Huong Dan Hanh Huong Ve Xu Phat

Hng Dn
Hnh Hng V X Pht
Gia quyn L Kim Kha thnh tm n tng

Lin h: 0903753550
Nguyn cho cng c Php th ny c hi hng n
nhng ngi thn quyn & tt c chng sinh
Hnh trang ba: Tng Pht Nm Kushinagar. Nt mt th hin nim an

lc vin mn (santisukha) ca s gii thot cui cng khi i Bt-Nit-Bn
(Mahaparinibbana).
Hnh nn trang ba trc & sau: i Bo Thp Stupa Sanchi, nm gn Bhopal,
mt di tch Pht gio quan trng c tm thy v xc nh l di tch tng nim
nhng i T A-la-hn t chc Hi ng Kt Tp Kinh in Pht Gio
ln th Ba Patna.
Tc gi Chan Khoon San gi bn quyn nguyn bn ting Anh v cho php

ngi dch bin dch ra ting Vit. Ngi dch (L Kim Kha) gi bn quyn bn
dch ting Vit. Bn dch ting Vit ny c in n tng min ph v khng
c sao in bn, tr mt s n bn c s ng ca ngi dch.
Chan Khoon San

Bin dch: L Kim Kha
Hng dn
Hnh Hng V X Pht

(n Bn Mi 2011)
NH XUT BN PHNG NG
Cho M, vi Ba, anh, em khut

Sabbadanam dhammadanam jinati
Mn qu v Chn L l mn qu cao qu nht
MC LC
Li Ta
tng v mt cuc hnh hng v x Pht l do chnh c
Pht ni ra. Trc khi Ngi nhp dit i Bt-Nit-bn, Pht
khuyn nhng t knh o nn ving thm, chim bi bn ni
c tng thm s truyn cm v tm linh ca mnh sau khi
Ngi t gi trn gian. Nhng ni l Lumbini, ni c Pht
n sinh; Bodhagaya (B o Trng), ni c Pht chng
t Gic Ng Ti Thng; Vn Nai Sarnath, ni c Pht
khai ging bi Thuyt Php u tin Kinh Chuyn Php Lun;
v Kusinara (Cu Thi Na), ni Ngi nhp dit i Bt-Nitbn. Mt Pht t knh o nn thm ving nhng ni ny v tn
nghim vi mt lng thnh knh, chim nghim li nhng s kin
c bit xy ra trong cuc i ca c Pht lin quan n tng a
danh . T sau i Bt-Nit-bn ca c Pht, bn ni thing
ling ca Pht Gio ny tr thnh nhng tm im cho nhng
ngi con Pht m o hnh hng v vi tnh cm tm linh.
Vo thi Vua A-dc (Asoka), c thm bn a danh na c a
vo danh sch nhng ni hnh hng, l: Savatthi (thnh X
V), Sankasia, Rajagaha (thnh Vng X) v Vesali (T-x-ly),
nhng ni ny rt gn lin vi cuc i ca Pht v nhng cnh
thn diu xy. V vy, tng cng c 8 Thnh a Quan Trng
trong lch trnh hnh hng trn t Pht.
Mc ch ca quyn sch ny l chia s vi qu Pht t v nhng o
hu nhng kinh nghim v kin thc thu gp c ca ti v nhng
li ch trong vic thc hin mt chuyn hnh hng chim bi Tm
Thnh a thing ling vi lng thnh v thi tinh thn ng mc.
Theo Pht Gio, vic thc hin mt chuyn hnh hng ng mt
vai tr quan trng cho nhng tin b v mt tm linh ca mi ngi.
V vy, i vi mt ngi ang c nh hnh hng, iu ct li
8 Hnh hng v x Pht
cn phi hiu r l cuc hnh hng l mt chuyn i tm linh vi

lng thnh knh hng v c Th Tn. Lng thnh knh ny s lm
trong sch v thanh tnh nhng suy ngh, li ni v hnh vi ca mi
ngi v thng qua , nhiu phm hnh cao p s c pht trin
trong tm mnh.
PHN I ca quyn sch ni v (a) phng din tinh thn, mt s
kha cnh ca tm ca mt cuc hnh hng. Mt quyn sch gii
thiu v hng dn v mt cuc hnh hng tn gio s tht s
l thiu st nu khng nhc li (b) nhng chuyn hnh hng ca
ngi xa, nh l: Vua A-dc (Asoka) v nhng nh chim bi
Trung Hoa, lng thnh tn v s chu ng gian kh kin cng
cc ngi l nhng nim cm hng ln lao v tn cho nhng ngi
con nh chng ta tip bc theo h trong thi i phng tin di
chuyn d dng hn nhiu. (c) S xung dc ca o Pht do b
xm lc n v s tn ph nhng n cha Pht gio vo th
k th 13, ni tip 6 th k lin tc chm trong qun lng, l thi
k en ti nht ca Pht gio, cng c nhc li trong quyn sch
ny khi gii thch v nhng tn tch thnh a. Cui cng, (d) vic
khi phc nhng ni thing ling ca Pht gio v vic lm sng
li o Pht gio n c miu t vn tt li c gi c th
tn vinh nhng n lc ca nhng con ngi cao qu dng hin
c cuc i mnh vo vic khi phc nhng thnh tch nh l nhng
di chng thing ling ca qu kh. c bit, chng ta mi lun ghi
nh cng hnh v nhng ng gp v gi ca bn nh tin phong
li lc, l: Ngi Sir Alexander Cunningham, T kheo Anagarika
Dharmapala, T kheo Sayadaw U Chandramani of Kushinagar v
Tin S Babasaheb Ambedkar, nh chng ta s c bit v h
trong phn sau.
PHN II & III ca quyn sch gii thiu li lch s v nhng
ngha tn gio ca tng thnh tch trong Tm Thnh a Quan Trng
Gii Thiu 9
v nhng ni thuc nhng thnh a cn c ving thm, v

nhng chi tit th v ca tng ni c th tm thy y.
PHN IV m t nhng n thp quan trng khc, bn ngoi
Tm thnh a ni, m trn ng i hnh hng chng ta
c th gh li thm ving nu c c thm t nhiu thi gian
ngoi chng trnh. Mt v d nh Sanchi. Mc d bn thn
c Pht khng n Sanchi, nhng a danh ny tr thnh
mt trung tm Pht gio quan trng, bi v nhng di tch v x
li ca nhng v i T v nhng A-la-hn c pht
hin ni ny. l nhng ngi t chc Hi ng Kt tp
Kinh in Pht gio ln th Ba v sau m nhim nhng
s mng ra i truyn b Pht Php ra ngoi bin gii n .
l mt trong nhng iu may mn k diu Pht Php vn cn
c gi nguyn vn sau khi n v nn Pht gio n b
tn ph n dit vong bi nhng ngi Hi gio vo th k XII.
S tht, Ngi Mahinda, con ca vua Asoka, ngi thit lp
nn Pht Php (Buddha Sasana) Tch Lan li 1 thng ti
1 tu vin do ngi m ca mnh xy dng Sanchi trc khi ln
ng xut dng qua Tch Lan thc hin S mng truyn
Php cao c ca mnh. Mt cng hnh m th gii Pht T s
khng bao gi qun.
Hi ng Kt tp Kinh in ln th Ba c t chc vo khong
nm 250 trc CN Pataliputta (Patna, Hoa Th Thnh) do HT.
Moggaliputta Tissa (Mc-Kin-Lin T Tu) ch tr v sau
gi nhng gio on truyn b Pht Php i nhiu phng khc
nhau n , v Tch Lan, Min in. Nh vo tm nhn xa v tr
tu ca Ngi HT. Moggaliputta Tissa, n khi Pht gio n b
dit vong bi nhng o qun Hi gio cung tn vo th k 12, th
nh sng Pht Php vn chiu ngi Tch Lan, Min in v nhng
nc Pht gio nguyn thy n tn hm nay. Ngy nay, chng ta
10 Hnh hng v x Pht
v ang chng kin nhng tu s t nhng nc Pht gio li quay v

