha. hin i ha v nhim v dn nm 2000. phn
'Nhng gii php ch yu c mc T i p tc di mi ni dung.
PPGD - o to.... Mt trong nhng bin php c ghi mc
ny l: i mi m n h m PP G D - o to, k h c p h c li
t r u y n th m t c h i u , r n lu y n t h n h n p t d u y s n g
to c a ngi h c. T n g bc p d n g c c p h n g ph p
t i n t i n v p h n g t i n h i n i v o qu trn h d y h c , m bo i u k i n v thi g ia n t hc, t n g h i n
c u c h o HS, n h t l s v i hc...,
hn nm tri qua, N h nc v cc trng di hc
lm nhiu vic d p h t tri n nn gio dc i hc, nhng hu
n h c h n g ta ch a q u a n t m y dn vic di mi phng
p h p ging dy (PPGD) ch cha ni n vic phi i mi
m n h m n h Ngh q u y t ch ra.
L i d o g c n tr c h n g ta q u a n t m d i m i p h n g
p h p g i n g d y tr o n g c c tr n g i hc tr o n g th i g ia n
qua?
- H n c h v thi gian
" Bi ng trn "Dy - T h c " s 21 (12/ 2001).

53

Quy m do to pht trin qu nhanh, trong khi chng la

phai thc hin nhng ci rch v quy m, hnh thc t chc nh
trng, quy trnh o to, quy ch kim tra thi c v cng nhn
tt nghip, lm cho:
+ Cc nh qun l bn rn vi vic tm cch t n g ngun lc
v s dng ngun lc d ci to c s vt cht d qu hn ch v
lc hu so vi nhu cu p h t trin v quy m (lo to ngy cng
ln. v i v i c n g h i n c u v t h n g h i m n h n g m h n h m i v t

chc n h trng, vi vic tm hiu v p dng cc quy trnh, quy

ch do to mi do B Gio dc & Do to ban hnh;
+ Cc cn 1>qun l chuyn mn cc khoa, b mn bn vi
vic l chc, xy (lng v chinh l chng trnh, t chc, phn
cng ging dy. vit gio trnh... trong diu kin s s v tng
mnh;
+ Cc giang vin, tuyt di da s qu ti vi s gi ln lp
rt nhiu h (di he, sau di hc. cao dang, chinh quy. ti chc,
vn bng th hai) r a trng mnh v cc trng di hc dn
lp. cc lp i hc ti chc cc a phng.
Gi dy. khi cc m hnh t chc nh trng v quy trnh
do to tng i n nh v khi chng ta nhn ra l phi
thu hp bt quy m (lo to v ch hn ti cht lng do to.
chng ta r diu kin qu an tm n PPG1).
-

H n c h trong nhn thc, nht l trong i ng cn b,

*lng vin.
Cho n nay vn tn ti VC quan nim cha day (l sau:

54

]. Nu thViii IV kin thc chuyn mn thi tlv s (ly Ui

V s (uan trng ca kin thc chuyn mn thi khng ai
phu nhn, nhng kin thc chuyn mn mi l diu kin cn
g i i n g d y K11. c h c h u a p h i l d i u k i n .

() M. IK1 m cc trng di hc c nhiu gio s gii v lp

hc (lc t chc theo li ghi danh, mm 1978 Gaff klo st
\M 2 s v , da ra mt danh mc 30 iu cn dc nng cao trong
vic Ring dy trng i hc v ngh h xp th t. s v d
xcp kln thc ca thy cui d a n h mc. C nhiu gio s d
x u t bn nhiu sch chuyn mn v cng b nhiu bi bo,
n h n c nhiu ti tr cho cc ti nghin cu. nhng s sv
ghi tn hc th li t v nhiu ngi b d mn hc ca gio s
y (Marvellen VVeimcr, 1990).
2. Ci m th y cn dy c h l ni dung
T rong th gii hin i q u a n nim ny ht sc khng y
v kin thc nhn loi ni chung v trong mi ngnh khoa hc
ni ring ngy cng nhiu. Thy gio b mt sc p l (ly mt
khi lng ni dung ln. trong khi s* tit hc d n h cho mn
khoa hc khng e tng them. iu ny gii thch ti sao khi
xay dng chng trnh, ngnh no cng ku s tit dnh cho
mn hc ca mnh t. Nh ha hc Lagowski (1985) cho rng
nu

quan

n im

(ly h c l d v k i n

th c cn cho

sv

k h i ra

tr ng th lm sao nh trng c th dy d d ch 80% kin

thc c n thit cho mt nh ha hc lm vic trong 35 nm.
Maryellen Weimer trong eun im p ro v in g college te a c h in g
(San Francisco. Oxford. 1990) cng nu ra hai quan nim sai
lm cn tr vic ci lin phng php ging dy nh trn.
Ngoi ra. tc gi ny cn nu thm mt quan nim sai lm th
55

ba c h o rang:

n g i d y gii

l n g i c k h

nng bm

sin h

(Good teachers a r e born). Quan nim ny ph nh n vic ci lin

I T ging dy ca nhng GV dy yu.
Ti s a o c n p h i c i ti n p h n g p h p g i n g dy?
Hn bao gi ht, lc ny chng ta cn quan tm n vic Cii
tin PPGD vi:
+ X hi loi ngi ngy nay l x hi tri thc v thng tin.
S i mi vi tc r t nhanh trong cc lnh vc khoa hc v
cng ngh tc dng n thng tin ba k h a cnh:
- Thng tin c gi tr khng di.
- Khi lng thng tin t n g nhanh,
- Ni dung thng tin ngy cng chuyn mn ha v phc tp
(S. T. Chong. 1998).
Nh vy, cch dy ch hng ti cung cp kin thc (thng
tin) s lun lun lc hu vi thi i. X hi tri thc v thng
tin i hi mt nn gio dc sut di cho mi ngi. G ing vin
phi hng ti vic dy cho s v bit cch hc l ch yu.
+ X hi hin i i hi nhng s v tt nghip di hc
nhng phm c h t khc trc v. khng phi l nhng con
ngi hc go vi mt l kin thc sch v. m l n h n g con
ngi nng dng, bit t lm giu kin thc v bit vn lng
mt cch sng to nhng kin thc y d gii quyt cc vn
t ra trong cuc sng.
Nm 1988 Hi ngh hiu trng cc trng i hc ca cc
nc chu u hp ti Geneva c hn 500 trng di hc danh
ting th a m gia d u quyn cho Vin Nghin cu gio dc di
hc t ti Brussels tin hnh kho st, ngh 6 ch tch ca
56

c n c r, tyUc :\: (I;i n g n h k h n . l I r lii cii m t n \ u hi:

H linrl) n i);1 1 lo;u hinl) s v tt nglui) no? C;i (') v ch tch ra

rc* rn t y UC s1; 1 ( la n g n h t r n k h n g h nhric* ( l n b t c

y r u cu no v* k*n ihc chuyn ngnh ci nlniH n^i tt

n g h i p . n h n g h <I(U n h a c ( l n p h m c h a t c a n l n n i j ' n g i l t

n^hi) di l(>(' m h tuvMi ng l: c sng kirn, c tnh sng

to v c tnh linh hot (Wang Yi Bintf. 2000). T hng 9/1992 Hi
ngh iriiii Ili (!ng io dc Australia v B (io (lc * Do to
- V](C lm Australia (l (la ra mt kin ngh v 7 nng lc lh(*n
cht (key compotrncios) cn dc a vo mc tiu (lo to d
s v ra trng c th lao dng c hiu qu trong mt cuc sng
th a y di n h an h chng l:
- N n g lc th u n h p , p h n tch v t c h c t h n g tin:

- N ang lc truyn b nhng tng v thng tin:

- N ng lc k hoch h a v t chc cc hot dng;
- Nng lc lm vic VI ngi khc v trong (ntf di:
Nang lc s (lng nh n g tng v k t h u t ton hc:
N ng lc gii quyt vn :
N ng lc* s dng cng ngh;
+ Xt v mc liu dy hc. t c ('l y gn na th ki ngi
ta ci chia ra [ loi mc Liu cn d t dc l: nhn thc
(cognitive), Cim xc (affective) v k nng (psychomotor)
[Bloom. 1956. N hng nc ta hin nay cc GV thng mi ch
ch dn mc tiu nhn thc. Ngay trong mc tiu ny, vn c
deni 6 bc: hit (knowledge), hiu (comprehension), p ng
(application), phn tch (analysis), tng hp (synthesis) v nh
57

gi (evaluation), th cluing ta ciinj' rh mi ch v c tf:ng dt

cc mc tiu nh n thc bc thp l hiu, bit, m cha hng
ti cc mc tiu nhn thc bc cao hem.

C bao n h iu p h n g p h p v c n p d n g n h n g
p h n g p h p gi?
Cc chuyn gia gio dc i hc ili thng k dc r t nhiu
PPGD. Trong chuyn kho T ip s on how to teach effectively
(Ch dn vic dy hc c hiu qu) s . J Hidalgo (1994) d lit k
n hn 60 pp. Trong cc ti liu khc ta cn c th tm thy
cc p p grap (graph m ethod), p p m h n h ha, p p dy hc vi m .

Cc nh gio hc php ngoi ng cn c cc p p dy theo mu li

ni, p p thc hnh c thc, p p nghe - nhn, p p i chiu c
thc, p p chng trnh ha. p p nu vn d, p p khu bit... Nh
tm l hc ngi Bungari G. Lozanov cn x u t dy hc bng
PPDH m th (xuggestopeditseskij metod) m nguyn l c bn
ca n l khi dy nhng n ng lc tim tng trong ngi hc,
gy cho h nim tin vo ngi thy v kh nng ca chnh h
trong vic hc tp.
D c r t nhiu p p nh vy, chng ta c th gp cc p p
th n h hai nhm:
1. PPGD ly ngi thy lm tru n g tm (teacher centered, faculty initiated): kin thc c ngi th y truyn
th cho tr.
2. Cc PPGD ly ngi hc lm trung tm (student centered, learner - initiated): kin thc c ngi hc t tm
kim di s hng dn ca thy.
Ty theo tng loi kin thc m ngi dy cn la chn v
kt hp cc PPGD thuc hai nhm trn. Tuy nhin, i vi tnh
58

iiinh 41 1Li dy ;n hc noe la hin nay. cluing la can quan

tm D^hirn cu va :ip tiling l ct* IMHl) l;y ntriii hoc lm
l run*' 1 :nn
+ X i .' iv n ; i y . q u a n m m <*u;i t h Kii v h n h m : u i t n n <i:u
hoc- ( 11 J4 <la t h a y d o i . D a v i d B o . m l a n d l p m t b n g d i c l u
c ( h e m c u a r c t r i i n g <ii h o c h i n ( l i Y1 cc- t r n g (li

hc trur y. Irong c nhng dc dim quan troii nht Illll

q u a n l i e t i m c h n g l a d a n g t h o l u n l:

So s n h n h t r n g k i u c v n h t r n g k i u moi

Kiu c

Kiu mi

Trung tm kin thc

Ni
pi

Ch dn cch trnh
by thng tin

Ch dn vic hc tp c nhn

Mn hc l mt lot
hot ng ging dy
ca GV v dc sv
tng hp li

Mn hc l mt loi hot dng

hc tp m ang tinh h thng theo
k hoch c s la chn ty theo
s thch ca sv

Chun ca mn hc
da tr n s ni ling
ca GV

C hun ca mn hc dc m
bo bng cc qu trnh kim tra
c h t lng

(V l cc hc gi v
nh nghin cu

GV l ngi qun l vic hc tp

(v

(V l hnh mu ca mt nh
chuyn mn

sv

hc- co hc

l hnh mu ca
mt nh tr thc

T rung tm hc lp
Ni

sv

hc cch hc

59

(IV c tuyn chn

theo kin thc v
thnh tch nghin
cu

GV c tuyn chn theo kinh

nghim p (lng kin thc vo
ngh nghip v k nng tr gip
cc sv

S p h t trin dc
im c nhn khng
phi l iu quan
trng

S p h t trin dc im c nh n
l iu quan trng ch yu

10

Th vin ca trng
l ngun t liu ch
yu

Thng tin c truy tm tr n

phm vi ton cu

11

Quan h ngoi vi di
vi cng nghip

Quan h cht ch i vi cng

nghip

C c y u t q u y t n h v i c l a c h n
p h n g p h p g i n g dy

60

1. C h n g trinh
Chng trinh c th c xy (lng theo .' cch tip cn: ni
ung (content approach), mc tiu (objectives approach), qu
trinh (process approach). Chi cc chng trnh dc xy dng
theo quan im mc tiu v qu trnh mi to diu kin thun
1(11 d p dng cc lTCil) ly ngi hc lm tru n g tm.
2. G i o t r n h
Nu cc mn hc c gio trnh v ti liu tham kho th
C.V mi c th s dng cc p p hng dn s v t tm kim kin
thc.
3. G i n g v in
Nhn thc v s hiu bit ca GV v mc tiu o to ca
nh trng, mc tiu mn hc, v l lun dy hc, kh nng s
(lng cc thit b dy hc hin di l nhng yu t quyt nh
vic la chn p p hoc thc ci tin PPGD ca chnh ngi GV.
4. T h i t b g i n g d y
N h trng c nhng thit b ging dy mi nh overhead,
projector, diorama,... th GV mi c th p dng cc PPGD mi.
5. K im tra, d n h gi
Nu vic kim tra, nh gi ch nhm vo lnh vc nh n
thc bc th p (bit, hiu) th GV s ch dng cc p p truyn
th kin thc.
Vic kim tra. thi phi do chnh GV dy mn hc thc hin
vi sv ca mnh. Chi khi ngi GV bit dc kt qu hc tp
ca s v , s tin b hay th t li ca h th ngi GV mi c
thc ci tin PPGD.
61

6. Quy c h g i n g dy
Quy ch' ginntf (ly c th VII can (V c d cng mn hc
(syllabus) trong d c ghi ni iun cc Inii hc. ti liu h t buc
phi dc. t 1 liu tham kho, thi gian tin. kim tra, cc* bi tp
ln giao cho s v v nh v.v...
CtiV ch c th yu cu (V phii th<<) hc cc lp bi dng
v nghip v s phm
Quy ch r th yu cu (iV phi dc s v nhn xt. n h gi
v.v ...
Nhng quy nh trn y s l dng lc thc y (V la
chn, thay i v ci tin PP(I).
7. S in h v i n
Ty theo i tng s v m GV s la chn cc p p ph hp:
dy s v c tuyn (ngi dn tc tiu s t min ni, vng su,
v n g x a ) k h c VI d y

sv

di hc qua thi tuyn, dy

hc, nghin cu sinh v.v...

c c tn h

sv

dng bng v thn h ph vo

i hc khc vi dy hc vin cao

*
iu hin d i mi m a n h m cc p h n g p h p
g i n g d y
Nhng iu trnh by tr n y cho thy, di mi mnh
m PPGD chng ta cn:
1. T rang b cho GV nhng kin thc v l lun dy hc i
hc.
2. Tang cng c s vt c h t phc v cho vic dy ca GV
v vic hc ca SV: u t cho th vin, thit b dy hc. phng
th nghim, xng thc hnh...

62

Drill t th(ii giin v kinh ph xng ng cho (V vit

g i o Irin h .

XAy dng v ban hnh quy ch giang dy.

f>. T chc nghin cu v p dng cc phng tin (ly hc

hin (li: multimedia, d ho 3 chiu (3 - D graphics) v hin
thc o. th vin o tr n internet, hi ngh t xa (tele-/video
conferencing), th gii o, th ao tc t xa V . V.. .
*
Hp tc g i a cc tr n g d i hc d ci tin m n h
m phng p h p g i n g da y
1. Phi hp t chc cc lp bi dng GV v l lun dy hc
i hc.
2. T hnh lp cc t hn hp nghin cu v l thuyt v
thc hn h cc phng tin dy hc hin di.
3. Phi hp t chc cc hi tho v PPGD cc chuyn
ngnh.
4. Phi hp t chc d gi ca cc gio s dy gii v tho
lun sau cc bui d gi d.

63

T I L I U TH A M KHO

1. V Vn To. Vi nt v xu th i mi PPGD - do to. Gio

dc di hc. H Ni, 1996.
2. Nguyn Ngc Quang. Bn cht ca qu trin h dv hc. Gio
dc di hc. H Ni, 1996.
3. Wang Yi Ring. Dm bo cht lng trong Gio dc i hc:
kin h nghim ( lia m t s nc (Hi tho quc gia m bo
c h t lng trong Gio dc i hc). Lt. 4/2000.
4. S. T. Chong. H igher Education over the Internet: D awn o f the
Virtual U niversiti (Proceedings of the Regional Conference
on Higher Education "National Strategies a n d Regional Co
operation for the 2 r l century). Tokyo, 7/1997.
5. David C. Boa land. The new universities (Proceedings of the
International Conference. Higher Education in th e 21st
century). H Ni. 5/1996.
6. FE. S. J Hidalgo. Tips on how to teach effectively. Rex Book
Store, 1994.
7. Ma rye lien Weimer. Improving
Franc isco. Oxford. 1990.

college

teaching.

San

8. Wang Yi Bing. F u tu re of education and role of DOL.

(Vietnam National workshop on distance education). Hanoi,
3/2000.

64

HOC
VA DAY
CACH HOC,n

G S. T r n B H o n h

t li c a h c l c c h hc
Trong lao dng hc tp. ngi hc tip nhn cc thng

tin t bn ngoi d ci hin chnh mnh v kin thc.

k nng. thi . chun b tim nng thch ng vi mi trng
t nhin, x hi.
Vic hc khng ch bt u v kt thc la tui hc dng
n h quan nim trc kia. Ngy nay tri thc ca loi ngi dang
l n g r t nhanh v khi lng, i mi n h an h v cht lng ni
dung: d ko di thi gian hc trong nh trng bao nhiu cng
khng c. Khn ngoan l phi bit hc ly cch hc Hc mt
bict mi nh cha ng ta tng ni, v qu an trng l c th
tip tc t h c su t i.
Trong x hi hin i, cng ngh thng tin pht trin nhanh
chng, to ra nhng phng tin, phng php giao lu mi. m
rng ph cc kh nn g hc tp to c hi cho mi ngi c th
hc di nhiu hnh thc, theo kh nng v iu kin cho php.
Tuy nhin, trong rng thng tin y, b quyt hc c kt qu
l c p h n g ph p h c tp hp l.
Ngy nay, gio dc nh trng khng cn l ngun thng
tin duy n h t dom n cho than h, thiu nin trong tui hc
ng nhng tri thc mi m ca loi ngi. Nhng gio dc

(,) Bi ng trn T hc" s 17 (4/ 2001)

65

nh trng - di s ch o ca (V vn l con dng ng

tin cy v c hiu qu nht, lm cho th h tr tip thu c mc
dch, c chn lc. c h thng tinh hoa di s n vn ha khoa hc,
ngh t h u t ca loi ngi v ca dn tc. Khng nn ngh rng
ngi ta c th sm thay t h vic hc c s ch do ca GV trong
nh trng bng vic t hc hon ton vi s tr gip c a cc
thit b thng tin. khng cn trng lp. Ngc li, vai tr ca
ngi GV cng quan trng; c iu l chc nn g ca h thay
i.
C h c n n g c b n c a d y l d y c c h hc
T lu cha ng ta d nh n thc r t d n g khi dng cc t
th y hc (ng thy v vic hc), ngh dy hc (ngh dy
ngi ta hc), b hc (b qun l vic hc). Trong cc t ny
hot ng hc, vai tr ch th ngi hc dc cao ch khng
phi l hot dng dy, vai tr ca ngi dy c t ln hng
du. Quan nim ny phn nh ng bn c h t ca qu trn h dy1
hc. Cng t lu, cc nh S phm n h n thc c ngha
ca vic d y p h n g p h p hc. GV phi bit nh hng, t
chc cho HS t mnh khm ph ra kin thc mi, gip cho cc
em khng ch nm b t c ni dung kin thc m cn nm
c phng php i ti kin thc .
Ngy nay, dy phng php hc tr th n h mt mc tiu dy
hc ch khng phi ch l mt bin php n n g cao hiu qu dy
hc, c quan tm ngay t u bc tiu hc v cng ln bc cao
hn. cng c coi trng. Ni ti phng p h p hc th ct li l
p h n g p h p t h c . Phng php t hc l cu ni gia hc
tp vi nghin cu khoa hc. Mt yu t q u a n trng bo m
thnh cng trong hc tp v nghin cu kh oa hc l kh nng
p h t hin v gii quyt nhng vn d t ra. Nu rn luyn cho
ngi hc c dc phng php, k nng, thi quen v ch t
66

hoc. I)K*t hull lio.it vn (lng nhng ilicu (l hc vo nhrtnt tnh

Ihik mi thi s to cho h lng h;un hc. khi dy tim nng
vn ('() lro 111 mi ngi, p h t huy ni lc* lm cho kt qu hc
(iuc nhn l(*n J|) bi. (long thi sm thch ng vi cuc sng
trong rng dng. Vi nhng l d, ngy nay trong qu trnh dy
hc. ngi t nhn m n h vai tr ngi hc v v tr hot dng
hc, c gng to ra s chuyn bin t hc tp th di sang hc
tp tivh cc ch dng, sng to.
Trong l lun dy hc tng c 3 cch tip cn hot dng
hc t pha ngi dy.
. Ch n san p h m ca hc. V d : Hc xong vn ny
HS phai d t c n h n g mc tiu c th g v kin thc, k
nng, thi d? Vai tr (V l xc nh r mc tiu ri chn cch
thc truyn dt. lm mu. d HS dt dc cc mc tiu (.
2. Q uan t m n chinh qu trnh hc. V d : nm dc
kin thc ny. HS phi s (lng nhng thao tc t duy no ?
c c k nng ny. HS phi tri qua nhng hot dng thc
h n h g? Vai tr ca GV l t chc hot ng thc hnh thc t
trong v ngoi lp gip HS t mc tiu hc tp.
3. Q uan t m n nh ng vn d ny sinh trong thc tin hc
t p , trong cuc sng cng ong. V d: Hin tng sap hc mu
th u n hoc vt ra ngoi nhng khi nim, nh lut hc
trc nh th no ? Tnh tr n g s dng nc sinh hot trong
(la phng clang d t ra nhng vn ,\ ? c n lm ci
thin tnh hnh d? Vai tr ca GV l t chc nhng tnh hung
c vn . hng n HS nhn dng vn d d t ra. t chc cho
1S t lc gii quyt vn .
La cch tip cn ni trn c lin quan v du hng ti nng
cao hiu qu hc nh ng mi cch cp mt kha cnh ca hot
dng hc. Kin thc hc dc phai l sn phm ca mt qu
67

trnh t duy tch cc th mi su sc, vng chc. Mc thng qua

t p dt gii quyt cc vn th cng n m vng v bit vn
dng.
S p h t trin ca x hi dang i hi gio dc nh trng
phi chuyn t kiu dy tp tru n g vo vai tr GV v hot dng
dy sang kiu dy hc tp tru n g v vai tr HS vo hot ng
hc. t cch dy thng bo - ng lot, hc tp th ng sang
kiu dy hot dng, phn ha, hc tp tch cc. GV khng cn
dng vai tr chnh l truyn t kin thc m l ngi gi m,
hng dn, t chc, c vn, trng ti cho cc hot ng tm ti,
tra n h lun ca HS. GV gii l ngi bit gip HS ca mnh
tin b nh a n h trn con ng hc tp t lc, k t hp th n h cng
vic ging dy tri thc vi vic gio dc gi tr v p h t trin t
duy, s dng c hiu qu cc phng tin th it b dy hc hin
i.

68

SUY NGH V DY
V HC
I
HC

GS. N g u y n N h
y v hc ( di hc phi khc cn bn vi dy v hc
ph thng. c im c bn ca dy v hc di hc l
tin h giao l u suy ngh, giao lu nhn thc v tr i tu
sin h ng, n h l m t cuc i thoi a chiu gia thy vi tr,
gi a tr vi n h a u , gi a nhn thc c vi nhn thc miy gia
ci bit v ci cha bit, ci khng nh v ci hoi nghi,
ai cng trnh by kin ring ca mnh (hoc pht trin thnh li
hoc suy nghi trong du) v cng mt vn trn c s t hc,
t c s c h , t n g h i n c u trc gio trnh v cc ti liu cn
yu lin quan n ni dung bi hc. Nh vy, nhim v dy v hc
d i hc l va dy v hc kin thc mi, va dy v hc phng
php hc tp, nghin cu ti u s v sau khi ra trng c th t
hc, t nghin cu v tin hnh hc sut i ch khng phi ch
hc mt ln, mt thi on l xong ri, dng cho c i. 0 mi
trng i hc, dy cch hc, cch lm th nghim, cch nghin
cu, cch c sch, cch dy hc, cch tm kim v x l t liu
phi c u tin bn cnh vic truyn th kin thc ci m s v c
th t c trong sch theo hng dn ca thy. Dy v hc y
phi l hot ng tng tc gia thy v tr hn h th n h kin
thc mi v phng php c sch, phng php hc tp,
phng ph p nghin cu chnh ngi sv.

vi sv, hc tr n lp phi tr t h n h m t d n g hot

ng n h n thc tch cc, t gic, m a n g tn h p h t hin, tnh
tng tng y h n g th. Dy v hc i hc khng th l s
tru y n t kin thc mt chiu, n iu, t nht, t th y n
69

tr nh mt cuc dn thoi (hay dc thoi): th y c ni. tr c

nghe, thy ni g, tr ghi ny. ghi cng y . cng chi tit li
thy "ging" cng lt, k c nhng cu. nhn cha kp hiu.
ng ra, ci g d c trong SGK. trong gio trnh th khng
cn ging k tr n lp m ch cn nhn m n h trng t m v nn
gi . gii thiu Li liu sv t hc.
Cch dy v hc ni tr n kh ph bin trc dy v bc
l r m t hn ch ca n. n h t l cc lp nm th nht.
Nguyn nhn th c nhiu. Nhng chc chn c mt nguyn
nh n r t qu an trng l nh n thc v vai tr hng dn, v tin h
quyt n h ca phng p h p dy hc i vi hng th . hiu
qu v tnh bn vng ca kin thc th dc c ca s v c
th y v tr cha t h t s su sc. Thm vo d, tnh t r n g thiu
gio trnh v cc sch th a m kho th it yu cho s v v cho thy
gio t hc, t c, t nghin cu cng d khin cho vic
tin h n h i mi cch dy v cch hc i hc r t lng lng
v gp r t nhiu kh khn. Nhng tng v i mi cch dy
v cch hc i hc hin nay l r t tch cc v bc xc. Song,
bc i l t h no, b t u t u, ci g lm trc, ci g lm
sau... l nhng diu phi suy xt, cn nhc cho trng, khng
nn va lm. va ngh nh cc thi k trc dy. i mi gio
dc i hc trc h t l nh hng li ng li, mc tiu gio
dc. Nhng, ngay sau l phi tin h n h t chc li h thng
qu n li iu h n h v hot ng gio dc i hc t tru n g ng
n c s v thc hin i mi m nh m phng p h p dy v
hc i hc. v mt ngha no , c th ni d m i cch
dy v cch hc l ci cha kha quan trng ca i mi gio
dc i hc. Phng php dy dc ni nhiu, mc d cha
c nhng bc tin dng k. Nhng ch yu l ni v PPDH
ca ngi thy, y chng ti mun ni n phng p h p n h
l i tng ca d y - hc, ci cn dy cho s v h c cch hc
v cch nghin cu tt nht. Ni cch khc, trng i hc cn
70

c l)'t ch trng d y ph ng p h p hc, phng p h p nghin

cu cho s v . Nam <1c phng php hc* ti u s v khng nhng
s hc li trong nliK n m i hc, m khi ra trng c th
tin hnh t hc. t nghin cu sut i, hc chc chn, bn
vng, ch ng v sng to. Ct li ca mt h thng gio dc l
h chng trinh, di n^ GV v h thng S(K. gio trnh v cc
sch tham kho tlnt. yu. Phng php dy - hc l dng lc
thc ay trc tip qu trn h doi mi chng trnh v tc ng
m nh m (ln i mi ni dung dy v hc. i mi SGK, gio
trinh v ngc li. ) ln lp hc mt gi. s v cn c h u n b bi
hc ba. bn K1 truVk* (l. lp, cc s v s t trnh by, tho lun
cc vn ca ni d u n g bi hc. GV ng vai tr ngi hng
dn. gi ch khng th u y t ging 100% cho sv ghi. Mun lm
dc n h th, (liu kin cn c trc nht l sch, ti liu cho
s v v GV. Khng phi ch c mt cun gio trnh gan trc tip
vi ni ung bi hc, m oan c nhiu loi sch lin quan grj v
xa n ni dung bi hc, vi cc phng ph p nghin cu, cc
cch tip cn khc nhau, gip s v c c hiu bit su, rng v
mn hc, v nhng th n h t u t c v vn cn ng,
v cc khuynh hng, trng phi, cc phng php nghin
cu, cc phm vi ng d n g trong thc t v v mi lin quan
gia mn hc ny vi mn hc gn gi v.v... d c c cc tri
thc lin ngnh cn thit. Trong iu kin hin ti, mi mn
hc i hc, GV, s v t n h t phi c nhng cun sch sau y:
Gio trnh i cng, gio trin h chuyn ngnh v m n hc;
Cc sch bi tp, sch th a m kho thit yu lin quan n kin
thc m n hc; sch u lch s h n h th n h v p h t trin m n hc,
v cc trng phi, cc k h u y n h hng, cc phng p h p nghin
cu m n hc; T in g i i thch cc th u t n g chuyn ngnh;
T in bch khoa chuyn ngnh v T in i dch th u t ng
ting nc ngoi ra ting Vit c sch bo nc ngoi.

71

Cc loi sch k trn gip sv (v (V) c li liu t hc,

t nghin cu, nm chc kin thc, m rng v n n g cao hiu
bit cho php gim thi gian hc trn lp ca s v v thi gian
dng lp ca GV, tn g thi gian t hc, t nghin cu ca sv,
ca GV. Ngoi gio trn h i cng v gio trn h chuyn ngnh,
cn xy dng mt d a n h mc sch tham kh o bt buc chu tng
vn , t ng mn, coi n h l cc ti liu th it yu cung cp
nhng kin thc bn cnh gio trn h m sv b t buc phi nm
d lm bi tp, bi kim tra , bi thi.
Hin nay. nhiu mn hc i hc cha c gio trnh, dang
phi dy chay, hc chay. Cc mn c gio trn h thng ri
vo my trng hp sau: Hoc l gio trnh c. nhiu t liu,
phng php lc hu, cha c cp n h t kin thc mi;
Nhiu gio trnh vit vi, in vi. cha hon chnh c v ni dung
ln cu trc, cch trn h by; h thng cu hi v bi tp thc
h n h cn ngho nn n gin; yu t phng ph p sv t. hc,
t gii quyt vn hc s n g to, tho lu n cn m nht. Nhiu
gio trnh c dng dn g cc bi ging ri rc, h thng bi
tp v cu hi cha y . H u h t cc b mn ch c c mt
cun gio trnh, khng c hoc c r t t sch tham kho c
thm, thiu t in gii thch t h u t ng chuyn ngnh, cha
ni g n t in bch khoa chuyn ngnh, l nhng cun sch
cm nan g mn hc c bn n h t ca sv, GV.
n h a n h chng khc phc tn h tr n g trn, N h nc cn c
chng trinh cp quc g ia xy d ng cc b gio trn h i cng,
gio trinh chuyn ngnh v sch tham kho thit yu cho cc
mn hc, k t hp t chc vit mi vi vic ch n h li, b sung cc
b gio trn h c ti bn, c bit cn t n g cng dch cc
b gio trnh v sch chuyn kho ca cc nc c nn khoa hc
cng ngh p h t trin, trc h t l gio t r n h cc mn khoa hc
72

t nhin. khoa 11 c cng ngh. Mt cng vic cn thit cp bch

v c th lm ngay l cc trng i hc cn sm cng c li v
pht, trin mt cch bn vng h thng th vin v' c s vt
cht, v vn sc h v t p ch khoa hc, v cn b th vin.
lm dc vic ny. trc m t N h nc cn dnh ring mt
khon kinh ph cho B CD v T mua sch bo cho th vin
i hc, rt cn l sch v tp ch nc ngoi. Th vin l
phng tin dy v hc ht sc qu an trng v khng th thiu
di hc. Khng c th vin tt th khng th tin hn h t hc. t
nghin cu. do kh ni dn i mi phng php dy v hc
i hc. Vic th n h lp th vin chuyn ngnh ti khoa v
trng c ngha c bit tch cc i vi vic nn g cao cht
lng hc tp. nghin cu v ging dy ca s v v GV. Rt c
th phi lp cc th vin kh u vc hay th vin cm trng i
hc t p tru n g u t tra n g b s lng sch ln phong ph
v th loi m cc t h vin khoa, trng khng c iu kin
mua. c bit l cc sch qu him, t tin, phc v cho s v v
GV trong c k h u vc, c cm trng. Mt quc gia khng c h
thng th vin i hc hon chnh hoc ch c nhng th vin
i hc nh b, tu n h tong, ngho n n sch bo, tp ch, th
quc gia coi n h cha c nn i hc thc th v t t nhin,
cc trng i hc cn g r t kh thc hin tt chc nng o
to ca mnh, n h t l o to sau i hc. Bi v dy - hc i
hc l dy cch t hc, dy cch hc sng to, dy v hc
phng php hc, phng ph p t nghin cu thng qua vic
dy v hc mt s lnh vc kin thc c th. Mun vy. cc
trng i hc phi c d sch, tp ch khoa hc v cc ti liu
hc t p th it vu sv, GV c v t nghin cu.

73

TNG QUAN V PHNG P H P

DY HC I HC

PGS. L c N gc
rit li v p h n g ph p d y h c di h c

Phrtng php dy hc i hc (IMDH) l mt khoa hc

v cng l mt ngh thut. PhiKfng php dy hc i
hc (11M)H0H) li r a n g cn c tnh khoa hc v tin h ngh th u t
cao. Tnh khoa hc ca PPDHH (li hi phi nm vng bn
cht cua qu trnh do to di hc.
Dy hc di hc l dy nh n thc (Cognitive), dy k nng
(Psychomotor) v dy cm n h n (affective) cc kin thc khoa
hc. Tu theo khoa hc (t nhin hay x hi - n h n vn. c bn
hay cng ngh k t h u t ...). v tu theo mc tiu o to (i hc
hay sau di hc. chuyn mn hay nghip v....) m chn ch
im hav trng tm v dy nh n thc, dy k nng hay dy cm
nhn cho ph hp.
Tinh ngh th u t ca vic DHH th hin (1 nn g lc truyn
dt ca ging vin, lm sao khi dy dc tim nng tip thu,
p h t trin v sng to ca sv nh n thc, cm n h n v e
c k nng cao.
Nhu vy. ging vin no cng nm vng tnh khoa hc v
tnh ngh* t h u t ca vic dv hc th s dy cho sv c dc cc
bc nhn thc, bc cm n h n hay bc k nng cng cao v ging

(1 ) Bi dang trn "T hc" s 12(11/ 2000).

74

virn

(!'* St* c ( h i l t

l i f t i n g d y h o c c*ao. (II l h i s n

plm

do

t o c n i < <> oliVl l n * ' c a o .

Tl.o s J Hid.'il^o (Tips on how lo tearh effectively. R<\ Hook

store. 1991) thi co khoan** c>0 PPDIHOII khc nhau, mi phng
php (lu <<> nln^ (lim mnh v nhni (lim yu. Cc iem
mnnl v cc (liin vu (l li tang hay gim, thay (li rc im
rnnli thnh cc im yu hoc ngc li, ty thuc vo c
im rua mi moil hc, mi cp hc v mc tiu o to.
Tuy nhin ( th phn cc PPDH th n h 2 nhm chinh:
- Nhm I gm cc P P D I l th ng ha ngi hoc.
gi l cc PPDH ly (IV lm trung tm;

hay cn

- Nhm II gm rc PPDH ch ng ha ngi hc hay cn

gi l cc PIM)H ly ngi hc lm tru n g tm.
D dy theo phdng php no th vn dt ra l phi dy
cho s v c cc bc nhn thc, bc cm nhn v bc k nng cng
cao cng tt. V vy. CV tinh thng chuyn mn l diu kin
tin quyt d dy d t cht lng cao. Tuy nhin, nghip v s
phm ngy nay l yu t quan trng lm cho dy hc bc
i hc c cht lng v hiu qu hn.
Xu tha nhn trng lm ca (ly hc i hc l do to
nang lc* v vi hc t|> nh trng chi l giai (lon du ca qu
trinh hc tp sut di. th kin thc dy trn lp khng cn phi
nhiu, ch r n (l d t hc tip theo khng ch chnh ni dung
mn hc (lang (Inv m ca nhng kin thc ti) tc* thu nhn v
pht trin r a khoa hc - k th u t ngoi nh trng. Cho nn
Kng vin ra n chn cc kin thc ci li dy trn lp, cn m
rng th yu cu s v t hc v phi s dng thi kim tra d
nh ii thnh qu hc tp v n h tfi nng lc t hc.
75

Vi quan nim nh vv. chng ta hon ton c th s dng

cc PPDH tch rc (ch dng ho ngi hc) nh cc phng
php: "Thao lun nhm" (group discussion), phng php
nghin cu trng hp in hnh" (ease study)... m khng
"chy gio n". Tu thuc vo nng lc v kinh nghim bn
th n mi giang vin s vn dng cc PPDH tch cc cho mi
mn hc sao cho t n nh cao ca cht lng do to. Chnh
v t h cc ging vin dy cng chuyn mn cn thng xuyn
trao i kinh nghim vi nhau v gip i ng k cn sm trau
gii tnh khoa hc v tnh ngh th u t cao trong ging dy m
khng phi m mm nh cc bc "tin bi".
C C L O I P H N G P H P V K T H U T DY H C

Vic s dng cc phng php v k t h u t dy hc khc

n h a u khng chi lm tng cht lng o to m cn lm tng
hiu qua do to trong vic t cc mc tiu o to ra.
Theo Tim Wentling (Planning for effective training * A
guide to curriculum development. FAO - UN 1993) quy cc
phng php v k th u t dy hc vo 8 PPDH ph bin, l:
1. P h n g p h p d i n g i n g
Din ging l PPDH thng (lng nht, nhng khng phi
lc no cng t hiu qu nht. GV dng li ni cng vi cc
phng tin k th u t thng tin. nghe nhn nh: bng, phn, vn
bn in, overhead, projector, video, film, my tnh ... in gii
cho ngi hc, pht hin v hiu cc khi nim, hin tng, quy
lut, nguyn l ca cc qu trinh.
76

 u (tim cn phng p h p din ging:

-f ( h (nR trong tin trn h o to: Tp IrunR vo clui
diin. k-m soi ni dung v t h t thng Im truyn t trong
thi gian (lnh (.rc.
+ Truyn t dc khi lng ln kin thc trong mt thi
gian ii hn.
+ Ph hp vi s ng ngi hc. thiu trng lp. thiu
phng tin.
Nhc im ca phng p h p din ging
+ Ch c thng tin mt chiu, ngi hc b ng.
+ Kh nam dc hiu qu ca bi ging, ngi hc d b "
l" khi nghe qu lu.
+ Khng ph hp vi o to k nng.
D'bi ging c hiu qu cao, ngi d y cn:
+ Lm cho ngi hc nm dc mc tiu v yu cu ca bi
ging.
+ Ch im v ngn ng din ing phi p h hp vi trnh
ngi hc.
+ Phai r t ch n m du v tm t t bi ging.
+ Tc- d phi ph hp vi ngi nghe.
+ Ngi hc phi tic nhn thy v nghe t h y ngi ging
r rng.
+ Ngiftii dy phi nhy bn vi thi tip thu ca ngi hc.
+ Cn thng xuyn dng cu hi kim tra s hiu bi
ca ngi nghe ging.

77

2. P h n g p h p t h o l u n n h m ( h i t h o S e m in a r ...)
9

Tho lun nhm l mt s trao di V tng. quan (lim,

nh n thc rii ngi hc v ngi dy, lm r v lm giu
s hit'll bit cc ni tiling ph hp vi hot dng (lo to.
Nhiu k t h u t nh cng no (brainstorming) v phn tm
(buzz sessions) (lc s dng c v ngi hc tham gia thao
lun.
lu dim ca phng php tho lun nhm :
+ To c c hi cho mi ngi u th a m gia, khai thc
c tim nn g ca mi c nhn.
+ Ch ng trong diu chnh nhn thc ca ngi hc.
+ Kn luyn c nhiu k nng nh in ging, hng hin
v ng ph.
Nhc im ca phng php tho lun nhm:
+ D b sai lch khi mc tiu o to.
+ Tn thi gian v cng sc ca ngi dy.
+ D phng c mt s ngi hc thi qu (ngi im hoc p h t
biu qu nhiu).
D tho lu n nhm c hiu qu cao, ngi dy cn:
+ Ni r mc tiu v yu cu ca cuc tho lun,
+ Lm cho mi ngi tham gia tho lun c kin c lp.
khng ph thuc vo kin ca ngi khc.
+ nh thi gian cho mi vn a ra tho lun theo mc
ch nh trc.
+ Kt thc tho lun vi mt tm t t co im chnh
thng n h t v tn ti cn nghin cu.
78

: . P h n g p h p t r n h d i n ( t h c l n l, t h c t p ...)
Trinh tl-n la mt cch minh ho b 1 giiint (li hoi ngi (ly
pli t ng bc hoc bang mt chui c.i\c hot (lng lm cho
ngi hc pht hin v liu cc th tc. (';<* ntfuvn lao loe cc
hin tnR CII trn h by. Phng php ny thng 10] thiu c
mt trong cc n^i hc cng thc hin (li s ch dn ca
ngi dy.
u im cua ph ng php trnh din:
+ Hp dn ngi hc.
+ D hiu, d nh v hiu qu cao.
+ Ngi dv lm ch c hiu qua bui hc.
Nhc im ca phng p h p trinh din:
+ Minh ho, bi thc hnh, bi thc tp cn phi chnh xc,
nh vy cn phai c h u n b cn thn, tn thi gian v cng sc.
+ Khng p d n g dc khi: thiu diu kin hoc lp dng
ngi hc.
trinh din c hiu qu ngi d y cn:
+ Cung cp y du cc thng tin cho ngi hc trc khi
trnh din.
+ Ch ra v gii thch cc cng vic cn hon th n h ca tng
bc.
+ Thc hin trn h din (J chm ngi hc khng b m t
cc im cht.
+ m bo cho cuc trnh din mi ngi hc u nhn r.
+ Dng cc cau hi m bo ngi hc u hiu mi bc
trn h din.

+ Sa ngay c\c sai st r a ngi hc lm theo khi trnh

in.

4. Phng p h p t hc (t n ghin cu)

Phng php t nghin cu ti liu l mt cch tip cn c
nhn d cung cp thng tin cho ngi hc. Ngi dy da cho
ngi hc ti liu c cha cc ni dung hay quy trn h cn phi
nm d t hc.
u im ca phng php t hc:
+ Tit kim thi gian din ging, ch yu d gii thch v
kim tra tip thu.
+ Ngi hc c th lu gi lu di ti liu d tr a cu li khi
cn thit.
+ Rn luyn kh nang t hc cho ngi hc.
Nhc im ca phng p h p t hc:
+ Ngi hc d nn, c cho qua chuyn nu ti li kh
hoc khng c tnh s phm.
+ Ngi hc c tc c khc nhau, nn kh xc nh thi
im bnh lun thch hp chung cho c lp.
+ Kh xc nh hiu qu tip thu ki n thc ca ngi hc.
D t hc c hiu qu ngi dy cn:
+ c trc cc ti liu chn lc c ch (lim hav ni dung
thng tin cn 1)0 sun { hoc gii thch thm ti lp.
+ Ti liu phi dy t!. r rng t ngi hc c the* (lc hiu
(lc.
80

5. P h n g p h p b i u y n (b i t p ln9 n luyn...)
Bi luyn run, cp cho ngi hc ((< hi thc hnh k nng
m) (l (lc (ly qua mt phng php khc hay n luyn li
'U' kin thc hoc k nantf c! c chi (ln. Cc ti liu di
iltn^ phiu bi luyn thng (lc s dng.
I 'u (Hem cua phng php bi luyn:
+ <imp ngi hc vn dng v nh nhng

d hc.