n lm sng li nn Pht gio ti chnh ci ni ca Pht Php
sasana!. Nhng ngi hnh hng cng nn dng li Patna gh
thm vn Kumhra Park, ni c tin l di tch ca Asokarama, mt
i tnh x do vua Asoka xy dng, l ni din ra Hi ng Kt tp
Kinh in ln th Ba.
PHN V cung cp nhng Thng tin v chuyn i hnh hng vng
quanh min Pht gio ni lin nhng thnh a, Khong cch gia
cc a danh bng ng l v nhng Bn ch r nhng v tr a
l ca nhng thnh a Pht gio .
Hy vng quyn sch ny s mang li nhiu iu hu ch cho qu
c gi, nhng ngi ang m p nh thc hin mt cuc
hnh hng trong i v x Pht v nhng ngi mun ng
vin nhiu Pht t c gng thu xp mt cuc hnh hng ca
lng thnh, tt c u t c nhiu ch li v hnh phc vin
mn trong chuyn i.
LI CM T
Mt ln na, ti mun ni li cm t n Ni S Wooi Kheng
Choo thuc Hi Pht Gio Subang Jaya duyt c li bn
tho, gip hiu chnh nhng li chnh t v gp nhiu kin hu
ch. Ti cng tri n s gip tn tnh ca anh Tey Seng Heng,
ngi ng nghip ca ti Cty nghin Cu Nng Nghip ng
Dng, trong cng vic vi tnh. Ti cng cm n nhng ngi
sau y, gip chng ti thc hin nhng chuyn hnh hng
thnh cng v ng nh, l nhng ngi c vn tm linh ca
chng ti:
Gii Thiu 11
TT. Sayadaw U Jnanapurnik Nepal vo nm 1991;

TT. Saranankara Sentul vo nm 1997;
TT. Sayadaw U Rewata Myanmar vo nm 1997, 1999, 2001; Ni
S Uppalavanna Nepal vo nm 1991;
Nhng ngi cng dn cc on:
BS. Wong Wai Cheong & Ch Flora Tan vo nm 1991;
Ch Helen Too, cc o hu: Bro. Chan Weng Poh, Bro. Wong Fok
Gee, Bro. Yap Pak Choong & Bro. Lam Cheok Yew nm 1997;
Ch Wooi Kheng Choo, o hu Bro. Teh Kok Lai & Ch Kieu Choon
Lai nm 1999;
Ch Tan Lei Hong & o hu Bro. Chiu Sheng Bin nm 2001.
Ti cng nhn c hi ny cm n tt c thnh vin ca nhng nhm
Hnh Hng t nm 1991-2011 nh vo s cng tc v ng h ca
h m nhng chuyn i sung s v y hoan h. Cui cng,
nhng tht quan trng, ti mun gi li cm n tm lng ho hip
ca nhng nh ti tr ng gp bng tin v nhng trang thit b
cn thit v cng dng cho cc cha, n nhng ni thing ling
trong sut hnh trnh ca nhng chuyn hnh hng.
LI SM HI
Trong sut nhng chuyn i ko di 2 tun mi chuyn, vi ln
khng trnh khi i vi nhng ngi hnh hng, cng nh tc
gi, ri vo nhng lc l ng, thiu chnh nim v phm mt
s li t thn, , ming i vi nhng ngi Thy i theo v i
vi nhng ngi ng hnh vi nhau. Thay mt cho tt c, tc gi
12 Hnh hng v x Pht
xin php nhn c hi ny c li xin c tha th t nhng v Thy

hng dn tm linh v nhng bn ng hnh vi nhau. Nu chng
ta cng xao lng nhng ni thing ling, chng ta cng cu xin
s lng khoan dung ca Pht, Php & Tng.
Kyena vc cittena Pamdena maya katam
Accayam khama me bhante Bhuri panna tathgata!
Nu ti hnh ng, li ni hay suy ngh khi tht nim chng
con lm sai.
Xin hy tha th cho chng con, c Bn S! Bc Thng Tu!.
CNG HOAN H V HI HNG CNG C
Nguyn cho cng c ca Php th (Dhamma-dana) ny c hi

hng n cho nhng ngi thn quyn thuc, bn hu v tt c
chng sinh.
Sadhu! Sadhu! Sadhu!
Lnh Thay! Lnh thay! Lnh Thay!
Klang, 2002 & 2009
Chan Khoon San
Gii Thiu 13
Li Ta B Sung
(Ln Ti Bn Th Ba)
y l n bn ln th ba ca quyn Hng Dn Hnh Hng v X
Pht k t ln pht hnh u tin vo nm 2002. Vi trang ba mi,
thm nhiu ti ni dung v thm nhng thng tin mi v nhng
thnh tch c b sung, cp nht so vi nhng ln pht hnh trc
y. V d nh li sai trong thng tin v di tch n Matha Kuar
Kushinagar ny c chnh sa li.
K t nm 2002, tc gi lin tc ving thm li nhiu ln min
thnh a Pht gio v i n nhiu khu di tch pht gio mi,
ni bt l ni di tch Bo Thp Ananda Stupa Hajipur; Pava
gn Kusinara; Lauriya Nandangarh pha Bc Bihar; Kosambi
Allahabad; Ramagama v Devadaha Nepal; Sanchi Madhya
Pradesh; Nhng Hang ng Ajanta Caves Ajanta; v Diksha
Bhumi Nagpur, Maharashtra.
V mt c duyn n tc gi cht nghe c thng tin v di vt
thing ling bnh bt ca c Pht vn cn Afghanistan khin
tc gi b nhiu thi gian thc hin vic su tm, nghin cu xem
hin bnh bt ang lu lc phng no k t khi c Pht ban tng
cho nhng ngi b tc Licchavi Vashaili trc khi Bt-Nit-Bn
(Parinibbana) ca Ngi. Chng ta c th tm hiu nhng iu xy
ra i vi bnh bt thing ling trong phn Hnh Trnh Ca Bnh
Bt Ca c Pht trong Phn III, 5).
Trong phn nhng hnh nh, tc gi gi vo thm mt s hnh nh
cc Pht tch min Bc Pakistan. Cho d nh sng Pht Php
khng cn c chiu sng t nc ny, nhng Pakistan vn cn
14 Hnh hng v x Pht
nhng di tch Pht gio p nht t thi hong kim ca n. ng

bun thay, nhiu Pht tch thing ling b bn ph bi nhng qun
lnh Talibans Thung Lng Swat vo nm 2007, chng hn trong
nhng tc phm v gi nh i hnh tng Pht Jehanabad c
khc su vo ni v nhng bc tng thuc ngh thut Gandhara
vin Bo Tng Swat Museum.
Klang, 2011
Chan Khoon San
Gii Thiu 15
V Tc Gi
o hu Bro. Chan Khoon San sinh ngy 8 thng Tm, 1941
Penang, Malaysia. Sau khi hc xong Lc hi , ng hc
Trng i Hc S Phm M-Lai- (Malayan Teachers College)
Brinsford Lodge, Anh Quc. Sau khi tt nghip, ng tr v qu
hng v dy hc trong mt thi gian ngn t nm 1964 n 1967.
Nm 1968, ng vo hc trng i Hc University of Malaya v tt
nghip bng C Nhn Danh D ngnh Ha Hc vo nm 1971. T
nm 1971 cho n khi ngh hu nm 1996, ng lm vic trong ngnh
nghin cu nng nghip du c, nh l mt Nh nghin cu ha
nng thm nin. Sau khi ngh hu, o hu Bro. Chan i Min in
Myanmar tu hc thin Minh St Tu T Nim X (Satipatthana
Vipassana) di s dn dt ca thin s Sayadaw Bhaddanta
Janakabhivamsa Trung Tm Thin Hc Chanmyay Yeiktha, th
Yangon. K t sau , hng nm ng u n tu hc v thc
hnh thin Minh St Tu 15 nm ti Min in di s dn dt
ca nhiu v Thin s khc nhau thin vin Chanmyay Yeiktha
Hmawbi, Min in.
Bro. Chan vit nhng quyn sch rt ni ting v Pht hc, nh
l: Gio Trnh Pht Hc (Buddhism Course), sp sa xut bn
bng ting Vit v quyn Hng Dn Hnh Hng V X Pht
(Buddhist Pilgrimage), m qu c gi ang cm trn tay. T nm
1991 cho n 2011 khi quyn sch ny c dch ra ting Vit v
n hnh, tc gi t chc 14 chuyn hnh hng v ch thn n
n thm ving tt c nhng ni thnh a quan trng ca
Pht gio, cng vi rt nhiu cao Tng Ni n t nhiu nc Pht
gio khc nhau nh Min in, Malaysia.
16 Hnh hng v x Pht
Trong mt bc th in t (email ngy 16 thng 9, nm 2011)

ng gi cho ti (ngi dch) cp nht nhng ln hnh hng
ca ng, trong lc ti ang bin dch quyn sch ny, ng tm
tnh rng:
Ti lun trng i nhng chuyn i thm ving nhng ni gn lin
vi c Pht ca chng ta v cng hm nng tnh o hu, thy
tr vi nhng v Tng Ni nhiu tu vin, cha ching khc nhau
nhng ni thnh a. Th hai, ti t chc nhng on hnh hng
v x Pht cho nhng Pht t hnh hng c li lc trong vic
thanh lc thn tm cng vi s tng trng lng tin v lng thnh
knh i vi Pht, Php v Tng.
ng thng xuyn t bi trao i nhng thng tin v kinh sch Pht
hc vi ngi dch. ng gip ngi dch tht nhiu v bn quyn,
chnh sa, cp nht thng tin v nhng CD hnh nh gc chp nhng
thnh tch v cng qu gi m ng cng phu thc hin v chn li
trong sut gn 20 nm hnh hng qua - ND.
Hin nay ng lm c vn ha nng bn thi gian cho nhng nghin
cu nng nghip Malaysia. Phn thi gian cn li ng nghin cu
v ging dy Kinh tng ti nhiu Hi Pht gio Thung lng Klang,
Malaysia, vit lun ging, sch v xut bn sch v Pht hc.
Tc gi l mt c s nghin cu Pht hc, mt thin gi, ngi c tm
nguyn cao p v l mt tm gng ng knh v ng c tri n
trong s nghip truyn b Pht Php.
Gii Thiu 17
Li Ngi Dch
Ti khng bit bt u bng cu no, v tc gi, v thnh a &
nhng iu cha bao gi bit ht. Ch c mt iu l, khng hiu v
sao, sau khi c ti cng mun tt c cc bn v nhng ngi con
ng mn ca c Pht cng c c quyn sch ny.
Tc gi b ra nhiu thi gian v nhng chuyn i vit quyn
sch ny t nm 2001 nh mt mn qu tng cho mi ngi quan
tm n Pht gio. V t n nay, ng lun tip tc ln ng
v thng xuyn cp nht thng tin hiu chnh, b sung cho
quyn sch ca ln n bn ny. Trong sut thi gian bin dch, ti
mi cm th c rng tc gi lun lun xc ng khi ng vit
v quyn sch ny, trong tng mi mt thnh tch hay khi tm thm
c nhng chi tit lch s v thnh tch , nh ng tng tm
tnh vi ti.
Mt quyn sch vit v mt cuc hnh hng n x Pht, nhng
mt ln c qua, bn s ng ngng nh tc gi c gim chng
ta rt nhiu tng th kinh in s. Bn s c cm gic nh mnh
va c ht lch s ca vua Asoka, mi my tp Ty Du K ca
ngi Huyn Trang hay K S Pht Quc ca ngi Php Hin v
nhng nghin cu ca nhiu th h tin phong li lc sau ny.
Nhng ghi chp v s kin ca tt c h trong hn 20 th k nh
an quyn vo nhau trong cng mt cu chuyn hnh hng y
thng trm v lng mn.
u tin, theo li khuyn dy ca c Pht trc khi Ngi t gi
trn gian, nhng ni hnh hng quan trng nht l Bn Thnh a
(T ng Tm) l ni sinh, ni gic ng, ni khai ging gio Php
v ni Bt-Nit-bn ca c Pht. Vua Asoka l ngi hiu c
ngha nhng thnh a l gn lin vi cuc i c Pht v ngi
18 Hnh hng v x Pht
trin khai thm bn thnh a khc, l nhng ni gn lin vi cuc

i c Pht du hnh v thuyt ging gio l l Savatthi, Sankasia,
Rajagaha v Vesali.
Vy tng cng l c Tm Thnh a Quan Trng vi gn 100
thnh tch & nhng ni ng dng chn thm ving khc trn
ng hnh hng.
Trong n bn th ba, sau nhiu nm t thn hnh hng v gp
g vi nhng ngi bn l nhng Tng Ni min Pht gio, tc
gi tm thy c thm nhiu s tch, di tch gn lin cuc i
nhng bc A-la-hn i t ca Pht, nhng nh vua, hong
hu, hong t, cng cha Pht gio v nhng th ch cng dng
cao thng ngy xa v gn y. Tc gi l mt nh bin tp rt
kin nhn, v n bn th ba ny, ng mt gn mt nm bin tp
li quyn sch.
Khi bn hnh hng quyn sch ny s tr thnh mt cm nang
trong tay. Bn s ln lt ving thm tng khu hay vng thnh a v
s chim bi nhng di tch trong tng thnh a trong 1 hay 2 ngy.
Khi ngh m, bn c th c li nhng di tch m hm sau mnh s
n ving thm, hoc trong khi ngi trn xe but hoc ngi ngh ngi
trc khi bc n mt thnh tch, bn cng c th vo c li v
thng tin thnh tch . iu , trong bi cnh ang hnh hng, s
lm bn nh mi v thnh tch . Bn s tit kim c nhiu thi
gian, lo cho vic tn knh, l ly v chnh nim ng nh tm
nguyn ban u ca chuyn i.
Nu bn c tng c chi tit v nhng cuc hnh hng ca
hai nh Hnh hng Trung Hoa l Php Hin v Huyn Trang,
bn c th khng cn c li cc Mc 3, 4, 5 & 6 trong Phn I,
v trng tm ca quyn sch ny l ni v chi tit Lch S cc
Gii Thiu 19
Pht tch, Thnh tch & Lch trnh Hnh hng t Phn II,
III, IV & V. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng ai cha c nhng ghi
chp ca ngi Php Hin v Huyn Trang, th cn c li nhng
chuyn i lch s y cm ng ny. Mc ch ca tc gi trch
dn li chi tit ca nhng cuc hnh hng ny l v (1) cho
c gi hiu c ch, cng sc v chi tit hnh trnh ca hai
nh chim bi Trung Hoa ny, v (2) Tc gi mun cho nhng c
gi hiu rng nhng lch s, Pht tch, Thnh tch xa c ghi
chp trong Kinh in v lch s ng gp ca vua Asoka l trng
khp vi nhng ghi chp ca Php Hin v Huyn Trang, v v (3)
Th ba, iu quan trng nht l hu ht nhng Pht Tch, Thnh
Tch quan trng nht ca n u c khai qut bi nhng
nh kho c v i nhng u c da vo nhng ghi chp ca
hai nh hnh hng ny trong 2 quyn k s l: K S Pht Quc
v K S Ty Vc.
Nu khng c 2 cuc hnh hng ny, v 2 quyn k s ny, ngy
nay c th chng ta khng th no tm li c v khi phc li
nhng Pht Tch, Thnh tch ngy xa, vn b chn vi bn di
t qua my ngn nm.
Quyn sch cng km theo nhiu hnh nh ca tng Pht tch,
thnh tch quan trng m tc gi cng mit mi chp v la
chn trong gn 20 nm qua. Trong khi c v mt di tch no, cc
bn c th lt ra cui sch nhn nh v hnh dung ra c cch
quyn sch miu t v di tch . Nu cc bn cha duyn
lm mt chuyn i n min Pht gio, th cc bn cng c cm
gic l i c mt phn, vi s hiu bit cng vi nhng hnh
nh minh ha ny.
20 Hnh hng v x Pht
Mt cuc hnh hng v x Pht, n Tm Thnh a Quan Trng

ny c th l mt trong nhng qung thi gian hnh phc nht v
mn nguyn nht trong cuc i ca mt ngi v lm cho chng ta
cht nhn ra mnh tht l may mn khi c ngm nhn nhng ni
thing ling c knh ngy xa m trn ngp mt lng thnh knh v
bng khung khng th no t ht c.
Massachusetts, ma Thu 2011 (PL. 2555)