+ Kn luyn ngi hc cc k nng mi v k nn g khc niy

sinh trong qu trn h lm bi luyn.
+ Kn luyn cho ngi hc ch dng trong tip th u kin
thc.
Nhc im ca phng php bi luyn:
+ Tn thi gian v sc lc chun ) bin luyn v chm bi
luyn.
+ Ngi hc c t( lm bi luyn khc nhau, kh chn
ic bi luyn va sc trong thi gian nh trc cho t t c mi
n :.

D bi luyn c hiu q u . ngi dy cn:

+ Lm cho ngi hc hiu r mc tiu r a bi luyn v
hng hon th n h n
-+ Hi luyn d kh rn luyn npri hc. Ihng khng
( i kh v tn thi gian lm cho ngi hc m t hng th v
khng hon th n h ng hn.
4 Kt thc bi luyn, cn dn h cho ngi hc xem li mnh
cl. hc dc nhng g\.

6.
Phng p h p nghin cu d in h n h (nghin cu
tr n g h p, n g h i n c u tn h h u n g ...)
Nghin cu in hnh hay nghin cu trng hp l phng
php kh ph bin. Lhng da cho ngi hc chi tit cc d
kin ca trng hp kho s t v yu cu phn tch, tng hp,
nh gi v nh hng gii quyt trng hp d.
u im ca phng p h p nghin cu in hnh:
+ lot ng ha ngi hc.
+ Ch dng trong diu chinh cc nhn thc, hnh vi hay k
nng ca ngi hc.
+ C th m nh trong do lo nhn thc bc cao (phn tch
tng hp v dn h gi).
Nhc im ca phng p h p nghin cu in hnh:
+ C hun b. la chn, trng hp in hnh nghin cu
cho ph hp vi ni dung, mc tiu do to do di hi nhiu
thi gian v cng sc.
+ Kh c gii php xc nh nu khng b sung thng
xuyn cc (i kin.
D nghin cu c hiu qu, ngi dy cn:
+ Cc d liu da cho ngi hc phi r rng, tr n h nhm
ln. khng ngoi suy.
+ Cc mc ch yu cu ca nghin cu phi r rng, d
hiu.
+ Tng kt tm tat v lin h vi cc nguyn tc. nguvn l,
l thuyt hc v r t ra cc bi hc in hnh.
82

7.

P h n g p h p d tiff v a i

Kg hc clnR v;i 1 mt n h n vt <* thc trong i sng

hoc nh trc mi ngi. Ngi dy nu tnh hung
ngi ng vai guii (iiyt n h l ci tng trai qua. Kt qu
ngi hc c rn luyn cch ng ph vi rc tnh hung c th
s tfp trong tng lai.
u im cua phng php ng vai:
+ Cung cp cho ngi hc kinh nghim x th. p ng
trong cc tnh hung.
+ L bin php tt. kch thch ngi hc tham gia tho lun
v th a m gia hot ng do to.
Nhc im ca phng p h p ng vai:
+ Nu khng t chc v kim sot tt, ngi hc d xem
dng vai nh mt tr eKi. khng phai l hot dng do to.
+ D b chch mc tiu o to.
+ Tn nhiu thi gian v cng sc ca ngi dy.
D ng vai c hiu qu ngi dy cn:
+ Lm cho ngi hc hiu r vai mnh dng.
+ S dng cc tnh hucmg c thc, vi mt kch bn cht ch
(l ngi dng vai xut gii php cho ph hp th tt hn l
tnh hung gi nh.
+ Tm t t kt lun hng cch hi hc dc g qua ng
vai trong tnh hung (l nu.

8. Phng p h p tham q u a n thc t

Tham quan thc t l mt cch kho st tnh hung thng
qua hin trng tie ngi hc r t ra c nhng bi hc thc t
v tfi (lnh cv cc hng p h t trin trong tng lai.
83

 u (tim ca phng p h p tham quan thc t:

+ To c hi cho Igi hc nghe, nhn, tn mat, hc i i
vi hnh.
+ Thay i khng kh v gii php hc tp cho ngi hc hc
c hiu qu hn.
Nhc im ca phng php tham quan thc t:
+ Tn thi gian, kinh ph v cng sc.
+ Nu khng chun b v iu khin tt, th m t thi gian,
kinh ph, cng sc m khng c hiu qu do to.
+ Nu khng t chc thu hoch v trao i thu hoch, khng
c s thng n h t trong n h n thc sau tham quan th hiu qu
thp.
tham quan thc t c hiu qu, ngi, dy cn:
+ Chn hin trng p h hp vi mc tiu hc tp.
+ C hun b v t chc th a m quan cht ch, d phng cc
tnh hung ngoi d kin.
+ Lm r mc tiu th u hoch trc khi tham qu an v yu
cu vit thu hoch y sau khi tham quan.
Cc yu t chnh d chn phng php dy - hc.
1. Ngi hc cn c o to d lm c nhng vic g?
2. Ngi hc cn nm dc nhng kin thc, k nn g g?
3. Ngi dy: c kinh nghim v phng php no?
4. Ngi hc dng hay t, trnh d th no?
. Kinh ph, tra n g th it b d thiu ra sao?

Nh vy. cn c vo Lut Gio dc, vo cc yu t chi phi

cch chn PPDH, chng ta s chn mt phng ph p hay kt
hp vi yu cu ca Lut Gio dc, vi mc tiu o to, vi di
tng v nn g lc do to d m bo c h t lng, hiu qu v
hiu s u t cao trong o to.

Xem iu 36 Lut Gio dc (Yu cu v ni dung, PPGD i hoc,

sau di hc).
85

T I P TC I MI PHNG P H P
DY HC T H E O HNG "HOT NG HA

NGI HOC'"
PGS. TS. N g h i m n h V
ng cao cht ldng o to ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
khch quan v ch quan: cht lng tuyn sinh, trnh
ca i ng ging vin dy, ni dung chng trnh dy hc,
phng php ging dy, phng php kim tra nh gi, c s vt
cht, thit b... Trong bi ny, chng ti xin bn thm v i m i
PP D H . Chng ti khng s dng th u t ng PPDH tch cc, hay
"ly H S lm trung tm " m gi l dy hc theo hng "hot ng
ha ngi hc".
Trong qu trnh ci tin gio dc nc ta, nhiu ging
vin (GV) c nhng c gng ci tin PPDH, p dng cc
PPDH hin i gp p hn p h t trin n ng lc t duy ca s v
n h m nng cao cht lng o to. Song, do nhiu nguyn
nhn, vic vn dng PPDH ca a s GV vn cn n h hng
nng n ca PPDH c t lu. l: thy thuyt trn h
truyn th kin thc, cn tr th ng ngi nghe. Nhng g
th y ging thng khng c s tra n h lun gia th y v tr.
iu thy ni c th coi l tu yt i ng, v l c s kim
tra. nh gi trnh n h n thc ca s v . Cch dy d, ngy nay
c gi bng mt t quen thuc l c thoi. Do , vn i
mi PPDH phi dc tip tc t ra mt cch quyt lit hn, coi

,n Bi ng trn 77/ hc" s 10 (9/2000).

86

(ly la vn cp hch nham nng cao cht lng do to. Hn

na. <s th ki XXI, do s bng M thng tui. cng vi nhng thay
di n h a n h chng ca khoa hc - k thut, (long ngh lm cho
ni ung gio dc thng b lc hu. Nhng chng ta li khng
th tang thm thi lng cho cc chng trinh do to c
(('lna k hin nay a s cc trng chi ln lp c ngy mt
Lun). Ai cng thy phai thay i PPDH. Song vn quan
trng v ch yu l xc nh q u a n im v nh hng i mi
nh th no d bo dm tnh k h thi, tnh hiu qu li ph hp
vi xu t h i mi gio dc di hc trn t h gii v trong khu
vc.
PPDH l mt h thng tc ng lin tc ca GV n h m t
chc cc hot ng nhn thc v thc hnh ca s v h lnh
hi vng chc cc thnh phn ca ni dung gio dc n h m d t
c mc tiu nh. dy PPDH phi dc t trong mi
qu an h vi cc thnh t khc ca qu trnh dy hc. trc ht
d l q u a n h : Mc tiu - Ni dung - Phng php (d nhin cn
c cc iu kin khc).
V PPD H c th nu 4 dng sau dy :
- Phng p h p ti to : t chc v ra nhim v ti to li tri
thc.
- Phng p h p trinh by nu vn : Trnh by thng tin
to ra tnh hung c vn d lm cho s v tri gic ti liu mt cch
hng th.
- Phng p h p tim ti: C CV v sv phi hp t chc tnh
hung c vn , tm ti gii php gii quyt vn , hon
t h n h nhim v nhn thc c tnh sng to.
- Phng php nghin cu: GV ng vin v to iu kin
87

t chc cho s v t t vn d, xc (lnh nhim v nghin cu,

tm ti cch gii quyt v gii quyt vn .
Gi y. nu ch dng li cc phng php hin c ngay
c khi c ch ci tin, chc chn s khng p ng c yu
cu nng cao c h t lng trong khi mc tiu, ni dung lun
lun i hi phi c iu chnh v cc iu kin v phng
tin, c s vt cht d n dn c s thay di theo hng a dng
v phong ph hn.
V'n t ra l quan nim th no v i mi PPDH.
Chng ti hiu khi nim i mi l lun lun a ci mi vo
gio dc - o to to ra s p h t trin mi, cht lng cao m
vn gi c n nh. Trn c s k tha ci c, phi hp mt
cch hi ha gia truyn thng v hin i nhm p ng yu
cu p h t trin ca gio dc. T cch hiu trn i vi vn
i mi PPDH s l da cc PPDH mi vo cc trng i hc,
ng thi p h t huy nhng u im ca cc phng php truyn
thng nng cao hiu qu ca gio dc - o to. Nh vy,
phi va vn dng cc PPDH mi. va k tha, ci tin cc
phng php truyn thng.
i mi PPDH chnh l dy cho s v phng php t hc, t
p h t hin vn mi, t tm cch gii quyt vn v vn
dng n theo nng lc ca mi s v .
iu ny s bo m cho s n nh tng ca ni dung
chng trn h y hc, to cho s v kh n n g thch ng vi s
thay i ca cuc sng v s trng ca mi s v . Nh vy, i
hi GV phi ch dng, sng to trong vic la chn ni dung v
phng php thch hp trong iu kin c th ca tng lp,
tng kha s v . Ngi GV gi y khng ch l thuyt trnh, c
thoi, m l ngi t chc v hng dn s v trong qu trnh hc
tp. Qu trinh i mi ny s lm tn g thm vai tr ch ng,
88

sng to ca (IV. ng thi lm thay i cc hot ng ca

lm cho s v ch ng hn, tch cc, sng to theo kh nng
mnh. Ngi ta thng gi phng ph p ny l PPDH p h t
tnh tch cc r a ngi hc, "dy hc ly HS lm truig tm"
theo hng "hot ng ha ngi hc".

sv,
ca
huy
hay

Thc ra. nhng vn thc tin v l lun trn y c

cc nh gio dc, cc cn b nghin cu tho lun, bn bc v
vit trn mt s sch bo. iu qu an trng l by gi chng
ta phi lm g v lm n h t h no. dy m nh vic di mi
PPDH, theo ti c my vn sau:
T h nht : c n hon chnh vic xy dng c s l lun ca
i mi PPDH di hc.
B GD - T, cc trng i hc cn hnh th n h cc qu an
im ch o qu trnh i mi PPDH. v im ny cn bm st
Ngh quyt T ru n g ng II kha VIII: "i mi m nh m PPGD
o to, khc phc li truyn th mt chiu, rn luyn th n h
np t duy s n g to ca ngi hc. Tng bc p dng cc
phng php tin tin v phng tin hin i vo qu trnh
dy - hc. bo m iu kin v thi gian t hc, t nghin cu
cho HS, n h t l s v i hc. P h t trin m nh phong tr o t hc,
t do to thng xuyn v rng kh p trong ton n h n dn,
n h t l trong th a n h nin".
Qu trn h di mi PPDH cn ch n vic c th ha dv
hc. tch cc ha hc tp ca s v bng dy hc t p h t hin (ni
dung mi ca bi hc). Qu trnh ny i hi s v phi dc lp
suy nghi, t n g cng hp tc vi bn b d p h t hin ra ci mi.
l mm mng, ngun gc nng lc s n g to ca s v .
T h hai: Xy dng cc nh hng trin khai i mi
89

PPDH.
- i mi PPDH i hc phi l mt b phn ca qu
trnh i mi dng b ton din ca qu trnh gio dc i hc.
- i mi PPDH cn tha k cc lu im, sng to ca qu
trnh ci tin PPDH i hc nc ta.
- Tip nhn, vn dng nhng th n h cng ca di mi
PPDH di hc ca t h gii v khu vc.
Trong nhng nm qua. nhiu nc c nhng thnh
cng v di mi PPDH.
tng dy hc "tp tru n g vo ngi hc" d p h t huy tnh
tch cc v ch dng ca ngi hc, "c th ha dy hc" dang
tr th n h hin thc. Trong qu trnh tip nhn PPDH cn
nghin cu k tip thu u im, tr n h lp li nhng sai lm,
cc oan, to iu kin ho nh p v PPDH vi cc nc, trc
h t l cc nc trong kh u vc.
- i mi PPDH phi ph hp vi hon cnh c th ca cc
trng i hc Vit Nam, phi c cc bc di c th.
Vic chuyn t cch dy c sang cch dy mi l mt qu
trnh lu di, phc tp. GV d a s quen vi cch dy c. Do
d, i hi s quyt tm khng chi i ng GV m l ca ton
ngnh, ton x hi.
T h ba : My kin ngh c th:
1.
Cn di mi nh n thc trong cn b q un l gio dc di
hc cc cp, trong GV v s cn thit, v quan im v thc
hin i mi PPDH. B GD - T. cn c ch th v di mi PPDH
cho cc trng. GV thc hin.
2. v.n dng cc phng php: trao di, th o lun gia thy
90

v tro. d u a nhm nho (rong hc tp. tiy ti hin trng, ngoi

kha, s (lng CU' |>h<!itf tin hin di nh my lnh. mri
Inlornrt... vo qu;') trnh dy hc.
.i ('an t chc mt ti c bit, hay mt chng trnh
n^lm>n cu cp Nh nc: (hoc cp B. cp trng, v "Di mi
IMM)ir bc di hc.
1 'IV) chc hi tho v i mi PPDH.
f>. S dng CC phng tin thng tin dai chng (bo, tp
ch. truyn hnh, truyn thanh) d tuyn truyn v trin khai
(li mi PPDH di hc.
f> H (D - T. cc trng cn tra n g b cc thit b. c s vt
cht (lng h cho vic i mi PPDH.
7 Cc trng di hc cn lin kt. trao i kinh nghim v
i mi PPDH (Hi thao, trao i cn b, trao i thng tin, s
ng thit b...).
s. Hi dng v nng cao trn h . nng lc ca i ng GV
c th tin hnh di mi PPDH p ng yu cu mi ca s
pht trin ca gio dc * do to.
9. C ch thi ua. khen thng dng vin cc trng,
GV thc hin i mi PPDH.
10. B GD - T cn ch do im mt trng, hoc mt
khoa tin h n h i mi PPDH. sau ph bin kinh nghim,
xy dng mt quy trinh chung v PPDH.

91

PHNG PHP DY HC DA TRN

HOATNG V NHNG THCH THC MI

VI GIO VIN V HC SINH TIU HC"'
TS. N g u y n Tr
i mi phng php dv hc (PPDH) dang l yu cu
ca gio dc Vit Nam ni chung, gio dc tiu hc ni
neng.
Vic tip n h n h PPDH da trn hot dng s lm phong
ph thm h PPDH ca chng ta v to iu kin nng cao
cht lng dy hc tiu hc.
P h n g p h p h c d a trn h o t ng'2' v nh n g
th c h th c m i c a GV ti u hc
1. Thi gian va qua, PPDH da trn hot ng cha dc
quan tm thch dng, c n c s quan tm ng b c phng
php dy (PPD) v phng php hc (PPH) mi to s chuyn
bin hng ti ch t lng cao trong gio dc tiu hc.
2. HS tiu hc phi tip n h n PPH (trn lp v nh) cng
theo hng tch cc ho cc hot ng hc tp.
Phng php hc t p ca HS chuyn t nghe (li GV) +
nhn (ln bng, theo di hot ng ca GV) sang lm (theo
hng dn ca GV) + nghe + nhn. Chuyn t ghi nh (li giang.

m Bi dftng trn D y * T hc" s 21 (12/ 2001).

Xem thm: Tip tc i mi PPDH then hng 'Hot ng ho ngi hoc"
PGS.TS. Nghim Dinh V - T h c " s 1 0 (9/ 2000)

SOK) s a n g hi (nu thc mc) + tm kim (tri thc) + ghi nh.

Chuyn t suy nghi (c nhn) sang lm vic theo nhm + suy
nghi (c nhn)...
3. Hc theo hng tch cc ha cc hot ng hc tp di
hi HS tiu hc phi hnh th n h cc thi quen, cc cch thc
hc tp... mi. Do d. HS tiu hc cng cn c hng dn, tp
(lt, luyn tp c thi quen nm c cc cch thc hc tp
cn thit.
4. Phc ha mt vS bin php gip HS tiu hc tip nh n
PPH theo hng tch cc ha hot ng hc tp.
- C ung cp cho HS cc SGK dc bin son ph hp vi
PPDH da trn hot ng hc tp.
- C ung cp cc phng tin, dng hc tp v hng
dn HS t chun b cc dng hc tp n gin, d kim, d
lm.
- Coi trng vic luvn tp nm vng cc phng php,
bin php, th php... ca PPH da tr n hot ng. c bit
ch n yu cu ny ngay t nhng nm u cp tiu hc.
- i mi cch kim tra, nh gi to s kch thch hng
th hc tp, hng th s dng cc PPH da tr n h o t ng <2).
P P D H d a tr n h o t n g v n h n g t h c h th c mi
vi GV t i u hc
1.

c im i ng GV tiu hc hin nay

(2) Bo co trnh by ti Dn n gio dc Vit N am do U NICEF, Oxfam

Anh, Sawe Children t c h c t H Ni ngy 17/ 5/ 2000.
(3 Bi n g trn c san T hc s 21(11/ 2001).

93

Theo thng k ca T ru n g tm Thng tin va qun I gio

dc r a I. n m hc 1999 - 2000 c nc c 340.871 (IV trong
d c.v cng lp l 339.626; GV ngoi CI1 R lp l 1.245) T l
(V/I) b n h q u n c n c l ].()() ( t h e o c h u n q u y n h l 1,15).

Nh vy, nh n c h u n g c nc vn cn th iu GV tiu hc (tuy s

lng khng ln).
- D n h tr k t h u t (hu n b d n GV tiu hc d iu
tr a tr n 35.000 GV t iu hc (trn 10% i ng) th (li ng ny c
mt s d c im sau:
+ V tui i: S GV di 40 tui chim 73,41%, trong
gn 40% c tui di 30. N h vy dy l di ng tr, cn
phc v lu di.
+ V th m nin d y hc: Do tui di ca i ng ny cn tr
nn th m nin s p h m ca h p h n ln mi ch c 15 n n tr
xung (62,84%). S mi vo ngh c ng chim t l ng k
(26,09%).
+ V trn h do to: Cn 19,81% GV c trnh di
THSP. T rnh o to c a GV cc vng khc nhau c s
khc nh au n g k.
2.
Tip n h n v thc hin PPDH da tr n hot ng l mt
qu trn h lu di. gian kh i vi i ng GV tiu hc
- Qu trn h ny i hi ngi GV tiu hc phi t b ir.t s
ng hnh v thi quen ging dy khng cn thch hp (tham
ging gii, th a m ni di dng, ngi s dng phng tin dy
hc...) hnh th n h cc dng hnh v thi quen ging dy mi.
Thc hin qu trnh nv khng dn gin i vi t ng c nhn
GV, li cng khng dn gin vi ton th di ng (n h t l vi s
ln tui hoc trin h vn ha c bn th p nh mi ch c hc

94

van lop f>. lp fi. lop 7...) N i hi thi gian, cng sc. kinh
ph...
- Tuy nhin o cc (lc im: tr. th m nin cha nhiu, s
trnh (l l TH SP tr ln ln n n di ng GV tiu hc c tim
nng l tip nhn V1 lm ch h PPDH (la tr n h o t ng.
Cn qun trit mi q uan h gia k th v di mi, kt
hp Ria truvn thng v hin i ngay trong lnh vr PPDH.
- (Vin tr n h cc xu hng: nng vi, bi quan. Cn c tli
bnh Lnh, khch quan, khoa hc trong qu trn h tin hnh
i mi PPDH.
- ('c iu kin (V tip n h n v thc hin h PPD H da
ircn hoai (lng:
*
Diu kin ch q u a n ca ngi GV: C mong mun tip
n hn h PPDH rw'ii. c rl trn h tri thc v s p h m tip
nhn, c hun luyn dy u PPD H mi (duc luyn t p d
thnh tho).
+ iu kin khch quan: C chnh sch v c ch to ra dng
lc hn trong ca ngi GV. to iu kin v vt c h t va thi
gian cho GV nn g cao trn h tri thc v s phm, c hun
luyn PPDH mi.
3. Phc ha mt s gii php:
- Ch trng c hai lc* lng: i ng GV ang ging dy v
i ng GV tng lai.
- To iu kin i mi v n n g cao c h t lng o to ca
trng, khoa s phm tiu hc lm c hai nhim v o to
v bi dng GV tiu hc theo h PPD H da tr n h o t ng.

95

- Xv dng chun GV mi lm c s cho mi hot dng xv

(lng i ng GV.
- Cn c vo chun GV mi, i mi chng trnh o to.
bi dng GV tiu hc da trn mt h thng mun thch hp
cho cc i tng: cn b qu n l tiu hc, GV cha d t chun,
GV t chun mun phn u vn cao hn.
- Xy dng c ch m bo c h t lng GV.
- x u t cc chnh sch, ch i ng khuyn khch GV
mi p hn u theo chun GV, nng cao nng lc s phm , nng
cao cht lng trong dy hc.

96

HC, DY, Q U N L V TRI T H C HA

NG. N g u y n K
un l dy hc c
dy. mi c qun.
qun h Ngi hc l l do
l. Ngi hc l gc. Nh
hoc.

qun, c dy, c hc. C hc. mi c

C ngi hc mi c ngi dy. ngi
tn ti ca ngi dy. ca ngi qun
gio v hc tr. Nh trng v ngi

Hc, dy. qun l gn lin m t thit vi nhau, ba m l mt:

Mt ci g<\ ngi hc l gc. Mt ci ch: t n thc ha con
ngi. Tri thc ha cng ng.
Hc l t bin i thng tin bn ngoi th n h tri thc bn
trong con ngi mnh. Hc l tri thc ha bn thn, lm giu tr
ta m gii phng cho ta khi lc hu, ngho nn.
Ngy nay, thng tin bng n, cng ngh cao bng pht. M
thng tin, m tin hc l lc hu. Bng lng vi mnh bng do
to ban du, li hc l cam chu t t hu. Xu t h kinh t tri
thc i hi con ngi phi lun lun thch ng. phi hc sut
di th mi c th lm vic v sng cho ra sng. Ai cng phi hc
hnh. Hc hn h sng to sut i.
"Hc sut i" i hi trc ht phi i mi c bn li "hc
th ng, hc mt ln cho c i". Phi hc cch hc di (li vi
hc kin thc. "V cch hc. phi ly t hc lm ct" (Bc H).
T hc ch, t hc ngh, t hc nn ngi. Hc mt bit mi,
hc ci b t bin ng vi ci vn bin. Hc hi hiu, hnh.
(,) Bi n g trn ' T hc" 8 14 (1/ 2001).

97

Hiu hnh hc hi. Hc l mt tp hp gm bn H: "Hc - Hi

- Hiu - Hnh". Phi hc thy, hc bn, hc mi ngi, mi ni.
mi lc; va hc va lm, va lm va hc; hc t p trung, hc
t xa, hc tr n mng...
C t gic, tch cc, ch ng hc cch hc, cch t duy th
mi c th to ra nng lc hc sut i. l nng lc t duy,
n ng lc p h t hin, gii quyt vn . nn g lc t hc - t o
to. Kin thc ca nh trng c th bay m t ngay s a u ma
thi gian kh, song cch t hc, cch t duy cng vi cc nn g lc
tr n s tn ti mi vi con ngi v gip con ngi hc sut i.
"Hc s u t i" i hi phi i mi c bn "li dy truyn
th mt chiu", "nht y mt ln cho c i".
Dy hc l hng dn, h tr, khuyn khch ngi hc x l,
bin i thng tin bn ngoi th n h tri thc bn trong con ngi
mnh. Dy hc l khuyn hc. Dy hc l tri thc ha con ngi.
Hc "ly t hc lm ct". Dy hc, ct li l dy t hc,
kh uyn t hc. Qu trnh dy hc l qu trnh dy - t hc. Nh
gio l th y hc, "ngi khuyn hc", chuyn gia v t hc,
ngi d n gip ngi hc t hc ch. t hc ngh, t hc nn
ngi.
Hc (t hc) l ni lc tri thc ha bn th n ngi hc.
Dy hc (khuyn hc) l ngoi lc h tr, to iu kin cho
ngi hc t hc, t tri thc ha. Ngoi lc - dy hc (khuyn
hc) cng hng vi ni lc t hc mi to ra cht lng hc cao.
Ngi dy c khi dy v p h t huy tt ni lc t hc ca ngi
hc mi to r a c nng lc hc sut i. Dy hc l khi dy
v p h t h u y t hc. Nh gio l ngi khuyn t hc, dy cch
t hc. "V HS" l "V nng lc t hc sng to ca HS". Kin
thc sch v c th b lng qun, song nn g lc t hc s dn
gip HS hc sut i.
98

Dy hc khng cn lm chc nang "cht dy kin thc mt

ln cho <\'i i". Dy hc l tra n g b nng lc hc sut i. C t
hc mi dy HS t hc tt. "T do to d dy hc" l ni lc cn
phi huy ngi dy.
T do to dy HS t hc!"
"Tt <* v nng lc t hc sng to ca HS th n yu!"
"Hc sut i" i hi phi i mi c bn li qun l tr n c
s "dy mt chiu v do to mt ln cho c di!".
Qun l dy hc l khi dy v p h t huy ni lc t hc ca
ngi hc v ca ngi dy d dy tt, hc tt, to ra k h t vng
v nng lc hc sut di ca ngi hc.
Qun l dy hc l h tr, to iu kin cho ni lc dy hc
v t hc p h t trin. Ngi qun l c khi dy v p h t huy tt
ni lc t hc ca ngi hc v ca ngi dy mi nng cao dc
c h t lng gio dc. Q u n l l khi dy v p h t huy t hc.
Q un l dy hc l khuyn hc, khuyn t hc.
Ngi hc l gc. Ni lc t hc ca ngi hc va l mc
tiu va l ng lc ca hot ng dy - hc l ni lc tru n g tm
ca n h trng.
N h trng: "V ngi hc, ca ngi hc, bng nng lc t
hc ca ngi hc". Chc nng c bn ca nh trng l khuyn
hc v do to ban u, c tp tru n g v t xa, m bo to ra
nn g lc t cuy, nng lc p h t hin, gii quyt vn , n n g lc
t hc - t o to ht sc cn thit cho con ngi hc sut i.
Nh trng vn xa n mi ngi, mi nh, mi min t
nc, ph cp tru n g hc, di chng ha i hc.
Q un l nh trng l tp hp mi ngun lc khuyn hc
ca x hi, p h t huy cao n h t ni lc ca nh trng, trong
tru n g t m l ni lc t hc ca ngi hc, lm tt chc nng
n h trng.

99

I mi c bn qun li nh trng l "ly ngi hc v hc

sut i lm gc (xem s d 1)
Hc (ngi hc): ni lc tru n g tm ca h.
Dy hc (khuyn hc): ngoi lc i vi hc (ngi hc).
Qun l Nh nc v nhn dn : ni lc l hc, dy hc; ni
lc trung tm l hc (ngi hc).

S 1: M h n h h gio dc
(Ngun: D ictionnaire actuel de ducation, Renal Legendre.
Gue'rin - 1993, p: 723).
Hc, dy, qu n l n h m ci ch ln: tri thc ha, tri thc
ha tng con ngi. Tri thc ha cng nng. Tri thc ha kinh
t v x hi. "Tri thc ha ng v dn tc" (Tng B th L
Kh Phiu).
Mt x hi an g tri thc ha l x hi hc tp.
X hi hc t p c ngha l: "Ngi ngi hc. Ngi ngi
khuyn hc. Ngi ngi tri thc ha. c lng hc. c lng
khuyn hc. c lng tri thc ha. c nc hc. c nc khuyn
hc. C nc tri thc ha".
100

Tri thc ha nc p h t trin cao l ph cp i hc. Nc

ta an g trn h th p ca i hc cho s t. Phi t i hc cho
s t m tin ln i hc i chng, di hc cho s ng, ri vn
ti di hc ph cp.
Theo tn h ton ban u (cha tnh n sc bt ton ng,
ton dn s a u i hi IX), trong vng 10 - 15 nm, ta s i
chng ha i hc theo chun mc quc t ti thiu. n nm
2010, c nc ph cp tru n g hc c s. Mt s tnh, th n h ph
ph cp tru n g hc ph t,hng. Lng t ti ngy cng nhiu. Gia
nh c n h n ngy cng ng. Lng c nhn huyn thoi s
th n h lch s.
Dng cao "ngn c khoa hc", i hi IX s to ra sc bt
ton ng, ton dn, "sc bt tr tu Vit Nam", n h n t quan
trng bin huyn thoi th n h lch s, lm nn bit bao chin
th n g lng d a n h a cu, n h t nh s chin th n g lc hu,
ngho nn, tri thc ha nn kinh t v x hi, tri thc ha ng
v d n tc trong mt thi gian ngn nht.
H gio dc (hc, khuyn hc, con ngi tri thc ha): ni
lc tr u n g t m ca x hi hc tp.
H gio dc giao hi vi mi vng trn h con ca x hi:
gio dc gn lin vi k inh t, vn ha, chnh tr... cc h con ca
x hi u gn lin vi gio dc, u lm gio dc, u c hc,
khuy n hc, tri thc ha.
X hi hc tp: Tng th cc h con hc, khuyn hc, tri
thc ha, ton d n hc khuyn hc, tri thc ha.
(Ngun Dictionnaire actuel de rducation. Renal Legendre.
Gue'rin - 1993 p .1169).

101

S 2: M hnh x hi hc tp

Ton dn t hc v khuyn hc. "C nc s l mt x hi

hc tp". Tc l: "Ai cng dc hc hnh. Hc hnh sng to
sut i. Cng nng l tr thc.Dn tc thng thi" (xem s 2).

102

S I N H V I N HC N H T H NO?(l'
GS. T r n P h n g

T T c bao gi cng l t hc. Khng ai hc thay c

chnh mnh H c t c l b i n n h n g k i n th c k h o a
h o c t c h lu t n h i u th h c a n h n lo a i th n h k i n
th c c a c h n h m n h . Nu trc , b n th n mnh m ang sn
nh n g kin thc nng cn, sai lm th hc chnh l qu trnh t
tra n h lun vi m nh, t ci to t duv ca mnh. Di vi cc k
nng - nh ni v nghe ting Anh, s dng my vi tnh - hoe
t c l r n lu y n ch o m n h c d c n h n g k n n g m
tr c m n h c h a c.
T hc cng chuyn cn, cng cng phu bao nhiu th cng
ci hin, ci to c mnh su sc by nhiu. bi nv chng
ti vit v c c h t h c n h t h n o ?

Nhiu s v c thi quen m ang mt ci au rng n lp

ngh ging, th y ging vin ni g cng cho l mi. cam ci ghi

chp. V nh, gii m c bi ghi chp d cng gn ht
thi gian t hc. Khng t s v ch xoay quanh bi ghi chp m
khng hc (iu ny vn c gi l hc chay), r t t c ti
liu th a m kho, r t t lm bi tp, r t t thc hnh, tp luyn.

m Bi ng trn M h c " 8 16 (3/2001).

103

Hc n h vy khng nhng sai v phng php, m sai c v

mc ch.
Trc tin, cn ni r: mt gio s di hc d gii n n y
cng khng th, v khng c nhim v trnh by t t c nhing
iu m sv cn hc. Trong khong thi gian ln lp dnh cho
h, h ch c th, v ch c nhim v: dn sv tm hiu, khm
ph nh n g iu kh hiu n h t ca mn hc, nhn m n h nhng
iu ct yu, a ra mt s v d (kinh nghim, tnh hung, bi
tp) n h m gi m cho sv vn dng mn hc vo cuc sng,
gii p thc mc cho s v . Lp lp cc nh khoa hc bc thy
vit sch, vit bo, p hn tch kha cnh ny hay kha cnh (a
ca mn hc, ngi gio s hc rng bit nhiu ch c th ng
vai tr ch dn cho sv tm n cc ti liu m c, mt
cng xc xo, chn lc trong c rng sch bo. Tm li, vai tr
ca gio s l ch dn s v i vo t nghin cu mn hc, ch
khng phi l trn h by ton b ni dung mn hc.
Cn gio trnh (hay SGK)? Nhiu n h t th cng ch c th l
bng tm t t v h thng nhng iu ct yu, gip s v d dng
nm b t ci ct li ca mn hc, da vo nh mt b n dn
ng i su vo tng ng ngch ca mn hc. Khi n tp,
gio trn h cng ng mt vai tr nh mt cng, mt bn
dn ng, da vo sv ln lt ti hin li c cn h rng
khoa hc m mnh d i su tm hiu, ti hin li theo tng b
ph n cu th n h ca n, tng ng ngch ca n, t ng tr n g thi
trong tnh cht a dng ca n, tng giai on trong qu trnh
p h t trin ca n.
Xem vy th thy: ch hc theo gio trnh v bi ging ca
ging vin th n s, nng cn bit nhng no! l cch hc
c mnh dan h l ph thng cp IV, ch khng phi l
cch hc i hc.

104

 b c d a i hoc, kin thc khng hn nh nhng diu

;i vil trong SGK, m l k i n th c c a c m t m n k h o a
h o c, cng hiu rng v hiu su bao nhiu, cng tt by nhiu.
Mt iu khc bit ln hn na l: hc i hc l hoc
n g h - mt ngh trnh cao. sv trng ta ra i vi nhng
ntfh n h qun l kinh doanh, chuyn gia tin hc v phn mm
- ng dng trong qu n l v kinh doanh, chuyn gia i ngoi
ca doanh nghip - va hiu kinh doanh va s dng thnh
th o ting Anh kinh doanh. T mt HS ph thng cha hng
vo mt ngh g, tr th n h c h u y n g ia v m t nghy d p h i
l m t q u tr n h t c i b i n m n h , t c i ta o m n h , t i
m i m n h , t r n lu y n m n h - v k i n th c v k nngy v
t d u y v ta y nghy v d a o d c v p h m c h t. Hc nhm
m c c h . Q u trnh t ci bin n y phi din ra b n tr o n g
mi s v . thng qua t hc, t nghin cu, t rn luyn. Tc ng
t bn ngoi ch c ngha h tr.
T cch nhn n h trn, v t m c c h hc t p nh
trn, chng ta d dng xc nh m u c ti u ca hc tp. Ni mt
cch ngan gn. c 3 mc tiu:
1.
H i u (hiu cng c ngha l i lp vi hc vt) - h i u
t t c n h n g m n k h o a h c c li n q u a n n n g h c a
m n h . Hiu cng su, cng rng, cng tt. Hiu n mc t
th u y t phc mnh, tin nhng iu mnh hiu, mnh hc (nu
chnh m nh khng tin th chng ha r a mnh ch l mt C0 11 vt
hay sao?). Suy lun v h n h ng theo nhng iu mnh hiu,
m nh hc. Hiu n mc c th th u y t phc ngi khc theo
nh n g diu mnh hiu, mnh hc. Hiu nh vy cng c ngha l
cai bin t duy v vYi hiu bit ca chnh mnh, cng c ngha
l ci to chnh mnh.

105

Mun hiu thi trong qu trnh hc tp phi lun lun dt

cc cu hi: Ti sao th ny m khng phi th kia? Gia s.'ich
v (tc khoa hc) vi cuc sng, c g khng n khp? Gia hiu
bit trc dy ca mnh vi hiu bit by gi, c g\ sai lch?
2. N h - nh ngay trong qu trnh nghe ging v t hc
(ngoi hai khong thi gian ny, c cn thi gian no nh
na du?). C hiu mi nh c. Khng ai nh c h t tt c
nhng g mnh d hc. Nhng, t t c n h n g g c n c h o s
s u y luiy l p lu n , t r a n h lu n , l g i i , th u y t p h c , m
p h n , q u y t d in h c a c h n h m n h th u p h i nhy khng
cn m sch ra vn nh. iu c ngha l bin t t c nhng
iu cn cho mnh (nhng iu ny vn l ca nhiu ngi
khc) th n h vn hiu bit ca chnh mnh, th n h ti sn ring
ca mnh, th n h bn lnh ring ca mnh. Mi s v u c dim
phc ng ln vai cc v tin n h n khng l vn ln cao
hn, u c c hi thu h t tinh hoa tr tu ca my chc mn
hc, khc hn ngi trc, c tri thc, t duy. k nn g v bn
lnh khc ngi. T hnh t c theo mc ch ny n mc
no l ty kh nng hiu v nh ca mi ngi.
3. V n d n g r Mc ch ca hc tp, suy cho cng l vn
dng nhng kin thc v ki n n g hc vo cuc sng. Hc l
hnh. Nu hc m khng hn h th hc tr th n h v ngha,
khng c mc ch.
Khi cn ngi tr n gh nh trng, s v cha c iu kin vn
dng kin thc v k Ing vo cuc sng thc mun hnh mun
v. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng phng thc vn dng thch hp,
khng sai lch vi cuc sng thc bao nhiu. Tp suy lun v
phn tch theo phng php logic bin chng, t p gii cc bi
ton kinh t v ti chnh, tp vit lun vn, tp th u y t trnh,
tp x lfcc tnh hung, t p phn tch cc hin tng kin h t x
16

h ) . \ : ) \ ) n i v l g h r t i n g A n h . t h c l p t r n m y VI t n h . Kii

c;u* l>;n t.) 111 sn v thong k. k ton, ti chinh, ngoi thng,

q un ... * chinh la 1>; du vn dng cc kKM) thc v k nng
Viio cuc sng.

Dt c cc mc tiu hc tp nu trn, khng th tc

rliin. lc quyt." m tlc, phai di theo con (lng m a d m ,
n g m s u . T t c cc trng i hc trn t h gii u phai di
thon con ng ny, khng khc dc. Qu trnh ngm su
ny chia ra lm nhiu bc, i t n gin dn phc tp. t hp
(*n rng, t nng n su, t sch v n cuc sng, t nhng
kin thc k nng ca ngi khc, qua u ha v tp luvn
lu ngy m thnh nhng kin thc k nng ca chnh mnh.
Q u trnh . v (li th, c 5 bc nh sau:
1. C h u n b l n lp
N ht thit phi c gio trn h trc klu ln lp nghe ging.
Hc gio trnh m cha hiu nhiu thi phi dc c ti liu tham
kh o chnh Hc ny khng ch l chun 1) ln lop. m ng
hcn. l bc du nghin cu mn hc, bc d u k h a i p h "v
v c ' mn hc. Khng phi l dc lt, c qua. m l dc c suy
ngh, va dc. va Lim hiu, va t c h t vn ti sao? Mc tiu
ciia vic c l nhm tm hiu: i tng, mc ch, yu cu ca
mn hc (hay bi hc); kt cu h thng ca mn hc; nhng
k h a i nim chnh, n h ng lun im chnh, nhng nguyn l,
nguyn tac chnh, nhng ng dng chnh. Tm hiu s b ri
xem cc cu hi n t p do xem mnh (l hiu n du, cn
iu g cha r th ghi ra giy hi ging vin.
2. N g h e g i n g
B thi quen cm ci ghi chp bi ging. Tp tru n g t tng
th eo di c c h d i n g i iy l p luft> c h n g m n h y n g d u n g
107

ca mi ging vin. Khi th y c im g sng hn. m reng

hn, sinh ng hn. ng lu hn (so vi nhng iu d h t
trong gio trn h ) th ghi v n t t bn l gio trnh, ng (h
chng mc ca n sau ny d nh theo h thng.
Trong bui ging, ngay khi c c hi th dng ln nu cu
hi. Nu vn cha s n g t th sn sng i thoi vi ging V i n
tm ti ch n l. Vai tr ch yu ca ging vin l ch gip
cho sv hiu, phi bit t n d n g vai tr .
N h vy, nghe ging khng phi l mt qu trnh th ng.
l mt qu tr n h ng no cng th n g n h m tip cn chn
l, n h m t th u y t ph c mnh. l mt qu trn h tip th u c
ph phn, c suy xt, mt q u trnh r t quan trng hiu v
nh.
3. T n g h i n c u
Bc ny. ngi ta vn gi l t hc, thc ra phi gi l t
nghin cu. Bc ny th u n li hn bc 1 nh c s din gii,
ch d n ca ging vin tr n lp. v vy, c iu kin m rng
hn, i su hn.
c li gio trn h k t hp vi nhng iu nghe tr n lp.
Tip , c cc t i liu th a m kho quy nh. c chm, c suy
ngh, vi u c ph phn, vi nh n g cu hi lun lun xut
hin tro n g u: Ti sao t h ny m khng phi t h kia? Gia
sch v v cuc sng c g khng n khp? Gia hiu bit trc
y ca m nh vi hiu bit by gi c g sai lch?
Gp n h ng iu cha t h t s n g t, cha t h t th u y t phc,
th tm th m ti liu t h a m kho m c (t in, t in bch
khoa, t in bch khoa chuyn ngnh, SGK cc loi, sch ca
cc tc gi kin h in v mn hc , tp ch khoa hc chuyn
ng n h,... ch cn c tin h th n say m tm ti, cn ti liu tham
kh o th khng thiu).
108

NY*11 Ln ti n h ng diu cha t h t thng hiu, cha th t

thuyt phc, cha bit cch ng d n g th no th ghi li d tra
cu Ihm. hoc a ra hi bn b, hi ging vin.
Sau khi c v tr a cu k h nhiu ti liu, c th trong
u xut hin mt s hn dn no . Ti mch cc b n mt
kinh nghim: lc , hy ly tp giy nhp, vit li th n h h
thng (hay s ) t t c nhng g cn hiu v cn nh (vit rt
vn tt). Khoa hc bao gi cng l n h n g kin thc ( c
chng minh, kim nghim) c sp xp th n h h thng. Hy
nh ly h thng y theo cch ri n g ca m nh ghi tr n giy
nhp. Khi no n h p t m th c th x i. Khng nn d o h qu
nhiu cng phu cho vic vit b t k v n h n g iu hc (iu
ny. chinh ti cng tri qua), bi v ch n g ta s chng bao gi
c thi gian xem li hn g chng b t k - n h n g kin thc
mi s lun lun chon ht thi gian ca c h n g ta.
Sau khi d nm vng mn hc (ting P h p l possder - r
hn) th chuyn s a n g l m b i t p . iu ct yu l n m vng
phng php, quy tc hay quy t r n h gii bi tp. N m vng ci
ny th d bi tp ra di dng no vn gii c.
Tip , kim t r a li kin thc ca m nh (n lc ny th
khng cn l kin thc ca sch v na. m l kin thc ca
chnh mnh) bng vic tr li c c c u h i n t p . T r li tng
cu vi ni ung y d n h t l s hiu v nh ca m nh cho
php. Cu no cm th y cha n th phi t r a cu li. Nu c b
cu hi thi (t lun hay trc nghim) th dng s hiu v nh
ca mnh in t r li t cu d u n cu cui. Cu no cm thy
ng ng th phi tra cu li.
Lm cc thao tc trn th c th tm yn t m vi vic t
hc ca mnh.