L Kim Kha
Gii Thiu 21
Li Cm n
Knh tng quyn sch ny cho cc thy:
HT. Thch Thanh T
TT. Thch Thng Phng
& cc thy: Kh nh, Bo T, Thng Kim, Kh Kin (Thin vin
Trc Lm Lt, Thin vin Thng Chiu) & S C Nh Php,
cc thy l ngun ng vin cho ti tht nhiu trn bc ng
hc Pht v lm Pht s.
Xin thnh tm bit n thy Thch Trc Thng Tnh, ngi gip
ti trong nhiu nm lm Pht s, n hnh kinh sch, v cng l
ngi gip c li bn tho.
Cm n nhng Pht t Nguyn Th Thu Nga, Ng c Ln, L Hong
Phi gip ti trong vic nh my bn tho.
Phn I
Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi
Ni Dung:
1. Nhng Kha Cnh Tm Linh Ca Mt Cuc Hnh Hng

2. Tm Thnh a Quan Trng Ca Cuc Hnh Hng
3. Nhng Cuc Hnh Hng Chim Bi Ni Ting Ngy Xa
4. K S Pht Quc Ca Ngi Php Hin (Fa Hsien)
5. K S Ty Vc Ca Ngi Huyn Trang (Hsan Tsang)
6. S Tn Ph V Suy Sp Ca Pht Gio n
7. S Khi Phc Nhng Di Tch Pht Gio n & Bnh Minh
Mi Ca Pht Gio n
8. Cuc Phc Hng Pht Gio n & Nhng Nh Tin Phong
Trong Cuc Phc Hng Pht Gio n
24 Hnh hng v x Pht
1. Nhng Kha Cnh Tm Linh Ca Cuc Hnh Hng(1)

1.1 Chuyn i Ca Nim Tin & Lng Knh o
i vi a s Pht t, vic thc hin mt cuc hnh hng n
nhng ni thing ling nh c Pht xng, l mt vic lm
mt-ln-trong-i. Vi rt nhiu thi gian, tin bc v n lc b
ra, iu bt buc mt ngi ang chun b hnh hng phi hiu
r cuc hnh hng l v mc ch g, c bit l v kha cnh tm
linh, bi v v mt vt cht v di chuyn thng thng c mt
cng ty l hnh chu trch nhim lo chu ton ri. Mt cuc hnh
hng l mt chuyn i n ni thing ling th hin lng thnh
tm m o v nim tin. Trong kinh in Pht gio, ch nim tin
(tn) hay saddha l s xc tn hay vng tin da vo s hiu bit
chc chn ca mt ngi i vi Pht, Php, Tng. N khng phi l
mt c tin m qung da vo nhng quan im sai lch. Bi v ngu
si, v minh l k dn dt mnh n nhng tm nim tri o l, th
nim tin saddha l ngi dn dt mnh n nhng tm nim hp
o l, bi v nim tin vng chc s c vai tr lm cho tm thanh
tnh, nh c Pht dy.
V vy, mt ngi hnh hng khng phi ging nh mt du khch,
i tm th vui tham quan, ngm cnh v thng thc. Khc vi nhng
khoi cm gic quan, cnh quan ca nhng ni thnh a khng h
lm khi sinh dc vng, nhng l iu kin tm nim lnh mnh
khi ln trong tm ngi hnh hng. c Pht khuyn chng ta
i thm ving nhng ni Ngi n sinh, ni Ngi Gic Ng,
ni Ngi khai ging Bi Thuyt Php u Tin v ni Ngi ra
i, hay i Bt-Nit-bn (Mahaparinibbana), v chim bi nhng
thnh tch bng nhng tnh cm tn knh. Bng cch th hin lng
thnh v s tn knh nhng ni thnh tch, mi ngi c th thanh
Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 25
lc ba nghip hnh ng, suy ngh v li ni (thn, , ming).

Bng cch ny, ngi hnh hng c tng trng o hnh Chnh
T Duy, Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip, ba nghip quan trng v l hay
ba chi trong Bt Chnh o. V th, chng ta c th thy rng vic
hnh hng bng nhng thi tinh thn ng n c th gip chng
ta thc hnh ng nhng Li Dy ca c Pht. Theo nh lun s
li lc Buddhaghosa (ngi Pht m), cm th tch cc c c khi
ving thm nhng thnh tch l s tri dy v cm gic thi thc v
mt tm linh (hng o) m nhng ni to ra. Mt lun s khc
l ngi Dhammapala gii thch rng cm gic thi thc v tm linh c
ngha l tm c mt tu gic l mnh phi t b nhng iu bt thin,
l tu gic chnh o.
1.2 Bn C S Thnh Cng (Hn Vit: T Thn Tc)
Ging nh hnh ng tr tu ng khen ngi (punna kiriya), tim
nng hnh ng ca mi con ngi ph thuc vo mc ca bn
c s thnh cng (iddhipada), bn iu kin cn c l: mong
mun thc hin (chanda), tm (citta), n lc, c gng (viriya) v
tr tu (vimansa). Tim nng hay kt qu (ca mt vic, mt hnh
ng) c tt, trung bnh hay yu km u ph thuc vo bn c
s tng ng c mnh, trung bnh hay yu t, s si. Mt
mong mun, mt ch mnh m thng xut pht t lng thnh
ca mt ngi trong vic thc hin mt cuc hnh hng hng
theo li khuyn ca Pht. Khi tm v nguyn mnh m, th
khng c g lm ngi xao lng nh v cng khng c tr
ngi, gian kh no ca chuyn i c th lm nn lng ngi hnh
hng c. N lc c ngha l ngh lc thc hin chuyn i, m
nhng ngy tht xa xa kia n c ngha l mt chuyn i di v
nghn trng xa qua bao nhiu lc a, bin ln v bng qua nhng
sa mc mt mng.
26 Hnh hng v x Pht
Ngy nay, chng ta c th hnh trnh bng my bay v trn nhng xe

but c gn my lnh, nhanh hn v d dng hn nhiu, tuy nhin s
chun b l iu tht s khng th thiu c, c bit l tm hiu r
v ngha lch s v tm linh ca mi ni thnh a trong lch trnh
hnh hng. Vi s hiu bit ny, mt ngi c th chim nghim
v lin tng mt ni thing ling ang ving thm vi nhng s
kin trong cuc i ca c Pht lch s, iu gip bn hnh dung
ra c mt bc tranh trong tm, to iu kin hay duyn lm khi
sinh nhng tm nim lnh mnh v thnh thin khi chim bi thnh
tch . iu ny ch ch thc c c v mt tr tu v tm linh bi
nhng ngi c chun b chu o cho cuc hnh hng. (Bi v c
rt nhiu ngi ch tham gia cuc hnh hng v s t m, hay gn
nh l m tn ch v nghe n nhng ni c cho l linh thing
th n thm ch n thun l cu c phc c, cng nh nhng
ngi n ving thm cc Cha thng xuyn, v mt s lng thnh
v s cu khn no , m chng hiu bit nhiu v ngha ca vic
n ving Cha theo ng gio php - ND).
Tt c nhng yu t c s thnh cng ny u c trang b
trong tim ca nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa ngy trc nh
ngi Php Hin (Fa Hsien), Huyn Trang (Hsan Tsang), Ngha Tnh
(I-Ching) v nhiu ngi khc khi h ln ng hnh hng sang n
cch y mi my th k.
1.3 Tng Trng 10 iu Hon Thin
Hay Hnh Ba-La-Mt (Paramis)
Kha cnh th hai ca mt cuc hnh hng l hnh ng bung
b, ngha l ngi hnh hng nn t b nhng nhu cu hay tham
dc xa x, v nn hi lng vi nhng tin nghi, xe c v thc n n
gin, thanh tnh. Tm nim khng tham dc gip cho ngi hnh
hng chu ng c nhng bt tin v vt v bng lng nhn ni

v t bi, m khng h phn nn, than vn.
Trong thi gian thm ving mt thnh tch, ngi hnh hng cm thy
mnh ang ni c s hin din ca c Bn S v chnh nim tin
min mt ny s mang li lng hoan h v s tun gi gii hnh, vn l
nn tng ca cng c. Nhiu ngi cn thc hnh b th (n-na), cng
dng cho nhng Tng Ni t lng knh trng v bit n i vi
nhng thy chm sc v gi gn nhng ni thing ling. Nhng thnh
tch ny cng l nhng ni m nhng ngi hnh hng qun chiu v
nhng cng hnh ca c Pht v thc hnh chnh nim nhm pht
trin v tr tu. C nhiu cch thc hnh cng hnh khc nhau mt
ngi th hin lng thnh knh nhng thnh tch hay bo thp (cetiyas)
bn cnh nhng nghi thc thng thng nh dng hoa, cng n, thp
hng, v vi ly trong nghi l cng dng (puja). Trong qu trnh
hnh hng, trong mt ngi c th khi sinh nhiu thin tm, lm
cho mnh tr nn tt p v cao thng hn, v vy s to ra nhiu thin
nghip tt p hn (kusala kamma). Tht vy, ngi hnh hng c
th pht trin nhng iu Hon Thin hay Ba-la-mt (Paramis) v tch
nhiu cng c trong chuyn hnh hng bng lng thnh.
Nhng iu khng nn c kt thc sau khi kt thc chuyn hnh
hng v tr v nh, m bn phi lun lun c gng hi tng hay
chnh nim li trong tr nh nhng khonh khc y hoan h v kh
din t mnh tri qua nhng ni thing ling ca Pht, v gi cho
nhng k nim lun lun sng ng trong k c ca mi ngi. S
hi tng li khi sinh ra nim h lc mi v l phng tin thin
xo cng c nhng thin nghip m mnh tch cp c trong
chuyn hnh hng. Vo nhng lc bnh tt, lo s hay bun au trong
cuc i mnh, bn s c th d dng xua tan i nhng phin no
bng cch tm nim vui thanh tnh trong vic nh li nhng hnh vi
tt p hay thin nghip trong chuyn hnh hng.
28 Hnh hng v x Pht
1.4 Hi i Hu Pht Gio hay Hi o Hu ng Hnh

Hi i hu c ngha l nhm ngi hay cng ng cng mc ch
thng xuyn hp mt, chia s nhng trch nhim v gip ln
nhau trong mi quan h v tnh cm bn hu. Kha cnh ngha ca
Hi i Hu Pht gio hay o hu Pht gio cng rt quan trng
trong vic khuyn khch v gip ca nhng ngi khc thc
hnh nhng Li Dy ca c Pht v cng c nim tin ca chng ta
vo nhng lc bt u tu tp v nhng ln kh s trong cuc i. Mt
cuc hnh hng theo mt nhm hay mt on n Tm Thnh
a Quan Trng l cch tt nht gieo trng mi quan h o hu
Pht gio. Tri qua 2 tun, hoc hn na, ca mt cuc hnh hng,
nhng ngi trong nhm hnh hng u c nhng c hi giao tip
gn gi vi nhau v quen bit nhau trong nhng khng kh ca lng
t bi, lng hoan h, ho hip v lng thnh tn ngng. Mi quan
h gn b ca tnh ng o c hnh thnh trong lc cng nhau
thc hin nhng o hnh s cn mi sau chuyn hnh hng v
nhng ngi hnh hng s lun nng niu nhng k nim ng qu
mi khi hi tng li nhng khonh khc mnh tri qua nhng
ni chim bi. Mt chuyn i hnh hng n Tm Thnh a Quan
Trng cng vi nhng o hu, on kt bng nim tin v lng m
o tht s l tnh i hu Pht gio v l cch tuyt vi nht pht
huy tnh bn hu gia mi ngi.
1.5 Khi Sinh S Thc Gic V Mt Tm Linh
(2)
Trong Chuyn Hnh Hng
Theo nhng ghi chp ca Kinh in, Bn Thnh a Hnh Hng
(T ng Tm) c gi l Samvejaniya-thana, c ngha l nhng
ni s lm khi sinh trong lng thc v s ng tm v bn cht
V Thng ca vn vt. V vy, nhng ngi hnh hng kho s
tm thy c hi trong chuyn hnh hng lm tng thm nim Thc

Gic v mt tm linh (samvega)1 bng cch qun chiu nhng li
dy cui cng ca c Pht trc khi ngi nhp dit Bt-NitBn: Ny cc T kheo, by gi ta ni vi cc thy: Tt c cc php
hu vi u v thng. Hy n lc tinh tn (tu hnh) t c
mc tiu (gii thot) ca mnh. (Trch Kinh i Bt-Nit-BnMahaparinibbana).
Bn thnh a tng l nhng trung tm gn lin vi cuc i
ca c Pht, Gio Php (Dhamma) v nhng T kheo A-la-hn
(Arahant) ni ting ca Tng on(Sangha), Hn chng ta tng t
nhiu c hay nghe v nhng s kin c Pht n Sinh Lumbini,
c Pht Thnh o Buddhagaya (B o Trng), c Pht
khai ging Bi Php u Tin Isipatana (Vn Nai), v c Pht
Bt-Nit-Bn Kusinara. Ngy nay, Pht v nhng v A-la-hn u
tin khng cn na, cng v mt l tht l ngay c c Pht
Samvega l cm xc ca Thi T Siddattha ln u tip xc vi cnh ngi gi,
bnh v cht. y l mt t kh dch v n bao hm nhiu mc ca cm xc:
a) Cm gic nng do chong sc, v mng v chn ngn khi nhn ra s ph
phim, v ngha ca i sng; b) Cm gic khim nhng do nhn ra mnh t
mn v kh di khi sng mt cch m qung; c) Cm gic bn chn khc khoi
do thc tnh cp bch ca vic tm cch thot ra khi ci vng qun quanh v
ngha ny. Kh tm c mt t no trong ngn ng chng ta c th gi ghm y
c ba tm trng . C l chng ta nn du nhp thng t samvega vo trong
ngn ng ca mnh.Cm xc ca Thi T vi ngi th t m Ngi gp ngoi
cung in: V sa-mn du hnh. Cm xc lc ny ca Ngi c tn l pasada, mt
loi cm xc a chiu khc, thng c dch l nim tin trong sng (nim tin
thanh tnh, tm tnh tn.). y l cm xc gi cho cm gic samvega khng
bin thnh tuyt vng. Thi t thc r tnh trng him nguy ca mnh, v
thc v mt con ng thot khi tnh trng gi, bnh, cht v tin tng c mt
con ng s thnh cng. (Ch thch theo tham lun Tin vo Tri Tim- Gio l
v Samvega & Pasada, 1997, ca T kheo Thanissaro do Thch N Chn Gii
Nghim dch. Chng ta nn tm c v php lun rt hu ch ny (v nhiu php
lun khc) trn: www.buddhanet.net/budsas/uni/u-thanis/00.htm - ND).
1
30 Hnh hng v x Pht
v nhng A-la-hn li lc cng khng vt qua quy lut th gian