109

Nhn y. ti m u n n h c li cu h i: Vi 2 - 3 g i t 1C
mi ngy, rc bn lm cch no d thc hin d cc th ao Lc J?
Li cn c thi gian dn h cho bc 1 na - cng gi gn trong 2
- 3 gi ny.
4. T h o l u n n h m , t
C c xt kin vi nhiu ngi th kin thc c a mnh mi
vng mi tr n h dc phin din. T ra n h lun vi ngi khc,
thuyt phc ngi khc cng chnh l t th u y t phc chinh
mnh su sac hn. hiu v nh chc hn.
Nhm hc tp 4 - 5 ngi. 5 7 ngi th do s v t t chc,
ph hp VI diu kin ca mnh. Cn tho lun t (xmina) th
do khoa t chc, c ging vin hng dn.
Tc dng ca tho lun nhm, (l trong iu kin thiu
ging vin "hng dn. vn r t qu an trng, v nhm gm t
ngi, ai cng c cd hi d hi. din gii, tra n h lun, nh
vv th hiu, nh v vn dng s chc hn, dng u hn. Vn
d no m nhm khng x li dc th da ra Lo tho lun Lip.
Tho lun l l c hi tp vit lun vn. tp thuyt trnh,
tp tranh lun, mi sc t duv logic, kim tr a s hiu bit v tr
nh ca mnh, vn dng kin thc ca mnh li gii nhng
vn li lu<m v thc tin do cc b n nu ra.
Trong tho lun t. c mt ging vin, dy li l mt c hi
na da ra hi ging vin v n h n g thc mc cn tn ti.
5. n t p
Khi hc mt cch chu o qua \ bc trn thi n tp ni mi cch hnh nh - ch l ti hin tr n m n hnh nhng
iu d ghi trong b nh. T t nhin, khng phi no, on
no cng c dc tr nh tt n h mv vi tnh. V vy, trong
nhng qu trinh n tp. cn khi phc li nhng iu b phai
m trong tr nh v nhng diu cn nh tr li trnh trng sc
110

sao nh kill mi hc. Trong qu trnh I1 tp, cng thng ny

sinh nhng hiu bit mi. nhng thu hoch mi cn ghi nhn,
t h m ch c n h n g v n d m i c n t r a c u t h m .
Mt s s v d ngh nh trng dn h cho mt vi tu n n tp
trc khi thi mt hc phn. ngh ny ch cn thit vi
nh n g SV hc lt pht qua 4 bc trn, ch n khi i m t vi
k thi mi nho nho vi n sch, may ra nh c i iu
hng g im. Trn kia, ti d ni: mun tr th n h chuyn gia
v mt ngh, c tri thc, t duy, k nng v bn lnh ca mt
chuyn gia, th tr n c s h i u , p h i n h t t c n h n g g i
c n cho s suy lun, lp lun, tra n h lun, l gii, thuyt phc,
m phn, quyt nh ca chnh mnh. iu c ngha l:
Khng phi ch cn nh d thi ly im, m p h i n h l m
v i c s u t d i, cng tc l nh sut i. nh n mc y th
d n h mt vi tu n n tp cho mi hc p hn l qu tha, khng
cn thit. V chng, s dng thi gian mt cch nhn nha nh
th th cc bn nh hon thnh kha hc 4 nm, hay l ko di
ra 5 nm , 6 nm?
Tron c s h i u , n h v v n d n g t c qua 4 bc
trn, hy s dng cng gio trnh nh mt bn dn
ng ti hin trong u nhng iu ghi vo tr nh,
thnh thong tr a cu li nhng im m mnh cm thy nh cn
cha chc, cha d. Khng cn v khng nn c li t t c, va
khng cn thit, va ri. Tip , im qua cc bi tp gii,
cc cu hi n tp tr li, b thi tm ra dp n, tra cu
li n h n g iu c th qun.
n tp l cuc tng din tp nhng g bn hiu, nh v
vn dng qua cc bc ca qu trnh hc tp. Ngoi tc dng
mi sc tr nh thi ly dim cao, n cn c vai tr r t quan
trng: c n g c nhng g cn nh cho cuc i hot ng ca
bn.
111

* *
Trn dy, ti trnh by v phng p h p hc tp: L mc
ch hc tp m xc nh cc mc tiu cn d t, cc bc cn tin
hnh. l nhng iu cn p dng i vi t t c cc mn khoa
hc. Ring cc mn thin v k nng hoc v nghip v th c:
khc i cht: cc bc nghin cu c th gin lc hn, nhng
cc bc tp luyn, thc hn h th phi d n h cng phu nhiu
hn. Mi mn hc cn c mt s cch hc c th, gip cho ngi
hc dt dc kt qu m au hn (v d: d n g th t ti nh
vn t ngoi ng). Cc bn nn trao di kinh nghim vi nh au
c c nhng cch hc tt nht.

112

N L c T H C VN LN HC
GII

NG. m L c
th ni rng Hc l iu i t cha hiu bit n hiu
bit v vn d n g c s h iu bit vo thc tin i
sng lm mt cng vic hoc t n n g cao trn h v c
th tip thu c cc hiu bit cao hn.
nh trng ph thng th vic v n dng kin thc c th
l lm c bi lp, trng, cc k thi v xy dng
mt h thng kin thc vng chc lm nn tn g cho vic hc
cc trng i hc chuyn nghip... s a u ny. t c mc
ch ca vic hc n h vy, trong qu trn h hc tp, HS phi
thc hin tt bn k h u lin hon: H c - H i - H i u - H n h .
Mun t hiu q u cao trong qu t r n h y (ngha l hc gii)
th ngi hc phi t cc yu cu tng ng l: H c k - H i u
l u - V n d n g n g . Ni cch khc, tip t h u kin thc cng
vng vng tin ln lm ch kin thc ri vn dng c kin
thc cng n h u n nhuyn, linh hot, chnh xc th vic hc cng
tt m ta gi l hc gii.

1. Yu c u th n h t: HC K
Hc k c ngha l nghe giang v ghi chp k, n tp k,
chun b bi hc k. t iu ny, ta cn thc hin 3 bc
sau y:
Bcl. Trc tit hc. nh H S p h i thuc bi c (nm
vng trng tm bi, thuc cc cng thc, nh lut, cc chnh,
113

cc chi tit q u a n trng) v lm y cc bi tp dc giao, '

th t lm th m cc bi t p (do GV cho thm, SGK, sch tham
kho...) cng c v vn dng cc kin thc hc cho quen.
ng thi, c h u n b bi mi: dc SGK t h t k, ghi dn hi, tng
mc v cc chi tit vo v son bi. Khi gp cc on kh hoc
cc iu mi !, v suy ngh nhiu ln m vn cha hiu hoc
ch h iu mt p h n th ghi vo v son bi cc iu thc mc, cc
cu hi t nu ra, ch khi n lp nghe GV ging. Cn nh rng,
cc bi hc k h ng ng ring r m lin quan cht ch vi nhau
t h n h mt h th n g hon chnh, ta n h cc mc xch ca mt
si dy xch. Ch cn t i mt m t xch l hng dy xch. Hn
Ia, kin thc ca mt bi hc nhiu khi cn lin quan n kin
thc ca cc n m hc trc hoc cc mn hc khc na. Do ,
khi gp cc tr ng hp ny, nu qu n th phi m sch c ra
xem li. Nu cc n m trc cha c hc cc phn ny th phi
t hc li hoc xin cc th y c dy ring. Dt khat khng dc
b qua m phi hc b su n g ngay, v n u b qua tc l to ra
mt l hng tro n g h thng kin thc v c th l mt nguyn
n h n gy ra s t h t bi, yu km ca vic hc v sau do kin
thc th iu hon chnh. S c h u n b trc cng chu o bao
nhiu th khi n lp cng tip t h u n h a n h bi ging v cng
hiu s u kin thc by nhiu; ng thi li cn d ghi nh na
v l n h n g iu c, suy nghi.
Bc 2: Trong ti t hc. Chm ch nghe ging v ghi chp li
ging vo v ghi bi, cng n h a n h , cng nhiu cng tt. Hy tp
quen vi k n n g vn ng cc gic q u a n cng mt lc lp: m t
nh n ln bng, tai nghe li ging, tay cm bt ghi chp v c suy
ngh theo din tin ca bi hc. Thng thng, li ging ca GV
sinh ng, di do, a dng.... hn mt cun sch. Cun sch th
tn h m bi ging th sng ng- Khi GV ging n cc p hn
114

kh liiy q uan triiK th li phi t p t r u n g cao va lng

nghe, va suy ngh. Nu nhe ging ri m vn cha hiu th
phi xin php th y c nu cu hi, iu thc mc c h u n b
san trong bi son nh.
Bc 3: Sau tit hc
V n h , HS s phi hp p h n ghi bi ging ca GV v bi
son trc ca minh d ti hin li bi hc. Bi ny c ghi r
rng tng tit mc, cc chi tit, cng thc y , d n g hc
v n tp sau ny. Ti hin bi hc xong th coi n h l d hiu
su bi. d nm vng cc kin thc v d thuc cc chnh.
Tip theo , dc thm cc sch th a m kho, SGK nu th y cn
v vn dng cc kin thc va hc c lm bi tp v cng
l cng c v nng cao kin thc.
C th tm tt qu trnh H C K nh sau:
T chun bi bi
Hc V , J "
Nghe giang

+ Hi

Thy
H iu
Bn
-----------
*
sau
Sch v, ti liu

Hiu s u + ti hin bi hc + lm bi t p "tiu ha"

kin thc, qun tr i t ton b bi ging.
2. Y u c u t h h a i: N H L U
Nh lu khc su t h t tt kin thc.
Vic hiu su v vic nh lu l hai vic k h c nhau, mc d
ai cng bit rn g hiu cng s u thi c n g d nh. Tuy nhin,
hiu bi khng ng n gha vi nh bi, n ch gip cho s nh
bi nhanh v d thi. Thc t cho th y c nhiu HS thng minh,
n h a n h tr. lp va nghe ging l hiu ngay. N h ng nu HS
ny v nh khng hc bi k, khng n li bi, ngha l thiu
115

chuyn cn th s qun i kin thc ca bi sau mt thi gian

ngn. Tri li, c nhng HS tuy khng hiu r bi nhng v nh
c i c li nhiu ln ri cng nh bi. Tuy nh bi nhng
khng hiu th cng khng vn dng c kin thc khi lm
bi. C hai trng hp tr n u khng t yu cu v vic hc.
Vy, mun vn dng c kin thc, phi lm ch c kin
thc, ngha l cn hai iu kin tin quyt: h i u b i v n h
b i vic hiu su ni tr n ri, by gi l vic n h l u
khc su kin thc.
Mt nh t tng ni: Khng ai sng to vi b c trng
rng. Nh vy, mun hc gii sau ny tr th n h ngi sng
to th cn phi tch lu nhiu kin thc cng nhiu cng tt v
cng nh lu, nh chnh xc cng tt nh ng iu cn hc ngha l ngi hc phi c mt tr nh tt lm tin cho s vn
dng kin thc. T r nh t t gi vai tr qu an trng trong hot
ng tr tu nn ngi hc cn phi c cc phng php rn
luyn tr nh. Di y l cc phng php chnh:
S c h o n loc.

Nhiu n h tm l - gio dc ni. Mun

nh nhiu cn qun bt i. ngha ca li ni ny l: Ta ch

n n nh, ch "np vo" b no nhng iu cn phi nh, ng
nh n g iu v ch, khng cn nh chen ln vo, gy xo trn
th t v chim m t cc ch r t qu ca b no. Nu l ghi
nhn, l n p ri th hy xo i, qu n chng i bng cch
khng nhc, khng ngh n chng na. Tm li, ghi nh l
phi ghi nh c chn lc v phi dn h sn trong b no mt ch
cha iu cn nh.
S l p l i. C s ca tr nh l s lp i lp li nhiu ln
mt s kin khc su 8 kin ny vo vng tr nh ca no.
l mt vic lm kin nhn, v t h mi c cu Vn n v
116

lu y n \ Di mi kinh s... S lp li ny c th hin i

nhiu hnh thc trong qu trn h hc t p nh: c, nghe, vit,
ng no suy ngh, hi tng, lin tng... khi hc bi, lm
bi, n tp...
Cn lu cc c im sau y tan g hiu nng ti a
r a vic rn luyn tr nh:
Cang hiu su vn , cng d nh v nh lu. i vi cc
vn phc tp cn nh, trc ht phi t yu cu hiu trc
.
%

oc th n h ting d nh hn ch xem m khng c hoc c

nhm trong ming. c th n h ting to m th a n h tc ng
vo c th n h gic gip b no th u n h n d hn v ko di thm
thi g-.an ghi nhn, n h t l i vi cc p h n phi hc thuc lng,
p h t m ngoi ng...
Vit nh lu hn c, v vit phi dng no nhiu hn, nht
l i vi cc con s, hnh v, cng thc, b n , ngoi ng,...
ngi hc cn ti hin. Ngoi ra cn thm phn xc gic tc
dng lng thi vo no v thi gian ghi n h n cng ko di hn
vic c.
Phi tp tru n g t tng cao . Khi hc d di d n g no
(c, vit, suy ngh...) phi dnh t t c tm tr vo vic hc m
khng suy ngh, khng n b t c vic lm no khc ngoi
vic hc th mi khc s u tr nh c. Cn bit rng, thi gian
suy ngh c gi tr nhiu ln hn thi gian nhc li mt cch
my mc. tp tru n g suy ngh, ta phi tng xut khi b no
nhng tng vn v, phi gii h n tr c ca ta trong phm vi
bi ang hc. khng cho n ph n t n t n mn, lang thang ty
thch na.
117

 t n g tr nh, ta phi bit hi tng, lin tng bng cch

lin kt nhng iu an g hc vi cc iu nh. bit khc
vi cc cu chuyn, hnh nh, m thanh , mu sc, ir tin
tng phn, tng on... Mi ngi c mt cch lin tng ring
ca mnh v t tm ra cho mnh cch d thc hin nht. Hy t
t cu hi: u l mi lin h hp l gia iu mun m v
iu lin tng ? l to c cch lin kt.

H th n g h a k in th c c n nh
Ta nh n xt rng co h vn phng, cc c '.rong
nh... cng sp xp n gn np theo tng loi, c th t th cng
m t th gi tm kim. Trong ngnh in ton, cc d kin sp
xp theo trn h t hp l th khi cn tru y cp s ly ra r t ranh.
B no cng vy, nu trong khoa hc, ta h thng hi cc
chng mc, cc on, cc dn bi chi tit theo mt trnh t i hp
l, r rng th d kin thc c nhiu hoc rc ri phc tip, ta
vn c th nh c. Thc vy, cc kin thc trong mt h thng
lin k t c h t ch vi nhau, t mt iu c bn, ta c th s iy ra
cc iu lin qu an khc. V t h trong nhiu trng hp, Phng
bt buc phi nh ht mi phn, mi chi tit m ch cr nh
ph n trng tm, ct li, c bn n h t ri dng cc cch suy lun,
din dch, lin tng... ta c th tm r a cc yu t khc. ii ny
ging n h vic g mt m ch ri, ta ch cn nm c d\ mi
m thi.
Vy, h thng ha kin thc gip ta nh c nhiu h, lu
hn v n h a n h hn.

To n im h n g th tr o n g k h i hc
S yu thch l mt yu t" tm l c n h hng quan rng
i vi b no ni chung v i vi tr nh ni ring. Cig a
thch cng d nh v nh lu v s kin y gy n tn s u
m, gy xc ng tm l cho ngi tip nhn. V d n h i m t
118

bi th hay. mt bn nhc hp s thch nhiu khi mi ch nghe

mt lan m nh ngav. Trong sch Lun ng, Khng T d
ni: 'T ri chi gia bt nh hiu tri gi, hiu tri gi bt n h lc tri
gi ngha l: Bit m hc khng bng thch m hc, thch m
hc khng bng say m m hc.
Nhng d thch h a y khng th vic hc vn l bn phn
phai thc hin, v th vi cc mn hc m ta cha thy hng th
thi nn gn cho n mt th tn h cm no lm cho chng tr
nn d a gip ta d nh hn. C h n g hn, ta c th lin
tng chng vi nhng iu, n h n g s kin m ta a thch, lin
kt chng vi n h ng iu quen thuc thng gp h ng ngy. C
nhiu ngi dng cc cu th, bi v d tm t t cc cng thc
Ton, L, Ha..., cc hnh v, cc biu gin d m t cc s
kin v tri t hc, vn hc, tm l hc... C khi ghp cc t to
th n h mt cu d nh ri m cc ch ci trong mi t c
c cc con s cn nh trong Ton, L, Ha... hoc gn cc s"
liu a l, cc mc lch s, cc h n g s khoa Ton, L, Ha vi
cc con s ring ca mi ngi n h s nh, s xe, ngy thng
nm sinh, s' tui, s' in thoi... Ta c th coi y l nhng
sng to vui v ring bit ca tng ngi gip tn g cng tr
nh.
V d : Cch m trong ng php ting Anh:
* T s 13 n 19, cui t c teen (c mnh).
- T 20 n 90 cui t c fv (c nh).
- C gch ni ngang gia chc v n v.
- C t a n d gia hng tr m v hng chc...

119

- S* no c trn ba ch s, ngt ra tng phn 3 con s tnh

t bn phi.
C th tm t t cc quy tc trn bng b) v sau:
Mi ba Mi chn teen (nhn) di
Hai mi -> Chn chc m ty nh nhng
Gia n v chc c ngang
Gia trm v chc c a n d ni lin
Khi no ba s tr ln
Chia tng ba s theo trn m lm .
Tm li, vic rn luyn tr nh lu tr dc nhiu kin
thc phc v cho vic hc l mt vic lm kin tr. i hi nhiu
thi gian v cng sc. D thng minh m khng kin nh n hc
t p th cng khng th n h cng c. Nh p h t minh khoa hc
hn g u ngi M Thomas Edison ni: Trong nhng cng
trn h s n g c h ca ti, 90% l nh nhng git m hi. Nh vn
L T n ngi T rung Quc tng ni: T r n con ng i n
t h n h cng, khng c vt chn ca k li bing. Tc ng Vit
N am ta cng c cu: Cn c b thng minh" c cng ngha
n h vy.
3. Y u c u t h ba: VN DNG KIN THC TT
Nhiu H S thng th a n phin: Thy, c cho bi kh, khng
lm c hoc Khng bit cch lm. Trc khi th an phin
n h vy, HS h y t hi mnh nhng cu hi sau y:
- C hiu bi v c nh bi hc hc khng?
- C thuc lu cc nh lut, cc nh l, cng thc cn thit
khng?
120

( Y> thng lm cc bi tp t d (ln kh rn luyn c

suy nghi, phn tch, suy lun... cho quen khng?
D (lc k d bi nm vng trng tm cha?
) suv nghi k v tm cch gii bi cha?
Nu d thc hin y nhng iu nu tr n m vn
khng lm c bi th hv ni l bi kh, thy c cho qu sc
mnh. N h trn ni. hiu s u v nh lu l tin tin
ln lm ch kin thc. n dy ngi hc ch cn thc hin nt
cng don cui cng l vn dng kin thc vo thc hnh, c
th l lm cc bi tp, tr li cc cu hi.vv... giai on ny
ngi hc phi chn lc t cc kin thc lu tr trong tr nh,
kt hp vi s hiu bit n m vng v vn ng b no
pht, tri n t duy: t duy ph n tch, t duy tng hp, t duy quy
np. t duy din dch, lin kt... tr li cc cu hi C1 0 ng,
giai quyt cc vn t ra cho ti.... dy l giai on ti quan
trng trong qu trnh hc tp lin quan n s vn dng linh
hot ca b no vo vic ng d n g cc kin thc tch lu; n
t hng t ngi hc d hon ton lm ch dc kin th(\ ngha
l thc hin y 3 chc nng: Hiu- Nh - Vn n g dc
kin thc. Ty theo mn hc m s vn dng c th c cc c
tnh ring; nhng nu nhn chung th s vn dng kin thc vo
thc h n h , chng h n lm bi, khng ngoi cc quy tc sau:

Q u y t c l: Truy c p d kin
T ru y cp d kin l xc n h ng cc kin thc no l cn
phi s dng lm bi; v:
Khi lm mt bi ton, khng phi m ang ton b chng
trn h Ton ra m s dng.

121


Khi lm mt bi lun vn, khng phi l mang t t c cc
tc phm vn hc, tc pi dc hc ra d kho st, dn
chng...
Phi h t sc tr n h m t th gi tm kim nhng kin thc
khng cn thit, s gy ri rm khi lm bi, bng cch phi
nh v ng cc kin thc cn thit cho bi lm m thi. Mun
th, phi dc k bi, gch di hoc ghi ring cc chi tit
q uan trng, cc s liu, cc iu kin nu ra ca gi th it trong
d bi, v n h t l iu m bi i hi, iu phi tm nm
vng c trng tm, c yu cu ca bi. Lc ny, b nh
ca no phi lm vic truy tm xem cc yu t tr n (ca
bi) thuc v ph n no, bi no, ch no, cng thc no... trong
chng trnh hc m tru y cp cc d kin cho ng v
m ang ra s dng. y l cng vic ca tr nh, v vy, ngi hc
phi c tr nh tt.

Q uy t c 2: K t hp c c d kin
Kt hp cc kin thc c truv cp vi cc yu t cho
trong gi thit v iu phi tm, phi chng minh vi n h a u
to th n h mt m ng lin kt chpt ch. y l cng vic ca s
suy lun trong b no, l phn chnh yu ca qu trnh vn
dng kin thc. Khi d t c mng li ny tc l lp c
cu ni i t gi thit 'n kt lun. Nh vy l nm c
cch gii, cch lm bi ri. t c iu ny, ngi lm bi
phi nm vng cc kin thc, cc mi tng quan gia cc kin
thc v vic h thng ha chng lm c s l lun. ng thi
cc t duy ph n tch v tng hp thng c vn dng trong
qu trnh suy lun khi kt mng.

122

Du tin, bang phng php phn lch ra cc iu phi

tm th n h tng phn, tng vn dn fiian hn m ta bit
hoc (i c sn trong ph n kin thc tch lu hay l cho trong
gi illicit ca bi. Ni cch khc, (lng php phn tch
ch u y n t mt vn phc tp sang cc phn dn gin, t mt
iu cha bit dn dn dn d t n cc iu bit. Trong
Toi) hc, cch ny thng c dng trong qu trnh chng
m in h i t kt lun dn dn sang gi thit, qu trnh suy
lu n dt mng lin kt. Sau , bng phng php tng hp,
ta Uie hin qu trn h ngc li bng cch gom cc yu t d
b i t (trong gi thit ca bi, trong bi hc r t t b nh) lin
k t li d dn n iu phi tm. Cch ny thng dng khi vit
bi gii quyt vn , i t gii th i t n kt lun.
Ta c th tm lc bng biu sau:
Q u tr n h su y lu n k h i k t m n g
v.n cha bit X
(Kt lun, diu
pihi chng minh)

-----------------------
Phng php phn tch

- Cc yu l cho trong
gi chit: A.B.C
- Cc kin ihc bi hc
- Cc nh lut, nh l
- Cc cng thc...

Q u tr n h g i i q u y t v n k h i lm bi

C c iu
chio
trong d
bti A, B, c
(gu thit)

- Cc kin thc cn
thit
nm
vng
- Cc nh lut,
nh l

Phng php
tng hp

cha

bii X
(kt lun)

- Cc cng ihe...

123

V d: (i s mt d bi cho cc yu t A,B,C (gi thit) v

yu cu tm yu t X (kt lun).
N h n dn h v bi: Gi th i t l A.B.C. Kt lun l X.
Bc 1: Truy cp cc d kin
T cc yu t A,B,C v X ta nh li trong cc kin thc
hc, xem cc p h n no lin q u a n n cc yu t ny?
- Gi s r n g A v B c lin quan vi n hau qua cng thc T,
c yu t D.
- Cc yu t' c v D c lin quan VI nhau qua cng thc Tj
cho yu t E.
- Cc yu t X v E q u a n h vi nhau qua nh l T3.
Bc 2: t vn v p h n tch
T a b t u p h n tch t iu phi tim X.
- Mun tm X ta phi cn yu t no? Tr nh cho bit mun
c X phi c E qua nh li T 3 m hin nay E cha c sn. Vy
phi tm E.
- t tip v n : Mun c E ta phi c cc yu t no?. Tr
nh cho bit m un c E phi c c v I) qua cng thc T,. Yu
t c d cho ta gi th i t n h n g D cha c. Vy phi tm I).
- Li t tip vn : Mun c I) ta phi c cc yu t no?
Tr nh cho bit, mun c D phi c A v B qua cng thc T,.
Cc yu t A v B c trong gi thit ri. Vy l vn kt
m n g v l p c u ni g i a k t lu n v gi th i t d xo n g

Bik' 3: Tng hp li v gii quyt vn khi lm bi

- Theo cng thc T,, t A v B ta tnh dc I).
- Theo cng thc T2, t I) v c ta tnh dc E.

124

Theo (lnh l T. l K ta xuy ra X. Vn (l dc chng

minh.
Tm li. kin vn d n g kin thc d lm bi. ta cn lu cc
(liru sau (ly:
Dc ki d v khai thc tri t , khng b st cc gi th it
no,
(l kin no cho trong bi. Dng phng p hp phn
tch hn kt cht ch v dy gia gi th it v cc p h n
hc d lo cu ni gia iu phi tm v cc iu (! bit.
Nu cha tm ra dc cch gii, n g h a l cha to c
mng lin kt th c t h l:
* Hoc cha n a m vng kin thc nn cha vn d n g dc
hoc cha s dng ht kin thc cn th it vo bi lm.
* Hoc cha gn dc cc gi th i t vi cc kin thc hc.
Lc phi xom li cch p h n tch, cch (t v n , xem mi
li n k t b g i n o n k h n g d t m r a y u t t h i u s t h a y b b

qun cha s dng.

8 U cng, kim t r a li ton b bi lm. Xem cch t v n
c un;, ti khng? L lun c n h t qun, c c h t ch khng?
C () I. g mu t h u n khng? Cch tnh to n c chnh xc hoc
sai st. khng? Kct q u c hp l khng? H n h vn c tri chy
khnp? Hnh ve c r r n g khng? Trnh by c s n g s a khng?
N u c sai st, phi iu rh n h li.
Cn xc nh r n g vic lm bi l diu ti cn tro n g qu
trn h vn ln hc gii, cn phi luyn t p thng xuyn v n
rn luyn ton din cho ngi hc vn d n g kin thc mt cch
n h u n nhuyn vo thc hnh, cng c c kin thc, khc su
dc tr nh, bn n h y trong suy lun v k n n g tn h ton
n h a n h gn hn. T trnh s c n n g cao r t nhiu.
125

Ngoi ra cng cn nhc li rn g bn cnh ta cn c nhng ngi

sn sng ch bo. gip d ta vn ln hc gii, l cc th y c,
bn b.
Khi gp mi thc mc hoc cc vn kh kh n trong hc
tp, ta cn tm n ngay dc s gip , ch bo cn thit v
kp thi.

Vic t hc l diu ti cn thit, khng phi ch vi mi c

n h n m cn lin quan n chin lc p h t trin chung ca t
nc. V vy, ngay t by gi mi HS phi bt u thc hin
vic t hc. Vic t hc l cng vic sut c mt i ngi: tui
no. cp hc no, lc no, ni no, hon cnh no cng lm c
nhng cng thc hin sm th cng tt v cng c nhiu th gi,
cng tch lu dc nhiu kin thc, cng p h t trin c nhiu
t duy, cng t rn luyn c nhiu ngh lc, cng c nhiu c
hi th n h cng v cng tin xa mi mi v sau.

126

VI I TM C
TH O N G BA MI NM DY V N (,)
G S. L T r i V i n
h vn l chuyn con ngi, chuyn tm hn. Khng nng
lm hn mnh ln n nh cao cua yu cu cch mng th
lm g c vn thd ng gi l vn th! Lm vn cng th m dy
vn cng th. Cho nn, nu dc; php ni ci g l tm c trong
ba mi nm ging dy Vn hc, th trc tih ti xin ni: Cm n
Cci mng, Cch m ng cho ti tri tim, khi c. cho ti c
tm hn. Khng c tri tim, khi c, khng c tm hn nh hin
nay hi ti lm sao lm c ci cng vic hng ngy r t binh
thng l ging dy Vn hc cho HS?
Cch m ng i hi i thay v khng r i thay cch mng
no m khng gian kh. Trn lnh vc u t r a n h trong x hi
cn;g vy. m trong m n h t t tng, tnh cm mt con
ngrii cng vy. Cho nn ch rv. mt thi sau Cch mng,
tro n g gdi vn Iigh, ngi ta thng hay ni n chuyn lt
xc', t b, chuyn qua i", "qua '. Ngha l mt chui di
u tran h . Trong mt tm hn tiu t sn nh ti. khng vng
gi v o n bc: lt, p bc rong ci i vt cht, nh n g tm t
no khc lng ao, n nh n mi ngun nc, khng k c
tronig, L bn phng dn li, cho nn Cch m n g di q u a khng
p h i ch nh gi lt n h nhng, m cng l mt qu trnh khi
tronig. gn c.

(l) Bu n* trn D y - T hc" s '20 (9/ 2001)

127

Ti khng dm ni m nh c o. C diu by gil th

mi cuc bin i s u xa kia u coi n h bnh thng, d nhin,
kh n g ai ti. Ch c khi so vi thi trc Cch mng, noc
so vi k bn k ia b Cch mng, th mi thy r v mi bit
n h n g bin i l qu. oi vi b t k ngi cn b no cng qu,
i vi ngi dv V n cng qu. C mt t m hn nh vy ch a
chc dy c Vn. n h n g dy vn khng c mt t m hn
n h vy, d t k h a t l khng c.
Sc hiu b i t v n th c a ti cng tin dn theo s bin i
y. An tng s u sc n h t trong tm hn ti l nh c cch ih n
mi m ti h iu ci hay ca vn th mt cch ng n hr, ci
hay ca hnh thc c h an ho lm mt vi ci hay ca ni dang,
m ci ni d u n g ln lao n ht, su sc nht, hp dn n h t trong
th vn ti dy, v n th nc n h xa v nay, l ni dung yu
nc, ch ngha a n h hng, c n h n i, tri tim m tn h
n g h a ca d n tc. Khng phi ti khng th y t m quan trng
c a n h n g nguyn l ch ngha Mc - Lnin v vn hc, n l
kim ch n am cho mi s tm hiu v tc phm vn chung.
C hnh thiu ci n y m ngy xa i vo vn th. ti khng lm
c n h bm tm hoa, vui ci thm chc lt th cng nh ngi
lc vo m t t r n m hn chng cn bit li ra.
C ng kh n g phi ti coi nh ng l, ch trng c-a
ng, ng li chnh tr. k inh t, vn ha, vn ngh, gio chc;
khng n m c cc dng li, ch trng y trong tng thi
gian c th l r t d p h m vo k h uy t im thiu tn h rg c
th, m h v lp trng, thiu nhy bn, m t cnh gic.
N h n g ti vn q u a n nim trc sau r n g dy vn th ld.y
c i h a y tro n g , dy lm sao cho HS thy l hay. M tr< khi
dy th m nh phi hiu ci hay . hiu ci hay t t miin

128

k h ^ t h t h i u n h u n ^ n g u y n l. n h i i n t f ( l n g l i . c h u I r u d n g
ki

Xa nay LI r n g thy dc i ch hay tro n g vn th.

N h i u

ci n jy

xa

thiYy h a y

by

R c n g t h y

hay,

nhng

nhiu ci li klr ill h o c khc hn. Ngy xa, (lc cAu Thng
t h a y c n m t k i p ngi, S n g n h h n g x c h t v i dng
q u a n " t r o n g V n c h i u hn", ti d n g t n h vi ni n g m
n g i, th a th it c a N g u y n

I)u trc th n p h n n U i n xin .

SI 1K k h n g IC1 n d n t a m c h t c n g c h a n g (i e n m

c h n , r i t i m n y u l u n t m l n g t h n g r n g l n r a n h t h
n a m t r o n g q u a n n i m v d c t hi b c i c a n h P h t . B y gi
xem

li. m i d n g t n h k ia l n g d n . c n n i m

yu

k h n g X111. T h n g XI n h n g t h n p h n lc loi, k h n k h l
b i u lu n c a m t l n g n h n i b a o la . n h t l n h n g co n ngi
l a o d n g m c h (l x h i k h i d d a y n c n h l o l o i k h n
k h . N h n g l d m g p l t c v o m t t i n g t h ( l i lHMili

mng: Kip ngi l n h th, t h t dn thng th l ni

t h e o n h P h t v v t n h t i p t a y c h o b n t h n g t r c h e l|) m t
p l)(*. b c l t . x t l v n g i l a o d n g v o c a n h i n g h o , x i u

lc*.
T ra k h c n h a u m t t m k th t k h c n h a u b i t b ao

nhiu! Vi khong gia d xy r a s di th a y s u sc trong

n hn thc v the gii, v x hi. v con ngi v tip theo d l
s i t h a y v li t n g t h m m .

Cu th "Thng th a y c n g m t kip ngi..." trc kia ti

y u m t c c h tr n v n . N h n g n a y t h ti c h c n c t h m m
l n g vi ni k h n k h c a c o n n g i h o n n n , n h n g t r i l i.

ti khng th no khng th y n h ng ch yu ui, sai lch do

thi di. tng lp v h n t h n tc gi d tm th m vo tro n g .
129

V v vy, th y cu th bt hay i mt na. Nhng, quan rng

hn. l n dc hiu (lng hn. v vng chc chan l hiu su
hn. bi l khoa hc hn.
Hiu dc vn th n h vv ti d tra li vinh d eh< vn
th, khi phc cho vn th ci s mnh nng n nhng v vang
l t nng tri tim con ngi d bu mu nng tng thm >hn
hng say trong san xut v chin u. Vn th khng pli l
chuyn th tc, cng khng phi l chuyn thoa mn c hn,
vit khng d lm pi c. Vn th l mt v kh du tranh cch
mng, dng thi cng l mi tn hn dn tiu dit qun thu.
Cng nh cch hiu vn th nh vy nn my mi nm
nay dy vn hc nc n h - ch yu l vn hc c - ti thy ni
ln mt th u hoch m ti cho l ln nht: l ci dng tm
hon ca con ngi Vit N am tri qua bao th ki.
Khng, ti khng nh lm mt bn tng kt v vn hc Vit
Nam. ti cng khng nh p h t biu v truy n thng dr tc.
i u t i m u n n i l d i v o v n th , t i l i g p COI1 n g i c o n

ngi Vit Nam. nhiu dn g nhiu ve, nhng v vn dng mn

ng yu. v dng no, v no cng ni dc vi tri tin ti
nhiu nht.
No phi ti khng thch hnh nh a n h h n g I-li-a Ma-rcV
mt, nh n g ti thy mnh gn b, gn gi bit bao nhiu vi
h nh tng ngi con trai a n h hng lng Dng! iu lm t xc
ng su xa khng phi ch l ci sc bin ha th n k ca lng
yu nc, chng gic, cch t chi mi vinh tr v vci ci
bnh thng khng tn tui, m cn l n h n g u go, n n g
vi c th m m tnh qu m b con gom gp, d nui clng,
in ht n h bt k ngi con bnh thng no ca dng run.

130

\';n> phii ti khiH yu mn Phng-tin nhng lm sao so

hUr vn1 lng ti say lr Thy Kiu! Ti (IM. tnh VI t t c;i
nlin^

l(i x a

nay

thng

xt c h o

thn

phn

nang.

ca

M^I V

t h c . V' q u y n s n g r n r n h a n c n ^ h a n h n v : m t r o n g tfim

t iR. h o c c h t r c h t h i d n n g bun** XUI t h e o s m n h .

Nlufntf ci ti yu men n h t nng l vi nng m ang tm hn

snii xa ca ngi con gi Vit Nam, tm hn Vit Nam. Tm
hn d m <! tnh ngha v giu lng thng ngi n <|un
minh. Bn mnh l v thng cha m, thng om. Nh om thay
li v t h y mnh nh c li vi ngi yu d qu k h n g kht v
phai ( l dang. Dang kh, c ngi nh cu mnh ra khi cnh
kli m l chi ngi l v mnh lo ch hnh phc ca ngi v
:\ in h ngi...
Ti yu ci hin ngang thch thc nh L Thng Kit, ci
ph n khch quyt tm nh T rn Quc Tun, ging ho hng
m nh lit n h B in h Ng di co: ti say Nguyn Hu ci p
ca niom tin v hn. tin d n tc, chnh ngha; Nguyn
Dinh C hiu ci p ca ngi ngha qun nng dn hnh thng
Ihng a n h hng, r a ngi tr thc mt lng s t son, kh ti t..N hng vi ti, ci cht m ngi nht vn li l ci cht anh
hng m hn nhin, gin d. Quc gia dn tc r t cc tr li l
(it nc, t v nc v cng quen thuc, hin lnh, nh ng li
c sc m n h mun i khng lay chuyn.
C h o nn ci dng tam hn Vit Nam y c mt n t p th
h;u: t h m n h u n nh n i v tnh ngha dm d. N hn i v tnh
ngha vn khng tcl ri yu nc v chng gic. Khng phai
ti chi knh phc B Trng vi hnh ng cu nc, m ti cn
thng mn B ch B kt hp n nc vi th nh. V ti
nph r n g khng phai ngu nhin s kt hp y li gi vo mt
npi p h n - ngi ph n thng l ni duy tr truyn thng
tt dp ca dn tc. Ti cng bn khon v cu chuyn n thn.
131

Dy r l mt bi hc r n h gic trong vic i nc: A l l Ding

Vng m t nc vi thiu tr l; M Chu phi cht di irti
gm trng p h t cng minh. Nhng ti sao li c chuyn ntu
nng s th n h cht ngc? Phi chng l d cho nng dc tlunh
minh vi t tri cht lng trong tr n g ca mnh v nh n dn
cng t dc cht bao dung di vi cht lng trong tr n g y?
Diu ny b t ngun t ci n h n i su xa, th u tnh t l ca
tm hn Vit Nam?
C mt nn vn hc ph n nh (lc mt tm hn nh vy
dem ra tru y n cho HS, ngi GV lm sao khng thy t ho,
sung sng? Ti chc anh ch em i dy u nghi v lm nh ti
trong vic dy Vn: d a y v i t t c t m h n m n h .
ng l ngi GV bao gi cng phai n h i t t n h . Dy
cng vy, nh ng dy Vn li cng phi vy. C th no em vn
th ging gii cho HS m lng mnh vn lnh nh bng gi dc
khng? N h t nh l khng. Bi v vn th l cuc sng, l tm
hn c a con ngi lc qua mt tm hn con ngi na l tc gi
v ghi li b ng ngn ng. Ngi dy Vn phi t ngn ng y di
ngc li con dng nh vn i. ln theo cc cm xc. ngh
suy n giu sau cc hnh thc ngn t, m tr li vi cuc sng
d lm ngun cho sng tc, ngha l phi sng li nhng rung
ng ca n h vn. nhng vui bun, hn gin, nhng say m,
mong c trc cuc i. M mun sng li nhng rng ng
cua n h vn lm sao khng hi c bng tng tng nhng
rung dng ca bn th n mnh tri qua hoc t mnh vo v
tr ca ngi lm vn th ri t dng sc tng tng ca
mnh to ra xc cm y. Khng c trong kinh nghim mnh
ci v ca b t canh rau mung ngt du An vi qu c dam
tng cht m n dm , hoc khng tng tng c ci v
ngt du ca cht mn dm kia th lm sao hiu c ci hay
nh n h n g m thm tha ca cu ca dao "Ta i ta nh qu
132

n h ..." Khng xo ng dc ln^ mnh bng ci e s c kh v

chua cht ca mt nim tin b i la th c dc bao nhiu ln
cu tli( C p h i duyn nhau thi thm li, D ng xanh n h l
bc n h vi" ca H Xun Hng cng bang khng, v lm sao
thng cm ni ci xt xa ca mt tri tim mun yu v nm np
s khng c ngi p li.
Ngi d y Vn li cn phi lm mt vic cao hn. kh hn
mt bc na l t r u y n c m , l g i o d c b n g c h n h v n t h
Cho nn khng phi ch hiu, ch cm, ch thy hav m cn
phi lm sao cho ngi khc cng hiu, cng thy hay. cng
C m VI m n h , m l i t h e o m t y u c u s p h m

n h t nh.

ch ny. diu tin quyt vn l tri tim ca ngi CiV.