sinh, lo, bnh, t. L tht l th gii ca tt c chng sinh (sattaloka) khng bao gi thng hng m ph thuc vo s bin i theo
Quy Lut V Thng. Ch cn n nhn thnh a v chim nghim
li iu ny, chng ta khng khi c cm gic nn nao, thc
bch v tm linh (samvega) trong lng mnh v vic n lc tu tp
con ng Bt Chnh o mau dn n Nit-Bn Nibbana, chm
dt mi kh au ca sinh t.
Sau khi Bt-Nit-Bn ca c Pht, nhng ngi knh o khp n
xy nhiu bo thp stupas v tu vin viharas tng nim
nhng s kin quan trng trong cuc i c Pht v Pht Php
nhng ni ny. Nh chng ta c, lch s c n 84.000 bo thp
stupas c xy dng bi vua Asoka tn knh v tng nim
84.000 x li thuc v (hay lin quan n) Pht v A-la-hn, nhng
x li ny cn c gi l nhng Php-un (Dhamma-khandas),
cng vi nhng cng trnh tng nim khc c xy bi nhng
v Vua Pht t thuc nhng triu i khc nhau. Hm nay, nhng
ngi hnh hng phi i qua nhng khong cch di trn nhng
con ng xu, kh i n nhng vng xa xi ca min Bc n
ch chng kin nhng di tch nt, iu tn ca nhng n thp
huy hong mt thi hong kim xa b ph hy, thm ch b
tiu hy. Bt chp , nguyn hay tm l chung ca ngi xa l
xy n, thp to ln, kin c tng nim trng cu, tr hao
thi gian v kh nng b con ngi ph hoi, r rng nht l nhng
Tr Asoka uy nghi bng cng gn nh kh b h hoi hay b ph
hoi, tt c nhng cng trnh tng nim u b tan hoi hay
tn ph theo thi gian.
V vy, chng ta thc c rng th gii hu vi (sankhara-loka)
v th gii t nhin (okasa-loka) khng bao gi thng hng m
bin i theo quy lut V Thng. thc ny c th l mt trong
cm xc trong ngha ng tm, lm cho k hnh hng cm

gic nn nao kh t, nh l mt s thc gic tm linh v mt kip
ngi ngn ngi, v s cp bch thc hnh Chnh o mau c
ngy gii thot.
2. Tm Thnh a Quan Trng Ca Cuc Hnh Hng (3), (4)

p li s lo lng ca ngi Ananda rng nhng T kheo s khng
cn c hi gp c Pht v nh l sau i Bt-Nit-bn ca
Ngi, Pht cp n bn thnh a m nhng Pht t m o
nn ving thm v t lng tn knh. (Gii Pht t Trung Hoa v Vit
Nam thng hay gi bn ni l T ng Tm). Bn ni l:
1) Lumbini: y l ni Nh Lai n sinh. Ni ny, ny Ananda,
l ni mt ngi knh o nn ving thm v chim bi vi lng
thnh knh.
2) Buddhagaya (B- o Trng): Ni y Nh Lai gic
ng vin mn, V Thng Chnh ng Gic!. Ni ny, ny
Ananda, l ni mt ngi knh o nn ving thm v chim bi
vi lng thnh knh.
3) Sarnath (Vn Lc Uyn): Ni y Nh Lai dch chuyn
Bnh Xe Gio Php! Ni ny, ny Ananda, l ni mt ngi knh
o nn ving thm v chim bi vi lng thnh knh .
4) Kusinara (Cu Thi Na): Ni y, Nh Lai nhp dit Nitbn, ni m nhng un dnh chp khng cn khi sinh ! Ni ny, ny
Ananda, l ni mt ngi knh o nn ving thm v chim bi vi
lng thnh knh.
32 Hnh hng v x Pht
V bt k ai, ny Ananda, nu b thit mng trong chuyn

hnh hng nh vy, vi nim tin su sc trong lng, khi thn
xc phn hoi, sau khi cht, s c ti sinh vo mt cnh tri
hnh phc.
Trch Kinh i Bt-Nit-bn
Cn Bn thnh a khc cng l nhng ni c thnh ha bi c

Pht v nhng cnh tng k diu xy ra, l:
5) Savatthi (X-V), ni c Pht dng hai php Thn Thng
hng phc lc s ngoi o. Sau , Pht xut hnh ln ci tri
ao-Li (Tavatimsa) thuyt ging (Vi Diu Php Abhidhamma)
cho m ca Ngi.
6) Sankasia, ni c Pht h th xung li trn gian t ci tri
ao-Li (Tavatimsa), thp tng bi Phm Thin (Brahma) v vua
tri -thch (Sakka), (sau khi Ngi thuyt ging Vi Diu
Php Abhidhamma cho m ca Ngi v nhng v Tri, Thn
trong 3 thng).
7) Rajagaha, ni c Pht thun phc con Voi Say.
8) Vesali (T-x-ly), ni n kh o mt ao nc cho c Pht
dng v cng dng ln c Pht mt bt mt ong.
* Tng cng tt c, chng ta c 8 a danh quan trng phi thm
ving trong cuc hnh hng. Trong 8 a danh , 7 a danh l
thuc n ngy nay v 1 ni l Lumbini, ni c Pht n sinh,
l thuc nc Nepal, gn bin gii n .
Theo ghi chp trong quyn Lun ging b Pht S (Buddhavamsa

Commentary, trang 188, 428), i vi tt c ch Pht, c 4 ni thnh
tch l khng h thay i v khng th lm thay i c, l:
Ni c Pht ngi thin t Gic Ng (Bodhi pallanka: chic
Trng K B-) Bodhgaya (B- o Trng),
Ni c Pht chuyn bnh xe Php ti Vn Nai (Lc Uyn),
Isipatana, Sarnath,
Ni Pht t bc chn u tin cng thnh Sankasia sau khi tr
v tri t t ci tri ao-Li,
Ni t bn chn ging trong n Gandhatuki (Hng Tht) tu
vin K Vin Jetavana, Savatthi (X-v).
Vy, Bn ni khng i di ca ch Pht cng nm trong Tm
Thnh a Quan Trng ca cuc hnh hng.
Ch thch:
Tn ca mt s ni c ghi chp trong kinh in Pali hin nay
b thay i n . Tn hin nay ca nhng ni c ghi trong
du ngoc l:
Buddhagaya (Bodhgaya),
Kusinara (Kushinagar),
Rajagaha (Rajgir),
Savatthi (Sravasti), v
Vesali (Vaishali).
34 Hnh hng v x Pht
2.1 Thi Tinh Thn (Tm Linh)

Khi Bc Vo Nhng Thnh Tch
Mt iu quan trng cn nhc nh chng ta, nhng ngi hnh
hng n y l tng nim v tn knh c Pht. V vy, khi
chng ta n nhng di tch thing ling, chng ta cn gi thi knh
trng mt cch ng mc, ph hp. c Pht c gi l vua ca
gio php hay mt Php Vng (Dhamma-raja) v khi chng ta
bc vo nhng ni tng nim ngi , chng ta ang nh l trc
s c mt ca mt v Vua m chng ta tn knh. Ngi hnh hng
n thnh tch khng nn chp hnh lia la, i li lng xng, gii thch
nhau hay ni nhau ru rt v cng khng nn c thi nh l khch
du lch tham quan, tm hiu bng s t m hay tm hiu quang cnh.
Thay v vy, ngi hnh hng nn gi cho cc gic quan hay cc
cn bnh lng v trm tnh. Ngi hnh hng chim bi nn i
mt cch chnh nim, u hi nghing xung v hai tay chp hnh
bp sen to s trang trng v tp trung nim v nhng c hnh
ca Pht (nim Pht). Khi bc vo ni th cng, chnh in, bo
thp, ngi chim bi nn gi thi nh ang bc vo nh l
trc mt c Pht, sau thc hin nhng nghi thc cng ng
(puja), l ly, nng ta vo Tam Bo bng cch c hay tm nguyn
gi Ng Gii hay Bt Gii v tng nim Pht, Php, Tng.
Bng cch th hin ng n v ph hp nh th, mt Pht t knh
o thm n ving v chim bi nhng ni thing ling vi lng
thnh knh, nh Pht dy.
3. Nhng Nh Hnh Hng Li Lc Trong Qu Kh (5),(6),(7)

Bn ni thnh tch thing ling do Pht ch ra (T ng Tm) cng
vi Bn thnh tch ni nhng cnh tng k diu c gi l Tm
Thnh a Quan Trng (Atthamahathanani). Hong A-dc

(Asoka) gi mt cuc thm ving n tm ni ny l cuc hnh
trnh Php (dhammayatra) hay l cuc hnh hng ca lng m
o. Vo nm tr v th 20 ca ngi, nm 249 trc CN, ngi
ch tm n nhng li xng, ng vin ca c Pht v ngi
ln ng thc hin mt cuc hnh hng n chim bi nhng ni
thnh a ny. Chuyn i ca ngi c gi l mt chuyn i nh
du m ng bi v bt c ni no ngi thm ving qua, ngi
u cho xy nhng bo thp (Ph-, Stupas) v dng nhng ct
vi nhng ch khc tng nh n chuyn thm ca ngi n
nhng thnh a Pht gio. Nhng ct nh thp c lm nhng
nhng khi sa thch nguyn khi v trn nh ct c khc hnh
nhng linh vt (nh s t, voi), nhm mc ch nh du v tr a
l ca nhng thnh a Pht gio thing ling nht. Ngay c sau khi
chng b tn ph, sp vo thi suy sp ca nn Pht gio n
, chng ta vn cn tm thy c chng nhn ra c v tr ca
nhng thnh a. Ngy nay, sau 2.250 nm, nhiu tr thi Asoka
vn cn ng vng, minh chng cho lng tin m o v s cng
hin ca ngi. Nhng ngi hnh hng trong thi hin i ny vn
cn nhn thy c nhng Tr Asoka Lumbini, Kapilavatthu
(Ca-t-la-v) v Vesali (T-x-ly), u S T ni ting Vin Bo
Tng Sarnath v u Voi Sankasia. Cuc hnh hng lm gng
ca nh vua Asoka c cc nh vua Pht t sau ny, nhng
hong hu, nhng thnh nhn v nhng ngi giu c c phng
tin ti lc thi by gi, noi gng lm theo.
Cui cng th n tr thnh nc u tin mc ln nhng cng
trnh tng nim v nhng n thp Pht gio.
n t Trung hoa l nhng nh s m o v v cng nhit huyt,
nh ngi Php Hin, Huyn Trang v nhiu ngi khc na, h
hnh trnh vn dm v kin trung vt qua mun vn kh khn,
36 Hnh hng v x Pht
nguy him v thm ch l ci cht hon thnh c nguyn i

chim bi nhng thnh a Pht gio. Trong quyn Nhng Nh S
Trung Hoa n ca ngi Ngha Tnh (I-Ching), mt nh hnh
hng ni ting khc, ngi m t li cnh ngi phi chu i sut
nhiu ngy khng c ming n, thm ch khng mt git nc v
t hi lm sao nhng nh hnh hng c th chu ng gi vng
tinh thn v o hnh.
Trn nhng chng ng b hnh tht di, nhiu ngi b mng
v kit sc v bnh tt v nhiu ngi phi li hi ct ca
mnh trn nhng sa mc mnh mng hoc u trn ng i
n . Nhng mc d bao nhiu chng gai, gian kh, h vn
khng nn ch v u hng, l tinh thn bt khut v tm nguyn
kin trung c ngm nhn v chim bi nhng di tch thing
ling ca tn gio mnh. Chc trc cha tng c ai c th chu
ng c nhng th thch ca sa mc, ni rng him tr v i
dng v th hin c lng dng cm, lng m o su sc, v
kh nng chu ng phi thng.
Ngi tin phong hnh hng l ngi Php Hin (Fa Hsien). Ngi
mt 5 nm b hnh t bin cng pha Ty ca Trung Hoa,
bng qua sa mc Takla Makan, sa mc t thn, l khu vc c mi
trng khc nghit nht hnh tinh tri t, v nhng ngn o bo
cun Pamir v nhng dy ni cao ngt, him tr x s ca dy
Hindu Kush ch thc hin vic i m cha n c mc tiu ca
chuyn i l n . Sau , ngi hnh hng n 6 nm v qua
Sri Lanka v li thm 2 nm na. Sau , ngi ln ng tr v
qu hng bng ng bin mt mt nm hnh trnh v ngi gh
li o Java 5 thng. Php Hin ghi li ton b cuc hnh hng
ko di t nm 399-414 sau CN trong quyn K S Pht Quc hay
Pht Quc K.
Gn 100 nm sau chuyn i ca ngi Php Hin, 2 nh s khc,

c tn trong ting Trung Hoa l Sung Yun v Hui Sheng, thuc
L Giang, ph H Nam c Hong Hu ng triu Bc Ngy
phi i sang n thnh kinh Pht. H bt u hnh trnh vo
nm 518 sau CN v sau khi n c n , tn vng Peshawar v
Nagarahara (Jalalabad), sau quay tr v n vo nm 521 sau
CN. Sung Yun c tng thut li trong mt k s ngn v chuyn i
ca mnh, nhng Hui Sheng th khng ghi li bt k chi tit no v
chuyn hnh hng ca mnh.
(i vi nhng nh nghin cu sau ny, Hui Sheng qu tht l mt
nh hnh hng b n. Mt im c ghi li trong lch s Trung
Hoa v theo nghin cu hin i c cng b mi y ca hai
hc gi M v Canada, mt phi on Pht gio n Trung M v
Mexico khong th k th 5 sau CN. Theo gio s John Fryer thuc
i Hc California, mt nh s Pht Gio tn l Hui Sheng trong
ting Trung Hoa v bn v khc ngi gc Kabul Afganistan
ving thm Trung M v Mexico vo nm 458 sau CN vi mc ch
truyn dy gio l ca c Pht. Sau khong thi gian 40 nm, Php
s Hui Sheng, v trng on, n c tr v Trung Quc nm
499 sau CN. y qu tht l mt cuc hnh hng v i, t Trung
Hoa qua n ri v li Trung Hoa hoc ra mt hi cng n
vt i dng sang Bc M v hnh trnh nhiu ngn dm xung
Trung M! - ND).
Nh hnh hng Trung Hoa ni ting nht l php s Tam Tng Kinh
ngi Huyn Trang (Hsan Tsang), ngi b mt thc hin cuc
hnh hng bng mt chuyn i di v pha Ty vo nm 629 sau
CN vo nm 27 tui. Chuyn hnh hng ca ngi l chuyn i di
nht, mt ht 17 nm (629-645 sau CN) v khi tr v li t nc,
ng c nghnh n bi vua nh ng, ng Thi Tng. Huyn
Trang ghi li nhng chuyn i ca mnh trong quyn sch hay
38 Hnh hng v x Pht
c gi l Ty Du K (i ng Ty Vc K), vi nhng trang

vit y chi tit v lng mn v nhng thnh a, n cha Pht Gio
n v nhng nc ngi i qua. S ng gp, lng m o
v lng ham m hc hi ca ngi tr thnh mt ngun cm hng
to ln cho nhng ngi ng thi v nhng th h sau trong vic
thc hin tm nguyn hnh hng v c Pht.
Trong c Ngha Tnh, ngi hnh hng i t Trung Hoa
qua n v tr v u bng ng bin. Chuyn i ca ngi ko
di t nm 671-695 sau CN, trong ngi lu li 10 nm Hc
Vin Nalanda v thm 10 nm na Sri-Vijaya, Sumatra dch
kinh sch. Ngi ghi li cuc hnh hng ca mnh trong cun tc
phm Nam Hi K Qui Ni Php Truyn.
Nhng k s ca nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa li chnh l
nhng vn bn duy nht m t li hon cnh ca Pht Gio v
nhng di tch Pht gio theo nh hin trng vo thi by gi, cho nn
chng tr thnh nhng chng c v gi trong vic xc nh v tr
a l ca nhng tn tch, di tch trong qu trnh khai qut vo th k
19 bi Ngi Alexander Cunningham v nhng nh khm ph khc.
4. K S Pht Quc ca ngi Php Hin(8)