Sng vi vn th m hiu, nhng ri p h i s n g vi HS
m d y . Yu vn th r t qu, nhng yu HS na mi lm
GV. Cho nn t dc mt bi vn n ging bi vn y c lc no
m nh c php ngui lnh trong lng!
C a n h ch em cho rng mnh khng c ging tt, khng c
k h nn g c, ngm, nn hu nh b qua vic c. Ti ngh nh
th l b m t mt phng tin c lc vo loi sinh ng nht.
c Lt mt bi vn, bi th, c khi m th an h , nhp iu li gi
cho mnh nhiu ci hay m khi nhn vo ch vit mnh khng
n h n ra dc, ch khng ni n tc dng i vi ngi nghe.
c h a y l g i p H S l n h h i c c i h a y c a v n t h m t
c c h tr c gic v t n g hp b n g con n g c a c m tnh,
c a t r i ti m . cha dy l l nhng c khi su n h t v chc
nht, v l con ng t nhin ca vn th d di vo lng
ngi. Li cn ging bnh, ging ngm na. Cho HS ngm ln
hoc t mnh ngm ln sa u khi th y tr l gii dy v mt
bi th d dy n h n thc su thm th n h mt n tng th r t
c li. Ting ta m th a n h phong ph, t n c c h t nhc, di
133

i m inh b phi m khng khai thc hp l cho mc (lull truyn

cm ca m nh? Ngv xa, khng phi ngu nhin m ct nh
yu nc c a ng Kinh Ngha T h c mi cho dc tn tinh
11 mt n h s c ging t t d b nh vn. d l nhng b; vn
chnh tr. Ci c h t c t. lc hu. phn dng trong cch h< thi
phong kin th d n g gt i, n h n g vic khai thc nho diu, m
th a n h c a vn th ting Vit th khng nn b hoi.
Trong kinh nghim ca ring ti c. bnh, ngm glib ti
nhiu lm. Cho nn ti khng h tic cng t rn luyr cho
m nh cch th hin tn h trong vn th bng cc ging il, v
ti d t ng bit: c vi t t c tm lng mnh l c ngi ' ln
ngi nghe u n h n h p vo hi vn v bc u nam ic
tin h t h n ca n.
G in g c yu cu tr tu c a n: Cung cp kin thc v ch
ngha, th loi, th vn, v cuc sng, v phng php \ k
n n g vn d n g cc kin thc . N hng yu cu truyn -m,
gio dc vn l ln nht.
Ngi GV phi cng HS dng li cuc sng c ghi chp,
th hin trong v n th. Q u trn h tm hiu vi d n g c dng
n h t, chn lc n h t, s c thc hin dv- Tm hn GV s
dc t nng ln vi bao nhiu xc cm trong bi vn, n h n g
u c v n bnh tnh, s n g s u t ch huy qu trn h d. Tuy
vy, t r i tim r u n g ng s u xa c bao nhiu th sc truyn
cm s m n h ln hy nhiu. Li din d t s tm c nhn? t,
nh n g hnh n h thch hp n h t m trong nhng bc tm u
c khi khng b t ra. Mt vi kha c n h mi, mt vi mi (ha
p h t hin c tro n g giai on c h u n b bi, c khi bng cng
c ng ny ra. V c ti su n g sng hn l theo di c n h int
c a n h n g con ngi tr t, trong trng, sng rc ln bng gn

134

III.I nhi i' l t i nl i h r n trontf. t h o n h p cl c m x c r a b n t h n

mi nh'

('c nh VO (lc (ln nay vn coi trng hnh thc (lin

tfiiintf tron Lnh clAt tlnivt phc, tru yn r m r a n. (long thi
1ii; nnj* cao dan a v ca vic p h t (lng tr tu. vn hiu
biM ca IS m hnh thc c coi l u t: (ly hc nu v:Vn tl.
Tion< vic (ly Vn ti nghi khng th thin v mt pha no
(1<\ Thin v din
truy n cm th l mt gi ni
chu .VC/if v vn hc: chi c nu vn d, l ii t h t r n h rt, c h t
rh. (1)0 dil HS c th a m gia, th tit vn th khc g til khoa
hc? Dy Vn c l phi uyn chuyn hn. Hot ng l tn h v
hot (lng cm tnh, tr tu v tn h cm phii hi ho. Bi v ci
hay cua vn th l mt ci K tng ho nhiu yu t. Cm ci
hiiy khng th khng hiu ci hay. m hiu ci hay cng n h m
(im ci hay, khng th th kh n g phi l dy Vn. N h vy,
phi <li t ch ngha, r u c, n tnh, phong cch ch khng
th* b qua mt ci no. Ch khi no cn Lhit phi gy xc cam,
iy xc cm ln cao to t h n h n tng th mi n h n m n h
v pha cam tnh, cn th q u t r n h t m l trong mt bi ging l
mt s hi ho gia cc m t tn h cm v tr tu.
D sao iu qu an trng bc n h t l bao t r m t t c l phai
lm sao cho HS t m n h t h y c c i h a y c a v n th .
Ngha l HS phi c kin thc v phng php, c trn h .
Diu ny i hi c mt qu tr n h r n luyn. Sai lm v ung
ph bit bao nhiu nu GV khng ng vin, li cun H S vo
CIIR vic khm ph ci hay ca vn th tro n g tit ging! ng
Igh rng GV d dc chn ci hav ca mt bi vn. Mt tc
phm hay l mt kho v t n . H S c khi p h t hin dc n h n g
k h a cnh tinh vi, mi l, hon to n b t ng. Li c n h n g
kin i khi tri ngc vi GV. c h ai tr ng hp, GV nn ly
135

lm vui mng: mi, mnh dng h sung, nguc. mnh

cng bit d cng vng thm hoc sa cha, un nn n h ng
n h n thc trc ca minh: v trn h t m nh nn mig v mnh
to iu kin cho nhng u c non tr kia ngh suy. cho
nhng tri tim mi m kia rung cm. c nghi suy. rung cm
di s hng d n n cn nh th. kin thc, phng php,
trn h s t d m hnh thnh, t tung' tn h cm, ci hay, ci
p ca tm hn cng t m bi dp nn. Y ngha do to
ca vic dy Vn l n h th.
D y Vn l qu trin h rn luyn ton d i n , l ca c Th
tng Phm Vn Dng p h t biu. Trong ba mi nm dy Vn
cc cp hc, mi cp hc c mi mc khc nhau, nhng nhn
chung. t nhiu ti lm theo hng ca li dy y. Nu ni l
ngu nhin th cng c th, bi v ti c l l g cao siu u? Ti
vn ham thch vn th v nh tu dng cng hiu c ci hay
ca vn th c h t t. Dy hc ti thy m nh c trch nhim vi
tui tr, mn h v trng h, mun cho h s hn mnh. V ti
d em vn th dy h vi t t c tm lng mnh.
Ci gi l tm c i vi ti trong vic ging dy Vn hc
ba mi nm nay xem li ch c by nhiu l chnh: mt t m
hn cch m ng ha n mt trnh n h t nh, mt cch nhn
n h n vn hc t nhiu c tnh cht khoa hc. mt s nhn thc
v con ngi Vit Nam ca vn hc c Vit Nam, mt t th dy
Vn: dv vi t t c tm hn mnh.

136

DY
VN HC
SINH T HC
VN

GS. P h a n T r n g L u n

ch dy my chc nm, cc nh tng lai hc nu

ln khng t li cnh bo bi quan v ngun nhin liu
cn kit, v th m ha mi sinh... Nhng cng khng t d bo
lc quan v sc bng n k diu ca tr tu con ngi. I) c
n ^ gc nhn no di na thi vn ni b t ln nh mt thch
thc (li vi mi dn tc trong cuc hn h trn h th k ny l
khng th khng th a y i cch nhn v con ngi m vn con
ngi li khng tch ri vn gio dc. Ni n gio dc li
khng tho khng q u a n tm n yu cu gii phng v p h t huy
tim nng sng to t h h tr. Nhiu nc coi gio dc l
quc sch, c nc gi pht huy c sng to cho HS cng l
quc sch. Singapore dm chi ra gn hai t USI) cho vic pht
huy PPDH s n g to. C hc gi M d on rn g nc N h t s
khng cn l mt T h n k (Micracle Japonais) v th t bi nm
t trong nn gio dc, mt nn gio dc thc hin PPDH s liu.
Khng phai khng c l khi vin s Kapitxa cho rn g vn c
sng to ca HS trong nh trng khng km quan trng so vi
vn (l h t n h n v ho bnh. Dy hc sng to, p h t huy tim
nng snR to ca th* h hc ng l mt vn chin lc
ca gio c v l mt i hi bc bch di vi mi n h trng
ngy nay.

m Hi dng trn "T hc " s 10 (9/ 2000).

137

T h nhng nh n vo bc tra n h gio dc

hc Php J.Vial thy khng sng sa lm.
ang tn ti mt nghch l: ch qun ch,
d sp nhng PPDH gio diu vn c ng

t h gii, nh khoa
Ong cho rn? vn
ch th n quyn
tr khp ni.

Nh vn Ba Kim t ng xt xa lo lng cho chu ngoi oan

oan b bng ca ng phi qu cc nhc v li dy h? tiu
hc cng bc, nhi nht. V lin h vi s hc ca bn th n
ngy xa. cung cch ng phi lm vic, vit vn theo i d t
hng n h hin nay cng khng khc g hn 70 nm v .rc.
Cc chuyn gia gio dc ca UNESCO nh tin s Lyra
Srinivasan ni kh m nh m v su sc v tc hi nng r ca
phng php gio diu. Nhiu nh s p h m ph p h i gay
gt li dy hc ban p h t kin thc (Banking system), thiquon
vn ha im lng (Culture of silence) ang ng tr hin ruy vi
mt sc nn g n, mt qun tnh ngh nghip kh khn tho
b. N h s phm Fiere coi phng php gio iu nh mt h
thng n dch ha ph n nh bn c h t p bc ca ton x hi.
HS l bnh cha, l ngi nh n hng, GV l ngi gi lng,
giao hng, l ngi rt kin thc vo bnh... Sc ca plng
ph p gio diu tuy vn n ng ln nh trng v HS nhng
khng th khng th a nh n nhng c gng gng that khi
xing xch ca phng php c. N hng phng ph p hp tc,
sng to khng iu khin hay nhng khuynh hng mi
ca I. Dewey, ca Ropgers, ca Skinner, ca Schmid c th i c
lc k h to bo v cc oan lm cho hiu qu thu dc chng
c bao nhiu nh ng t t c u tot ln tng ph v r n g
buc ca phng php gio iu nhm i mi dy hc th(>o
hng d n ch ha v n h n vn ha. Mt s' khu hiu ti n
phong d da n nhng tm ti mi m v phng php Dy
hc khng phi l ni. Ni cha phi l dy hc. Dy hc li to
Praxis, l to Reflective Thinking v.v... v hnh thnh th i u
138

IM'DH kh rii m nham p h t huy ch th ngi hc. nham to

kh n g kh d n chu. to ng lc hot <!1 R ngi hc cui
cng gip tng c th nh n thc t p h t trin.
Binh tm nhn vo thc tr n g dy hc Vn n h trng
ph thng v c (li hc, chng ta khng th khng th a nhn
mt bc t t hu kh di v n h n thc cng nh thc h n h s
ph m so vi bc di ca mt s nc tin tin, n h t l so vi yu
cu chin lc ca thi di. Tnh tr n g hnh nh cng nn g
n hn trong ging (ly Vn hc. Lp lun Vn hc c c t
ricng. vn chng l lnh vc ca cm th thm m. ca sng
to c nhn, nhiu khi d to r a mt o gic bao che cho s
c h m tr c k v phng php. Mt vi ng tc ci tin gi
dy ca mt s GV v gio s c uy tn vn hon ton da vo
ci gi l t uv hp ir. vo kin h nghim, vo uy tn c nhn,
vo khi lng thng tin khoa hc mi m hn l da vo nhng
s c khoa hc hin i m khng t n h khoa hc v GV gii
p h thng cha 0 0 diu kin tip cn. t lu vn an g din
ra tnh hnh dy Van ch bit n vn bn vn chng v ch
q u a n t m n ngh th u t v ti n n g k h m ph cho su, cho
c o ca tc phm vn chng ri tm ra nhng th php,
n h n g hnh thc li cun HS cm thng, ng iu vi GV
tm ti p h t hin dc. Mt cch quan nim v dy Vn nh vy
qu li thi. Ngay hn 50 nm trc y, gio s ng
T hai Mai d ln n li dy thi m in, li hc vnh tai cho
ngi ta ngoy. Mt cch dy ging vn n h vy l h u qu
ca tnh tr n g c lp hay bit lp vic dy hc tc phm vn
chng ra khi nhng th n h tu khoa hc lin ngnh vn v
a n g to nhng tin cho mt s i mi trit d v cch dy
hc Vn trong nh trng. L lun v n hc d iu chinh cho
cn i cc hng tip cn tc phm vn chng. Tm l hc tip
139

n h n pht hin n h n g dc trng hot dng c th ca bn

dc. Tm l hc hot dng, th n h tu ni bt ca th k d
cao hng ni, chuyn vo trong" ca ch th nh n t hc. T
tng s phm hin i k h n g nh li mc ch v bn cht
ca qu trnh dy hc. Hc l cng vic c nhn. Hc l hot
ng ca bn th n ngi hc. Kt qu hc tp khng th u nhn
bng con dng tru yn mm m thng qua hot ng ca tng
c n h n (learning by doing). Vn ha l k t qu h o t ng t c
nhn, bng c n h n (En soi e t par soi). Dy nh t h no cn
quan trng hn dy ci g (What and How). Mc ch cui cng
ca dy hc l d a y c c h h c. H c l h c s u t d i. l
chin lc gio dc ca mi n h trng hin i. ng tic l
cng vic dy hc Vn ca chng ta vn cn qu khp kn, nu
khng ni l xoay lng li vi nhng th n h tu khoa hc hin
i. Gio trnh PPDH Vn M do Mazohall v Beach bin
son, c dng k h nhiu trong cc trng i hc San
Diego, New York, Chicago, Austin, Washington, London,
Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto... Cc gio s M ph phn li dy
Vn nhiu nm chu n h hng sai lm ca trng phi ph
bnh mi khin cho vic hc Vn b khcp kn (Close reading).
Vn bn l i tng c n h t cho s k h m ph ca GV Nhng
yu t ngoi tc phm, n h t l ph n ng v nhu cu ca ngi
c - HS b b qua. Vn bn nh vy ch l mt vn bn cht.
Khuynh hng ging vn ch nhm n h p khai ph vn bn cho
d l khai ph mt cch t i hoa vn l khuynh hng c k v
khoa hc v t hiu qu gio dc. Tc p h m vn chng khng
phi l mt vn bn duy n h t trong mi quan h dn phng
vi GV. Trong lp hc, mt vn bn t n h t cng c ba kiu
ngi dc vi ba im nhn khc nhau. Vn bn ca tc gi, vn
bn ca GV v vn bn ca HS. Cc gio trnh phng php
ging dv vn hc mi ang cao "l th u y t p ng" trong dv
140

hc I C phm nh l mt s l trng li phng php ging

(ly
ch bit vn bn trong quan h vi (IV. ta, vn
ngi dc. bn c - HS vi nhng n h u cu k h t vng v dc
im tm l n h n thc ring cha c q u a n tm. Mi qu an tm
ci* ngi GV vn l vn bn. V t h m HS lu n dng vai
"thnh gia", ngi "ngoi cuc" hn l mt "ngi tham gia".
Qu trn h ging vn theo qu an nim c b phin din ha, n
phng ha th n h mt qu trnh gio dc thc hin bi GV
bng cng c l tc phm vn hc. Do , HS hin nay t cm
xc. t dng cm cng l iu d hiu trong chin lc ging vn
c ny.
n by gi chng ta li cng th m tha vi li d n cch y
hn 25 nm ca Th tng Phm Vn ng. Vi tm nhn chin
lc, hi by gi Th tng cn d n phi thay i cch dy
Vn v dy vn nh c khng c li cho o to v khng c li
cho dy Vn, thay di cch dy c khng phi chp v mt vi
bin php, th php vt vnh hnh thc.. Ni nh J.Vial l
thm vo mt vi ch t gia gim n h ng thc cht vn dng
phng php c. Mt vi gia gim ch c tc dng ngc li l
tra n g im, bao che cho phng php c m thi, c n thc s
c mt i mi trit v chin lc dy hc Vn trong nh
trng nhm hng vo u s , gip cc om tham gia khm ph,
chim lnh Lc phm cc em thc s t p h t trin. Cng vic
ca r . v khng ch Lp trng vo trong vail, ng vn m cn l
cng on rc nhc v v cng sng to l hng dn. t chc
cho I1S thc s hot dng trn lp k h m ph tc phm, t
ph.it hin v p h t trin con ngi mnh, (io n ca GV khng
th l bn cng ni d u n g th u y t ging v ci hay ci p
ca a n g van m cv lm c, m l mt bn th it k cng vic
lm oho HS, t hnh tng tc gi v tc phm to dng c
hnh n h bn c trong tng c th HS.
141

 tng chin lc l n h vy nhng tng thc s i

vo di sng s phm, cn c bao nhiu yu t hp lh r h mt
cch ng b, t chng trnh, SGK, cch kim tra, thi c nh
gi... l d Li cho nh ng cuc hi Iho hay chuyn lun
khc m chng ta s phi tip tc b n bc thm. Di ni t t
nhin phi ng b v h thng nhng khng th ch i ' sn
ng b mi i mi. i mi l mt qu trn h t bc th i trit
nguyn l chin lc n vic thc thi trong thc tin S )hm.
Ngi ng lp xt cho cng vn l ngi quyt nh s hnh
bi ca mi t tng khoa hc. VI nh n thc mi, vi tnh cm
sng to, GV hng ngy s l ngi tin phong th nghim v
thc thi cuc i mi phng php trong nh trng chang ta
bc vo ngng ca ca th k XXI.

142

T H NO L M T HOC S IN H GII V N ?(1)

G S. N g u y n n g M n h
TS. N gc T h n g
... T r li cu hi y cng chnh l vic xc nh v lm
sn ( t ci ch m ngi HS mun gii vn cn phi vn ti.
Trong hc tp cng n h mi lnh vc ca cuc i rng ln, liu
nhng vic ta lm c th n h cng khng nu n h khng r ci
ch m mnh cn phi ti? C ch ri mi xc nh c hng
di v cch n. i vi ngi thy, cng ch khi nh n r ch ny
mi c th xc nh c con dng bi dng vi nhng ni
d u n g v phng php th it thc, hu hiu nhm du d t HS ca
m nh vn ti ci dch m cc em c m.
Vn hc vn r t gn gi vi cuc sng, m cuc sng bao gi
cni b bn, phc tp v v cng phong ph. C l v t h m '
q u a n nim vn hc t xa ti nay cng khng n gin, xui
chiu. Nhng t h no l mt HS gii vn? Mi nghe qua tng
khng kh tr li, nhng thc ra hon to n khng phi t h m
cn nhiu diu cha d thng nht. Hv th bt u bng
nh n g tn trng chuyn o to HS gii trong c nc. Hin c
r t nhiu cch gi khc nhau, phn ln gi l trng p h thng
chuyn... nhng c ni gi l trng n n g khiu (hoc bi dng
nng khiu). C ni gi l trng bi dng H S gii, c ni gi
l trng o to H S gii v.v. N hng tn gi khc n hau y cho
thy chng ta cha nh hnh c r mc tiu, o to c th

Trch t Bi dtng H S nng khiu". NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni - 2000.

143

di vi HS gii ni chung v HS gii vn ni ring. iu cng

c ngha l cha xc nh c ci ch r rng v thng nlt.
Do cha xc nh dc r mc tiu nn cho n tn by gi
chng ta vn cha c mt chng trin h v SGK cng vi rh ng
quy nh thng n h t v ni dung v PPDH tng ng clo i
tng HS ny. c mt vi ln d tho chng trnh, rh n g
cha th n h hin thc bao gi... Kt qu l vic bi drg HS
gii vn, nhn chung vn ang trong tnh tr n g ty hng, ty
tin, ty ni, ty lc, ty ngi.
mt phng din khc, tnh phc tp ca cu tr ki cn
th hin ngay ni dung nhng tn gi ca tng ny.
HS gii vn, HS c nn g lc vn hay HS c nn g k hit vn?
Mt bn lm c th, vit c truyn ngn c phi l mt HS
gii vn hay khng? Tri li mt bn khc c nhiu, nl r t
lm v hiu r t ng, r t su cc tc phm vn hc t h n g
khng lm c th, khng vit c truyn c c gi HS
gii vn khng? Mt bn khc bit lm th, hiu dc' c hay,
ci dp ca tc phm nhng khng lm sao din t ra (v t ra)
mt cch sng s a ngi khc cng hiu c n h mini, liu
bn y c c gi l gii vn khng?
Bit lm th v bit vit truyn liu c chc chn li vit
dc mt bi phn tch, bnh ging tc phm vn hc tt ki>ng?
Kh nng sng tc vn hc v vic hc tp b mn nh t-ng
c lin quan vi nhau n h t h no?C h tr cho n h a u kimg?
V do vy, nhim v v mc Liu c th ca vic dy m 'Vn
trong nh trng ph thng l g? v.v... C th t r a r t h iu
cu hi nh Lh na, nhng chng y cu hi chng ta c g
th y vn khng n gin. Lm sng t cc cu hi y c n g
dng thi l lm sng t vn m chng ta cn t ra.
144

1. NNG L c VN H C V NNC K H I K U VN C H N G

u lm snii! t> nhng cu hi Irn (ly, theo chng ti

1vxir

h t i h i p h n I)i(*t h a i k h i n i m : n l c v n

n n g

k h u

l n

('/liftin g .

hc

S p l i f u i l n t ( l y c h i r t i n h t* l.

ch vru (l tin cho vuV trinh by mt cch rnh mch, d hiu

1uI dim ca chum: ti (li vi cc em HS.
Ni n nU khiu l ni n loi ti n ng "thin bm" ca
con ngi () mi luKi (lng sng to no . dc bit l trong
lnh vc n^h thut Sgi ta thng ni ngi ny. ngi n
sinh ra d lm t hi si Nguyn Hnh vit: R ing t i g i i b t l m
th s.
f) l chuyn "ii dy", "gii ht" n h vv th du phi
mun l c. Lnin tng ni:"C lt a ti, ti cng chu, n
hai cu th cng khng lm ni,Ml\ Trong lnh vc sng to ci
(lp ch c (* cng. gang sc khng thi khng . Phi c ti,
phi c nng khiu. Dy l lnh vc khng th do to c
hn lot bang m lp, m trng. Cho nn ThK*h Lam ni
(lng: "Ngi ta sinh ra l ngh s hay khng, ch khng th hc
tp m th n h <lc,,,\
T.Yt nhin khai nim nh vn. nh ngh s. r n g n h khi
nim n ng khiu sng to nph th u t y Ccin c hiu theo
n ^ h c h v h t h v . ( h n g

ti m u n

ni k h n g phi

b t c ai d

lm th. lm vn il c (lng bo hay in th n h tp, th m ch

uc kt np vo Hi Nh vn di na cng u l nhng nh
vn. nh thd th t s. l nhn< ngi c nang khiu th t s hiu
tK<> ngha thin ph. thin bm ni trn. Ong Hoi T h a n h cho
biH. (l lm Tuyn tp T hi nhn Vit N am ng phi dc "tt
' l/mn. B t v rn ha, vn hoc NXB V n hc. H. 1997, tr.459
Theo (, trch n o n g Tuyc tp Thch Lam, NXB V;\n hc 1968.

145

c mt vn bi th v tro n g s y c rlon mt vn bi d". Ay th

m tc gi T h i nhn Vit N a m vn cn b ch trch l qu d di:
"Thi s u m lm th? Mi mi nm m trn bn chc
ngi". Thc ra Hoi T h a n h c ng r t cht ch trong qu an nim
v ti n n g ch thc, v thi s th t s. Theo ng, trong s hn
40 ngi c th trch n g trong T h i nhn Vit N am , "may m.in
ra 4 ngi s c t n lu tru y n h u th"(Nh to- T hi n h n Vit
N am ).
N u n n g k h i u vn chng l chuyn "tri sinh" v ngi
s n g t o ra n h n g ng vn chng ch thc "khng th hc tp
m t h n h c" (Thch Lam) th nn g lc vn hc c th do
to c.
Hin nay s p h n bit hai khi nim vn chng v vn hc
cn l mt vn d d a n g t r a n h ci gia cc n h nghin cu vn
hc. y, tro n g p h m vi nh trng, v bi ny, chng ti
hiu vn hc l khoa hc v vn. N ng lc vn hc l nn g lc
chim lnh khoa hc v vn(bao gm nhiu lnh vc: vn hc s.
l lu n vn hc. k h n n g cm th. phn tch, gii thch tc
p h m vn hc v.v...). N n g lc vn hc thuc phm t r khoa
hc. Cn s n g to vn chng thuc phm tr ngh thut-ngh
t h u t ngn t.
T ro n g p h m vi n h trng nc ta. d cp hc no i na,
c n g k h ng t r a mc tiu o to ra n h n g ngi lm vn
chng, tc n h n g ngh s ngn t. Cn nh trong s HS, s v . c
n h n g ngi s a u n y tr th n h n h vn c ti th li l chuyn
khc. N h vn no m ch n g t ng c lc ngi trn fh nh
trng. T rong nh ng trng hp y. hc vn n h trng khng
c k h n n g to ra ni h nng khiu vn chng, nhng
g ip cho n n g khiu y c iu kin p h t trin m n h m hn.

146

Xh I h r nj:hia l van hc v vn (*hi(n^. nng lc vn

hc va lai i; 1 1 van chtn^. c qu an h h tr ln nhau.
Trong thv t(\ c khn^ it trng hp. nh Viin c ti ln m
trin h (l hc vi nh trng khng cao. nh Xtfuvrn lln^. V
Trnp Phng. T Hoi. Nguyn Bnh v.v. . N hng r n nh rang,
n h n g n h v ; m y Si (i p h t h u y d c n i n p k h i u c a m n h n

I< y. l nh h (l ht sc c gng, r ganfi ill'll Ciivt lil.

trong hc tp vn ho (l b drip cho ch ihiu ht cn gio (lc
hc (iifting. (o ' nhin nu h r diu kin hc cno hn. c h
thny hn. th ch ar han ti nng ca h cn ihUc p h t h u y hn
na.
Nh tiv n ni. da ra hai khi nim nnntf lc vn hc v
nn g khiu vn chng tie ph n bit nhau. c h n " ( u a ch l s
ph n bit Luting di. c tnh c l m thi. Ni cho cng bt. c
hot dng no ca con ngi nu n h ih t s c tn h c h t sng
to th du phi c ii khiu n h t (lnh. Lm khoa hc cng
)li r n ng khiu ch. Ngi ta thung ni nng khiu ton
hc- niuitf khi ngoi ng. nn g khiu t duy t r u tng.
Npi ta cng thciR ni lin ci gi l trc gic khoa hc cua
nhip thin ti v.v... Vy thi mun hc gii v vn. d l vn
hc. ti cng phii c nn g khiu nht nh.
r c bn IIS dc tuyn vo nhng trng chuyn, lp chn
t nhiu u phi c nng khiu v mt mn no tlv nhu' Ngoi
ng. Ton hay Vn...
y chnh l ni m nang lc vn hc v nng khiu vn
chng c ch i g. giao thoa vi nhau.
Mt trong nluintf yu t quan trng n h t ca n n g lc vn
hc l livi <l<<* ci hay. ci p r a cc tc phalli vn hc.
Nlung tron lnh vc ca ci dp. hiu khng phi chi l
147

chuyn n i a l tr mil cn l vn tinh cm. cm x<\ () dy

nhn thc di Ung bao hm nhng phn \i no y v tnh
cm. cm xc trc (li tng. Ngi ta ui th l nng lc cm
th thm m.
Kxn lc ny t uy khng c g l th an l) c. nhng khng th
nh hc t p theo mt bi ban no. mt lp hc no, mt khoa
hc no m c c. Mt tri tim giu cm xc, mt tm hn
nhy c n (li vi ci p c th hnh thnh nh th nao mt
con ngi? Lm sao <* th tinh ton uc hng trm diu kin,
hng nghn l do. v v vn n tng tch lu ic t sch v v
trong vn sng t tuoi u tho*, thm ch t trong bng m n ia
mi con ngi, cc mt ngay kia anh ta c th rung (nt trc
mt li th p, hoc ri ] trc mt ng vn hay?
Xt v phng din y. nng lc vn hc Cling bao hm yu
t nng khiu n h t nh. Tuy nhin, nng khiu ny-nu c th
gi nh vy- n n g lc van hc. ch gii hn (1 kha nng phn
ng bng tnh cm.cm xc trc ci dp trong mt chng mc
no dy c hiu dc ci hay ca tc phm vn chng m
thi. Nng khiu ny tuy khng phi ai ru n g c nhi'; khng
dn ni him hoi nh nang khiu sng to vn chdng. y l
nng khiu dc vn. thng vn ch khng phi nng khiu
sng tc th vn.
II. NHNG PHNG DIN CA NNG L c VN HC
phn trn, chng ti d cho rny. nh trng ph thng
c th to cho HS n ng lc vn hc. Mt hc HS vn trong phm
vi nh trng ph thng, llico chng ti phi l mt HS c mt
nng lc phong ph. char chan. Vy nang lc vn hc lrr th
hin trn nh ng phng n no? Ni cch khc, can < vo
nhng *\ d (lnh gi nang lc van hc (a mt hc sinh ?
148

C h n g ti cho rang. nng lc vn hc ca mt HS (lc th

hin t r r n n h n g m t sau y:
1.
Niintf l< hit Ciim nhn v ch ra c oi hay. ci p
ca lc phAm vail lux* mt cch chnh x<\
2 . Kh n a n g n m vng h thng kin thc c bn v vn
hc. bao gom:
- Kin thc v lch s vn hc.
- Kin thc v l lun vn h(\
- Kin thc v tc phm vn hc c th.
3. Kh nang bit din d t v trnh by nhng suy nghi v
tnh cam cng n h nhng hiu bit ca mnh v vn hc mt
cch s n g sa, mch lc v c sc th u y t phc theo yu cu ca
mt kiu loi vn bn no d trong nh trng.
Ba phng din trn y. theo chng ti, l nhng biu hin
v dng thi cng l n h ng yu cu c th i vi mt HS gii
vn. Dy l ci ch thc cn hng ti v ng thi cng l
thcc (o d n h gi trnh nng lc vn hc. Cng cn
k h n g nh thm rng, ngay c khi cc em trng thnh,
bc vo di, nu vn mun tip tc bi dng, p h t trin nng
lc vn hc d hoc lm thy c gio dy vn hoc nghin cu
ph bnh van hc... hay gip cho s n g lc tt hn nu bn c
nng khiu vn chng th ba phng din trn vn cn c
tch lu, m rng, n n g cao. Hiu nh th, c ngha l chng ta,
phi hc c di, ph n d u sut i.
Cn nh rng n h ng kit tc vn chng l s tp trung v
kt tin h cao cuc sng h t sc phong ph v phc tp. Soi
vo n h n g tc p h m y, ngi c dng n h khng bao gi
nhn th y tn y ca n. y l n h n g tc phm m ngi
149

binh vn. ging vn qua cc thi di. d c khai thc mi cng

khng cn kit ngha v v p ca I1. Ni n h th d thy
cn c thi r t mc khim tn trong qu trinh hc tp tu
dng d xy dng nng lc vn hc, ng thi thy vic
nh gi nng lc ni chung, nng lc cm t h thm m ni
ring ca HS t h t khng dn gin.
Tuy nhin, trong phm vi nh trng, khng th khng xc
dnh tiu ch n h gi nng lc vn hc ca HS cnR nh khng
th khn tin h nh l chc vic hc tp cho HS hnh thnh
nng lc y cho cc em.
Theo qu an nim ca chng ti, nng lc vn hc ca mt
HS gii vn gm nhng ni d u n g sa u dy:
1. C k h n n g c m t h c i h a y , c i p c a t c p h m
v n chng v n m dc p h n g p h p p h n tch, l g i i
t tng, n gh th u t c n g n h g i tr th m m ca t c
p h m v n chng
Ni dung ny c th c th ha th n h hai im:
a. C h ra dc chinh xc tc p h m vn chng hay v dp
ch no, hay v p n h t h no. t ni dung n hnh thc.
y l vn tip n h n tc phm bng c tnh cm, cm
xc thm m. V t h vic ch ra ci p v din t ci p (nh
t h no) ch c ngha khi HS p h t biu mt cch chn tht,
ngha l c xc cm t h t s.
b. N m c phng p h p p h n tch, l g i i tc p h m vn
chng: phn tch tc phm phi qua nhng hc no? Cch
thc ra sao? L gii qu trn h sn sinh tc phm nh t h no?
Da vo nhng cn c no? v.v...

2. N m c h th n g k in thc c bn v v n hc
a. Kin thc vn hc s
150

v.i hc s hi g? D \i mt h mn nghin cu qu kh ra
v a n hc. b a o J' mn c c |UV l u t s m h t h n h v p h t t r i n c a c c

hin lng v (|u trnh vn hc tlin ra trong nhng (liu kin

x hi - lch s n h t nh. Di tng nghin cu ca vn hc s
l nhng tc phm. tc ii. the loi, xu hng v cc gi on
van hc qua ca mt nn vn hc no d. Trong nh trng
ph thng, kin thc vn hc s thng dc trinh by thnh
nhng bi khi qut. Trong chng trn h vn hc THCS tuy HS
cha dc ti) xc vi nhng loi bi khi qut ny, nhng
troiK qu trnh hc tp v bi dng mn Vn. HS gii r a t cn
(l<c h thg v tfii thiu loi bi ny d cc em bc du nm
dc lch s vn hc mt cch ch ng, c thc.
Nm vng ki thc vn hc s. ni mt cch d hiu l vic
tr li c hng lot cu hi nh:
- Vn hc Vit N am c m y b p h n ? N h ng c im lch
s n o c h i p h i s / l i n h thnh
v p h t trin c a n n v n hc
Vit N a m '1 C th chia vn hc Vit Nam ra my giai (lon ln?
MI giai on c nh n g tc gi v tc phm ti(*u biu no?
Nhng ch ln xuyn sut nn vn hc dn Lc l K?
- Gii thch c ti sao trong giai on vn hc y xu
hng vn hc ny li x u t hin? Hy nu n h ng nt ln v
cuc di v s nghip sng tc ca n h vn no d? V tr ca
nh vn y trong nn vn hc d n tc? Phong cch ngh th u t
v nhng dc sac v ni dung t tng ca nh vn ny l g?
Tc p h m ny ra i trong hon c n h no? Nhng c dim ln
v ni d u n g v ngh th u t ca tc p h m d? Gi tr v ngha
('lia tc p h m ny trong nn vn hc d n tc? v.v...
Nm vng vn hc s, cc em tip nh n vn hc mt cch c
h thng, khng phin din, khng ln ln... d t d c mt
151

ech nhn nhn v nh gi ng cc tc gi v tc p h m vn

hc.
R rng, khi phn tch mt tc phm no d. chng ta phi
xem xt khng ch nhng yu t trong vn bn m cn phi cn
c th e m nhiu yu t* khc ngoi vn bn nh: hon c n h sng
tc, cuc i nh vn, bi cnh lch s x hi, gia nh, bn b...
gp phn hnh th n h tc phm nh th no? v.v... Nhng
kin thc y chinh l do vn hc s cung cp. Phn tch bi th
N g m trng ca H Ch Minh chang hn:
Trong t khng ru cng khng hoa,
Cnh p m nay kh hng h;
Ngi ngm trng soi ngoi ca s,
Trng nhm khe ca ngm nh th.
( N h t k t r o n g t )

y, ngoi vic ph n tch ci hay. ci p ca vn bn, t

vn bn. trong tng cu ch, t ca bi th n h nhiu ngi
ch ra, nu chng ta li t bi th trong hon cnh sng tc
ca ton tp th, soi di ni dung v ngh t h u t ca bi th t
n h s n g chung, p h o n g cch chung ca ton b t p N h t k
trong t; ri li lin h vi nhng sng tc ca cc n h th khc
c ng giai on, cng vit v tr n g nhng nhng hon cnh
khc n h au ... chng ta s th y bi th p ln nhiu ln, su sc
hn v thm tha hn. Ngi ta thng ni, vn l ngi. Hiu
bit con ngi nh vn, t tiu s, hnh trang, i cng, i t,
t lc u th n tui trng thnh v.v... l mt cng vic ht
sc cn thit v phi ni khng bit t h no cho .

152

Tuy nliHMi. ci < bn. (iiu chinh vu hay cn i\ l can c

(!;in^ tin cv nht hiu tc phm vn l phi xut pht t
nlnn yu t trong vn bn tc phm.
/) Kin thc tc p h m vn hc
Dy l mt h plin quan trng n h t ca h thng kin thc
c ban v* vn. V mt l n gin l nu khng nm ilc tc
plin till coi nh mi kin thc v vn u trng rng. N h ng
n h n (lnh v v a n h c s h a y b t k m t t h u t n g . k h i n i m

lun van hc no mun c sc thuyt phc cng phi da vo

nlin^ tc phm vn hc c th, sinh ng m khi q u t nn.
M t khc, cung cp nhng kin thc vn hc s hay li lun vn
hc trong nh trng, cng l nhm gip cc em hiu su hn
v tt hn nhng tc phm vn hc c th.
Ngi ta thng yu cu HS phi c nhiu, nh nhiu cc
tc phm vn hc c th l v th. i vi HS nm vng kin
thc tc phm vn hc c ngha l:
Thuc v nh ni dung chi tit ca tc phm. i vi th.
n h t ) nhng cu th, bi th. on th hay, HS cng thuc
nhiu cng tt. Di vi tc phm vn xui, HS nh dc n h n g
chi lit tiu biu, sinh ng, nh c h thng nh n vt v s
kin, bin c dng li. k li c ct truyn.
Cng cn phi lu vic thuc v nh kin thc tc phm
vn hc cn phi chnh xc. N hng chi tit hay. dc o khng
chi chnh xc cu, ch m cn chnh xc n c du cu v s
n g t nhp c th. R t nhiu bn do nh khng chnh xc, hoc
khng ch d b qua nhng du cu v ngt nhp c bit
nhiu tc phm c th. nn trong khi ph n tch, bnh ging d

153

khng khai thc ht ci hay. ci dp vn c ca tc phm vn

chng.
Thuc v nh kin thc v tc phm vn chng cng
nhiu cng tt nhng phi chn lc v c h thng. Chng
trnh vn hc trong nh trng cung cp cho cc bn. c
nhin cha dy . nhng r t c bn. hng lot tc p h m tiu
biu ca nn vn hc dn tc cng nh mt s ng vn x u t sc
ca t h gii.
Nm kin thc tc phm mt cch chn lc. trc ht cn
nm vng cc tc phm d dc da vo chng trnh v SGK
vn hc (k c cc tc phm c thm). Sau (i mi th a m kho
m rng thm n nhng tc phm khc ngoi chng trnh.
T rnh tnh tr n g nhiu bn khng thuc, khng nh nhng tc
phm d hc, li dn ra ton nhng tc phm dc du u,
thiu tiu biu v chn lc. Nh v thuc nhng tc phm c
th cng cn c h thng. H thng theo trnh t vn hc s v
h thng theo d ti, ch . V d. khi phn tch hay bnh bi
th N gm trng ca H Ch Minh trong N h t k i trong t. Bi
vit mun hay, hp dn v phong ph th phi bit lin h, so
snh vi nhiu bi th cng vit v trng trong v ngoi nc.
Ngi ta c th dn ra trng trong th L Bch. Ph. trng
trong ca dao. dn ca, trng trong th Nguyn Tri, trong Truyn
Kiu ca Nguyn I)u v.v...
N h th, ngi hc phi nh v hc r t nhiu. Cc bn nn
tch lu v phi chp, h thng ha kin thc theo cch y. Lm
th no d khi bn v mt vn d hay vit v mt no , bnh
ping hay phn tch mt cu th. on th no d. cc bn c
th a ra r t nhiu dn chng vn th ca nhiu tc Ki khc
nh au tuy cng vit v mt ti. mt . nhng cch th hin
154

ph. Tt n l i r n ])hi ty v o yu c a n r a
(l m kia chn v huy ng mt ung lng kin thc no c
cho ph hp. N hng chi c th lm (Iiv diu d kill bn r mt
ii till. mt vn ling kin thc tc plm phon^ )h. a dng
v t- h( I.hn^ (i mt chng mc no .
r t <1.1 ; n g v p l i o i H

Nam (lc h thng kin thc tc pham vn chng,

k h n g c h th IIn ch nh nhiu, thuc lam m cn phi hiu
c. nam dc ci hay. <i p. v ni (lung v hnh thc* ngh
th u t ca nhng tc pham y. Nht l nhng tar phm d c
ngho ging trn lp. sau khi hc xong, trong tr nh ca bn
phi dng li (lc nhng g ng nh tc phm y (nhng
on th. cu th hay. nhng chi tit, nhng hnh tng nhn
vt tru yn c sac* V.V ., ). km theo d l nh n thc v gi tr
ni d u n g v ngh th u t c bn n h t ca tc phm, nhng kin
thc ny cc bn (lc cung cp rt c th v chi tit qua cc
gid gianji vn. nhng tc phm t c, bn hy t xc nh
ly theo yu cu trn.
c. Kin (hc li lu n vn hc
cp THCS HS cha dc hc l lun vn hc th n h bi
riong v cng cha dc cc thy c gio v HS ch ng mc
n h cp THPT. Tuv vv. khng phi v th m cho rang kin
thc l lun vn hc khng c nhiu ngha trong vic to nn
n n g lc vn hc ca HS. n h t la n h n g HS gii cp THOS.
Vi nhim v nghin cu bn cht, chc nng x hi v
th m m. n h ng quy lut p h t trin ca sng tc vn hc, xc
nh phng php lun nghin cu vn hc v phng php
p h n tch tc phm vn hc... l lun vn hc th hin bng
h n g lot t h u t ng, khi nim, c m t hu nh b t k bi
ging vn no trn lp ca thy, hay h u h t cc bi lm vn
ca HS (loi bi ngh lun vn hc).
155

Cc bn HS nhiu khi d tip xc v vn dng kin thc l

lun vn hc trong cc bi vit ca minh, n h ng cha chc d
thc r c chnh l li lun vn hc. Ai m chang gp
nhng ci tn quen thuc nh: ti, ch , h n h tng, t s,
tr tinh, anh h ng ca, in hnh, h cu, tiu thuyt, s thi,
lng m n, c l, tng trng v.v... Mt bn HS vit:
"Mt phng ph p in hnh trong ngh th ut khc ho
tnh cch nhn vt, mt bt php quen thuc ca cc nh vit
tiu thuyt, truyn ngn: t n h n v t vo hon cnh in
hnh. Kiu l n h n v t c khc ho t n h t bng bt phap
(Trn Th c m T h a n h - HS lp 9 Trng THCS Trng Nh,
H Ni).
c on vn trn, d ch l m h n g bi vn cp THCS,
nhng chng ta u thy rn g bn HS tr n s dng kin
thc l lun vn hc nh ngh th u t khc ha tn h cch, nhn
vt in hnh t trong hon cnh in hn h . thc l nhng
vn d v nhng khi nim l lun vn hc r t cn bn, r t kh
i vi nhiu HS bnh thng khc. Tuy vy, i vi HS gii
(nht l nhng lp cui cp THCS), cc om cn c trang b v
h thng li mt s kin thc l lun vn hc t h t c bn, nhm
gip cc em lnh hi, phn tch, k h m ph v p ca tc phm
vn hc c tt hn, s u hn, trn c s d s dng nhng kin
thc y mt cch chnh xc hn. Con ng hnh th n h kin
thc l lun vn hc cp THCS trc h t l gn vi nhng bi
ging vn, nhng bi hc v tc gi, tc p h m c th. Trong mi
gi nh th, cn ch ra v phn tch, cht li c mt vi khi
nim, t h u t ng l lun vn hc no . Trong nhng gi tng
kt chng, n tp, ngoi kha, bi dng thm, cn tin hnh
h thng ha t t c cc th u t ng. khi nim l lun vn hc
hc, hoc c xut hin trong SGK. Song song vi vic cung cp
156

c h o I I S (!

S. 1 U

v ; 1 n m VIMII m t s v n (lo r i c l)in v t h i t

t h c <U;t li lu(ti v n h c n h . a c p l r n h c, ( l c t r n g th

loi, vai tr ca ngh s, clr nn t 1 ( 1 nhim v ca l n hc,

phog cach tc i. t c p h m vn hc r.v...
Vr

pha

n s .

t r o n g ( | Ui t r n h

lch

luy

lc

t p v bi (Ing

k i r n t h c li l u n v n h c . ( l e v n ( l n g v o l ) i l m

d<

tt. cc

(111 lfiv c h V h a i ( l i m s a u d y :

Mt la: Bao

cng <it ra cc cu hi xung quanh vn (l

v thut ny khi nim l lun vn hc m om ang tm hiu.

Vi tl.

th u l n: ch d, ti hay nhn vt chang hn.

em hy t dt ra v tm cch l gii co r u hi nh: Th no l

d tai'! Th no l n h n vt trong tc p h tn vn hc? ti khc
VI

ch

(t

ch n o? D t i v c h c V n g h a nh th no

trong vi c tm hiu tc phm vn hc? N hn vt trong tc phrn

vn hc c nhng loi no? Ti sao li chia ra nh th? Chia ra
nh th lm g v c ngha g trong vic phn tch, cm
nh n tc phm vn hc? Su sc hn na. bn c th dt ra cc
cu hi nh: Xhn v t trong truyn c dn gian c nhng c
di m gi? Loi nhn vt y c g khc so vi nhng nhn vt
trong cc tc phm van hc hin i? Ti sao loi nhn vt kia
li miu t theo b t php khc?...
Hai l: hnh th n h v cng c cc kin thc l lun (lc
vng chc, bao gi cc om r n g phi g n co kin thc y vi tc
phm vn hc c th, lin h, i chiu lm sng t nhng
hiu bit ca mnh v l lun vn hc qua cc hnh tng vn
hc c th. sinh ng, tr n h l lun chung chung, kh khan,
tr u tng.
157

)n dy. tic* cc 0111 tin theo i. chng ti xin tm tt li

nhng d i ird trinh by phn du.Siu khi phn bit nng
khiu van chng v nng lc vn hc. rn* nh ch ra mi
qu an l ra rilling. chng ti i vo trnh by lt cch khi
qut nhng phng din c bn ca nng lc van hc bao gm::
n n g l c h i u v c m n h n c h n h x c c i h a y . c i cij) c a t c

phm van hc. NAr lc nam vng h thn# kin thc c bn

ca vn hc cc bnh din:
+ Kin thc vn hc s:
+ Kin thc tc phm:
+ Kin thc l lun vn hc.
Nh th. cn mt phng din na ca nng lc vn hoc
cha c trnh by, d l nng lc bit din dt v th hin
nhng hiu bit ca m inh v vn hc.
Dy l mt phng din khng th thiu to nn nng
lc vn hc ca mt HS, n h t l H S gii. N h c ln d cp
n (Xom cun M un vit (c bi vn hay. XXB ( I)-1993. ti
bn 1995. 1996, 1997, 1998. 1999. 2000. 2001). chng ti cho
rng, di vi Ton hc, tm ra c kt qu (p s) roi nh cng
vic c bn d hon thnh, nhng di vi Vn hc. tm ra c
dp s. tc l nhn bit v ch ra dc ci hay. ci dp ca tc
phm vn hc, cng vic mi ch c mt na. Na cng vic
cn li ph thuc vo kh nng bit din dt v th hin p s
tm ra. Tc l bit trnh by nhng diu mnh hiu, mnh
cm nh n dc mt cch r rng, sng sa d ngi nghe, ngi
c cng hiu v cm nhn c ci hay, ci p ca tc phm
d n h mnh. 0 dy ngi vit (hoc ni) v vn hc n h l
ngi phin dch, l chic cu ni gia tc p h m v ngi c
158

(IH'UCJI nj'he). Klinn^ t n^i thy (lc, hiu dc ci hay, ci

<l(p rui mt tc phm vn hc* n o d. nhng khng th n i li,
v t 1,11 cho ngii khc hiu v th ay dc diu nh minh. Ni
li

\ ; V H t

li (n i v

vit ra)

nhng

suy

ngh. c m

nhn

ca

minh v van hc l hai nng lc c lin quan, nhng khng

(lK n h t vi nhau. Trong nh trng ph thng, do diu kin
v tinh c h a t mn hc. mc d (l c ng ch (ln c hai loi
MUiK lc ny. nhng nhn chung, ch yu vn ch ch trng rn
luyn nng lc vit, vn vit.
Thc ra i vi mt HS. n h t l HS tii vn, bn cnh vic
vit vn h a y r t cn ni hay, p h t biu hay. Tic r n g chng ta
clna ch trng n loi nn g lc sau.
h a y v v i t h a y c n h n g d c i m v y u c u c t h
rinR, nh ng u p hn n h mt im chung l t duy ca
mt HS. Ngn ng d ni hay vit u l cng c ca t duy v
ph n n h t duy. Chng no cc V nghi ca em trong du cha
r rng (tc l lc em cha hiu r diu em mun th hin) th
chng y em cha th din t ra dc nh n g ngh y mt
cch s n g sa. r r n g d l ni hay vit. Tuy c im chung y,
nhng trong thc t c ngi ni r t hay song vit li d. Ngc
li. c ngi vit r t hay nhng khi ni li th t bi, lm ngi
nghe bun ng. Nhiu em I IS ln ln vn ni vi vn vit, nn
trong bi lm vit n h ni. C em li "lm vn" mi ni, mi
l(\ i khi ta vn gp mt vi ngi nc ngoi ni ting Vit
dng ng ph p ti mc... kh chu.
Xi

C th ni, nng lc vn hc ca mt HS gii khng ch th

hin k h nng, trn h (l tip nhn vn bn m cn c bc l
kh n n g sn sin h vn bn (ni v vio. l kh nng bit

159

to lp c mt s loi vn bn ng quy cch, tiling yu cu

ca vn chng hc ng, cp THCS c 3 loi hnh vn bn
ln:
1. Loi van ban gn vi hnh thc vn chng hay vn sng
tc. l loi vn miu t, k chuyn, tra n thut...
2. Loi vn bn ngh lun bao gm ngh lun x hi v ngh
lun vn hc vi nhiu d ng c th nh: chng minh, gii thch,
phn tch, bnh ging, bnh lun...
3. Loi vn bn h n h chnh - cng v. l loi vn bn
yu cu HS theo ng quy cch, ng m u quy dnh ca loi
vn bn c tnh c h t h n h chnh-giao dch nh. n t. bin
bn. bo co. hp dng v.v...
Nng lc vit vn, lm bi vn ca HS ch yu th hin
hai loi du. bn buc phi vn d n g nhng kin thc vn
hc v cuc sng xy dng c mt bi vit hon chnh.
Tm li. mt HS gii phi lm sao hn h th n h v rn luyn
t t cho mnh kh nng din t v th hin nhng hiu bit v
cm nhn ca m inh v vn hc bng c hai hnh thc ni v
vit.
*

tr th n h mt HS gii vn, ngoi vic tch lu. rn luyn

c mt nng lc vn hc vi ba phng din o b n ni
trn, chng ti cho rng, HS mun gii vn thc r a cn cn
trang b r t nhiu nhng kin thc ph thng c bn cng nh
hnh thnh v rcn luyn mnh c th m nhng p h m c h t
khc.
160

Nhn^ kin thc ph thng nh Lch s. a li. Am nhc, Hi

ho. Din nh, Sn khu... v nhng tp qun vn ha khc nhau
nhng vng min khc nhau c vai tr r t to ln i vi vic tip
nhn v tim hiu vn hc ca mt HS. Tt nhin nhng kin thc
ny ch yu cu mc va phi, dng vi tm l la tui v
trnh ca cp hc. Suy cho cng, d chnh l vn vn ha tng
hp m ngi hc vn. lm vn, nghin cu vn d c gng bi p
my cng khng th cho l d.
Nh vn ln bao gi cng dng thi l nh vn ha. Tc phm
van hc ln l s kt tinh ca nhng gi tr vn ha tng hp...
V th. ngi dc. ngi tip nhn, p hn tch v bnh gi tc
phm vn hc cng phi n ng mnh ln "ngang t m hoc t ra
cng rn luyn theo hng "vn ha tng hp" y mi c th
hiu ng d nh d ni ng, vit hay v tc phm van hc.
c xong bi ny, cc em hy th t nh gi hoc kim tra
ln nh au c th xc nh dc mnh c phi l HS gii vn
khng?
Nu em thy c, hiu, cm n h n v ch ra c ci hay,
ci p ca tc ph m vn hc mt cch n h an h chng, chnh xc;
li n m r t vng h thng kin thc c bn t kin thc vn hc
s, kin thc tc phm cho n nhng hiu bit c bn v l
lun vn hc; v cui cng li bit din t, trnh by v th
hin t t c nhng g mnh suy ngh, cm nhn v vn hc mt
cch s n g sa, gy gn... th em thc s l mt HS gii mn
Vn vy.

161

MY PHN TCH TC PHAM v n HCtu

GS. T r n D n g X u y n
h n tch tc phm vn hc (TPVH) xa nay vn l mt
th thch khng nh di vi nhng nh nghin cu. ph
bnh vn hc. Di vi nhng ngi ging dy vn hc, d l mt
th thch ln, phi thng xuyn, Hn tc i u vi n. Trong
tnh hnh hin nay khoa l lun, nghin cu, ph bnh vn he
c nhnR bc bin di ng k, d t dc nhiu th n h tu ng
ghi nhn, th vic phn tch TPVH rng cn c nhng thay i
ph hp vi nhng bc tin chung d.
1.
T trc n nay cc nh nghin cu ph bnh vn h<'
theo quan im mc xt. khi phn tch TPVH thng ch ti
vic phn tch hon cnh ra i ca tc phm . Ngi ta ni
nhiu ti vic phn tch hon cnh ln, hon cnh nh v hon
cnh cm hng ca tc phm trong mi q u a n h m t thit vi
nhau.
C th tm hiu h o n c n h c m h n g ca Lc phm (TP)
qua nhng tra n g hi ki, qua li tm s ca tc gi hay qua li
ca nhng ngi c chng kin hon cn h lm ny sinh ra
TP. Cng c th cn c vo chnh TI d tm ra hon cnh cm
hng ca n. Chang hn, bi Trng giang, theo li ca chnh
Huy Cn. c cnh sng nc mnh mng sng Hng gi t.
"Trc Cch mng - Huy Cn vit: Ti thng c th vui vo
chiu ch n h t hn g tu n i do ln vng Chm, V ngon
Bi n g tr n "T hc>' s 17 (4/ 2001).

162

Cihh h Ty v shtf Hng. Phong cnh sng nc p gi cho

ti nhiu cm xc; tuy nhin, bi th cng khng ch do sn
Hng gi cm m cn man cm xc chung v nhng ng sng
khc ca (U hng". Cn bi th D V thn V D ca Hn Mc
T chc chan (lc gi ngun cam hng t tm bu nh v tnh
c;im ca Hong Cc vi thi nhan.
Hon r n h cm hng c hnh th n h do s gp g gia ch
th v khch the. l ci hon cnh c th no d lm bng chy
cm xc. tnh cm vn tim tng, cht cha trong tri m nh
tlicl Ay l ci thi dim lay ng su sc tm tr n h th, khin
nh th sng trong mt tm trng hng ph n m nh lit khng
sao cm lng c, cm xc do dt tun tro qua u ngn bt.
Cho nn. sinh ra v ln ln vng qu Kinh Bc, gn b mu
tht vi vng qu Kinh Bc m vn c nm im lm trong tri tim
nh th. V ci hon cnh to nn cam hng, ci nguyn c
thi bng 1n ngn la tnh cm trong lng nh th n. Ay
l vo mt m gia th n g 4 nm 1948, nghe xong nhng thng
tin v tnh hnh gic n h ph qu hng ng, bn kia sng
ung, Hong Cm cc k xao xuyn, tm t chng cht nhng
nh thng, tic nui, xt xa cng vi nim cm gin su lng
trc cnh vt v con ngi qu hng ng b gic t n ph. V
ng d vit bi th Bn kia sng uhg trong tm trng y
cm xc.
Ty Tin ca Q uang Dng c vit trong mt tm trng
nh da dit ca nh th i vi dn v c ca mnh (khng phi
v c m lc du. Q u ang Dng t tn cho bi th l N h Ty
Tin. Ni nh dn v c tro dng, khi ngun cho cnh v t v
con ngi cng vi nhng k nim lin tip x u t hin. C bi th
nh bng bnh tri trong ni nh: "Sng M xa ri Ty Tin i!
Nh v rng ni nh chi vi, Nh i Ty Tin cm ln khi Mai Chu ma em thm np xi. Ngi di Chu Mc chiu
163

sng y - C th y hn lau neo bn b ~ C nh d ng ngi trn

c mc...
Nu n h hon cn h ln. hon r n h nh c nh hng cn
k h u y n h hng, bn c h t t tng ca T P th h o n c n h c m
h n g li tc ng trc tip ti vic hnh th n h hnh thi c th
ca t tng y, tc l mt tr n g thi tnh cm, cm xc nht
n h gn lin vi mt h thng hnh tng n h t dnh. Cho nn,
nm b t dc hon cn h cm hng ca bi th Bn kia sng
ung, ta mi hiu v sao bi th dc dt nn bi dng cm xc
va nui tic, xt thng, va u t c cm gin cun cun tun
tro. C hiu c hon cn h cm hng bi th N guyn tiu
(Rm th n g Ging) ca Bc mi c t ngha do u m c nh
t r n g r m trn dy vin m n sng trng c bu tri th. cha
y c kho ang thuyn th; v sao li c mt sc xun, mt sc
sng m a xun phi phi Lo nn mt v tr y xun.
2.
Vic p h n tch hon cnh ra i ca T P gip chng ta c
dc nh hng ban u, to iu kin chng ta hiu ng
v hiu su TP. l s phn tch nh n g yu t ngoi ti. Vic
p h n tch n h n g yu t bn ngoi ny khng th thay th cho
vic p h n tch nhng yu t bn trong. C n c khng phi l
duy n h t n h ng quan trng v n g tin cy n h t l vn bn
ngn t ca TP, cho nn trong kh m ph TP, th vic p h n tch
tr c ti p T P l k h u q u a n tr n g n h t, c n g h a q u y t
in h .
Thng thng, vic p h n tch trc tip T P c tin hnh
theo ba bc: Tng - Phn - Hp.
Bc th nht, c ngi gi l tng hp s thu. bc ny,
cn c k TP, ly trc gic m cm th (bng c li tr v tnh
cm, cm xc) T P trong tn h chnh th, ton vn ca n, nhn

164

ni c;n tinh th an cluing cng vi n h n g n t dc sc tiu biu v

ngl* th u t dy cng <-n ch ti d c im th loi ca TP.
Tir/ theo l bc p h n tch chi tit TP. Dy l bc p h n
tch ting yu t, tng phng in ca T P (li n h s n g tinh
thm chung ca TP (lc cm n h n bc th nht.
T r v n l mt chnh th. tro n g mi yu t u c q u a n h
m t thit vi nhau, c mt vai tr n h t nh to nn chinh th.
Somk tfi tr t tng v ngh t h u t ca T P khng bao gi c
bnh qun. chia u clio tng veil t- T ro n g mi T P cn g ni b t
nn mt s y u t, tnh tit, chi tit q u a n tr n g hn k t tinh cao
nht t tng v ngh th u t ca TP. Ta hiu v sao ngi xa
khi hnh vn thng ch ti thi n h n (m t th), n h n t
(ch mat), th n c (cu th ku)... P h n tch TPVH k h ng th
(v cng khng nn) ph n tch y t cc chi tit m phi bit
cch la chn v tp tru n g p h n tch mt s chi tit tiu biu
nhit.
Phn tch ngh t h u t ca TPVH kh n g n gin ch l vic
chia tch TV ra tri phng din, t n g t h n h p h n cu to,
m ch yu l phi ch ra c ngha, chc n n g th hin ni
dun^. t tng TP ca tng phng din, b p h n . Vic kho
st cc k hiu. cc phng din, cc yu t' ngh t h u t khng
phi v bn th n cc k hiu m s u xa hn l d tm li thng
bo, k h m ph ni dung v t tng TP. Ni cch khc, k h m
ph h thng cc m ngh t h u t l d gii m, k h m p h ngh
thut l tm ra ni dung c a hnh thc ng h t h u t y.
Khi phn tch cc chi tit ngh th u t, cn tn trng tnh
chnh th ca TP. Cc chi tit ngh th u t, d u l q u a n trng, l
nh n g sng to ngh t h u t c sc ca T P cn g chi c ngha
nm trong chinh th, trong mt h thng n h t nh.

165

3. Mi TPVH x u t sc l mt s n g to ngh t h u t ci nh
vn. th n h ra c ng c nhiu con ng, nhiu cch ti| cn,
k h m ph n. Khng th rp khun, my mc trong vic phn
tch T I \ T P ny, s n g to c do l ngh t h u t xy dng
tn h hung, vi T P khc li kt tinh hnh tng n h n V i t . C
TP. c sc li cch t chc xung t ngh th u t, ngh hut
t r n t h u t hay ging diu - mt yu t' quan trng ca |hong
cch ngh t h u t n h v n ... l nhng phng din quan
tr n g to nn n h n g c sc ngh th u t ca T P m chng li s
c dp ni k n h n g cng trn h sau.
4. TFVH l mt hin tng phong ph, phc tp. Ch< nn,
vic p h n tch n c ng l mt s n g to c o c v ni dung
v ngh th u t. V vy, mi T P cng i hi mt s phn tch c
th, p h hp vi n. Gi tr ca TPVH, n h t l nhng k t tc
v tn. V th, cuc k h m p h v T P cng khng bao g kt
thc.

166

HC V N '1'
G S. T r n D in h S
in nay vn t hc n h mt chin lc ci mi gio
dc. (!() to d c cc n h gio t m huyt Vit Nam
d t ra r t kp thi. Nu xem HS (ngi hoc) l k h u tru n g
tm ca qu trnh o to th i t hc phi coi l mt k h u thon
cht. ni dn hc th tc l ni ti t hc ri, bi vic hc
khng bao gi c th n h tu nu n h khng c t hc. Khng ai
hc h dc cho ai bao gi. (Cho d hc vt" th cng phi t
hc mi ni (ic n h vt).

Vy. lm th no kch thch phong tr o t hc? Theo

chng ti. diu cn lm u tin l chm t vic hc h. lm
bi h di mi hn h thc. Cho n nay. c th ni h u ht HS,
u hc* bi gii sn ri khi lm bi li tr a li bi cho thy, v
khi tr xong, trong u HS khng cn lu gi mt k n n g no
c. Vic dy bi gii san l mt sai lm v ni d u n g hc tp. Bi
v n i d u n g ging d y q uan trng n h t trong n h trrng l d y
cch hc ch khng n gin l dy mt s kin thc c th no
. Mt s kin th c c th ri c th s b qu n di. c i. li
thi, song cch hc s theo HS sut i, n h mt np t duy
em li cho h nh ng kin thc mi.
Mun IS t hc th phi lm cho h t tin. ho hng, tin
ran g h hon ton c th lm ch c diu m nh hc. Mun
t h th bi hc phi va sc v th y phi dy k v cch hc. Bi
Bi an g trn 'T hc " s 2 (1999)

167

hc qu sc m li dy ca th y li qua loa. s si th HS khng

bit u m ln, v d nhin l khng the t hc dc, nhiu
lm ch hc thuc m thi. H in nay cc bi dy vn phn nhiu
l cun g cp k t qu c sn m t cung cp cch hc. l mt
tr ngi cho vic t hc c a HS, I1 dng kin cnh ca t hc ca
cc em.
M un kch thch u s t hc th phi thng xuyn khu gi.
khch l nh ng thc mc, n h ng suy ngh tm ti dc lp, di
khi ng nghinh ca HS, k c nhng ngh khc vi cch tip
cn c a S G K v c a thy. Hin nay H S , s v c suy ngh khc vi
th y nhiu khi b xem l mt diu cm k". Nhiu trng hp
HS, s v kin k h c vi th y th b d lu n ch trch l thiu
do c. N h vy, mun H S t hc. p h t hu y tnh ch th th
phi to c mt b u khng k h th t s n ch. ci m trong
lp hc, trong n h trng, sao cho HS c n h u cu tm ci mi, v
m un chia s vi ngi khc cch hiu ca mnh. Mt tinh th n
tn s trng o c hiu theo l gio xa c ang lm cho HS
k h m nm , s st, nh b trc cc bc thy, v vi tm tr n g
n h th, n n g lc t hc mt cch sng to s b thui cht.
Mn Vn i hi HS p h i c vn v hc lm vn. Vic c
vn i hi HS phi bit cam th . bit tm th y ngha ca vn.
Vn hc l mt n gh th u t. Tip cn ngh t h u t vn l mt
cch tip cn t do, vui th , gn vi tr chi. HS cn c tra n g
b lu t chi th a m gia tr chi: cc quy tc biu dt. dc
tr n g th loi, phong cch hc ngn t... c im ca cm
n h n vn hc 1 n h n r a tnh chnh th ca hnh tng ngh
t h u t v V ngha ca n. C nhn ra chnh th mi nm bt
c ngha. Tnh chnh th d li l b ph n ca cc chnh the
ln hn. Do . ty theo tng qu an vi cc chnh th m phm
vi ngha tc p h m c th a y i theo s th a y i ca cch nhn.
168

Cline t im kuin chnh the v ngha l mt tr chi khng

bao i kl thc. Thy gio phai dy cho HS cch c, cch tm
mt thn v chinh th v V ngha trn vn d H S c th t mnh
t i m U) m i m i . B n c h t t c p h m

v n h c l m t h th n g

nut. Vic r u n g cp kin gii c s n l xem tc p h m vn hc

chi l mt sn phm d hon tt, xong xui, kh p kn khng cn
phi tm Ihm na. Vy th t hc lm g ?
Cho nn mun HS t hc th phi to cho h hng th t
hc. t vt mnh, vt bn trong t hc. Thi gian hoi nghi,
nhu cu tm li gii su, i cho c ng k l. M c yu cu t
hc th bi thi, bi kim tr a p h i to c iu kin cho
nhng ai t hc c c c hi t k h n g nh. H S s chn ngn
nu mnh hc cng phu m k ch hc thuc bi n h vt cng
c dim cao, cn ngi c tm ti li b ch trch! N h vy yu
cu t hc ko theo s oi th ay hn h thc hc tp, hn h thc
kim tr a v s nh gi n h m kh uyn khch H S hc s n g to.
Cui cng l tra n g b phng tin hc tp. HS cc lp cui
cp tru n g hc c s bit tr a cc loi t in thng dng. HS cc
lp cui cp trung hc ph thng phi bit tr a t in bch
khoa; bit tin h n h so snh, p h n tch, chiu; biu tng
sng to, bit tm tt, thng k, p h n loi...
Tm li, d p h t trin t hc p h i to cho HS nn g lc t
hc. Mt vi c nhn x u t sc khng ai dy m v n t bit cch
hc. Nhng, mun cho c mt t h h bit t hc th phi o to
mt cch c phng php v phi i th a y c h thng o to.
N hng g ta ang c l sn phm ca h thng do to hin c...
Mun c nhng kt qu tt hn, c h t lng hn, t t yu phi c
mt h thng o to khc. Khng m t li h ho no, khng
mt li d ngh c bit no c th h a hn mt k t q u t t hn
u.

169

PHNG HNG DY V HC
T HN VIT TRNG P H THNG 1 0
GS. n g c S i u
1. T n h n th c c m tn h ...
Theo q uan nim ca chng ti, vic hc tp hiu n g v
d n g n g lp t H n Vit khng th tin h n h mt cch cp
tc, t chy giai on bng cc bin p hp ghi nh vn dng
my mc. i vi HS cc cp. vic hc t p ny cn phi c coi
l mt qu trnh lu di, phi c bt u bng nhng nhn
thc cm tnh, sau c nng d n ln ti n h ng nhn thc l
tnh tr n nn tng nhng tri thc lin qu an n c s lch s v
c s l thuyt ca vn d t H n Vit, di s hng dn
truyn t ca GV.
Chnh v vy, tuy l dy v hc t Hn Vit, nhng hin nay
khng th lp li l'i dy v hc c xa bn g cch a mi ngy
dm ba ch qua nh n g cun sch dy ch H n (i b p h n l
t n hoc yu t H n Vit) nh : N h t thin t, Tam thin t,
N g thin t v.v...\ cng khng th dy v hc t p tru n g ch yu
qua cc biu bng t t v cc thao tc lp r p m hnh. Vic
dy v hc t Hn Vit phi c coi l mt p h n mn tri thc
lin ngnh ngn ng - lch s vn ha cha ng mt s ni
dung ch yu n h sa u : t Hn Vit xt t ci ngun ngn ng vn t Hn; t Hn Vit, k t qu giao lu tip xc ngn ng
T rch t "Dy hc t Hn Vit trng p h thng. NXB G io dc 2001.
T ra n g 1 0 7 - 113.

170

Vit - lln. mt thc t h qu an trng trong kho tng di s n ngn

ng - vn ha Vit Nam; t Hn Vit v tr n g thi song ng
vn ha Vit H n trong qu kh lch s (nhng vn d trn
dy c trinh by trong Chng I v Chng II ca cun "Dy
v hc L Hn Vit trng ph thng" NXI3 Gio dc 2001.
N h ng ni dung ch yu , ty theo cp hc v s tip nhn
ca HS, s dc lng gh p vo vic ging ngha hoc gii thiu
cch s dng, phm vi s dng v.v... ca nhng t Hn Vit
xut hin trong mt vn bn mu mc hoc s c trnh by
khi qut mang tnh c h t tng kt mt mc, mt vn d v.v...
Ni tm li. vic dy v hc t Hn Vit cn phi dc k t hp
gn b vi vic hc tp nh ng vn bn mu mc v nhiu mt,
trong d c mt s dng chun xc t H n Vit. Nhng vn bn
ny khng n h t th it ch l nhng vn bn vn hc m cn c
th m rng sang cc v n f)n lch s, a l, khoa hc chnh tr,
kinh t. th m ch c khoa hc t nhin, cng k ngh... C th
ni rng, trnh nm vng t ng H n Vit s c cng c' v
nng cao trong mi tng q uan gn b vi vic cng c v nng
cao vn tri thc chung, th u n h n c qua cc mn hc, c
nhin trc ht l mn ting Vit v Vn hc.
C th tm nu mt v d: C hng ta u bit, hin tng
dng m trong t H n Vit l r t ph bin, d ch ni n s
ng m gia t (t t) Hn vi t (t t) Hn, nh vi m
p h o n g chng hn, t n h t cng c ti 6 t (t n, t t) thng
dng, nu n hn din qua vn t Hn th s thy chng c th
hin bng 5 ch H n khc nhau. Qua my on trch Truyn
Kiu sa u y (theo Vn hc 10, NXB Gio dc, H., 199 :
- Ngi ln nga, k chia bo,
R ng p h o n g , th u nhum m u quan san.
D m hng bi cun chinh an,
171

Trng ngi (t kh u t m v ngn (lu xanh...

T ngy m un d m p h tang,
N a nm t Liu Dng li nh.
Vi sang vn Thy d la,
N h n xem p h o n g cnh, nay d khc xa.
- Trc sau no thy bng ngi,
Hoa o nm ngoi cn ci gi ng.
S p s n ling rng khng,
C lan m t t ru p h o n g du giy.
C hng ta thy t n h t cng c ti mt na s t (hoc t
t) H n Vit thng dng mang m p h o n g vi nhng ngha
khc nhau, gn vi nhng cu th hm cha nhng ni dung
tnh cnh sc gy n tng su m i vi ngi c. Mt khi
hiu, nh, thuc ngha tng t ng trong nhng cu
th hay p d, l t nhin ngi hc s r t t khi (nu khng
mun ni l khng bao gi) p h m sai lm trong vic hiu v
dng ba t (t t) H n Vit m ang m p h o n g . P h o n g trong
rng phong vi ngha "mt loi cy l chuyn th n h sc i nh
vng khi tri vo thu"; p h o n g trong p h o n g c n h vi nghe gc l
"gi", vi ngha chuyn l "dng v, tr n g thi, cnh ting"...;
p h o n g trong ru phong vi ngha "gi, bc, p h kn"...
2.... n n h n th c l tn h
Trn c s nhng nh n thc v' c bn l m ang mu sc
cm tnh, c th b t du i su phn tch, h thng hoa, tm
hiu t nguyn, hin tng chuyn ngha, nhiu ngha v.7... ca
t (t t) Hn Vit. tin trnh by. c th tip tc s Cng v
172

(Ill V( n h n g t (t t) Hn Vit m ang m p h o n g trn.

Trc ht. cn ip ngi lc x l nhng kh kh n gp
phi iroiH lnh vc "dng m", mt lnh vc nh chng ta bit
Kay nhiu lm lan t hi trong vic hiu v dng t (t t)
H n Vit.
Tron*: phm VI t Hn Vit, hin tng ng m ny th
hin di hai hnh thc : dng m gia t (t t) Hn Vit vi t
(t t) Hn Vit v dng m gia t (t t) Hn Vit vi t (t
t) th u n Vit.
Vi v d v m p h o n g nu trn, chng ta ch cn lit k,
so s n h i chiu, gii thch ngha v nu b t s khc bit v
ngha gia nh n g t (t t) H n Vit ng m mang m p h o n g .
Trc ht, c th thng k to n b nhng t (t t) H n Vit
thng dng mang m p h o n g , sp t theo th t u tin trc
sau ty theo mc thng dng, km theo d l ngha gc hoc
ngha s gin ph bin (nu c thm v d c th bng cu vn,
cu th trch dn th cng tt).
phong

: G i : phong

ba.

p hong 2

: Ban, cp: p h o n g tc, p h o n g hc hm .

p hong 3

: Gi, bc, ph kn: p h o n g ta, phong bao.

p h o n g 4 : M i nhn (ca ao, kim...): giao phong, xung

phong.
p hong 5

: Nhiu, y n: phong ph.

p hong 6

: Mt loi bnh: bnh phong. phong thp.

Nu vin dn n ch Hn minh ha th chng ta s thy 6

t (t t) Hn Vit nu trn c th hin bng 5 ch Hn {phong-2
v phong3 dc ghi bng 1 ch Hn), v qua , chng ta cng c
173

th thy c vai tr "phn bit t ng m" ca ch Hn.

Nh chng ta bit, t ghp H n Vit l do 2 t t trc
y vh l t n, n m lp ghp vi n h a u 01. gii ngha
nhng t ghp ny (ngha en), c th vn dng cch trnh by
ngha tng ch. V d:
Phong ba = p h o n g : gi; ba: sng ; p h o n g ba: sng gi (c th
dng theo ngha en hoc ngha bng).
Nhng, t ghp H n Vit cng c loi v'n l mt cu, mt
cm t vin dn t sch c c r t gn li (nh qu n hn, c
r t gn t qu c chi n h n : k t phc c ny, t t xng
khim tn ca vua cha thi xa). Vi n h n g t thuc loi ny
vic gii ngha c p h n kh k h n phc t p hn. C l nn chia
t h n h 2 cp . Cp bnh thng, vi HS lp di, ch cn
gii thch l "li t xng khim tn ca vua cha thi xa". Vi
cp nn g cao, cc HS lp trn, c bit l i vi cc i
tng c yu cu hiu tng tn ngha tng t t trong t
ghp (m, nh n chung, yu cu ny ph n n h mt t p qun cm
n h n ngn ng gn b vi nhng c tr n g c hu ca t ghp
H n Vit - t t no cng c ngha, v quy v ci ngun, u
c biu th bng hai ch Hn, m l ch H n th ch no
cng c ngha !), c l cn phi da vo x u t x, t nguyn
gii thch.
Tr li vi p h o n g 1 , chng ta thy n cng x u t hin trong
nh n g t ghp thuc loi "r t gn", cn da vo x u t x c
th gii thch ngha mt cch y , trn vn hn khi cn

01 X em c im ca t vng H n ng c - t vng Vn ngn, n n g c t c a

lp t H n V i t, D y v hc t H n - V it", N X B G i o d c H 2 0 0 1 , tr .
52 n tr. 65 s c h n y .

174

t h il. V d:

Phong nh. trong K inh th i, tng tp th ca d n gian sm

n h t ra T ru n g Quc, c p hn gi l Phong, li c phn gi l
N h. V sa u Phong nh c ngha "vn chng th p h ni
chung: dng ve, li n ting ni, cung cch ng x lch s. nh
n h n : Vo trong p h o n g nh, ra ngoi ho hoa (Truyn Kiu).
Phong vn: gi my, cd hi tt, vn may. X ut x t K inh
Dch: Vn tng long, phong tng h (My bay theo rng, gi lao
theo cp, u th u n li "nng t a theo nhau" t n g thm v
p. sc mnh).
Phong lu: gi thi, nc chy. Trong H n vn, phong lu
c r t nhiu ngha. Vo ting Vit, ph o n g lu m ang ngha "cuc
sng d dt, d chu, yn n thoi mi, khng phi bn tm n
chuyn t ng thiu nhng cng khng g i u n t ' vch".
Ngha ny ca p h o n g lu hm "th u n li tri chv, n h gi
thi n h nc chy", b t ngun t mt cu th c, t cnh p,
sng ng ca thin nhin.
Cng c th ly th m phong., ni r hn vic gii thch
ngha t H n Vit hai cp .
Trc ht, ch n g ta qu quen vi t p h o n g vi ngha
"ban, cp, phong tng", n h trong: p h o n g qun hm , phong
vng V.V.... V ngha ca phong trong: p h o n g bnh u xanh,
p h o n g b, cng khng xa l g vi ngi Vit. N hng vi phong
kin th tn h hn h hi khc, cp bnh thng, c l ch
cn gii thiu n h ng ngha c ghi trong cc b t in
ting Vit: "I. C h do vua cai tr, quyn hnh, rung t
thuc vo tay vua cha, qu an li v a ch. II. Thuc v ch
phong kin hoc m an g tn h cht phong kin". Nhng, cp
nng cao, nn gii thiu thm "t nguyn", "xut x" th n
175

tng v ngha s khi ca p h o n g kin c l s su m hdn.

Theo t h ch chinh tr ca T ru n g Hoa c di (thi Chu), Chu
vng (v sau l th i n t n h Chu) em chc tc v t dai
ban cho h hng, con chu, cng thn... (phong) lp thnh cc
"nc p h thuc" (kin). t ai. tc lc dc phn theo th
bc khc n h a u , vi m un ban u (ca ngi phong v ngi
c phong) l c nh, khng thay di, cha tru y n con ni. T
, phong 2 m an g theo n h n g n t ngha m rng: "c phn
n h r rng, trong ngoi c gii h n rch ri, c bo v cn
m t, khng s h v.v...
T r nhng nt ngha ny, c th gii
thch d d n g hn n h n g t ghp :
Phong cng. B ci
P hong b: Vy kn, bt kin, ng kn. ct t lin h vi bn ngoi.
P hong ta: Bao vy kha ch t (th u t ng qun s).
Cch gii thch da vo "t nguyn" v x u t x cng r t cn
th i t cho vic m inh gii cc t ng H n Vit xut hin vi t
cch l th n h ng, in c.
3. V ai tr tic h c c , c h d n g c a n g i h c
N h n g li d i n g i i t r n y th n g x u t p h t t ngi
d y n h m gi p ngi hc h iu c t , q u a h i u r
n g h a c a cu , o n , b i... N h n g , c n g c v p h t h u y
k t q u c a vic hc t p (c b i t l hc t p t H n Vit)
c n h i u b in p h p c t h p d ng , t r o n g vic ngi hc
t l m b n g g h i vn t H n V it t r a c n h i u ha h n tt
p. B n g vn t n y g h i n h n g t H n V it c n g h e
g i n g trn lp, t t n h t l s p xp theo th t b n g c h c i a,
176

I),

di m i t nn m t k h o n g g i y tr n g r n g r i c

co the tifp t c g h i v o n h n g c u v n , cu th ti u b iu
co s h in d i n c a n h n g t H n V i t (t g h i , vi
n g h a : n h n g c u v n c u t h y l n h n g v d m i n h
h a s n g g i cho n g h a v c c h d n g n h n g t H n V i t
d. L u dn. ngi hc s c c m t cu n sch "T ra cu t
Hn Vit" c ghi t ngha v v d m in h ha do chnh Lay mnh
"bin son", d o d t c d n g tch c c c a I1 di vi vic h i u

ng v dy ng t Hn Vit t n g ln gp bi.

177

 I M I P H N G P H P DY HC
L C H S - M T Y U CU C P T H I T (1)
GS. P h a n N g c Lin
hi loi ngi tin n h n g bc ln v khoa hc - k th u t
bc s a n g mt tng lai rc r th khng h m t i
n h u cu v hng t h hiu bit v qu kh. 60 nm trc (thng
2 - 1941) khi v nc tr c tip lnh o cch m ng Vit Nam,
N guyn i Quc vit quyn Lch s nc ta vn ng,
gio dc q u n ch n g u tr a n h . M u sch, Ngi khng
nh:
D n ta p h i bit s ta,
Cho tng gc tch nc nh Vit Nam ".
P h i bit tng (hiu c n k) lch s qu kh, phc v
cho cuc u t r a n h cch m n g hin nay l nguyn tc phng
p h p lu n s hc (bit xa hiu nay), l nguyn tc s
p h m trong dy hc Lch s (n m vng s kin c b n hiu
lch s).
T rong hn n a t h k qua, k t sau Cch m ng th n g Tm
1945, vic gio dc lch s trng ph thng c thc hin
n g n, s n g to n h n g nguyn tc phng php lun s hc
v P P D H m cxit - lninnit. Do , gp p h n o to nhiu

(l) Bi ng trn "T hc" s 11 (10/ 2000).

178

th h tr lm nn nhng chin cng ly lng tro n g lao ng,

chin du...
Tuy nhin, nhng yu km ca gio dc, dc bit trong
nhng nm gn (ly, cng bc l k h r trong dy hc Lch s
trng ph thng. Biu hin ni b t c a vic gim s t c h t
lng b mn l tnh tr n g coi thng, nh n h m s kiri. khng
hiu lch s. khng vn dng bi hc, k inh nghim q u k h vo
rn luyn do c, p h m cht, q u a n im t tng. Nguyn
nh n tnh trng ny c nhiu: q u a n nim khng n g v v tr.
chc nng, nhim v mn Lch s trong do to th h tr; tc
ng tiu cc ca c ch th trng n gio dc; n h ng thiu
st trong cng tc o to, bi dng GV trong vic n n g cao
trnh chuyn mn, nghip v. t tng... Mt trong nhiu
nguyn n h n ch yu l s lc hu , bo th v PPD H Lch
s. Vic ci cch gio dc c tin h n h ng thi tr n c ba
mt: h thng gio dc, ni dung v PPD H, n h n g v l lu n v
thc tin, vic ci tin, di mi P P D H n h n ch u n g cha c ch
trng, cha c hiu qu.
CiV dy Lch s trng p h th n g phi gn h chu mt
p hn h u qu khng nh tr ch n him i mi, ci tin PPDH;
bi v PPDH trc h t v ch yu l n h n g vn ca GV.
gp ph n vo i mi PPDH, p h hp vi mc tiu o
to v ni dung SGK mi c bin son trong d n p h t trin
gio dc THCS, b t u c s d n g t nm hc 2000 - 2001
(thc nghim), chng ti xin nu mt s vn v i m i
P P D H L c h s th e o h n g p h t h u y t n h t c h c c c a H S .
Trong khun kh bi vit ny, ch n g ti d n chng ch yu ti
liu SGK Lch s ca cp THCS.

179

Trc ht, ch n g ta cn nhn thc ng nhim v, chc

n n g ca mn Lch s trng ph thng xc nh ng mc
tiu mn hc, ni d u n g v PPD H ph hp.
Mt cch ngn gn, mc tiu mn Lch s trng THCS l
n h m cung cp n h n g kin thc c bn v lch s d n tc v
p h n no v lch s t h gii (ch yu thi k cn, hin di). Trn
c s d hc u h n h th n h c h thng c s t h gii quan
khoa hc, gio dc lng yu qu hng, t nc, truyn thng
d n tc, to cho H S c n n g lc t d u y, hnh ng, c thi
ng x n g trong i sng x hi.
T mc tiu mn hc n h vy, vic bin son SGK Lch s
c i mi, th hin r n h t trong quyn Lch s 6 (SG K th
im T H C S , 2000). Sch c bin son theo qu an dim ng
n:
SGK l ti liu c b n cho HS hc tp. gip cc em lm
vic vi sch n m kin thc, ch khng phi hc thuc
lng. V vy, ngoi p h n bi vit, SGK cn c nhiu b phn
q u a n trng khc (ti liu th a m kho, cu hi, cc loi knh
hnh) c ng c' v b su n g kin thc cn thit m HS cn nm
vng.
- Ni dung SG K p h n n h trn h p h t trin ca s hc
(nhng vn c bn, tng n nh trong n h n thc...) th
hin tn h c bn, hin i, p h hp vi thc tin Vit Nam.
- Vic bin son c t u n th nhng nguyn tc ca khoa
hc gio dc v cu to, ni d u n g trn h by, th it k m thut,
v n phong...
SG K i hi GV phi nm vng, su sc ni dung, tm
n h n g phng ph p thch hp, c hiu qu d hng dn HS
hc tp, ch khng p h i c li bi vit cho HS chp, khng
180

hu*u ni tiling
Sk*h

knh liinh, khng gii bi tp. cu hi trong

T ni (lung, yu r u (ly hc theo mc tiu mn hc, ni

ung S(K mi bin son, GV cn khc phc, xo h PPD H c
v ci tin heo hng p h t h u y t n h t c h c c ca HS trong hc
tp.
C hng ti dn ra y bng i chiu kiu dy hc c v kiu
dy hc i mi chng ta n h n th y s cn th it n h a n h
chng phi ci tin PPDH Lch s.

Kiu d y c

PPD H p h t h u y tn h tch c c ca
HS

1. Cung cp nhiu s
kin dc xem l mc
ch hc tp nh tt,
thuc lng.

1. Cufig cp n h n g kin thc c bn

c chn la p h hp vi yu cu,
trnh H S n h m gip cc em suy
ngh, hiu s kin mt cch s u sc
v do , nh lu, bn vng.

2 Trn lp, GV ch
dc SGK cho
HS
chp,
k
nhng
chuyn khng cn
th it cc em thch
th, ghi chp.

2. GV tr n h by n h n g kin thc c
bn nht, hng d n HS tm hiu,
trnh by theo SGK, cc loi ti liu
th a m kh o c n th i t khc, bit s
dng d n g trc quan, gii quyt
nhng cu hi, bi t p trong sch,
nu v cng tra o i, gii quyt
nh n g vn dc t ra, ghi chp
li ging ca GV thng q u a n h n
thc ca m nh...
181

3. HS ch lm vic
mt mnh tr n lp,
n h hoc vi GV khi
c hi, kim tra.

3. HS t lm vic vi ti liu gio

khoa, trao di, tho lun vi bn b,
x u t kin, thc m c trao i vi
GV

4. Vic dy hc theo
tng bi, mc ring
l, ri rc, lm cho
kin thc HS khng
c h thng, khng c
s k tha trong nhn
thc.

3. Cc s kin nu trong h thng c

q u a n h vi nhau (bi cnh lch s
vi din bin s kin, nguyn nh n
v k t qu...)- Cc bi hc c quan h
c h t ch vi nhau theo chng trnh
quy nh, kin thc hc lm c s
tip th u kin thc mi; kin thc mi
c ng c vng chc kin thc c.

5. Dy hc ch dng
vic kim tr a bng co
cu hi nn g v ghi
nh mt s s kin,
ch hiu lch s mt
cch chung chung,
cng thc.

5. GV hng dn HS t hc ni dung
SGK, bit t kim tra, nh gi nhn
thc ca mnh, bit t v gii quyt
cc vn c lin q u a n n ni dung
bi hc, bit lm cc loi bi tp thc
h n h ca mn hc, bit lin h, vn
d n g kin thc hc... Vic kim
tr a , n h gi bng nhiu phng
thc phong ph, sinh ng, ton din
l th u y t v thc hnh.

6. Ngun kin thc

th u nh n ca HS rt
h n hp, thng gii
h n bi ging ca
GV, SGK.

6. Ngun kin thc m HS tip n h n

phong ph, a dng: bi ging ca
GV, SGK v ti liu th a m kho cn
thit, tra n h nh, bn gio khoa...
v cc hot ng ngoi kha, thc
h n h .

7. Dy hc Lch s
tch ri vi cc mn

7. T h hin nguyn tc lin m n, vic

tch hp kin thc cc mn hoc gn

182

hc khc, c bit vi
ni dung cc mn hc
lin qu an (Vn. a l,
Gio dc cng dn).

gi mc n h t nh lm cho kin
thc c phong ph, vng chc, tit
kim thi gian dy hc.

Mt s dim so snh, i chiu gia dy hc c (truyn

thng) vi PPDH n h m p h t h u y t n h tc h c c ca HS, kt
hi> gio dc vi cuc sng, hc di i vi h nh...,

chng ta

n h n thy vic i mi PPDH a li hiu qu gio dc cao hn,

i hi GV phi lao ng s ph m nhiu hn.
Thc hin vic i mi PPD H Lch s, chng ta cn ch
n cc vn c bn sau y:
T h nht, tim hiu, n m vng v s d n g SGK.
hiu r SGK, trc h t phi n m vng mc tiu, chng
trn h mn hc. cu to, ni d u n g SGK. GV phi nhn thc su,
rng, chnh xc ni dung SCiK Irn h by, hng dn cho HS
t hc. tr n h tn h tr n g "c li" h a y "that li" ni dung SGK.
V s dng SGK, chng ta c th vn dng mt cch hp l, ph
hp vi iu kin c th ca a phng "s airi"
Bi ging

2
2

SGK

Con s (1) ch ph n khng c tro n g SGK, song cn cho bi

he, GV cn b sung vo bi ging cho HS hiu su hn (va sc).

183

Con s (2) ch ph n qu an trng trong SGK m GV cn bm

s t ni dung ging dy cho HS nm vng (y l phn Irng
tm ca bi ging).
Con s (3) ch ph n c trong SGK, song t q uan trng, d
tip thu, GV khng ging, hoc hng dn cho HS trnh by
trn lp, v n h t hc...
T h hai, thit k bi g i n g bao gm vic xy dng ni dung
bi hc v phng php tin hnh, ni dung nhng cng vic
ny c trn h by trong sch gio vin, hng dn G V d y hc
Lch s.
Vic xy dng ni dung bi hc c tin hnh tr n c s
vn dng s airi trn h by trn.
Vic tin hn h bi ging c thc hin theo hng i mi
PPD H Lch s (da trn c s nhng nguyn tc dy hc b mn
v kinh nghim d c). i mi phng php dy hc Lch s
ch yu l vn dng c hiu qu nhng nguyn tc, yu cu ca
vic p h t huy tnh tch cc ca HS trong hot ng n h n thc
lch s. iu ny c th hin c th my im sau:
- Q uan nim ng v s cn thit ca vic p h t hu y tnh
tch cc ca HS trong vic hc tp lch s, khc phc cc sai lm
v' vic dy hc Lch s ch cn bit m khng hiu, ch b t hc
thuc lng m khng gii thch, nhn nh, n h gi tr n c s
s kin, khng tin h nh cc loi bi tp, thc h n h thch hp.
- Xc nh ni dung kin thc c bn cung cp cho HS (kin
thc no l kin thc c bn ca bi? V sao l kin thc c
bn? N hng bin php c bn cn thit truyn t h kin thc
c bn?).
GS.TS airi l nh nghin cu phng php dy hc ni ling ca Lin X
trc Ay ra phutmg php dy s dng SGK.
1,1

184

- Xy dng k hoch chng thc hn bi ging theo mt

quy trnh ph l) t dc vic ti u ha qu trnh dy hc
Lch s. Vic ti u ha th hin ch: trong b t c iu kin,
hon cnh no phi t c kt qu hc tp cao nht, tr n h
viiC nhi n h t kin thc, p h t huy tnh tch-cc hc tp ca HS.
- S dng nhng bin php s p h m p h t huy tnh tch
cc hc t p ca HS vi PPD H nu vn (pht hin v gii
quyt vn ); s dng hp l cu hi, hng d n hon th n h
cc loi bi tp. thc h n h , (s dng cc loi dng trc quan,
cc kin thc lch s lin q u a n n qu kh vi hin ti, tin
h n h hot ng ngoi kha, thc h n h ph hp vi tnh hnh,
iu kin a phng...) (1).
i mi PPDH ni chung. PPDH Lch s ni ring l mt
yu cu cp thit gp p h n n ng cao cht lng mn hc theo
v tr, chc nng, nhim v ca b mn. Cng vic ny trc ht
v ch yu l nhim v ca bn th n GV. Trong bi ny, chng
ti n u mt s c s l h in v kinh nghim thc tin gp phn
nh vo vic p h n u ca CiV, hon th n h tt nhim v.

(1) Xem Phan Ngc Lin, Trnh nh Tng; Pht huy tnh tch cc
ca HS trong dy hc Lch s THCS; NXB Gio dc; H Ni, 1999
(Chuyn bi dng thng xuyn chu k 1997-2000).
185

SU CH DNH CHO GIO VIN

DY LCH s (1>
NG. o n T h n h
u a thc t k in h nghim ging dy v ch o dy hc
mn Lch s cc trng THCS v THPT ca H Ni,
c h n g ti bc u thng n h t trong i ng GV Lch s ca
T h n h p h mt s n h n thc v vic lm di y, n h m g)
p h n i mi dy - hc mn Lch s cho p h hp vi yu cu ca
mc tiu o to ni c h u n g v vai tr mn Lch s ni ring.
N h n g yu cu ny c GV vn dng thnh cng, n h t 1;\
trong cc k thi dy gii cp T h n h ph.
c tr n g c bn ca dy hc mn Lch s : "Trn c s ti
to nh ng s kin c bn, in hnh m p h t huy nng lc t
duy ca HS, gip cc em vn dng tri thc Lch s". P h t
h u y tn h tch cc ca HS chnh l n h m p h t huy n n g lc t
duy ca cc em tro n g dy Hc. T duy trong hai lnh vc: n h n
thc kin thc v vn d n g kin thc.
N h n thc khng ch v ni dung kin thc m bao gm c
phng p h p n h n thc kin thc .
Vn d n g bao gm: v n dng kin thc hc n hn
thc kin thc mi, ng thi vn dng kin thc i sng d
n h n thc lch s v ngc li.
B i n g tr n " T h c" s 11 (10/ 2000)

186

N hn thc

Ni ung
Phng php

T duy

Hc tp
Vn (lng
i sng
Mun p h t huy n n g lc t duy ca HS trong dy hc Lch
s, (V nn thc hin 6 ch sau y :
HA CH DNH CHO PHNG P H P GING DY

1.
"T h u t": ti to Lch s - mt c tr n g c b n ca mn
h<.\ HS nh ang chng kin cc s kin lch s dng thi,
mun vy. GV phi tin h n h miu t, tng th u t, c n ch
cch tin h n h n h sau:
- V s dng bn Lch s: Nn d n g bn d b trng v
tng bc s dng cc ki hiu ti to. k t hp vi p h t huy
n n g lc suy lun, p h n on cc tn h hung lch s c th xy
ra: c th (lng bn in s n ca B hoc trong SGK cho HS
n h n xt hoc n tp.
- Khi d n g tran h , nh . hin vt. b ng hnh, bng c t - xt,...
minh ha: GV khng n n gii thiu ht. m d n h nu v n
cho HS n h n xt, n h gi...
- c bit ch ti ng m, ng iu ca GV trong t i to
sao cho th hin (ic ni dung, b n c h t ca s kin, truy n
cm ti HS nhng gio dc.
- Trong thi gian c h n ca m t tit hc, cn la chn mt
s s kin tiu biu, in hn h miu t, tng t h u t n h ng
s kin cn li c th ch nu ngn gn theo trn h t thi gian
din bin.
187

- Khi ti to phi m bo tinh khch quan, trnh km theo

nhng li bnh lun ch quan di dng, hoc p t nhng n h n
nh c sn.
2.
" m ": m thoi c ngha l thy - tr cng tra o i,
tho lun v mt vn m lch s t ra, trong d vai tr ca
GV l ch o, HS ch ng (khng ch tr li cc cu hi ca
GV nu, m c th v cn thit nu cc cu hi ngc li. hoc
tra n h lun,...).
Nn tin h n h m thoi trong dy hc Lch s n h sau:
Khi t mt vn (cu hi) phi km theo nu mt s tnh
hung gii quyt yu cu HS chn, hoc c th phn bc, b
sung. y chnh l im khc c bn gia m vi hi. s gip
cho HS khng tr li mt cch dp khun my mc. Do , i
hi GV phi chun b t ra nhiu tinh hung khc n h a u i vi
mi vn , trong c tnh hung gn ging nhau, hoc tri
ngc.
Cc vn c th m thoi:
- Xc nh c s kin tiu biu n h t trong nhiu s kin
GV nu, v n h gi s kin tiu biu.
- Phn tch nguyn nhn (ra i, th n h cng hoc t h t
bi...).
- nh gi, so snh gia cc s kin.
- Tp phn chia cc giai on qua din bin ca s kin.
- N h n xt v ngha lch s qua tra n h , nh.
- Tm tt, nu k h i q u t mt cch ngn gn ni dung c >n
trong mt on vit SGK.
- Xc nh m quan h gia cc s kin trong mt phin,
gia cc p h n trong mt bi, gia cc bi trong chng.

188

- D kirn, phan on tnh hung lch s c th xy ra mt

hoc nhiu s kin d c GV gii thiu.
- Tim nhng hiti tng tng ng gia cc s kin lch s
vi cuc sng (c tnh cht lin h thc t).
- GV nu vn d c tnh c h t nh hng bi ging nhng
khng hi. m d HS ch theo di cch gii quyt vn
trong qu trnh Kiiig bi.
Ch :

Phi trn c s sau khi ti to s kin mt cch khch

quan, d li cun HS t mnh n h a n g sng vi giai don lch
s ng thi m suy ngh trong tn h hung y tr li cc
cu hi ca GV.

GV cn c thc nh hng to tnh hung ngay trong

k h u son bi v trong qu trnh ging.
- Phi m bo tinh va sc: nn g dn t th p n cao ty
theo i tng HS (trnh d, la tui, a bn).
- Cu hi GV d t ra phi r rng. i vi nhng tnh hung
kh : cn d t thm nhng cu hi nh c tnh cht gi , hoc
lm m u mt vi trng hp v cch gii quyt vn HS c
th vn dng vo bi ang hc.
- Khi HS tr li cu hi, GV cn yu cu:
+ Trc ht phi hiu yu cu ca cu hi. ca vn GV
nu.
+ Xc nh d n ni dung tr li (nh tr li gm my ...).
Theo yu cu ca GV, HS s ph n tch, hoc chng minh
ton b, hoc mt s phn trong dn ni trn. T rnh cc em
tr li theo kiu ch hc thuc lng mt mch m khng bit
189

tch nh yu cu nu trn.
Sau khi HS tr li, GV phi nh n xt, nh gi, v b sung
theo cc mc sau:
"ng, " hoc "ng, nhng cha ", hoc "Em cha
nm vng yu cu ca cu hi (hoc vn )" (khng nn dnh
gi "tr li sai").
3.
''G i n g " l trnh by kin thc mt cch cn k cho ngi
khc hiu. Ging khng ng ngha vi thuyt trnh, th u y t
minh. Trong qu trn h "thut" v "m" cng c kin thc cn
ging, nh: nh ng t h u t ng mi, nhng khi nim mi, nhng
hin tng lch s c bit, cc mi quan h lch s c bit, mi
quan h gia lch s v hin ti, cc quy lut lch s...
Tm li, nh ng kin thc kh, i vi HS th GV cn ging
cho HS hiu.
C h :

Cn xc nh r khi lng v mc cn ging trong mi

tit, mi bi.
- Mc ging phi ph hp vi trnh n h n thc ca HS,
v yu cu ca cp hc; cn "din nm" cc t h u t ng, khi
nim, t r n h kiu "duy anh, nh ngha" kiu bc hc.
- Qua "thut" r t ra nhng iu cn ging, v nn ging
bng cch "thut"; qua "thut" ri "m" HS t r t ra iu
GV ging v cn n m vng.
BA CH QUYT DNH s THNH CNG TRO N G DY LCH s

1. "Ly"
GV phi bit "ly". Ly l chn, r t ra nh ng ni dung v
phng php ct li n h t theo yu cu ca phn trnh by
190

trn y. "ly" l qu trnh nh hng t duy ca GV trong qu

trinh son bi. (lc th hin trong mc ch, yu cu ca bi
King, v c thc hin trong tin trnh ln lp. N hng iu
"ly" ra phi c ban th n GV 'tiu ha" mt cch nhun
nhuvn trong ni dung v phng php dy - hc trn c s c
trng b mn, tr n h mi s p dt, khin cng.
Tm li, "ly" l c s p h t huy tnh tch cc ca HS
trong hc tp, tin ti GV nh hng cho HS t "ly".
2. "D n g "
"Dng" c ngha l thi hoc lm cho thi vn ng, chuyn
sang tr n g thi yn ti ch; "dng" l tr n g thi khng thay
i theo thi gian.
Trong phm vi 45 p h t tr n lp, vic la chn mc kin
thc c bn, trng tm, v vn dng cc phng php n h th
no cho p h hp v t yu cu ra, i hi GV phi bit
"dng" ch no. vo lc no trong tin trnh tit dy.
C n xc nh im dng ngay trong "thut", "m , "ging".
Yu t quan trng gip GV c th bit "dng" l phi c kin
thc c b n mt cch tin h chc, c bn linh ch ng iu
hnh tit dy, m bo thc hin ng cc yu cu ra trong
phm vi tit hc eo hp, tr n h hin tng a HS vo rng m
khng bit li ra!
T xc nh n thc hin "dng cng phi linh hot ty
iu kin c th t n g lc, t ng ch khc nh au sao cho ph hp
vi i tng HS. "Dng ng s to iu kin cho cc em pht
huy tn h tch cc trong hc tp.
3. " ong" ngha l "dn li mt ch, l dc gi li, cha
191

m t di": Nhng kin thc cn ng li trong u HS l thc do

hiu qu ging dy ca GV.
Ni dung cn ng li trong HS chnh l nhng diu GV
"ly" ra trong tit dy. GV cn gip cho cc em bit t tm ra
nhng iu cn dng li, c vy mi bn vng. Ngay trong qu
trn h 'th u t, "m", "ging", GV cng cn xc nh r yu cu
"ng" li trong HS iu g.
*
Su ch tr n y c qun trit, lng ghp vo nhau, v
tr th n h 'thng trc" trong mi GV t kh u chun b bi
ging, n tin h n h tit dy trn lp. v tng bc tr th n h
phng php hc tp mn hc ca HS. y cng l qu trnh
GV t bi dng nng cao trn h nghip v ca mnh, to cho
HS ngy cng yu thch, ham hc mn Lch s v thy c Lc
dng th it thc.

192

BI DNG CHO HC SINH

NNG L c T HC
MN A
L

P G S. N g u y e n Dc
nn g cao hiu qu dy hc trng ph thng, trong
nhng nm gn dy, chng ta d ni nhiu n vic ci
tin PPDH. Trong vn dy hc c c hai hot ng: dy v
hc. Tuy nhin, h nh n h chng ta ch mi ch trng n vic
ci tin hot dng dy - phng php dy ca GV. m cha
qu an t m n g mc n hot dng hc - phng php hc ca
HS.
Dy hc l mt q u trinh thng nht. C hot ng dy, mi
c hot ng hc. Nu hot ng dy thay i, th hot dng hc
cng th ay i theo. Nu phng hng ci tin phng php
dy ca GV l t n g cng tnh ch ng trong lnh hi tri thc
ca HS bang cch k h ai thc cc tri thc, thi HS cng phi ci
tin phng ph p hc bng cch tng cng kh nng t hc, t
lnh hi tri thc.
Hin nay cc trng ph thng cng cha tch cc quan
tm n vic bi dng n n g lc t hc cho HS. Cn HS, a s
hu nh cha c thi quen v cng cha bit cch t hc. iu
khng c K l l, bi v trong my chc nm qua, trong hon
cnh chin tran h, s tn. nn np hc t p ca HS ph thng
c nhiu thay di. Trong iu kin kh khn, GV cn thiu
phng tin dy HS th va thiu thi gian hc tp, va thiu
193

cc ti liu, sch v. th m ch th i u c SGK. V vv. HS th n g

c g t hc. ngoi v ghi bi tm t t li ca GV trr. lp..
Thi quen t hc, t khai thc tri thc ca HS tr nn thng
cn thit v dn dn b qun lng.
T sau ngy thng n h t t nc (1975), cc phn? tin
hc tp, iu kin hc tp ca HS cng dc ci thin, chng
thi quen v hc tp trong nhiu nm chin tra n h qua vn
cn. HS ph thng v ngay c mt s sv cng vn cba c
phng ph p t hc hay ni ng hn l cha bit cch t hc.
Chnh v vy, nn ngay t trng ph thng, cc GV cn c h
khi dy cho HS nng lc ny to cho cc em mt n h i cu,
mt thi quen tuy khng mi, nhng n vn c trong truyn
thng hiu hc ca n h n dn ta.
Song song vi phong tro ci tin phng php dy ca GV,
trong nh trng ph thng cng cn phi c phonf tr o
khuyn khch vic ci tin phng php hc ca HS, m ; t li
l vn phng ph p t hc.
Mn a l l mt mn hc i hi HS phi c mt Si k
n ng b mn c bn, n h : k n n g hiu v c bn , phn tch
cc l t ct a hnh, phn tch cc s liu thng k, c \ xy
dng cc biu v k inh t - x hi v.v... Nhng k n n j my,
tuy cn thit, nhng li khng c cp n mt cch k- c n g
trong chng trnh, cng n h trong cc SGK a l, m ct a
c vo trong mt s' bi tp v bi thc hnh. Chnh vic yu
km v k nng hc ca HS h n ch v gy nhiu khk-hn
cho vic ci tin phng php dy ca GV theo hng cho H:S t
khai thc tri thc vi cc ngun ti liu, c bit l vi CC loi
bn v biu ...
Vic bi dng nng lc t hc cho HS, GV cn c j th c
lm thng xuyn trong cc tit dy, trong cc bi thc nnh,
194

trong CMC hi tp v nh v (' trong nhng bui ngoi kha,

di cc hnh thc trao i kinh nghim, tho lun v phng
ph p hc tp. C th ly v (l v vic bi dng k n ng t hc
cho HS q u a mt bi tp v k nng v biu vi mt bng s
liu thng k. S au khi HS lm xong, GV khng chi n hn vo
biu d kim t r a xem ng hay sai. nh gi kt qu hon
th n h bi t p ca HS bng im s, m cn phi d t ra mt s
ngha ca biu . ni li trinh t xy dng biu v c nhng
suy ngh ca HS khi la chn loi biu d v. Chnh nhng
cu hi th m ny c tc dng bi dng cho HS khng ch ring
k nng hc a l. m cn c k nng t hc ni chung.
Mt v n n a cng r t cn thit trong vic khu yn khch
HS t hc l nh trng phi ch to nhng iu kin th u n
li gip cho cc em p h t trin t hc nh : chm lo xy dng th
vin, t r a n g b mt s phng tin chung ca b mn. Trong giai
on hin nay, HS ca chng ta cn ngho, nu khng c nhng
c s vt c h t ny ca trng th vic t hc ca HS cng gp
khng t kh k h n . Khuyn khch HS t hc, khng phi ch
bng vic bi dng ng c. lng ham hiu bit v m t khoa
hc cho cc em, m bc u cn cn phi to nhng iu kin
cn th i t v ti th i u - nu cha c ti a - cc em lm
quen vi cng vic ny.
R r n g l vic bi dng nng lc t hc cho HS khng nn
v khng th tin h n h bng bt c mt bin php n c no.
)y l mt vn c lin quan n nhiu mt, t thc ca
HS, phng ph p dy ca GV, n mi trng gio dc trong
nh trng, c s v t c h t v.v... Mun c kt qu, n h t thit
phi c m t s bin php tng hp v ng b.

195

T H I T K BI HC O C, GIO DC
CNG DN T H E O PHNG P H P
DY - T HC (BNG HNH NG)(U
NG. N g u y n N g h a D n
i hc do c, gio dc cng dn thit k theo phng
ph p dy - t hc gm cc mc: "nu vn , c v suy
ngh, hn h ng", trong quan h tc nhn ca GV i vi t hc
ca HS, ca lp i n kin thc v t chc hn h ng, c
tin hn h theo quy trn h 3 "thi"."Thi" ca quy trnh thc hin
th it k bi hc hon ton khng phi l "bc" vi ran h gii
thi gian rch ri. "Thi" ch c ngha l vo lc , vai tr ca
HS, lp hoc GV ni b t ln. Quy trnh thc hin thit k bi
hc l tng hp h thng cc thao tc, lc ring bit, lc tng
tc, ca HS, lp, GV. H ot ng ca HS (ch th), GV (tc nhn)
v tnh c h t ca kin thc (khch th) din bin theo 3 "thi"
n h sau:
"thi" 1, GV hng d n cho HS hiu v thit k bi hc,
lu nhng vn cn i su, nhng ni dung cn khai thc,
chun b chi sm vai, tr chi, chn cc h n h ng ph hp vi
bn thn, hng dn HS t hc. HS t t mnh vo v tr ngi
t hc, c, dc mt hoc nhiu ln bi hc thit k, sa u d
t lc suy ngh i su nghin cu tng vn theo suy ngh ca
bn thn. i vi mc "c v suy ngh", HS c, hiu ni (iung
v cng t tm cch tr li cc cu hi nu. i vi mc
> Bi ng trn uT hc" s 7 (3/ 2000).
196

"hnh dng. HS bc (lau lin h c nhn, dnh hng v tim

bin php c th cho rn luyn bn th n theo ch bi hc.
chn hnh ng thch hp vi bn th n t thit k bi hc hoc
t mnh (lt thm cho hn th n d phn du. Nhng ni dung
(lc chun b nu trn. HS ghi tm l l vo v son bi c nhn.
(HS lp 2. 3 chi cn e h u a n b ming). Kin thc hnh th n h qua
t hc ca HS l sn p h m ban d u (cn m ang tinh ch quan)
mi dc c nhn ha.
thi 2, GV t chc cho HS t th hin v hp tc vi bn.
t chc tho lun, tra n h lun, hi tho, hp tc trao i HS HS, HS GV, tin h n h linh hot theo nhm, theo t hoc theo
lp, ty theo vn hoc ty theo s HS/ lp (ng hoc t). GV
kh u gi, di thoi. GV - HS nu thy cn th it n h m h tr HS
tip cn chn l khoa hc. GV tnh ton ph n b thi gian hp l.
c th bt vn trong th it k m bo thi gian. Ni
chung, GV t chc thc hin ni dung d c thit k, ch
trng trng tm, trng im theo yu cu bi thit k. HS t th
hin cc mc ca th i t k bn g trnh by, giao lu, bo v kin
ring cio minh chun b khi t hc ( thi 1). Tuy vy, HS khng
c bo th nu th y kin ca mnh sai v phi c thi
hc bn. hp tc vi bn. n h m tip cn chn l khoa hc. Kin
thc sau thi 2, t s n phm ban u qua trao i, tho lun,
q u a hc bn m an g tinh x hi. Cng dng lp hc chnh l
nii trng x hi t r u n g gian gia HS v GV.
thi 3, GV l m trng ti khoa hc, kt lun vn sau khi
gii quyt cc ni (lung c tra n h lun "khng phn thng
bi" ca HS (kt lun ca GV c th xen k sau tng vn nu
trong muc "nu vn " hoc cui cng mi tng hp v kt lun
t t c cc vn ). Nhng kt lun ca GV l cch x l ti u,
hp l hp tnh v cc tnh hung - vn , khc su khi nim v
do c. gio dc cng dn theo ch bi hc. v ph n "Hnh
197

ng". GV gii thch ni dung v cch thc hin, gip HS chn

hnh ng hp vi bn thn, hng dn thm cc hn h ng tp
th. Cui cng, GV kim tra vic t kim tra, sa sai, iu chnh
nhn thc ca HS (ti lp hoc ly v HS v kim tra). HS ch
nghe nhng kt lun khoa hc ca GV ghi chp, t diu chnh,
t nh gi cch hc v kt qu t hc ca bn thn, cch x l
cc vn ca mnh, i chiu vi nh n thc ban u (sn phm
m ang tnh ch quan ca mnh), xc nh nhng hnh ng s
thc hin v ch bi hc. Kin thc sau thi 3 l sn phm
m ang tnh khch quan, khoa hc. c s HS t iu chnh, t
nh gi v cng l chun d GV nh gi HS.
Q ua quy trn h nu trn, c th thy thi 1, ni ln vai tr
t hc ca HS di s hng dn ca GV; thi 2, ni b t vai
tr ca hp tc HS - HS. nhm, t lp cng tm n kin thc
di s t chc ca GV; thi 3 ni b t vai tr ca GV trong
vic lm trng ti khoa hc, trong kt lun khoa hc, hng dn
HS h n h ng, thi 3 cng ni ln vai tr ca HS trong t
sa sai, t iu chnh n h n thc, t nh gi, t iu chnh vic
r n luyn theo h n h ng ph hp, t r t kinh nghim v cch
t hc, cch hp tc vi bn, cch hc GV.
Trn y l quy trn h thc hin thit k mt bi hc o
c, Gio dc cng dn. Nhn c qu trn h hc o c, Gio
dc cng dn tiu hc hoc tru n g hc, quy trn h din ra t
bi ny sang bi khc theo nhiu ch khc n h a u (e
chng trnh hc quy nh), o c, Gio dc cng dn <
HS t tm hiu, t n h n thc, t hc, t r n luyn, theo con
ng t hc, hc bn, hc thy tip tc t hc rn luyn,
thc hin hc v h n h sut i. C th hnh dung vic t hc,
hc bn, hc thy c lin tc tin h n h theo mt dng xoy
c i ln cng vi s p h t trin t m sinh l, hnh th nh , p h t
trin n h n cch ca bn th n HS.

198

HC S I N H N N HC TON
T H E N O CHO TT ? U)
GS.TSK H. N g u y e n c n h T o n
un hc ci g cho tt th sm. mun cng phi dt
n s t g i c h o c t p , s a y s a h c t p . l iu
c br u tin. N hng t t c vn l ch lm sao c c s
t gic, s say sa. N h ng ai km Ton, hc bi khng hiu.
lfn bi khng ra th ch c s Ton, ch lm g c say sa hc
Ton - chc cc HS km Ton ngh nh vy. N hng i cng
khnf th iu n h ng v d v nhng ci lc u th s dn dn
bt sc, i n lm quen, cui cng l thch, say m. Hi nh, i
hc, lc u ti cha gii Ton, dn dn mi thch ri say m v
tn'frnn gii. Sau y l vi kinh nghim.
Xang q u a n h ta, u u cng c hnh v s, bnh thng c
khi ti khng ch nh ng khi vp phi ci gi kh hiu, l
di, t mi b n tm tm cch l gii, l gii khng c lm ta
bt rt, kh chu cho n khi no . mt hiu bit mi gip ta
l gi)c, th ta th m tha rng iu hiu bit mi l c ch,
l ig qu, l ti tnh. Hi nh ti d tng bn khon, khng
hiu m t tr n g theo ai khi nhiu tr nh chi di n h trng,
chy ni a mt ng v a no cng bo: T r n g theo tao.
Theo ngn ng khoa hc gio dc ngy nay th ngi ta bo
l mt "tnh hung c vn d. C vn d th t v a chy xui,
a ciy ngc, a ch y sang phi, a chy sang tri, khng
B i l n g t r n " T hc" s 15 (2/ 2000).

199

c da no ni di, m t t c u bo trng theo tao". iu

lm ti bt r t cho n u cp hai, hc v dng song song LI
mi v nh. C ln, m t b n ti tm cnh c a mt hnh
vung, cho bit din tch. Ti b khng bit lm php g v cii bn
php cng, tr, nhn, chia u l nhng php tc ng n hai
s*. n h n g bi dy ch cho c mt s thi (din tch), vy lm
php g? Ti bn th n i tm s th hai, ti ngh n s 4 v hnh
vung c 4 cnh v em chia din tch cho 4 tn h cnh.
N h n g s a u , ti t h ly kt q u tm c tm tr li din
tch th th y khng khp n n bit l mnh sai. nh chu khng
lm c bi ton, cho n khi hc php ly cn bc hai ca mt
s, ti mi s n g ra v lc r t thch th tp lm php khai cn
bc h ai c a cc s. say s a n ni m gi n cm n my ln
mi chu b bt. C ln ngi c h nh ni chng ti tr hc em
ra mt ming tn trn v bo c h n g ti ch h ch ng chnh
gia (tc l tm) ng y di mt ci l. My a chng ti
loay hoay m m m vi ci compa m khng sao tm c ng
tm , khi chch bn ny, khi chch bn kia mt t. Vp vp
lm cho khi hc nh l v ba tr u n g trc ng quy trong mt tam
gic, ti mi th m th a r n g Ton hc l ti. Cn nhiu chuyn
lt v t kiu n h trn, k r a y s r t di. C t h d n dn ti
yu Ton, thch Ton lc no khng bit v cng ngy cng thy
Ton r t ti, r t l, r t c ch. iu ti mun ni thm l ngi
gp n h ng tnh hung c v n nh ti gp, c th cn dt,
th m ch cn ngy ng n a trc cc tnh hung . Trong vic
r n luyn ny t n s yu thch Ton, nu c c mt
ngi cha, mt ngi anh , mt ngi thy quan t m gi ra cho
mt cch k h c phc cc tn h h u ng c vn v Ton hc trong
hc tp, tro n g lao ng, tro n g vui chi, trong ngh ngi th tot
qu. Trc y ti khng c c ci may mn , nhng ngy
200

nay vi s nghip gio dc, khoa hc d p h t trin, chc chn

nhiu HS c may mn . Dc s a n D a y - T h c c ng c th
ph n no gip HS v m t (l.
Khi d bt u yu thch T o n ri th s t gic, say sa
hc t p n h n g mun hc tp d t h iu q u cao, th p h i thng
xuyn rn luyn p h n g p h p h c t p . Trc ht, cn rn
thi q u e n hc tp mi ni, mi lc, bng mi cch: hc trong
sch, hc: trong thc t th in nhin v x hi. y kh n g phi l
yu cu g mi m ch l bc p h t tr i n cao hn ca n h n g iu
d ni trong ph n hnh th n h lng yu Ton. iu k h c n h a u
l tr n kia, cc tnh hung c v n n vi ngi hc Ton
mt cch ngu nhin, c phn n h nh ng, khng d n g trc,
cn y, ngi hc Ton c th c ch ng lm x u t h i n cc
tin h hung c vn d ri tp t r u n g suy nghi gii q u y t cc vn
t ra, ct gng vn d n g cc h iu bit v cc phng php
suy lu n Ton hc, t mnh t n n h n g hiu bit mi (t ra
mi i vi mnh). Trong cuc i HS trc y, ti t n g bn
khon t hi: con t u ho mnh a n g i (ch khng p h i t u ho
ni tro n g bi tp SGK) c tc t r u n g bnh l bao nhiu, tc
lc n h a n h n h t l bao nhiu, tc lc chy t t vo ga l bao
nhiu v d suy ngh tm cch t r li th n g m inh n h t, a n
ch ngh r a cch m nhp cc ting ng p h t ra ch chp ni
hai th a n h ra y khi bn h xe ln t r n d tn h xem tro n g t ng
khong thi gian (mt pht, n m p h t, mi p h t...), t u ln i
mt kh ong bng my ln chiu d i t h a n h ray v gia hai ct
kilmt c bao nhiu t h a n h ray tn h chiu di mi t h a n h ray.
Ti cng tng t hi v tm cch t r li xem cc s ghi tr n
cc ct hai bn ng ch ci g, t n g q u a n v S t v t hi xem
ti sao bng n n g mi n h li song song vi th m n h , t n g
ngh xem c th cn c vo h nh t r n g ldi lim t n h r a v tr
tng i ca m t tri, m t tr n g v q u t trong k h ng gian
201

h a y khng, t n g say s a gii nhng bi ton vui nhau c

vo lc vi a n h e m b n ng lng gii lao sau khi lao ng, hay
hc t p m t nhc. Ti t ng t p o mt s khong cch bang
cch s d n g nh n g hiu bit v ta m gic bng n h a u v ng
dng. N h ng khng phi khi no cng o c v khng phi lc
no c ng c d n g c m bit t n dng nhng ci c sn nh cc
ct kilm t ri m nh p t u m tnh ra chiu di mi thanh
ray, h a y m s gch vung l t nn nh tnh r a kch thc
ca m t phng... c lc ti dng dy gp li v nh du
t h n h 12 on bng n h a u d to ra mt ta m gic c ba cnh
theo th t di bn g 3, 4, 5 on ch vi mt ci dy to ra
c gc vung chnh xc. Ti cng tng quan s t xem bng
n n g mi n h m n h xung sn lc m t tri mc thay i
tro n g mt n m n h t h no lnh hi c th u o v chuyn
ng ca qu t q u a n h m t tri. Ti xin tm dng khng k
th m n a m ch m un lu r n g nhng vic k tr n khng i
hi ngi lm cc vic mt trn h g cao, s u v kin thc
v phng p h p Ton hc; ni dung Ton hc trong cc vic (
cn g n gin thi. Cho n n ai cng rn luyn c, ch c gi
ngi x u t sc.
D n d n ti to c cho m n h thi quen khi no cng sn
c m t vn g , hoc l t sch v, hoc l t thc tin,
a n g suy ngh d dan g cha u vo u, h c dp l suy
n gh n n vo n h n g lc ri khi b ph thi gian nh ch
tu , ch xe. N hiu khi c p h i n h m tnh hay hn h d u n g ra
tro n g c v k h ng c s n b t giy. iu cng rn luyn sc
t p t r u n g t tng, tr tng tng, khng gian. Nh vy, sau
n y khi r a lm GV, gp ho n c n h thiu bn lm vic, ti
son gio n b n g cch n m hng m t (m H) hay p chn
(m ng) suy ngh v bi ging Ton.

202

I)i Vi'io hc l|) ni kha, ti ch do su, lt (li lt li vn

. L m VI d v p h n v ( . L c u t i h a y c o i t h n g c c n h

ngha mil c h trng cc nh l v cho r n g nh l cho ta nh n g

tnh cht, l th hn. Nhng, d n d n ti mi hiu ra r n g cc
nh nghi rt. qu an trng, v d l x u t p h t im i ti cc
nh li. Khi hc iu kin t c v , ti mi hiu c rng:
nh ngha mt khi nim, ngi ta chn ra mt tinh c h t l
iu kin iit c v c khi nim d lm ni d u n g ca nh
ngha v nu vi p h m vo tiu c h u n t c v th s mc
sai lm,
Vi d: Ln du hc nh ngha h n h bnh h n h , ti suy
ngh cn hi ht lm. n h n g sa u khi hc iu kin t c v
ti khng ngi m t th gi qu ay tr li c suy ngh s u sc
hn nh sau: tnh c h t ca mt t gic c cc cnh di din
song song l diu kin t c v t gic d tr th n h hnh
bnh hnh nn c th nh ngha hnh bnh h n h l mt t gic
c cc cnh i din song song. Cn tn h c h t c a mt t gic
c

cc cnh

d i d i n b n g n h a u l t c v k h n g t g i c

tr th n h hnh bnh h n h nn khng th d n g lm nh

ngha c. Mun khi vi p h m ti u c h u n t c v th
p h i t h m c h l i" v o s a u c h t g i c v m t t

gic

c h o c

cc cnh di din bng n hau (nh h n h to bi hai cn h i din

v hai ng cho hn h ch nht) th khng p h i l h nh bnh
hnh V vy. li c th nh ngha h n h bnh h n h l mt t
gio li c cc cnh i din bng n h au . Trong khi hc, ti c lt
i lt li vn n h vv, tm cc iu kin t c v d khc
nh au d c cc n h ngha khc n h a u v cng mt khi nim,
ng thi tm cc iu kin t c m khng hoc m
khng t c to ra cc p h n v d. Bng cch , ti n m cc
203

khi nim r t chnh xc v r t su. Khi hc cc nh l. ti c

gng ph n bit r gi th it v kt lun. i vi nhng nh l
t n g i p h c t p h a y c p h n t n h , Li p h i i

su vo

t n g

im trong gi thit v ngha ca mi im , th vi phm

mt im no trong gi thit xem iu n h hng n
k t lu n ra sao. V d, tro n g n h l v gii h n ca

khi
X

X ->

, t i c h n g i t h i t : x t n h b n g r a i n g v t t

ra

cu hi: Nu X tnh bng th sao? Ti thng t t trch

nhim cho mnh, khi no c mt mnh th u n th th xy4
dng cc m nh o, phn, phn o, t t cho m nh yu cu
p h t biu cng thc th n h li tr n h vic ch nhn thy hnh
thc, my mc, b qua nhng chi tit quan trng. V d:

vu'uv'
Nu y = th y = ------ phi c din t chnh xc
V

n h s a u : N u u v V l h a i h m s" c a X c n g x c n h t r o n g
m t m i n A, c o h m u v v i vi X t r o n g m i n th h m

ca x: y

s xc nh trong

tr t i cc gi tr ca

lm

ch

trit tiu cng c o hm i vi

ca n; o h m y bng:

trong min xc nh

vu uv . Khng p h t biu nh
V

vy th c khi qun m t o h m vi bin s no v qun

m t vic o h m c xc nh hay khng v iu c th dn
ti sai lm.
Ti khng lm nhiu bi tp m thng th gi i su vo
mt s" bi l th, suy ngm v ng li gii bi, c khi c" gng
m rng thm mt cu hi. Ti eo ui mt bi ton kh c khi
204

hng thng, c thi i ri ri li nghi n n, k lm ra mi thi.

Ti khng t n

thnh

mt s bn hi d ng sch "Bi t p gii

m u , e thi tii. cng sc chp t h t dp n h n g chng my khi

s (lng. Nu c dng n h n g sch v, ti cng ch chp vi ,
t lc lm n ht sc c gng, lc v, mi c bi gii mu,
xem ngi ta c im no suy ngh hay hn mnh, t p tru n g suy
nh v n h n g im d, c ghi th ch ghi nh ng c bn trong
cc im d. Hi ch n g ti hc, SGK. sch th a m kho cng
him. Mn c sch, ti khng ci u ci c chp m c cho
hiu ri ghi nhng V c bn ca cc chng minh, diu pi hiu
v cho rang sau ny c th t mnh suy ra c t cc c

bn

th khng ghi. V d ch ghi V ng ph no , lm php

bin i no , gn vy thi ch khng chp ton b phn
chng minh.
Hi , c bn ti cho rn g ti hc go" , ngha l chi u,
chi mi vo hc . n h t l hc Ton, chng cn bit g khc. Mt
s th y gio hiu ti th ni: Em y bit cch hc. Qu th, tuy
say m hc Ton, n h ng ti vn hc ton din v cng say m
nhiu mn khc. Ti nh, tng say sa bt su b, nui trong
l th u tinh qu an st; say sa tr a cu cc bn ; b hp dn
bi cc cng thc ha hc. Ti cng thch c truyn, xem phim,
n h bng bn, hc nhc, c khi t p c lm th na... Ly th
gi u? chnh l c c h h c m i n i, m i l c , m i c ch ,
tn dng th gi m nhiu ngi coi l v ch; t r n h m t th gi
vo nhng vic t m an g li hiu qu (nh chp nhiu m khng
hiu. khng dng), bit chn vic m lm. bit tp tru n g vo ci
g, b qua ci gi, bit lm mt vic m t dc nhiu mc ch,
hc mn ny. cng c, h tr cho mn kia, ly kin thc sch v
v kin thc thc t b sung cho nhau, ly phng php hc tp
205

h tr vic tip th u kin thc, ly vic tip thu kin thc c

chiu su m suy ngm hon chnh phng php hc tp. Ti
r t cm n cc thy dy minh, ng thi cng sm thy rng
s c gng ca mnh mi l quyt dnh. N lc bn thn l s
th nghim tch cc i n hon chnh dn phng php
chim lnh kin thc. Lc u c th non nt, b ng nhng iu
s qua i. T cp II tr ln, ti khng tm thy hc t trong
m y thng h m t xc nh l phi t hc ly dng thi m
n h n vic dy cc em trong h. Khi vo H u hc cp III, thiinh
ph" c th vin cp th, ti xin th vo c sch thm . Rt
tic rn g hin nay, nhiu HS, k c HS kh, khng i th vin
hc thm, m ch i tm thy hc t.
Cch hc n h tr n m ang li mt hiu qu khc m chnh
ngi hc lc u cng khng ng. l nhng c tnh, phm
c h t m qua thc tin hc tp v cng tc nhiu nm mi thy
r l cn thit n h th no. l mt s i hi chnh xc i
vi bn th n v i vi ngi khc, khng chp n h n nhng
kiu lp lun d di, lun i hi s lt i lt li vn , xem
xt, ngc, xui cho kn k. l s nhy cm trong vic lin h
hc vi hnh: l c tn h cn thn, suy xt th n trng, khng
h p tp, lm ri th li kim tra. 6 l s kin n h n lm
nhng con tnh di dng, kh khan, v i v li nhng hnh r t
chnh xc. V c k inh nghim nhiu ln rng mt s thiu kin
n h n nhiu khi phi tr gi t, th n h cng trong t m tay
m b d. l tin h th n tin cng lin tc, bit mt li mun
bit hai, tm ra li gii gn ri li mun tm ra li gii gn hn
v.v...., khng bao gi tha mn. l s ru n g cm trc nhng
li gii hay, gn. p, trc nhng ng dng ti tnh ca cc
kin thc Ton hc, trc nhng suy ngh c o, to bo. Lc
206

cn 1,1 US ti (,' I)lt k h m phc ngi no u Lin ngh ra s

kliii^: hay th t, to bo I ht: ngi ta (lilt r a s (li* (lm, do vit.
(V) !' nil'll dm. mi vit ch. C h c g m cnt ngh ra s.
Khng" m li ha th n h c, khng m li phc v c lc
cho V". Lm ton nhiu khi ti cm thay t h t l bin ha khn
lifting. V n h trong tru yn Ty Du Ki, T Thin i T h n h thot
hin th n h ci ny. th o t bin th n h ci kia, rt to bin thnh
r t nh. C hng hn d n g php bin di x'= . r t nh li bin
X

th n h rt to" trn ha th n h thng, th n g ha th n h trn

(chng h n dng x'=
X

y' = - ~ - - t r o n g h ta
+ y

vung gc quen thuc th vng trn

+ y

+ y2 = 2x bin thnh

ng th n g x'= - v ngc li).... Cui cng, mt kt qu rt

dng qu na l t duy ton hc ca ti ngy cng mm mi,
cng uyn chuyn, khng my mc, cng nh c rn luyn
qua bin lun, qua x t xui v ngc, "chung v ring...
Sau ny ti mi bit s mm mi, uyn chuyn chnh l du
hiu ca t duy bin chng, r t cn cho s sng to ton hc.
S rn luyn nh tr n vi bao nhiu b ng ban u . tch
lu nhiu n m tro n g cuc i HS ph th n g ca ti, a
ti di xa s a u ny, m c d ti gp kh k h n k h c h q u a n phi
k t thc vic hc lc ch a hc h t n m th n h t i hc. Sau
, th ti va cng tc, va t h c v v hi s ngi t
hc n h ti cha c bao n hiu , nn cha c c h , chnh sch
g. Th gi v cc iu kin, t m nh th u xp ly, hc g, theo
chng t r n h no, t i liu, sch v no cn g t m nh lo liu.
C ch n o khng h i u , t m nh xoay cch ny, cch khc,
t h t h ny, t h khc, c t i liu ny, t i liu n, s a u nhiu
207

n m , diu khng h iu cng s n g ra. Nhng, hi , chinh

quyn cch m ng, c hai diu q u a n t m q u a n trng di vi
ti: M mt k thi c cch cng n h n ti c tr n h i hc
v chu yn ti t mt GV p h thng mi r a cng tc dc bn
n m ln dy i hc. Hai s kin ny n h c h p cnh cho ti
bay ln. Trng i hc k h n g chin (chng P hp ) sch cha
nhiu,, n h n g i vi ti lc t h t l qu. Nh c thi quen,
c phng php, c ngh lc t hc c r n luyn t khi
hc ph th n g ri dy p h thng, ti vng bc t lc vn
ln. N hu cu h iu bit, s thi thc ca vic dy cho hay. cho
su d n ti n vic tm ti, s n g to t h t s v ti bc
vo nghin cu khoa hc theo ngha nghim t c ca hai t
lc no kh n g bit. Mt cng t r n h khoa hc u tay r a
i m kh n g ai hng dn . S au , ti c s a n g Lin X
chn th n g hon c h n h v bo v lu n n ti n s. T n h t
lc b t ta y vo cng t r n h nghin cu tro n g nc cho n lc
bo v t h n h cng lu n n tin s m t hai nm . Nghe ni th
n g in n h n g h ai n m c c h u n b t n h i u nm
trc bi mt cch hc t p n h trn. Bo v xong lun n . ti
tr v nc v vi tc p ho ng va cng tc, va hc t p m t
cch s n g to, n m n m sau, ti ho n t h n h cng t r n h
n g h in cu Ton hc ln hn v bo v t h n h cng lu n n
ti n s khoa hc n h n t cng tc ba th n g Lin X. Tip
theo lu n n tin s khoa hc trn, ti li c cng t r n h n g h i n
cu ln hn v nm 1969 p h t m in h r a l th u y t T o n nc mi
gi l H n h hc siu p h i clt, mt hng m rng k h
to bo ca hn h hc phi clit m Lbasepki k h a i sin h
n m 1826.
Lc cn hc tiu hc, ti l HS trn tru n g bnh, trong lp 40
HS, c lc b xp xung th 15, lc cao n h t cng c h xp
th 6, ln n cp II, ti mi b t u c th y v bn ch v
kh nn g hc Ton v t nm th ba tr i mi thc s rui ln
l mt trong nhng HS gii Ton ca lp. iu lm cho ti
ngh rng, cng c vn nn g khiu p h n no, n h r g c c h
20>-

h c t p t h t l q u a n t r o n g . Ti vit nh vv khng phi d

dn*: vi('*n nhng HS hin cha k h Ton, m s th t i HS
cua tr l n h vy. Mong rn g nhng diu ke trn dy c th
giup i l l t nhiu cho cc em HS.

209

M T S KIN V I MI
PH NG P H P DY TON
BC P H THNG TRUNG H C11
P G S .T S. T r n K iu
i mi PPD H ni chung v phng ph p dy. hc Ton
ni ring an g tr thnh mt yu cu bc t h i t ca
gio dc ph th n g nc ta. Di y xin trn h by m t s
kin v vn tr n c s t phng php dy, hc trong mi
tng qu an c h t ch vi hai th n h t ch yu ca qu t r n h dy
hc l mc tiu v ni dung.

1.

v m c c h c a vic day, hoc T on tr n g p h th n g

Ngy nay a n g c xu hng nhn nhn vic dy, hc Ton

nh trng t bn h din ca ch ngha n h n vn, ng thi xut
p h t t chnh vai tr cng c ca Ton hc m t tng c bn
chi phi sut qu trnh dy, hc Ton ca nhiu nc t r n th
gii l: Ton hc d nh cho mi ngi hay Ton hc d n h cho mi
ngi. Nhn rng ra, vic ging dy Ton hc phi hng ti
mt mc ch ln hn, cao c hn l thng qua vic d y hc
Ton m p h t tri n tr tu chung, trc ht l h n h t h n h HS
nhng p h m c h t t duy cn thit, mt nn t n g kin thc, k
nng c bn, chc chn vi chc nng hon thin con ngi
trong x hi hin i, to s nn g ng, ho n h p vi x hi.
> Bi n g trn " T hc" 8 14 (1/ 2001).

210

chnh l bn cht thc s ca vic dy Ton nh trng hin

nay.
T q u a n (lim trn, c th xc nh m c c h d y T o n
n h t r n g l:

Gip HS lnh hi v p h t trin mt h thng kin thc, k

nng, thi quen cn thit cho:
a. Cuc sng hng ngy vi n h ng i hi a dng, ca c
nhn, r a gia nh trong cng ng.
b. Tip tc hc tp, tm hiu Ton hc di b t k hnh thc
no ca gio dc thng xuyn.
c. Hc tp. tm hiu cc mn khoa hc hoc cc lnh vc
khc.
d. Hnh th n h v p h t trin cc phm c h t t duy cn thit
ca mt con ngi c hc vn trong x hi hin i (t duy logic,
t duy t h u t gii, t duy hnh tng...) cng nhng cc phm
cht, thi quen khc nh u c duy l, tnh chnh xc...
. Hnh thn h, p h t trin ngn ng v nm vng cng c
Ton hc trong vic gii quyt cc vn c yu cu s dng
trc tip cc phng php Ton hoc, ng thi cng c v nng
cao trnh s d n g ting m m t cch chnh xc.
f. Gp phn q u a n trng trong vic hin thc ha kh nng
hnh th n h t h gii quan khoa hc q u a Ton hc, hiu c bc
t ra n h ton cnh ca khoa hc cn g n h kh n n g hnh th n h
mt s p h m cht khc.
h. Hiu r ngun gc thc tin c a Ton hc v vai tr ca
n trong q u trnh p h t trin vn ha, vn minh n h n loi cng
vi nhng tin b ca khoa hc - k th u t.

211

2. V n i d u n g T o n h o c p h th n g
2.1. N h n g m ch kin thc chinh
Ni ung T o n hc p h thng, do c im ca khoa hc
Ton hc, do vai tr cng c ca kin thc v k nng Ton hc
nn m an g tn h "quc t", c ngha l c s ging nhau gia h
thng cc m ch kin thc xuyn sut chng trnh, mc d ti
th iu cn t i vi cc k nng c bn, mi lin quan cht ch
ca Ton hc vi cc mn hc khc, trc h t l cc mn khoa
hc t nhin, tin hc; k c s sp xp h thng tri thc t cp
hc ny s a n g c p hc khc; t t nhin c s khc nh au trong
q u a n im t r n h by, trong vic nh mc gia l thuyt v
n g dng, n h n m n h m ch kin thc ny hay mch kin thc
khc... Xem xt xu th ca t h gii, cn c vo truyn thng v
thc tin dy, hc Ton nc ta th chng trnh Ton trong
b chng tr n h mi ca nc ta trong thi gian ti vn nn xy
dng theo h th n g cc m ch kin thc sau:
- Q u tr n h m rng cc t p hp s v cc php ton tr n
n t p hp s" th c (c th gii thiu s phc cho HS ban khoa
hc t nhin v tr n g chuyn).
- H n h t h n h v p h t tri n khi nim tng qu an hm , hm
s v cc v n c xy dng cng vi mch h m s (biu
th c, p h n g t r n h , b t p h n g trn h i s v m t s d n g s i u

vit...).
- H n h t h n h cc q uan h nh tnh, nh lng th hin
q u a cc n h l v cng thc (c th c trn h by theo cch
tng hp hoc s d n g cng c gii tch).
- Cc yu t" c a i s t hp, l thuyt ti u, thng k xc
sut, v cc cng c tn h ton

21?

2.2. Mt s im cn lu V k h i chn la v g i n g d y Ton

hc
Dc hit c h V t i h t h n g k i n t h c , k n n g
phng php t d u y m an g tnh c t h ca Ton hc.
a.

c s

Mt vn t ra l di vi d a s ngi lao ng bnh

thng th cui cng Ton hc nh trng m an g li n h n g iu
g cho h v cn li n h n g g h trong su t cuc i. C mt s
t h t l du (lc hc t h t k lng cc l th uy t, cng thc, n h l
m nu khng c diu kin thng xuyn tip xc. thng
xuyn s dng th ngi ta d qun i n h i u iu, song chc
chn Ton hc nh tr n g s li n h n g yu t ct li no .
C h n g hn:
+ N hng kin th c v s t nhin, p h n s' s th p p h n v
cc k nng tnh to n c bn (cng, tr, n h n , chia, ly tha,
khai cn) vn hay c s dng trong cuc sng h n g ngy.
+ Nhng kin th c n gin v h n h hc (hnh dng, tnh
cht c bn, cng th c tn h di, din tch, th tch ca cc
hnh hc quen bit, cc n v o...).
+ Y ngha v cch thc k hiu cc n s, bin s v s bin
di theo ngha tng q u a n hm s cng cch c cc th n
gin, cc phng p h p th u th p v x l s liu.
Phng php l p lun, chng m inh theo kiu quy n p hoc
s u y d i n c s d n g c c q u y t c c b n c a lo g ic h n h t h c (p h p

tuyn, php hi, ko theo...).

chnh l p h n ct li ca hc vn Ton hc trong mi con
ngi. C hng m an g tn h c s, giu k h n n g ng d n g trong
cuc sng hn g ngy v chnh v th m c lu gi r t lu
cng vi cuc sng. y mun c bit n h n m n h n
phng ph p t du y Ton hc nh m t t h n h t ca t duy tr u
213

tng vi dc im l tu n theo cc quy tc ca logic hnh thc.

Phng ph p t d u y ny t n khng gn trc tip vi mt ni
d u n g Ton hc c th no m l c hnh thnh trong ton b
q u tr n h xy d n g hc vn Ton hc v ni chung khng c
mt mn no k h c c th th a v t h Ton hc trong nhim v .
Tnh chnh xc, bo d m s c h t ch, tu n theo n h ng irt t
nghim n g t tro n g suy ngh l dc Iring ca li t (iuy ny.
T o n h c n h t r n g k h n g c h g i p COI1 n g i c c h t d u v lo g ic ,

m chnh trong q u tr n h xy dng cc khi nim ca l thuyt

Ton hc th n h n g yu cu v cch t duy bin chng cng
c v n dng k h i xem xt cc qu trnh, cc mi tng quan,
cc khi nim tro n g s vn ng ca chng, trong cc cp phm
tr , mc d u vy t du y logic vn mang ngha tiu biu cho t
duy Ton hc. cng chnh l mt trong nhng iu qu gi
n h t m Ton hc d n h cho con ngi trong c q u trnh pht
trin hc v n T o n hc. C ng vi phng php t duy logic,
Ton hc n h tr ng cn gp phn ch yu to nn nhng thi
qu en r t cn t h i t cho cuc sng k c trong suy ngh v hnh
ng: l thi q u e n c lng s chnh xc, m hn h ha ton
hc cc tn h h u ng thc t, thi quen xem xt cc vn trong
mt h r n g buc cc iu kin, coi trng cch lm vic ti u,
cc phng p h p lng ha...
b.
C n c b i t ch ti ngun g'c thc tin v p h m vi ng
d n g v c ng r n g ri ca Ton hc trong ging dy.
Ton hc c xem l mn hc "cng c" trong nh trng.
Bi v trc h t k h o a hc Ton hc ng vai tr cng c cho vic
h nh t h n h v p h t trin khoa hc - k thut, c bit l khoa
hc t nhin. Ngi t a ni Ton hc xm nhp vo mi lnh vc
ca i sng x hi chnh l mun cp ti phm vi ng dng
rng ri c a T o n hc bng chnh cch xy dng n (phdng
p h p tin c n g vi cc quy tc ca logic hnh thc) v nhng
214

phng php Ton hc khc. }) c th ng d n g Ton hc vo

thc tin (khoa hc - k th u t, cc lnh vc khc ca cuc sng..)
ni chuntf <lu phi Lhc lin theo quy trn h sau:
Tnh hung thc tin - m hn h ha ton hc ~> s dng
cc phng plp to n hc d gii q u v t > iu chinh cc kt
qu cho ph hp vi tnh hung ban u.
Ty theo nhng nc th a n g ngy ong cao c a s tr u tng
ha m cc m hnh ton hc c xy d n g t s c trng
cho cc lp tnh hung ngy cng c m rng.
-

Hc Ton trong n h trng ph th n g khng p h i l ch

ticp nh n hng lot cc nh l. cng thc, phng ph p th u n
ty m ang tnh l th u y t cng khng ch tip n h n cch thc xy
dng Ton hc vi t duy logic v ngn ng ton, ci u tin v
ci cui cng ca q u trn h hc Ton phi t ti l hiu c
nj'uon gc thc tin ca Ton hc v n n g cao k h nng ng
dng, hnh th n h thi quen vn d n g Ton hc vo cuc sng.
y chnh l mt t h n h p hn quan trng ca hc vn Ton hc
trong mt COI1 ngi. Kin thc, k nng, thi quen, ng dng
m Ton hc a li gp ph n gip con ngi p h t trin nng
lc thch ng vi nh n g tn h hung v nhiu khi m an g li nim
V UI sng t o . Do n h i u nguyn nhn, vic d y v hc Ton h c
nh trng hin n a y nc ta an g ri vo tn h tr n g q u coi
nh thc hn h v n g dng Ton hc vo cuc sng.
c.
Gip HS nm vng ngn ng Ton hc n h l mt yu t
qu an trng rn luyn t duy, ng thi gp p h n cn g c',
p h t trin ngn ng thng thng.
Ngn ng n h c th a n h n l c v tr cc k qu an
trng trong vn v n ha ca con ngi. Ton hc n h trng c
215

iu kin gp phn p h t trin ngn ng (ting m , ting r.c

ngoi) thng qua p h t trin ngn ng Ton. Khng nn ch nhn
n h n ngn ng Ton n h nhng t h u t ng. nhng mnh
c p h t biu vi s h tr ca cc quy tc logic hoc h thng
cc k hiu m cn nn xem xt thm t gc l mt phng
tin giao tip vi hiu lc thng bo r t cao ( k h i qut,
chnh xc, s gn gng) v l c s cho vic xy dng ngn ng
my. Ngn ng Ton ging n h ngn ng t nhin, c c mt c
php, m t ng ngha m bo cho t duy mch lc, hiu ng
v n c nu, ng thi gip ni ng vn cn ni (hiu
ng th p h t biu ng, hay din t khc i ni sai th s hiu
sai).
d.
Nng cao nng lc tng tng v hnh th n h nhng xc
cm th m m qua hc t p Ton.
Ton hc nh trng phi gp phn hn h t h n h v pht
trin kh nn g tng tng,kh nng ny l v cn g cn thit
cho yu cu sng to v lm phong ph thm i sng ni tm
ca con ngi. Tng tng trong Ton hc khng n gin ch
l tr tng tng khng gian mt, hai hoc ba chiu m l
p h m c h t v k h n n g cn c hc Ton v sng to. V tht
ra cc k h i nim Ton hc vn khng tn ti trong thc tin, k
c nh n g khi nim c bn n h im, ng thng, m t phng
th m ch c v s k h i nim khng th tm ra c mt im
ta trc qu an no, chng h n n h khng gian n chiu (n > 3).
Tr tng tng phong p h s gip hnh dung cc m quan h,
cc cu trc phc tp, gip d bo v hnh th n h con ng tm
kim li gii.
Ngoi r a Ton hc n h trng cn lu ti vic hnh th n h
n h n g cm xc th m m chn chnh khi n h n ra c v p
216

ra Ton hc qua cc cu trc, qua nhng li gii ti u, qua

nhiiiifi r i <Uing (lng kinh ngc ca Ton l<H' vo di sng, qua
tinh logic hon ho ca cc m n h , cc l th u y t v qua c
chnh v p ca nhng hn h hc vi s hi ho v t l, kch
thc, s i xng... v cu r n g l v dp ca cc p h t minh
Ton hc m thc c h t l v p ca sng to. ca s say m v
lon ,' kin nhn, ch vt kh khn, phng p h p tm kim
(lng dn.

217

P H T H U Y T N H TCH

cc,
CH
*

NG

CA HC SIN H T R p N G HC TON '

NGT. V H u B n h
n y chng ta ni n vic i mi PPDH, bi thc
tr n g trong dy hc hin nay cn ang ph bin hin
tng: y p t. hc th ng. Chng ti cho rang ct
li ca s i mi ny l p h t huy tn h tch cc, ch dng ca
ngi hc. Ngay t thi c, Hi Lp, Xcrat d xng nguyn
l "hot dng tch cc", trong d ng cao vai tr ch dng ca
ngi hc. N h th c th ni i mi PPDH chnh l s tr li
gi tr ch thc vn c ca dy hc. Tuy nhin p h t huy tnh
tch cc, ch ng ca HS n h th no, bng nhng bin php
g. vn dng trong tit dy Ton ra sao, th vn lun l vn
mi.

Dy hc p h t hu y tinh tch cc, ch ng ca HS l ph hp

vi quy lut tm l hc, bi tch cc, ch ng s dn ti t gic,
t khi dy tim nng to ln ca HS. Dy hc p h t huy tnh
tch cc, ch dng ca HS cng ph hp vi c im ca la
tui HS tru n g hc c s, bi la tui l la tui a hot ng,
thch k h m ph. Dy hc p h t huy tn h cc, ch ng ca HS
cng p ng yu cu ca t nc khi bc vo thi k i mi,
thi k i hi nh n g con ngi lao ng phi nng ng, t ch,
giu tnh thch ng n h Ngh quyt Di hi VIII c a ng (l
ch ra.

B i n g t r n " T h c ' ' s 1 8 (5/ 2 0 0 1 ) .

218

Siu dy l n h n g bin php p h t huy tinh tch cc. ch

(lng ca HS trong hc Ton.

/. 77a y d i h n h th c k i m tra b i c
/. /m tra kin thc c trn mt hnh v, mt i tng c th.
V d 1: (Bi Gc ngoi ca tam g i c , Hnh hc 7)
Sc s n h hai cch hi sau:
Ccch hi 1:
a. The no l gc ngoi ca tam gic?
h. P ht biu tn h c h t gc ngoi ca tam gic, ('h ng minh
t n h C t .

Cch hi ny q u thin v l th u y t th u n ty. HS phi

thuc nh ngha gc ngoi ca tam gic (cu hi a), thuc tnh
c h t p3c ngoi ca t a m gic (cu hi b), trong khi khng c hnh
v g( ngoi ca ta m gic trc mt. HS no khng tr li c
cu hci trn, s m t bn h tnh, kh lng tr li tt cu hi di.
Ccch hoi 2 :
A

a) Cho hnh 1. T r n hnh , ch ra gc no l gc ngoi ca

tam gc?
b)S o s n h ln ca cc gc E | , D | , A . Gii thch iu
(p h tb i u nh l d v n dng).
219

 cch hi ny. yu cu v l thuyt c gim nh (chi cn

HS p h t hin dc gc ngoi ca tam gic, khng n h t thit
phi ni c dinh ngha gc ngoi) nhng vn khng b COI nh
(HS phi gii thch bng cch nu nh l vn ng). Vi mt
hnh v c th trc mt, bn th n HS dc kim tr a d tr li
hn, c lp cng d theo di hn. Vi mt ng dng c th trc
m t, k i n th c v gc n g o i c a Lam g i c dc k h c s u hdn.

Trong cch hi 1, vic kim tra l thuyt chi dn thun

n h m t yu cu HS thuc l thuyt. Trong cch hi 2, xut
A

p h t t mt tnh hung c th (so snh E| v A ) m ny sinh

yu cu nm vng kin thc tng ng. Cch hi th hai cn
c khuyn khch hn.
V d 2 : (Bi Php nhn s'nguyn, i s 7)
Cch hi 1: P h t biu quy tc d u cc tha s ca mt
tch.

i.

Tr li: Khi di du mt s chn cc th a s th tch khng

K h i i du m t s l c c t h a s c a t c h t h t c h i du.
Cch hi 2: Cho tch a.b.c.d = 160
Tnh (-a).b.c.d; (-aX-b).c.d; (-a)(-b)(-c)-d; (-a).(-b). (-c).(-d)
P ht biu quv tc i du ng vi tng trng hp.
V d 3: (Bi T n h cht php nhn s 't nhin, Ton 6)

Cch hi 1: P h t biu tnh ch t kt hp ca php nhn. Vit

dng tng qut.
Cch hi 2: a). Tnh tch sau bng cch n h a n h chng:
4.17.25;
2.16.5

220

!>) T i m CMC t c h b n g n h a u t r o n g c c t c h s a n ( m k h n g t i n h
k t q u c a m i tch ):

15.2.6:

4.4.9;

5.3.12;

8.18;

8.2.9

.\ ' u L n h c h t v n d n g v v i t d n g t n g q u t c a t n h
c h t d.

2. S d n g h n h thc kim tra "Tr - Tr".

Hnh th c kim tr a tru yn thng l "Thy - Tr": Thy hi
Tr t r li.
0
mt s tit hc. khi kim tr a l thuyt, chng ti gi 2
HS ln bng. Em A t cu hi, em B tr li, em A n h n xt, c
lp b sung. S au em B t cu hi, em A tr li, em B nhn
xt. ca lp b sung.
vi cch lm ny, HS khng cn l ngi th ng tr li
cu hi, m l ngi ch ng t cu hi. Cc em phi nm
vng bi mi c t h chn dc n h n g cu hi hay. Sau y l
mt s cu hi m cc em nu ra:
- (Bi D in tch t gic c hai ng cho vung gc, Hnh
hc 8):
Vn d n g cng thc tn h din tch t gic c hai ng cho
vung gc, h y tn h din tch hnh vung.
Tr li: Din tch h nh vung bng na bnh phng ca
dng cho.
- (Bi Trng hp ng d n g gc - gc. Hnh hc 8): Vn
d n g trng hdp ng dn g gc - gc, hy p h t biu trng hp
ng dng ca h ai tam gic cn.

221

Tr li: Hai ta m gic cn ng dng nu c mt cp gc

nh bng nhau. Hai ta m gic cn dng dng nu c mt cp gc
y bng nhau.
- (Bi T nh cht c bn ca p h n s\ Ton 6):
1
2
C phn s"no nm gia hai phn s - v hay khng?
1 2
2
4
Tr li: C. C h n g hn v: - = ; =
10
5 10 5 10

^ 3 4
10 10 10

- (Bi c v bi, Ton 6): C khi no a chia ht cho b m a

< b h av khng?

Tr li: C. C hng h n 0 chia h t cho 4 m 0 < 4.

3. H nh thc kim tra trc nghim
Trong cc h n h thc chn kt qu ng, gy hng th
hc tp cho HS, chng ti dng mt dng dy hc l "My
kim tr a kin thc"
M t trc ca my l mt bn g phooc -mi -ca (hnh 2): Phn
tr n ghi cu hi, ph n di ghi 4 cu tr li (1, 2, 3, 4). HS dng
b t ch ca my t vo cc n m c ghi cu tr li m m nh la
chn. Nu ch ng th n b t sng.

2S: 2 = ?

2'
24
2*
16

222

o
o
o

1
2
3
4

Mt S i i u cua m;iv c b tr mc h in vi 4 cng tc ty theo

cu tr l(ii viiH l v tr l tiling hav Sill.
/ /. ) a d a n g h a c c h n h th c c u h i b i t p b u c
H S tc h c c s u y n g h
. Hi tp trn g i y k vung
Vi d 4: (Bi Trng hp bng nhau cnh - cnh - cnh,
Hnh hc 7) ('ho cc on thnt AB v CD tr n giy ke vu IIK
(hnh 3). Chng minh rang AB = Cl>. A13 // CD.
T r li: AABH = ACDK (c.g.c) => AB = GI).
AABD = ADCA

( c . c . c)

=> HAD = CAD

AB//CD

H inh 3
2. Bi tp i hi H S p h i la chn s'liu thch hp
Vi d 5: in cc s 25, 18, 22, 33 vo ch trng v gii:
L c ......gi, ngi ta th p mt ngn nn c chiu cao...... cm.
n .......gi cng ngy, ngn nn ch cn cao.... cm. Hi trong
mt gi. ngn nn gim bao nhiu cm?
223

*
v d ny, HS phi chn thi (lim gi l 18 v 22
(khng th l 25 v 33). Tng ng vi hai thi im l l 33cm
v ar> cm.
3.
B i t p i hi H S p h i b sung vo gi thit hay kt lun
ca m t k h n g n h h a y bi ton.
V d 6: in vo ch trng:
Th
t

Loi h n g

S lng
(quyn)

Gi n
v (dng)

V loi 1

35

2000

V loi 2

42

1500

V loi 3

38

1200

Tng s tin
(dng)

Cng
V d 7: in t thch hp vo ch trng:
......... c hai ng cho bng nh au l hnh ch nht.
p: T p h i in l: H nh bnh hnh.
V d 8: N u a i 3 v b : 3 th a + b chia ht cho ....
Nu a i 2 v b : 4 th a + b chia h t c h o .....
Nu a i 6 v b : 9 th a + b chia h t cho ....
4. B i t p i hi H S loi tr kt qu sai xc (tnh kt
q u ng.
Kh n n g bit loi t r k t qu sai l mt kh nng cn r n
luyn. Thc t cuc sng i hi mt con ngi nng ng phi
c p h m c h t ny.
V d 9: T ro n g mi p hp tnh sau u c mt kt qu ng.
Hy ch ra kt q u n g m khng tnh cc kt qu .
a) 11495 : 95 b n g 97, 201, 121...... (p: 121).
224

! 46201 . 17 I.JIIIK 1 10:5, 983, 1023 (D p: 98:).

() M . 6 bhiifi '1G12. 4732. 5292 (Dap: 5292)

.5. la i //; r<7 uyn kh nng p h n on cun H S d chn
k i t qua s t nht.
Vi d 10: Chn kt qu s t n h t trong cc kl qua:
a) *1468 + .1971 g n bng 7580. 8000. 9000 (Dp : 8000)
b) 2315 - 1246 Kn bn 700. 1000. 1700 (p 1000)
6. B i tp i hi H S p h i la clin cu tr li thch hp
trong cc cu hi sng i.
T rong cc hnh thc la chn cu t r li, nn d a ra n h ng
cip cu hi c nhiu n t ging n h au , nh ng cu n y cu tr li
n g (hoc c), cn cu kia cu tr li l sa i (hoc khng).
V d 11:
a) Tng ci! hai s nguyn t c th l mt s nguyn t
khng?
p: C. V d : 2 + 3 = 5
b) Tch ca hai s nguyn t c th l mt s nguyn t
khng?
p: Khng.
V d 12 : Cc c u sau ng hay sai:
S tn cng ban g 4 th chia h t cho 2 (ng).
S chia h t cho 2 th t n cng bng A (sai).
7. B i tp rn luyn kh n n g p h n on ca H S p h t
h in q u y lut .
V d 13: in vo ch trng p h hp vi quy iu t vit
ca dy s:
225

a) 1. 4. 7. 10... (p : 13 v 16)
b) 1. 3, 7........ 21.... (p : 13 v 31)
c) 1. 3. 7 .... 31.....(p: l v 63)
8. B i tp do H S t t li theo hnh v.
Vi d 14: (Bi Tam gic cn, Hnh hc 7). t ton th e o
hnh 4:

H nh 4
Tr li: Cho ta m gic u ABD. V cc tam gic ABC vung
cn ti B (C k h c pha D i vi AB), ADE vung cn ti D (E
khc pha B i vi AD). Tnh CAE.
V d 15: (Bi V t r tng i ca hai ng trn, Hnh hc
9). Hy nu cc cu hi cho hn h v sau (H.5)

H nh 5
1

R \ / r
A 7V u
o

Tr li: C t h nu cc cu hi:
- Tnh BAC.
- Chng minh: 0 0 ' l tip tuyn ca ng trn c ng
knh BC.
226

Chn minh: BC l tip luyn ca dng trn c dng

knh 0 0 ' .
- Tinh BO theo II v r.
/ / / . T c h c c h o H S t tm t i, t k h m p h h i n th c
HS s nh lu n h n g kin thc m t h tm ti, khm ph.
Vi cc nh li. nn to cho HS n h u cu chng minh (lnh li, cho
HS tip cn nh l, hng dn HS t chng minh nh l.
Trong gii bi t p cn g vv,
p h d i n li giai.

u s

phi dc tm ti, khm

Vi d 16: (Bi Gc ni tip, Hnh hc 9).

Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn ni tip ng trn tm
0 . bn knh R. di cc cn h ca tam gic l a, b, c; din tch
ta m gic l s. Chng minh rng:
4R

H n h 6
H thng cu hi gi m:
GV: Nhc li cng thc tn h din tch tam gic.
HS:

s =
2

GV: So snh

s=

4R

s = th y cn chng minh iu g?
2

227

HS:

s = .

2 2R

s = - .
2

do

d cn chng minh:

~ = h hay b.c = 2R.il

2R
GV: Ta thng d n g cch no d chng minh tch b.c bang
tch 2Rh?
HS. Thng xt hai ta m gic ng dng c cc cnh l>, c. 2R. h.
T HS t tm c cch v thm dng ph nh sau:

n
, \ \ b
\ \

c /

^ ......
\ h
a

... \

Hnh 7
V dng cao AH = h v ng knh AD = 2R (hnh 7). Vic
chn ra hai ta m gic chng m inh chng ng dn g l diu
khng kh k h n i vi HS.
HS s chng qun n h n g gi ca thy mang tn h p t,
khin cng, nhng s nh lu nhng li gii m cc em t
kh m ph, tm ti.

IV. T ng cng th o lun, tr a n h lu n tro n g t p t h

Trong tit dy hc tr n lp, thng xut hin nh ng sai lm
ca HS. Trong nhiu trng hp, GV c th khng cha ngay li
ca HS m a ra cho t p th lp tho lun, xem n h nhng
tnh hung tt p h t h u y tnh tch cc ca cc em.
228

rV c ng nn ch cni (la ra nhng ti HS tho

lun, t r a n h lun. Chiinj* hn:
(Bi Phng trinh tng dng. Di s 8): C ngi ni
ran*': khi rng hai v cua mt phng trnh vi cng mt biu
thc ch a n. ta dc mt phng trnh mi tng ng vi
phng tr n h cho. Y kin ca cc em t h no?
(Bi A i th a , Di s' 7): Cho bit a m = a". C th kt lun
r n g : m = n dc khng?
Tr li: Kt lun tr n khng ng trong cc trng hp:
a = 0 (khi d m, n ty khc 0)
a = 1 (khi m. II ty )
a = -1 (khi d m, n l cc s"chn ty ).
Kt lun trn ch ng nu a * 0, a * 1.
Trong cc tit n tp, c th giao cho tng t HS nghin cu
mt s chuyn ri bo co trc lp. N h ng hnh thc nh
vy i hi HS phi ch ng, tch cc hn trong hc tp v
nghin cu.
*

N h ng bin ph p p h t h u y tnh tch cc, c h ng ca HS

trong hc Ton nu tr n d dc thc nghim t i Trng THCS
Trng Vng - H Ni. Mt s bin p hp dc c kt th n h
nhng li khuyn trong dy Ton v c gii th iu trong cun
"Kinh nghim dv Ton v hc Ton". NXB Gio dc 1996. Xin
trch ra y vi li khuyn:

229

- Hv t mnh vo v tr ca HS. Diu quen thuc di vi

GV c th l iu r t mi di vi HS.
- H y d cho HS c thi gian lm quen vi bi ton, cng vi
HS nghin cu tm ti li gii bi ton v d cho cc em HS
dc hng nim vui khi t mnh tm c cha kha ca li
gii.
- Lun thay i hnh thc n tp cho phong ph, a d n g v
hiu qu. Trong b t c h nh thc no HS cng phi c ch
ng th a m gia vo qu trn h n t p kin thc.
Bit p h t huy tnh tch cc, ch ng ca HS v khai thc
c k h nng v tn c a cc em, chng ta s gp phn hnh
t h n h cho HS cc p h m c h t n n g ng, sng to, nhng phm
cht cn th it cho con ngi p h t trin ton din ca thi k t
nc bc vo cng nghip ha, hin di ha.

230

LM BI TP
TH NGHIM
VT
L

MT CCH T HC T HIU QU CAO

N(. N g u y n T h n g C h u n g
t l l mt mn khoa hc thc nghim chinh xc. Mi
kin thc v t l u c hnh th n h hoc c kim
nghim bng co th nghim. Mun hc tt Vt l. HS khng th
ch hc thuc cc kt lu n c sn trong sch v lm cc bi
tp theo mu m cn p h i t minh to ra cc hin tng, qu
trnh th nghim qu an st. o lng, phn tch, x l. r t ra
cac nhn xt nham h nh th n h kin thc, gii thch hay vn
d n g chng trong thc t.
Ngoi mt s t th nghim c xom v c lm lp, mi
HS nn t mnh lm n h i u bi t p th nghim n, luyn,
kim tra, vn dng kin thc v rn luyn cc k n n g hot
dng thc nghim nh m c th nm vng, hiu su, nh
lu cc khi nim, nh lut, quy tc. th u y t vt l.
Bi tp th nghim l loi bi tp i hi HS phi v n dng
mt cch tng hp cc k in thc l thuyt v thc nghim, cc k
nng hot dng tri c v ch n tay t mnh ra phng n,
la chn phng tin, xc nh quy trnh, tin h n h thi nghim
o c, gh chp, x l cc kt qu nhm r t ra cc kt lun
khoa hc. N c tc d n g ton din gip HS chng nh ng nm
vng cc kin thc - k nn g v v t l m cn t bi dng d

Bi dang trn "T hc " B 16 (3/ 2001).

231

p h t trin n n g lc t duy. nng lc thc hnh, n n g lc hot

ng t lc, s n g to. tinh linh hot, tho vt v lng say m
hc t p Vt l t lp 7 n lp 12 ph thng v chuyn l.
Di vi cp THCS, sau mi bi hc lp, u c cc bi tp
th nghim t lm thc h n h ti nh vi cc dng n
gin, d t kim hay t to gip HS hiu r v vn dng kin
thc (xem cun "Bi tp th nghim Vt l p h thng c s"- Nh
xut bn Gio dc - 1998).
Ti cp THPT, cc bi t p th nghim gip HS lm quen vi
cc hot ng thc nghim v cc phng php c trng ca
tng phn mn nh phng p h p to , phong p h p dng lc
hc. phng php phn tch n h chp hot nghim, phng
p h p cn bng, phng php cc nh lut bo ton, phng
p h p dc tuyn, phng php hp en. phng p h p cng
hng, phng p h p dao ng k, phng php giao thoa,
phng php cm bin... Thng qua cc bi ny HS t thc hin
cc php o trc tip v xc nh gin tip cc i lng vi mc
chnh xc cao n h t c th dt; luyn k nng to ra hin tnt,
th u thp, trnh by, x l s liu bng bng, th, t r t ra
n h n xt kim nghim, vn dng thc t hay p h t hin cc
nh lu t v t l. Cc kin thc v k nng thu c nh s t
hc, t hot ng, Um ti suy ngh, vn dng sng to n h vy
mi thc s vng chn, c ch cho HS khi ra i.
Mt s bi t p th nghim cho HS tru ng hc ph thng v
chuyn l.
LP 10
B i 1: Dng tay bng m n h theo phng n m n gan g vo
m t ci ty d t ti mp bn.
232

Xo inh Vi'ti m c c h n h xc c a o n h t c h o p h p v n t c ban

(lu v vn tc cui cng ca ty khi n chm m t t. Cho
php (lng 1 Une cun loi lOOmm v ly K = 9,8 o .lm /s 2.

H i 2: Trinh by t nht 5 phng n m anh . ch bit

xc (lnh gia tc ri t do ti ni lm th nghim. Chn v thc
hin 2 phng n m anh , ch c th t kim, t to cc phng
lin cn thit d thc hin v cho k t qu sai khng qu 3%.

Hi 3: Trnh by cch xc nh h s ma s t tr t gia thp

v ba trong Lng trng hp sau:
a ) D n f 1 b i c , 1 t m p h n g c m X 6 0 c m c p h t b a . 1

thc. 1 khi hp cao lcm.

Dng 1 () b i c , 1
l xo, 1 si ch, 1 Lhc.
b)

t m p h n g

5cm

60cm

ph

ba,

B i 4: Xc nh h m a s t ngh cc i:
a) Gia ct kh v c t kh bng cch dng phu, gi th
nghim v thc;
b) Gia ty cao su v m t a h t nha bng cch dng my
quay a vi tn s c 33 vng/pht hay 45 vng/pht v 1
thc.

c) Gia v hp t r brtg s t vi m t bn g bn g cch dng

1 si ch, 1 dy chun, 1 thc.

233

L P 11

B i 5: Xc nh nhit d u n g ring ca du n bng 2 cc

nhm ging nhau, 1 cn khng c b qu. 1 nhit k, ltcmt
dng nc nng, 1 hp c t kh v sch. Cho bit nhit dung
ring ca nhm.

B i 6: Kho s t s nhim in ca mn hnh ti vi.

a) Ngh cch v thc hin th nghim vi cc phng tin d
kim n h bng giy, bng b t th in, dao c cn nha... d
p h t hin s nhim in ca m n hnh tivi khi ang sng v
sau khi t t chng 3 - 5 pht.
b) Chng minh bng th nghim rng mn hnh tivi khi
a n g s n g v sau khi t t c nhim in tri du v k h c
ln.

B i 7: Xc nh tn cc cc + v - ca 1 b pin gm 2 pin ni
tip ng trong hp kn ch c 2 u dy dn l ra ngoi trong
t n g tr n g hp sau:

a) Cho 1 cc ng dng dch thuc ra nh, 2 si dy ng

c v n h a mm.
b) Cho 1 kim khu, 1 thi n a m chm vnh cu cha bit tn
cc, 1 a ng nc, lsi dy ng di chng lm.
c) Cho 1 pin kh 1,5V, 1 bng n 3,8V - 0,3A, 2 d y d n
mm.
s

d) Cho 1 t chi chy pin c lp pin v 2 dy d n m m .

B i 8: Xc nh s u t in ng E v in tr trong r -ca
mt b pin trong t n g trng hp sau:
234

a) I)nj; 1 vn k, la m p o k. 1 bin tr. cc dy n:

I)) Dnj; 1 vn k, 3 din tr d bit tr s, cc dy dn;
<) Dntc lam pe k, 3 din tr d bit tr s, cc dy dn:
d) Dnj 2 vn k. cc dy dn;

L P 12
B i 9: Xc nh chit s u t ca nc t r o n g tnf trng hp
sau:
a) Cho 1 hp nha tro n g hnh hp y ch n h t, 3 kim
khu, 1 cornpa, 1 thc.
b) Cho 1 hp nha trong hnh hp y ch nht. 1 di bng
keo den. 1 compa, 1 thc.
c) Cho 1 hp nha trong hinh hp y ch nht, lcompa,
thc.

c) Cho 1 hp nha trong hnh hp dy ch n ht, 1 gng

phang nh, 1 compa. 1 thc.
e) Cho 1 cc thu tinh hn h t r th n h mng, 1 di bn g keo
en, lcompa, 1 thc.

B i 10: Xc nh tiu c ca th u knh hi t trong tng

trng hp sau:
a) Cho th u knh, 1 m n nh, 1 thc trong phng c ca
s nhn ra vn rng.
b) Cho 1 th u knh, 1 bng n th p sng bi c quy 6V, 1
thc 2000mm, 1 m n nh.

235

() Cho 1 th u kinh, 1 n ng nh d bn. 1 bl bi, 1 thc

2 00mm. 1 mn nh.
d)
Cho 1 th u kinh. 1 gng phng, 1 gi thi nghim. 1 bt
bi. 1 thc 300mm.

B i 11: Xc nh in dung ca t in trong tng trng

hp sau:
a) Cho 3 t in bit tr s' din dung, 1 din k, 1 h pin v
cc dy n.
b) 1 ngun xoay chiu 6V, 1 vn k xoay chiu. 3 in tr
bit tr s, lcompa, 1 thc.
c) Cho 1 ngun xoay chiu 6V. 1 in k, 1 b pin v cc dy
n.

B i 12: Cho 1 hp kn c 3 u ra ABC bn trong c 3 in

tr. Dng m k p h t hin s mc cc in tr trong hp
d v xc nh tr s ca mi in tr.
G i v c c h g i i c c b i t p th n g h i m
B i 1: HS ch cn o chiu cao h ca mt bn so vi m t t
v o khong cch L t chn bn n im ri ca ty tinh
r a th i g ia n ri t =

y h

/ g v

t n h r a v n tc b a n u th e o

phng nm ngang l v = L/t. S a u tnh vn tc theo phng

th n g ng ca ty khi chm t v vy = g.t v vn tc ca ty
khi ch m t l

yv + V*

Sai s tng di ca g l 1/98 vo c 2%, sai s khi o h

v L vo c ph n nghn, nn sai s v v vo c 1%, sai s v vg
236

vo c 1% v sai s v V vo ci 3%. Cc kt qu tinh tlc c th

vu-t nhiu nlt vi 3 ch s. p hn n h (lng mc chnh xc ca
thi nghim.

Bi 2: ( Y) th s d n g cc cng thc v t l c cha , nh:

h = g.t'/2: T = M.T)17' =
(vi k = m.g/x) :
V?
Vk
mg = (.M.m/(R+h)~; g =

:
D.R.h

g=
m

B i 3: a/ Dng phng php ng lc hc: phn tch lc tc

dng ln hi trt th n g u tr n m t phng nghing tn h
t.g a = AH/HB hoc dng phng p hp nh lut bo ton: so
s n h cng ca lc m a s t VI d ln gim t h nn g khi bi t
trn m t ba tnh n = AH/HC.
hi

b.
Dng phng p h p nh lut bo ton: so snh cng ca
lc ma s t trt tr n m t ba nm ngang mt on s (cho n
khi bi dng li) vi giam th n n g n hi ca l xo b bin

237

dng ( b k o g i n
tnh ra n = x/2s.

mt

don

X n g b n g g i n b t r e o 0 b i ) (t

B i 4:
a. Da vo gc y ca khi ct hnh nn c to thnh
pha di cung phu khi rt ct vo phu.
b. Da vo v t r t ty xa tm a n h t m ty vn cn
n m yn trn m t a ht.
c. Da vo diu kin cn bng ca hp tr khi b ko vi mt
l c b n g l c m a s t t r t t h e o p h n g n m n g a n g VI i m t

lc ti cao h thch hp hp hi b nghing i.

B i 5:
Dng cn khng c b q v ct d lm b cn mt lng
d u n c khi lng ng bng 2 ln khi lng m ca 1 cc
rng. o nh it ban d u t ca du n.
nc nng vo cc rng, do nhit t ca cc. ht
nc nng khi cc ri rt n h an h du n vo v o nhit
cui t2ca du n. CMR: c du n = C(t2- t)/2(t2 - tD
).

B i 6:
a.
p dng tn h cht m n hnh nhim in h t c vt nh
t gn n (nhim din do hng ng) v y c v t nh
(nhim in do tip xc) - hoc tnh cht gy ra s phng in
qua n n - ng ca bng b t th in.

238

I) Da vo s Siing ln ti catt <1011 n - ng khi gia ant

v c at i c hiu din th d mnh.

B i 7:
a. Da vo tc d n g ha hc ph thuc chiu dng din.
b. Da vo tc dng t ca dng din (th nghim c - xtt).
<*. Da vo tnh c h t ca b ngun gm nhiu pin mc ni
ti(> v mc ngc cc
d.
Da vo tn h ch t chiu quay (lng cd din mt chiu ph
thuc chiu dng din.

B i 8:
a.
Dng 1 vn k o u . 1 am p e k o I tng ng vi mi v
tr con chy ca bin tr, tnh ra r = (U - U|)/(I| - .) v E = u , +
lu
ll.
Dng vn k o u, gia 2 u in tr R, d bit tr s
mc gia 2 cc b pin.
V dng biu din 1/ theo 1/R dc ng th n g ct trc
1 /U ti i/E v c t tr c 1/R t i - 1/r. T suy ra E v r.
c. Dng am pe k o I, qua mi in tr R, bit tr s mc
gia 2 cc l) pin.
V dng biu din 1/1 theo R c ng th n g c t trc 1/1
ti r/E v ct trc R ti - r. T suy ra E v r:
d. Dng 1 vn k o , gia 2 cc b pin sau dng 2 vn
k ging nhau mc gia 2 cc b pin, mi vn k ch U2.
CMR: E = ( , - U2)/(U ,-

u2) v r = Rv. (2U2 -

U,)/(U, - U*).
239

B i 9:
a. Dng cng thc nh ngha chit s u t (nh lu t khc x).
b. Dng tnh ch t khc x qua lng ch t phng.
c. Dng tnh ch t dch n h khi nhn v t qua bn m t song
song.
d. Dng cng thc chit s u t theo gc chit qu an g v gc
lch cc tiu khi n h sng truyn qua lng knh.
e. Dng hin tng khc x khi n h sng truy n qua khi
nc hnh t r (lng c h t tr).

B i 10 :

a. Dng tnh ch t ca tiu im, hng nh t h t r nt ca

cnh vt r t xa ngoi ca s.
b. Dng dy tc n lm v t sng, o khong cch L t vt
n m n n h h n g c n h r n t ca vt. Gi nguyn khong
cch L, di chuyn t h u knh mt khong a n v tr khc cho
n h r nt tr n m n n h . CMR tiu c f = (L - a). (L + a)/4L.
c. D ng p h n u b t bi t trc n lm vt, tm v tr
t th u k n h v m n n h sao cho c n h th t r n t to bng
v t trn m n nh. CMR khi d = d = 2f.
o khong cch t b t bi n m n n h (d + d) v tn h ra f =
( d + d - )/4 .

d. Dng h t h u k n h hi t ghp s t vi gng phng. CMR

h ny tng ng vi mt gng cu lm c f h = f th u
knh/2. iu chnh v t r t v t (u b t bi) trn trc chnh ca
h sao cho ngm th y n h t h t ngc chiu to bng v t ti ng
ch t vt. Dng cch ngm th sai kim tra r n g v t v

240

nh cng khong cch so vi gng CMK khong cch ny

n, bang tiu c ca t h u knh.

B i 11:
a. D ng ngun in c u khng i tch in cho t in
c, s a u d cho t in phng qua in k. Lm th nghim chng
minh rn g lch kim din ti vch th n t l vi din tch Q, =
c ,u = k.n,. Suy ra Cx /c, = n j IV
b. Mc t in ni tip vi in tr d bit vo s 2 cc
n^un. o ngun, do f gia 2 u t in v Uk gia 2 du
in tr. V gin vect Ph - res - nen vi u

MN= MN+ N|.

trong : Np = v U MN= I. R
2nf
= _R__
Vm

C2xf

MN.R
suy ra c = ---------C 2f

2rf.NP

c. M(; t in vo '2 cc ngun. o

gia 2 u t in v

o I qua t in. Tnh dung k h n g z, = Vi Z r = -

tinh c

c=

lnfC

ta

1
2 nfl)
N

I/co)
W

241

B i 12:

Dng m k o in tr ca cc on mch AB. AC v BC.

Lp lun rng 3 in tr trong hp ch c th mc theo mch
hnh sao hoc theo mch tam gic. T cc kt qu do dc tnh
ra tr s ca mi in tr trong t ng trng hp.
S au tm cch kh n g nh l cc in tr c mc theo
cch no ?

S au khi t lm cc bi tp th nghim trn chc chn cc

bn HS s hiu su sc cc ngha v t l ca cc khi nim, cc
nh lut hc v thy hng th hn trong vic hex mn Vt
l.

Khi gp kh khn, bn c th xem phn gi v cch gii

trong ch nu mt cch gii, cc bn nn c gng t r a v
thc hin nhng cch gii khc hay hn.
Mong rng cun sch "Bi tp th nghim Vt li cho H S
tru n g hoc p h thng v chuyn L i" sp c xut bn s gip cc
bn t hc V t l t k t qu tt.

242

N H N G S U Y NGH

SAU M T
BI T P VT
L (1)

NG. D o V n P h c
i ti cn h o c i hoc*, gio s Ngv Nh Kon Tum dy
mn Vt l c cch chm cc bi tp nh sau: Bi no
c phng ph p gii tt, tm ra p s ng, th c im 4
(theo h th n g im 5 bc lc by gi. im 4 ngha l bi lm
tt, im 5 ngha l bi lm xut sc). Bi no dng dc im
4. n h n g li c thm nhng suy ngh, n h n xt v phng php
gii bi tp, v ngha ca p s, v s vn dng thc t ca
vn t ra trong bi tp.... th c dim 5. Cch chm bi
tp nh tr n gip chng ti n h n vic lm bi tp m cng
c v m rng c kin thc l thuyt.

Sa ny, khi son cc bi tp, hoc cha cc bi tp. ti u

ch t mnh dnh t p h t suy ngh sau khi tm ra p s,
v gi cho HS cng lm n h th.
Di y, xin nu mt v d c th minh ha.
B i t p 1: Mt ci dc c chiu di 600m. Cng mt lc, ti
N mt xe p b t d u xung dc vi vn tc ban u 3m/s v
chuyn dng vi vn tc n h a n h d n du vi gia tc 0,2m/s", mt
t ti M bt du ln dc vi vn tc ban u 17m/s v chuyn
ng c h m dn u vi gia tc 0,1 m/s2.
a) T n h thi p a n mi xe i ln qung dc.

243

b) Xc nh v tr hai xe gp nhau "

Li g i i tm tt:
Chn gc ta
l M chiu

_______ M

dng t M n
N, gc thi gian l lc
hai xe b t u i t M v N

Phng trn h chuyn

ng ca xe p:

XA = 3t + 0,lt2

(1)

Khi xe p ti N th XA = 600, v:
0 , l t 2 + 3 t - 600 = 0 (la)
phng trnh ny c hai nghim: t A1 = - 94s v tA2 = 64 s. Ch
nghim dng t A2, b nghim m.
Phng trn h chuyn ng ca t:

XB = 600 - 17t + 0,05t2

(2)

Khi t ti M th XB= 0 v:
0,05t2- 17t + 600 = 0

(2a)

Phng trn h ny c h ai nghim: t ni = 40s v t B2 = 300s.

C h c h n t m v v i t | !2 t h VB2 > 0 ( t i x u n g ) .

K h i g p n h a u t h XA = X B, v :

" Bi n g tr n "D y - T hc" s 21 (12/2001).

244

0.051" + 20t. - 600 = 0

(3)

Phng trin h ny c hai nghim: t,= - 428s v = 28s. Ch

c h n n<:him n g . b n g h i m m . Vi = 2 8 s t h XA = X| =

16*2m

S u y n g h 1. Cc phng trin h (la ), (2a), (3), mi ci u c

h a i nghim , ti sao ta ch i chn m t nghim v loi b nghim
kia ? Ti sao c s kh n g n khp gia v t li v ton n h vy?
Cun "Hc tt Vt li 10" d cp vn ny v gi cho
HS suy ngh th m
y xin trn h by chi tit hn.
Theo phng trn h (la), vo lc tAI = - 94s xe d p i qua N
th eo chiu tr ln vi vn tc VAI= -15,8m/s v vo lc t,v>= 64s,
n di (jua N theo chiu tr xung vi vn tc VA2= 15,8m/s.
Nghim tA| khng ph hp vi n h n g iu kin ca bi ton.
Theo phng trn h (2a), vo lc tB1= 40s t i qua M theo
chiu tr ln vi v n tc V|=
- 3m/s, v vo lc t|2= 300s n di
qu a M thoo chiu tr xung vi VB2= 13m/s. Nghim tB2 khng
ph hp vi n h n g iu kin ca bi ton.
Theo phng trn h (3), hai xe gp n h au hai ln. Vo lc t,= 41i8s. c h n g g p n h a u t a d XAI= X|1 = 1 7 0 0 0 m . V o l c =
2Hs, c h n g g p n h a u t a x, = Xt.= 1 6 2 m . N g h i m t , k h n g

ph hp vi n h n g iu kin ca bi ton.
T m l i, n h n g h i n t n g m t t r o n g b i t p 1 c h d i n r a

tr n qung ng MN, ti n h n g v t r c t a n m tro nR

k h o n g 0 < X < 6 0 0 . N h n g n g h i m b lo i b c t r n g

cho

n hng hin tng din ra bn ngoi q ung ng d, hoc ang

vt ra ngoi q u n g ng .
" Xem: S, tr 101, 102.

2 45

S u y n g h 2. D sao vn c s khng n khp gi a vt l v

ton, m c d s khng n khp d c l gii. C cch no
to ra m t s n khp tt p hn khng?
C th bin i bi tp 1 th n h bi tp sau y:
B i t p 2. Hai dng t A v B cnR chuyn dng dc theo
mt ng dc th n g v r t di. A c gia tc khng i b n g
0,2m/s2 hng theo chiu xung dc, B c gia tc khng i bng
0 ,lm /s2, cng hng theo chiu xung dc.
ng lc A i tr xung q u a v tr M vi vn tc 3m/s th B
i tr ln qua v tr N vi vn tc 17m/s. Cho bit N n m pha
di M mt khong bng 600m.
a) A i qua N vo thi im no v vi vn tc no?
b) B i qua M vo thi im no v vi vn tc no?
c) A v B gp nhau vo thi im no v vi nhng vn
tc no?
Bi tp 2 ny v c bn ging nh bi tp 1, nh n g con
ng dc c ko di v hn ln pha tr n M v xung pha
di N.
Cch gii bi tp ny ging nh cch gii bi t p trc,
nhng y c 6 nghim ca cc phng trnh (la), (2a), v (3)
u l p s ca bi tp. Kho s t cc hm (1) v (2), ta c th
m t chuyn ng ca hai dng t nh sau:
t < - 428s: A v B r t xa pha di dc v cng i ln.
t = - 4 2 8 s : A v B g p n h a u v t r X = 1 7 0 0 0 m , v c n g

i ly.
t = - 94s: A i qua N theo chiu ln. Sau A tip t c i
ln cho ti khi VA= 0 th b t du i xung.

246

I = Os: A di qua M theo chiu xung. ? i qua N theo

chiu ln.
L - 2Hs: A v B g p n h a u v t r X = 1 6 3 m .

L = 40s: B di q u a M theo chiu ln. S au d B tip tc di

ln cho ti khi V|1= 0 th bt du i xung.
L = (Ms: A di qua N theo chiu xung.
I -= 300s: B di q u a N theo chiu xung.
t > 300s: A v B tip Lc di xung v khng cn gp nhau
ln no na.
Nh vy c s n khp p gia vt l v ton.
S u y n g h 3. ng l c s n khp p . N h n g bi tp 3
c v n h p h i thc t. C con ng no l ng thng, dc
u ,d i ti v i chc kil m e kh n g ? H ai dng t ny l loi xe c
g i m g i c g ia tc kh n g di trong m t thi gian di, k c
k h i thay i chiu chuyn n g (y khng p h i l gia tc trng
trng!)? C th xy d n g m t bi tp s t thc t'hn khng?
Ta hy th xy d n g m t bi tp mi bng cch thay i
mt vi d kin tron g bi t p 2.
B i t p 3. Hai con t u v tr chuyn ng tr n hai qu o
th n g song song vi n h a u . n gin, ta coi n h chng cng
chuyn dng trn m t ng th n g MN.
Cc t n la p h tru y n cho con tu A m t gia tc khng i
b n g 0,2km/s2 theo chiu MN, v truyn cho con tu B mt gia
tc khng i bng 0 , l k m / s 2 cng theo chiu MN.
Vo cng mt thi dim, con tu A i qu a M vi vn tc
3km/s hng v N, dng thi con tu B i qu a N vi vn tc
l7km /s hng v M. K hong cch gia M v N bng 600km.
247

Hai con tu A v B gp nh au vo thi im no, v tr no

v vi vn tc no?
V c bn, bi t p 3 ging nh bi t p 2, ch c mt ch khc
l dng di, gia tc, vn tc y ln hn bi tp trc 1000
ln.
Kt qu tm r a l: 2 con t u gp n h a u 2 ln:
t, = - 428s

X!= 17000km

t2 = 28s

x2= 163km

VAI= - 82,6km /s

VA2=

VB1= - 25,8km /s

vH2=-14.2km /s

8,6km /s

Cc s liu tm c n h trn p h hp vi trng hp

chuyn ng ca cc con tu v t r trong khng gian.
Nu tip tc, ta c th nu thm vi ba suy ngh na.
Nhng xindng Li y r t ra vi lik t lun.
R rng l thi quen suy ngh sau khi lm cc bi tp c tc
dng r t t t trong s r n l u y n t d u y , r n l u y n p h n g
p h p , gip HS t hc, t tim ra nhng tri thc b ch khng c
sn tng minh trong cc bi hc. T t nhin, khng th yu cu
HS lm xong bi t p np cng phi c n h n g suy ngh vi quy
m nh trn y. N hng nu HS c c thi quen trong khi
gii dm ba bi tp, c th tm ra c mt bi ng suy ngh
thm, v t r t ra c i iu b ch, th iu l r t
tt, tt hn nhiu so vi vic gii qu n hiu bi tp n h hin
nay, ghi nh cch gii cc loi bi tp k h c nhau, vn d n g
khi gp nhng bi tp thuc loi d bit.

248

CC B IN
HA
P H P HOT
NG

NGI IIC
T R O N G DY
HC
HA H C,U

GS. T S K H . N g u y n C n g
n d u iu tra thc tr n g ging dy Ha hc trng
1TTH n m hc 1994 - 1995 cho thy thi gian d n h cho
HS hot ng tro n mt ti t hc l qu t. hnh thc hot ng
ca HS cn dn diu m ch yu l nghe GV c v chp vo v,
HS t ng no v thng t c ch ng sng to. V vy.
nghin cu xc nh cc bin php hot ng ha ngi hc v
p h t trin t duy s n g to, n n g lc gii quvt vn d trong dy
hc Ha hc trng ph th ng l i hi cn th i t ca l lun
v thc tin dy hc Ha hc nc ta.
Phng p h p

c h u n g

ca vic hot ng ha ngi hc trong

d y hc m n Ha hc l qua n tm v to m i iu kin ngi

hc tr thnh ch th h ot n g sng to trong tit hc.
Trong dy hc Ha hc, c th cho HS tr t h n h ch th
hot ng s n g to b n g m t s bin php sau :

K h a i t h c c th m n Ha hoc ta o ra c c h n h thc
hot d n g d a d a n g , p h o n g p h ca H S tro n g ti t hc.
l t n g cng s d n g th nghim ha hc, cc phng
tin trc q u a n , cc ph ng tin k th u t d x hc trong (v hoc
Ha hc. S d n g p hi hp n h iu hnh thc hot ng ca H S,
nhiu PPD H ca G V n h m g i p H S hot ng ch dng, tch

Bi ng trn T h c s' 17 (4/ 2001).

249

cc, sng to.

Khi la chn phi hp cc PPDH ca GV v cc hnh thc
hot ng ca HS cn lu chn u tin cc hnh thc hot
dng v cc PPDH th hin c phng php nh n thc c
trng ca mn Ha hc. Khi nghin cu ti liu mi c th la
chn cc PPDH ca GV v hnh thc hot ng ca HS sau
y :
1. HS qu an s t th nghim do (V biu din.
2. HS quan s t dng dy hc : h nh v, tra n h nh , s d,
m u vt, m hnh.
3. HS t lm th nghim khi hc bi mi (th nghim nghin
cu, th nghim ng lot), hoc trong tit th i nghim thc
h n h hay trong hot ng ngoi kha.
4. Phng php nghin cu trong dy hc.
5. Dy hc n u vn .
6. HS nghe, ghi chp.
7. HS tr li cu hi (PP m thoi).
8. HS nghin cu SGK v t r li cu hi.
9. HS lm bi t p v ton ha hc.
10. HS lm bi kim tra.
11. HS c ti liu tham kho.
12. HS xem bn g hnh trong tit Ha hc.
v.v...
Khi s dng th nghim ha hc v phng tin trc quan.
250

c n l u V th c h i n c c y u c u s a u y :

- IIS t (unn st. n h n xt hin tng th nghim v tnh

ch.1t cc cht khi q u an s t trc tip th i nghim, m u vt, m
hnh, tra n h nh. bng hnh hav phim.
HS dc lm th nghim khi hc bi mi v khi n tp
cng c. l lap rp m hnh...
- T ng d n s d n g phng php nghin cu trong khi tin
h n h tin nghim Ha hc ni ring v trong dy Ha hc ni
chung.
T n g thi gian d n h cho HS hot ng trong tit hc.
C th thc hin bin p h p ny bng nhiu cch:
- Gim th u y t trn h ca GV xung 40 - 5% thi gian ca
m t ti t hc.
T ng m thoi (vn p) gia thy v tr, trong d u tin
s dng m thoi p h t hin (m toi drixtic). Tp luyn v
cho H S (lc tho lun, tra n h lun;
- Khi HS t nghin cu SGK ti lp, cn yu cu cc em tr
li nhng cu hi tng hp i hi phi so snh, khi q u t ha,
suy lun n h m k h c s u v vn dng sng to kin thc. Cn
nu nhng cu hi yu c u HS phi gia cng th m m khng ch
chp (c) nguyn xi t SGK;
- D nh thi gian thch n g d ch dn, un n n phng
p h p hc t p (trong c phng php t hc) ca H S tr n c s
luyn tp cho HS c trn h bv v phng php tip c n vn
trong hc tp hay tron g thc tin.

Tng m c h o t n g tr lc ch dng, tc h cc,

s n g to c a HS.
251

C th thc hin bin php ny bn g nhiu cch :

a . Thng xuyn s d n g t hp PPD H phc hp - dy hc
nu v n v d y cho H S g i i quyt cc vn hc tp (bi
ton n h n thc) v cc v n c lin quan n thc tin t thp
n cao.
b. T n g cng s d n g cc bi tp (cu hi) v bi ton i
hoi H S p h i su y lun, s n g to, trong c nhng bi tp dng
h n h v.
N h n g bi t p v b i to n tng hp i hi HS phi vn
d n g kin thc nhiu p h n k h c nh au ca chng trnh thuc
mt lp hoc nhiu lp khc n h a u ca mn Ha hc, c kin
thc ca n hiu mn hc k h c cng nh nhng bi ton gm
nhiu dng ton c bn c bin i v phc tp ha cng
cn c s dng.
c. T ng bc i m i vic k i m tra, n h gi nhm anh gi
cao (v ngy cng cao) n h n g biu hin ch ng, sng to ca
H S v n h g i cao kin thc v th nghim ha hc, k nng
th c h n h cng n h k n n g bit vn d n g sng to kin thc d
g i i q u yt cc vn c li n q u a n n thc tin.
N u GV thng bo trc cho HS bit r cc yu cu trn
y, th c hin t ng bc cc yu cu v khng cho im ti
a i vi HS ch hc thuc lng cc kin thc trong SGK, hn
t h GV cn thng im cho cc HS bit vn dng tng hp v
s n g to kin thc trong SG K th chc chn HS s th ay i cch
hc v cch lm bi.
Q u y t r n h d a y H S g i i q u y t rnt v n d h c t p
T hp PPD H ph c hcp - d y hc nu vn (hoc gn y
252

n g i l a 1 luffing K <l(n gin l ( l y hc g i a i q u y t v n d ) hao

2 hhu quan trng : to tin h h u n g c vn v d y I S

*ii ( u y c vn . T ron g nhicHi sch l lun (ly hc Ha hc
Irc <lV thng trn h by k i hn v k h u th n h t l to tnh
h u n g c Van . T r o n g t h i g i c i n g n

(t y ,

n g i ta

q u a n

t m

/un (tn kh u th hai l dy u s g i i q uyt vn . Hiu ny to

(lieu k 11/11 c-ho (iV d d n g p (lng d y hc giai quyt vn vo
rt nhiu loi bi k hc nhau, mc d n h n g loi bi y vic
xy dng tinh hung c vn (l c th c kh k h n hoc khng
(lin hnh. Hn na. ta c th d d n g n h n th y rn g c u trc
ca quy trn h dy H S gii quyt m t vn hc tp nu ra di
y l n tng t vi cu trc ca phng p h p nghin cu
trong dy hc (m tron g mt s t i liu c a m t s nc ngi ta
gi l phng php k h m ph. phng p h p kin to).
Trong qu trnh dy hc Ha hc. GV phi t chc qu trnh
giai quyt cc vn hc tp n h t h no mt mc n h t
nh n gn ging qu trn h ng hin cu khoa hc: mc no
HS phi l "ngi nghin cu" a n g tm cch n h n ra v
hiu r vn hc t p ny sin h t m t tn h hung c th, xc
nh phng hng v k hoch gii quyt, tron g c vic t
e ra gi thuyt, bit thc hin k hoch giai, t m nh tm cch
kim tra tnh ng n ca cc gi thuyt, t p h t h in ra
kin thc mi v bit ng dng k in thc va th u dc.
Trong iu kin dy hc n h trng, tro ng khi iu khin
qu trn h tip th u kin thc mi, ta khng th t HS vo v tr
nh nghin cu thc s p h t m in h ra nh lut, th u y t khoa
hc v.v... y ch c s b t chc cc iu kin s n g to v cao
hdn t h l Lp dt hot ng s n g to t t h p ln cao dn.
Trong qu trn h gii quyt vn hc tp. GV ng vai tr
ngi (ln ng v t chc h o t ng tim ti c a HS, gip cc
253

em n h n ra v n , xc n h phng hng gii quyt, nh gi

cc gi th uy t, gim nh kh k h n HS gii quyt c nhanh
chng.
N h vy, q u trn h d y H S gii quyt mt vn d hc tp
gom cc bc sa u y :
1. t vn . Lm cho HS hiu r vn .
2. P h t biu v n .
3. Xc nh phng hng gii quyt. xut gi thuyt.
4. Lp k hoch gii theo gi thuyt.
5. Thc hin k hoch gii.
6. n h gi vic thc hi n k hoch gii. Vi mi gi thuyt,
thc hin mt k hoch gii v nh gi :
- N u xc n h n gi th u y t l ng thi chuyn sang bc 7.
- Nu p h n h n gi t h u y t th quay tr li bc 3, chn gi
th u y t khc.
7. K t lu n v li gii, GV chnh l, b sung v ch ra kin
thc cn lnh hi.
8. Kim t r a li v ng d n g kin thc va th u c.
y l 8 bc c bn, trong thc t dy hc trn lp, ngi
GV c th gp li mt s bc ni dung gn gi v lin quan
c h t ch vi n h au .
C th dy cho HS gii quyt cc vn hc tp khi hc bi
mi cn g n h k h i n t p cng c hoc kim tr a kin thc, k
nng, k xo, c bit l khi s dng th nghim ha hc v gii
bi tp ha hc.
254

C thi' xem xt m t v i v i d d y H S g i i q uyt m t vn (t

hc t p kill s d n g th i nghim ha hc v bi tp hon hc.
V d 1 c.iii q u y t vn d hc t p v tn h xy ha c a axit
H 2 S 0 4 (lt- (Ha hc lp 10). Xin xem N guyn Cng : "Phng
p h n d V la th i nghim Hn hc". NXI G io d c H Ni 1999.
Tr. 91 -94".
V (l 2: T v Lr ca nhm kim loi tron g dy h o t ng
ca cc kim loi v d a vo p h n tn h c h t ha hc ch un g ca
kim loi, hy d on n hng Lnh c h t ha hc ca nhm. Vi
cc ha ch t c sn tr n bn, c t h tin h n h n h n g th nghim
no xc nh cc tnh ch t ha hc c a nhm kim loi (Ha
hc lp 9). Xin xem ti liu dn, tr. 86-88 hoc Nguyn
Ccing, hi Minh Sinh : "Thit k bi N h m (Ha hc lp 9) theo
hng hoat ng ha ngi hoc". (K yu hi th o khoa hc "i
mi PPDH cc mn KHTN trng PTTH theo hng hot
dng ha ngi hc. HSP.. H Q G H Ni. 1995, tr. 52 - 56).
V d 3: Cho HS gii quyt vn v tn h ch t lng tin h
ca nhm xit v n h m hydroxit bi "Hp c h t c a nhm (Ha
hc l) 12) khi c s d n g bi tp ha hc". Xin xem Nguyn
Cng: 'Phng oh n d a y hc v th nghim Ha hc". NXB
Gio dc - H Ni 1999, tr. 96 - 98.
Trong m t s' b n g hnh dy hc do c h n g ti xy dng, c
gii thiu thm m t s v d k h c v dy H S gii q u y t vn d
he tp, ng thi c n g l n h n g th nghim v m t s bi
son theo hng hot ng ha ngi hc.
B a n g h n h d y h c 1. Phenol (Ha hc lp 12). Ngi dy:
GV P hm To. Trng PTTH Ngc Hi, H Ni. ngi ot gii
n h t trong Hi th i GV dy gii mn Ha hc ca PTTH H Ni
nm 1996.
255

B n g h n h d y h c 2. Axil nitric (Ha hc lp 11). Ngi

dy : c gio Nguyn Th Hoa. Trng PTTH Nguyn (lia Thiu.
H Ni, ngi t gii n h t ti Hi thi GV dy gii mn Ha
cm Gia Lam, H Ni, nm 1999.
B n g h n h d a y h o c 3. Axit clohiric v mui clorua (Ha
hc lp 10). Ngi dy : C gio Nguyn Th Hoa, Trng PTTH
Nguyn Gia Thiu, H Ni, ngi ot gii n h t trong Hi thi
GV gii mn Ha hc ca PTTH H Ni n m 2000.
B n g h n h d y h c 4. H thng t u n hon cc nguyn t'
ha hc (Ha hc lp 10). Ngi dy : TS ng Th Thnh,
H S P H Ni (ghi h n h n m 1999).
*

T r n y d gii thiu mt s bin php gip cho ngi hc

h o t ng tch cc, s n g to tro ng dy hc Ha hc, c gii thiu
km theo m t vi v d minh ha. R t mong bn c dng gp
th m kin v p d n g th nghim.

256

HY CI T I N CCH H C NGOI N G
CA BN m
NG. D o T r n g Q u a n g
in nay. phnng tr o hc ngoi ng cng si ni nh
phong tro hc vi tnh. Song c n h iu bn p h n nn
lm sao mnh c leo ct m mi m khng d t c
mc lm ch thc s mt ngoi ng, n g h a l ni, vit, dch
ngc, dch xui t h n h th o m t ngoi ng, mc d c tro ng tay

b n g c h a n hoi.

gip cc bn, n h t l cc b n t hc, c t h tin ti lm

ch mt ngoi ng. ch n g ti xin a ra 13 bin p h p s a u y
hc t p tt:
B i n p h p 1: H y h c t p v i t t c V c h c a m n h
- Mi ngi khng hc t p theo c n g m t cch. B n phi
tm ra n h n g k t h u t c hiu qu n h t i vi bn.
Gi :
- Hy th dng nhiu cch hc k h c nh au.
- HI nhng ngi k h c xem h hc th no.
- Tip tc s d n g nhng k t h u t m bn cho l c hiu
q u n h t (li vi bn.
B i n p h p 2: H y t t c h c

B: dng trcn "T hc" s 10 (9/2000)

257

- Vic hc t p m t ngn ng di hi mt trnh nht dnh

ca mn hc: vic p h t m cc t, ngha ca t v cu. dng ca
cu. iu cng i hi vic t chc qu trnh hc lp ca bn
thn.
Gi : - H y t h u xp thi gian biu ca bn sao cho c th
hc tp ngoi gi ln lp hoc ngoi gi lm vic.

H y c gng hc dc m t diu g mi mi n
ngoi gi ln lp hoc ngoi gi lm vic.
B i n p h p 3: H y s n g t o
- hc mt ngn ng mi, bn phi n lc bn thn. Ngoi
ng m b n m un hc sm mun phi tr th n h vt s hu ca
bn . Mun t dc iu phi thc hnh.
Gi : - Hy c gng tm ra quy tc chi phi nhng c u m
b n nghe thy.
- Hy c gng s d n g nhng t mi trong nhng vn cnh
mi. N u bn p h m m t sai lm. hy hi ti sao?
- H y chi vi ngn ng m bn an g hc.
B i n p h p 4: H y t o ra n h n g c h i th c h n h c a
r i n g m n h
- hc mt ngn ng, cn c tn h tch cc; cn thc h n h
ngn ng . Do , cn tm ra nhng c hi ni, nghe, c v
c vit na.
Gi : - Hy thc hin t t c cc h o t ng trong lcfp. Hy
t r li (vi bn t h n mnh) t t c n h n g cu hi m GV t ra
cho n h n g ngi khc. Hy q u a n s t cc s v khc v hy kim
t r a n h n g cu t r li ca h.

258

ng s ilt nhn cu hi v i thoi vi n h n g n^i

bn ng.
- N;h(' rnd, xem t.ivi. xom p him v c bo b a n g nhng
ngn ng a n g hfyc (tm tro ng mi tr ng ngn Ii{).
- Cch t t n h t thc' h n h ngn ng d a n g hc l ni vi
bn th n m in h bng ngn ng (nn ni trc gng hc
cfh phi hp li ni vi c chi, lm sao cho gn vi tn h hung
giao tip thc).
B i n p h p 5: H oc c c h s n g v i s k h n g c h c c h n
Gi : - Dng d a q u nhiu vo t in. Khi b n c, hy
c gang h i u ngha tng q u t bng cch c n h a n h ton b bn
vn nhiu ln thay v mi t khng hiu li t r a t in.
- Hy bnh tnh! N u bn khng hiu ngi ta ni ci g,
hy ngh h nhc li, ni ch m hn, ni cch khc. ng c'
gng hiu t n g t mt.
B i n p h p 6: H y p d n g n h n g k t h u t 'c i th i n
tr n h c a m n h
- Hy t p hp n h n g t c v n vi n h a u hoc b t u bng
cng m t m tit.
- H y to hnh n h trong t d u y tng ng vi ngha ca
cac t.
- H y c gng lin tng mt t mi vi n h n g t m bn
bit.
- H y c gng t p hp cc t theo chc nng, theo phm
tr, v.v...
B i n p h p 7: D n g s n h n g s a i l m

259

- Phm sai lm trong khi hc ngoi ng l diu t min.

N hng sai lm ny c th c ch cho bn nu bn dng rhig
ci tin vic hc ca mnh.
Gi : * ng ch n khi p h t biu c ng t t C mi
iu bng ngoi ng ri mi ni ngoi ng v dng ch di khi
c th hiu c t t c ri mi c ngoi ng. Hy bit mo
him! Hy thc hnh ngoi ng!
- C gng ph n bit mt li" vi mt sai lm.
- Hy c gng hiu ngun gc nhng sai lm ca mnh.
- Hy m bo r n g bn hiu nhng ch GV cha cho bm.
- H y c gng nh gi tm quan trng tng di ca
nhng sai lm ca mnh.
- Hy c'gng xc nh nhng sai lm no lm phin nlng
ngi di thoi vi mnh nhiu nht.
B i n p h p 8: H y s d u n g n h n g k i n th c n g n 'Ig
ca bn
- Bn d bit t n h t mt ngn ng. T t c cc ngn ng u
ging nhau mc n h t nh. Vy bn c th s dng !
thc nhng hiu bit ngn ng ca mnh t gip minh hc
ngoi ng.
Gi : - Hy c gng tm nhng im chung gia ngn ng
m hoc ngn ng m bn bit vi ngoi ng m bn dang
hc tr n bnh din p h t m, hnh thc v ngha.
- Hy thc v nhng s khc nh au gia ngoi ng chng
hc v ting m (hoc nhng ngn ng m bn bit).
- Nhng th n h ng t khi c ngha ging n hau v thulng
khng dch.
B i n p h p 9: H y c h n v n c n h
260

- Xlna cua mt t hoc mt th n h ng nhiu khi quv nh

Iki hon fiinh pht biu tront c t hoc th n h ng (l. Khi
(l cn s (li) hon cnh ny d on ni ung thong till, c n
1|> nhn;.: mi lin h gia cc t. cc ig on, cc cu ca
mt hi thoi hoc mt vail bn hiu chng tt hn.
(ii

lly lu n n hng mi lin h gia cc t.

- Hy s (lng ngha trit q u t ca bn vn d on ngha

chinh xc ca mt t h n h ng.
- Hy s dng ngha tng q u t ca mt hi thoi v hon
cnh ca n d on ngha c a mt cu.
- Hy s dng k h u n g cnh x hi (l on ngha mt s t.
B in p h p 10: H y h c c c h d o n m t c c h th n g
m in h
- Khi hc mt ngn ng. khng nhng cn gii m thng tin
m cn rn gii m n h n g ca ngi i thoi vi mnh- e
thc hin iu , cn s d n g nhng hiu bit ca m nh v th
gii v nhng hiu bit chu ng v giao tip li ni.
Gi v: - Hy lun lun c gng tm ti khung cnh tng q u t
ca thng tin: a im, n hng ngi tham gia. v.v...
- Hy ch vo nhng s v t ct yu.
- Hy s d n g nhng xc s u t hon cnh.
- Hy cng n h n r n g ci dy v by gi l thch ng.
- Hy nh r n g m t s nhng gi th u y t ca bn l khng
(lng.
Bin p h p 11: H y h o c th u c l n g m t s t h n h n g
k h n g c n p h n tc h c h u n g

261

- Trong mi ngn ng du c nhng th n h ng kh th

p h n tch chi tit. C n phi hc chng mt cch tng th m
khng c' gng p h n tch cc th n h phn.
- Dng s d n g nhng th n h ng ny v hy kim tra phn
ng ca n hng ngi i thoi vi bn.
B i n p h p 12: H y h c m t s n g h i t h c v nng
th c
- Mi ngn ng u to cho mnh nhng kiu cch m u
v k t thc nhng hi thoi, nhng cng thc khuyn khch
nhng i thoi tip tc ni, ngt li a n h ta hoc nhng cng
thc xin li, t chi, xin gip , v.v...
Gi : - Hy hc nhng nghi thc b t du v kt thc
nhng hi thoi, cho v ni tm bit, gi in thoi v
t r li in thoi.
- Hy hc nhng cng thc cho bit bn ang nghe, cho bit
bn hiu (hoc bn khng hiu).
- Hy hc nhng cng thc cho php din t nhng phn
ng ca bn. cho bit bn dng hay khng ng .
- Hy hc kch thch hng th ca ngi i thoi bng cch
hc nhng cng thc gi a n h ta p h n ng.
- Hy hc q u n l f nhng hi thoi bng cch hc nhng
cng thc nghi thc ha, chng hn: n est - ce pas? trong ting
P h p isnt it dont you wont you? trong ting Anh.
B i n p h p 13: H y hc s d n g nhiu m u sc khc
nhau

262

- Cch d ni v mt s vt nhiu khi quan tr ng hn bn

thn s vt. Mi ngn Mi u s dng nhiu m u sc khc
nhau ty theo tnh hun.;. ty theo d ti c xt. v.v... Khi ta
hi' mi Hn ng th hai, khng phai lc no ch ng ta cng
thy r n h n g bin thin ny v ta c khuynh hng gii h n
nhng (lng tru n g tnh n h t c th.
Gi : - Hy ch V dn cch m CiV ni vi bn, vi cc hc
vin khc: cch xng h tn trng bn?
- Hv c gng nhy cm vi s bin thin ni chung. Nhng
yu t no c vai tr y? Gii tnh? Tui? a v x hi? D
ti hi thoi?
- Hy c gng n h n bit nhiu cch ni v mt s vt.

263

T HC
NGOI
NG KH HAY D "

PG S. L K hnh Bng
T S. N g u y n Vn T
Hc ngoi ng khng kh nhng cng khng phi l q j d
dng n h nhiu ngi lm tng. c khng t ngi mi u
r t ho hng hc ngoi ng nhng chi sau vi bui "b ca
chv ly ngi", hc d dang khng n u n ui, hcc c
tnh tr n g "leo ct m". Qua quan s t thc t cc trung tm
ngoi ng cho thy lc khai ging th rt ng, nhng s' hc
vin gim dn theo thi gian v cui cng tr li chi' c 25%.
Cng c ngi hc i hc li nhng chng k h ln l bao.
Tuy nhin hc ngoi ng khng kh. Cc nh tm l s
ph m d chng minh rng ngi bnh thng (khng b d dng
v tm 10 hc ting m c th cng c th hc gii ngoi
ng. T rn th gii cng nh Vit N am d c khng t ngi
gii nhiu ngoi ng. Xin k tn mt s ngi:
Tin s Hrod Whitmore Silliama, ngi Tn Ty Lan, c
th giao tip 52 ngoi ng v ni thng tho 2 8 th ting.
Gio s Trng i hc tng hp Tutuxku (Estonhia) Daul
Arixte bit 40 ngoi ng. Ong vit cng trn h nghin cu khoa
hc ca mnh bng 15 th ting; ng ni t do 12 ngoi ng
Vin s thng tn, gio s, ch nhim b mn thuc i
hc N h n vn Quc gia Lin bang Nga Xcgy Xtartin 43 tui
Bi n g tr n " T h c" s 1 (1999).

264

l ni liit 100 ngoi ng. m t tro ng 7 ngi bit nhiu ngoi

nt n h t t h gii.
(V, phin dch ngi Vengria Cato Lomb t hc 16
ngoi
Ch tch H Chi Minh gii nhiu ting nc ngoi. Bc
bit ting Hn. ting Php, ting Nga, ting , ting Anh, ting
N h t, ting La tinh v mt s ting khc.
Vy l quyt ca vic hc gii ngoi ng u?
Qua nghin cu l lun cng n h kinh nghim ca nhng
ngi gii ngoi ng. chng ti a ra m t s bin php pip
cho vic hc ngoi ng c ch t lng v hiu qu.

1. C d n g c hc n g o i n g n g v m n h
Trc khi hc mt ngoi ng no , ch n g ta cn xc dnh
mt cch n g n mc ch hc tp: hc lm gi? C hng hn,
hc ngoi ng i du lch, lm vic vi chuyn gia, c ti liu
chuyn n gn h V . V . . Cn c vo mc ch, chng ta mi chn
gio trnh, lp k hoch hc t p cho ph hp. Nu mc ch
khng xc nh r rng, n g n, chng ta kh c th th n h
cng trong vic hc ngoi ng.
hc tt ngoi ng, ngi hc phi c ng c hc tp
n g v m nh. Nu khng, khi gp kh khn, chng ta d b
nn ch, b hc gia chng. V d: nhng ngi hc ngoi ng
thi, di hc ne ngoi h ay xin vic lm do c ng c ng
n v m n h m, hc r t say sa v tin b tng ngy, tng gi.
Hc ngoi ng phai h n g th, say m. Nu hc cm thy
chn th kh c th dt c k t qu n h mong mun. C hng ta

265

phi cm th y ci hay. ri p sa u mi t, mi cu... th mi c

th hc t p c k t qu.
2 . K i n tr i, k h n g n n g v i
Hc ngoi ng i hi ch n g ta phi kin tr, khng nng
vi. khng th mt sm mt chiu l c th s dng th n h tho
mt ngoi ng no . Ngi xa c cu: "Ma phn ngm lu".
Hc o o cp tc, th cng n h a n h qun. Hy cho ngoi ng
c thi gian ngm vo bn. N h ng bi hc u tin thng rt
kh k h n , n h n g h y kin tr, ng nh t ch. Khi hc n mt
giai on no b n cm th y chng li, hc khng vo v cng
ch n g tin b c my. y l giai on "bo ho. Khng c g
n g b n khon. Bn h y th a y i phng php hc tp. Mi s
li u vo y.

3. Hc th n g xuyn, li n tc
Hc ngoi ng i hi p h i tra u gii thng xuyn, nu
k h ng chng bao lu chng ta s qun ht nhng g hc, c
q u a n p h t m s b cng, ni nng tr nn kh khn. Chng
hn, v l do no b n khng n lp c t 1 - 2 bui, hm
sau n lp b n s cm th y m n h b t t hu. Mi ngy nn
d n h t n h t 1 gi hc ngoi ng. Nu bn qu bn, cng nn
d n h 5 - 10 p h t tra o i ngoi ng.

4. Tch cc th c h n h
Hc ngoi ng cng n h hc bi, chng ta khng nhng
n m chc l th u y t m cn phi thc hnh mt cch tch cc
ngay t n h n g bi hc u tin, c n thc hnh ting thng
xuyn, mi lc, mi ni, hc n u thc hnh ngay n .
Thc t cho thy, khng t ngi thuc r t nhiu t, nm chc
ng p h p , nh n g r't lng t n g trong giao tip, c hin tng
266

n h vy l do t thc h nh . Ch q ua thc h n h ting mi c th

hnh th n h dc nhng k nng, k xo li ni cn thit.
5. H o c t n g bc, h o c u c h c d y
Phi hc tng bc, t thp n cao, t dn gin n phc
tp. t. it n nhiu d c th tip th u c tri thc ngn ng,
hnh th n h k nng, k xo li ni mt cch v n g chc. Ngn
ng Php c cu: "Ai m nhiu qu xit khng c h t .
6. C n g t d u y b n g n g o a i n g n g a y t n h n g b i
h o c d u ti n
Mun gii ngoi ng. ngay t n h n g bi hc u tin chng
t a cn c Bng t duy trc tip b n g ngoi ng. T uy nhin, mi
d u bao gi cng r t kh, sau s q u en dn. S a u y l mt s
bin php chnh rn luyn k n n g suy ngh b n g ngoi ng.
- Khi hc cc t. c gng gn ch vit, m t h a n h c a t vi
h n h tng ca s vt, hin tng. H n c h ti mc ti a dch
ra ting m .
- Hy chp n h n cch din t c a ngi b n ng, ng c
tm cch ii thch: Ti sao li ni t h ny. m khng ni th
khc v.v...
- Lp i lp li c thc mt h n h ng li ni nhiu ln
p h t ngn n su vo b nh v p h n x c iu kin.
- Tc- n h a n h bn th n khng c thi gian dch ra ting
m .
- Chuyn t ngoi vo trong, v t tro ng ra ngoi. Mn
ngoi ng c dc im khc vi cc mn hc khc l ngi hc
khng ch hiu nm c nhng tri thc ngn ng (t ngoi vo
trong), in cn phi bit s d n g t h n h th o n h n g tri thc
trong nhng tnh hung giao tip thc (t tron g ra ngoi). Mt
267

trong cch luyn t p c hiu qu l bn ni mt hnh ng li

ni lc u to, s a u nh dn dn mp my mi v ni th m trong
c (khong 50 ln v ngc li).
- T p nghe, ni, c, vit t h n g bng ngoi ng.
7. P h i t r n g
u tin phi p h t m cho n g theo ch u n ca ngoi ng
. V d: ting A nh phi ly chun ting Anh L un n,
b n g cch da vo phin m quc t, da vo bng chun.
C h n g ta phi hc ngoi ng nh ngi bn ng. Phi tp c,
ni, nghe cho ng. P h i hc trn g nhng t then cht. V d.
ting A nh ta phi hc 850 t c bn. Phi n m tr n g n h n g cu
th e n cht (khong 200 cu). Nu hc nhiu m khng tr n g
cng khng p n g c. Trong chuyn ngnh, tr n g l phi
hc n h n g t n g theo chuyn mn.
8. N h i u
P hi hc bng nh iu cch, nhiu kiu. Mt t cng c th c
n h n g vai tr khc n h a u trong cu v thng c nhiu ngha.
Mt n h giao tip c nhiu cch din t k hc nhau. Vi mt
t tro ng vng 1 p h t b n c th t c 10 cu. y l cch rt
tt. Mun gii ngoi ng, ch n g ta khng bao gi dng li mt
cch din t, m b n g nhiu cch c th. Hc khng ch bng
m t phng p h p m mi phng p h p c n h n g im m n h v
n h n g m t cn t n ti. P h i bit s dng cc phng p h p hc
m t cch ti u.
9. K t h p

268

Kl hp hc c V thc v ngu n hin , k t hp hc tr c Lip

v giII tip, hc k t hp cc gic q u a n cm gic, k t hp rn
luyn f> ki nng: nghe. ni. dc. vit v su y ngh b n g ngoi ng,
kt h(.fp cc phng p h p t hc, s d n g k t hp cc ngun
thng tin: v tuyn, radi. bng, sch, bo, t p ch... k t hp va
hc. va chi: chi m hc, hc m chi.

10. B i t t k i m tra n h g i
Ngi hc phi t t ra h n h thc t kim t r a v n h gi,
phi t (lt ra c h u n n h gi. Hc k n n g no, n h gi k
n n g b n g cch nghe bng, lm bi tp.
Ngi hc cng cn bit t n h gi phng p h p t hc
ca mnh t c th thay i phng p h p t hc c ch t
lng v hiu qu cao.
Tm li, hc ngoi ng c c h t lng v hiu qu cao, cn
phi theo q u a n im BVT (bn t h n . Vit N am , thi i), ngha
l p h t h u y cao sc m nh v tim n n g ca bn t h n (B),
da trn c s v sc m nh ca d n tc V it N am (V) v thi i
v theo cng thc 5.7.5 v FIT.
5: T r n luyn 5 k nng: nghe, ni, c, vit, suy ngh bng
ngoi ng.
7: T th i t k theo 7 cng on c a quy trn h dy - hc.
5: Hc theo 5 b q u y t: hc tng bc, trng, nhanh, nhiu, kt.
F: Frequency (tn s, lp i lp li n h i u ln)
I: In te n se (tp tru n g cao ).
T: Tim e (thi gian).
Trn y l hng chung, tu y n h i n mi ngi cn v n dng
vo iu kin c th ca mnh cho p h hp.

269

C h u tr c h n h i m x u t bn:
c.im dc

NGUYN VN THOA

Tng bin tp

NGUYN T H IN GIP

B i n tp:

MINH QUANG

S a bi:

XUN ANH

T r n h by ba:

TRN T I U LM

MT S VN V CCH DY V CCH HC

M s : 02 59 01.2002
In 700 cun, tai Xng in Nhc vin H Ni
S' xut bn. 117/170/CXB. S trch ngang IOB k h /XB.
!n xong v np lu chiu Qu II nm 2002