Ngi Php Hin (Fa Hsien) hnh hng n n cng vi
nhng nh s l: Hui-king, Tao-ching, Hui-ying, Hui-yu v mt s
ngi khc. Mc ch ca chuyn i l su tm Lut Tng (Vinaya)
hay Gii Lut Tng on.
Ngi khi hnh t Trng An (Xian) vo nm 339 sau CN, lc ngi
65 tui, tht kin cng. C on hnh hng phi i b hnh qua
nhiu chng ng cho n khi h n c Chang-yeh, n tr
qun lnh cui cng u cc Ty Bc ca Vn L Trng Thnh,

h gp on nh s Trung Hoa khc do nh s Pao-yun v
Sung-king dn u, cng ln ng i n . Sau khi tr chn mt
thng ma ma Chang-yeh, h lp tc ln ng n Dunhuang
(n Hong), ni bt u vnh ai sa mc Takla Makan t thn, v
h ngh li n Hong hn mt thng na. Qun trn th cung
cp cho h nhng nhu yu phm cn thit h c th vt qua sa
mc v h xut pht vt qua sa mc Takla Makan. Sau khi i b
c 17 ngy c 1,500 l, (1 l=1/3 dm) v hng Ty Nam,
dc theo vnh ai ca sa mc, h n mt x s lm chm, kh
cn l Shen-shen (Thin Thin), thuc Loulan (Lu Lan), pha nam
ca Lop Nor. Nh vua ca t nc ny cng sng knh o Pht v
c khong 4.000 tu s Pht gio Tiu Tha (Hinayana)2.
Sau khi ngh ngi x ny khong mt thng, h ln ng tip
tc cuc hnh trnh i v hng Ty Bc trong vng 15 ngy, c
th l i dc theo sng Tarim v n nc Kara-shahr (Korla),
gn H Bagarach. y h gp li on hnh hng ca nh s
Pao-yuni theo hng Bc n Hami v Turfan. Trong lc ny
nhm hnh hng ca ngi Php Hin c lu li Kara-shahr
c s bo tr v cung cp nhu yu phm bi mt quan chc quan
Nhng ghi chp ca Ngi Php Hin l theo cch nhng ngi theo Pht gio i
Tha lc th hay gi h (nhng ngi theo cc 18 trng phi Kinh B Nikayas)
l Tiu Tha. Nhng cch gi tr thnh u tr, mang tnh khinh mit h v t
tn mnh ca nhng ngi i Tha. Sau ny, trn th gii ngi ta gi h l nhng
ngi theo Pht gio Nguyn thy. V chng ta ang bn lun v nhng cuc
hnh hng v x Pht, ni m c Pht t lc ra i cho n khi t gi trn gian
Bt-Nit-bn cha h ging dy mt gio php no c tn Tiu Tha, i Tha (hay
xe ln, xe nh) c. V nhng thnh a thing ling l chng tch ca qu hng khi
thy ca Pht gio m chng ta ang tm nguyn chim bi, nn chng ta cng nn
gi bng tn Pht gio Nguyn thy, nhng ni chng ta s gp g, chng kin
hng ngn Pht t v tu s m o ng knh n t nhiu t nc Pht gio khc
nhau. (Xem thm quyn Gio Trnh Pht Hc, Chng XVII ca cng tc gi;
o Pht Nguyn Thy v o Pht i Tha ca HT. TS. W. Rahula - ND).
2
40 Hnh hng v x Pht
trng, nhm ca ngi Pao-yun th khng c may mn, h phi

quay tr li Turfan chun b nhng nhu yu phm cho chuyn
i tip. Sau khi li Kara-shar 2 thng, Php Hin cng vi nhm
hnh hng tip tc ln ng i v hng Ty Nam, bng qua sa
mc. Dc ng hon ton hiu qunh, khng nh ca v khng mt
bng ngi. S chu ng vt qua gian kh ca h l ngoi
sc tng tng ca con ngi. H la lch tip tc b hnh sut
mt thng v 5 ngy rng r, cui cng h n c mt th trn c
o xanh tt l Khotan (Vu in). Ngi ng u x s ny
tip i nng hu v chu cp nhng tin nghi, ch cho cc ngi
trong mt tu vin. H lu li y 3 thng.
T Khotan, on hnh hng tip tc i b 25 ngy n
Yarkand, v dng chn ngh li y 15 ngy trc khi tip tc.
H li tip tc b hnh 25 ngy n Kasghar (Tn Cng), nm
gia dy ni Thng Lnh (Pamirs), vo lc chng kin c L
Pancavassika Parisa (Hi ng Pht Gio hp mt 5 nm hay 5
H 1 ln) do Hong A-dc (Asoka) t ra), trong bui L ,
Vua nc ny thc hin l cng dng trang trng cho Tng
on. Ri khi Kashgar, h tin vo t nc Tajikistan qua dy
ni Sarykol, mt nguyn mt thng tri vt qua ht vng ni
non him tr Pamirs, sau h tip tc cuc hnh trnh v hng
Ty Nam trong 15 ngy, vt qua nhng chng ng him tr
nht, ton l vch dng ng, gn nh khng th no vt qua
c. Ngi Php Hin m t li nh sau:
mi lm ngy trn mt con ng gay go dc ng v him
ngho, v sn ni ging nh mt bc tng vi chiu cao hn
10.000 b (gn bng 3.000m). Nhn xung dui, cnh vt m i v
khi mun bc ti th cng khng c ch t bn chn na. Bn
di l sng Sintu-ho (Indus). Nhng ngi n y nhng ln
trc c lm ng i v phi t thang vo sn . Tt
c c n 700 bc thang, khi vt qua ht nhng bc thang ny

th chng ti phi i qua con sng bng cu treo dy qung. Hai bn
b sng cch xa nhau gn tm mi bc, ( tc gn 80-100m).
Sau khi vt sng, h tip tc n nc Udyana, tri qua t
Chitral n Swat ngy nay min Bc Pakistan Ngy ,
Udyana l mt trung tm pht trin Pht gio, vi khong hn
500 tu vin ca nhng tu s Pht Gio Nguyn Thy. Ba ngi
trong on l Hui-king, Tao-ching v Hui-yu tch ra i n
Nagarahara (Jalalabad) chim bi di tch Bng Pht in trn
vch hang ng ca Rng Gopala Naga2 v chim bi c x-li
rng v xng s ca c Pht ti Hadda, trong khi ngi Php
Hin v Hui ying vn cn li Udyana tri qua ma Ma Kit
H. Sau khi kt thc y, tt c u ln ng i Swat v tip
tc hnh trnh 5 ngy xung pha ng n Gandhara (vng
t nm gia Takkasila v Charsadda ngy nay). T y, h tip
tc hnh hng v Peshawar chim bi bo Thp Kaniska
stupa ni ting v di vt bnh bt ca Pht. (Ch gii 4). Ti y,
h gp li on hnh hng ca nh s Pao-yun v Sung-king
cng n chim bi bnh bt ca Pht.
Mt trong nhng ngi bn ng hnh ca ngi Php Hin l Huiyu, ngi ln trc tch ra i chim bi Bng Pht3 Nagarahara,
cng va n Peshawar, v n lc ny, ng ta quyt nh quay v
Theo truyn thuyt c ghi chp li bi nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa,
c Pht li bng ca Ngi in trn hang ng vch ni Nagahara (th
ph ngy xa ca th trn Jalalabad). Hang ng ln ny l ni ca Rng Naga
Gopala hy dit, n nh tiu dit vng quc ny, ch v n c mt s xch
mch vi nh vua trong kip trc. V lng t bi i vi nhng dn c ang sng
y, c Pht t Trung n n ni y hng phc con rng v Ngi
li bng ca mnh trn vch hang ng ca Rng Naga Gopala. c Pht dn
con rng l phi nhn ln bng Pht mi khi tm c khi sinh th lp tc lng t s
c thay th cho c tm. V sau ny, bng Pht khng cn c thy na.
3
42 Hnh hng v x Pht
Trung Hoa cng vi on ca Pao-yun v Sung-king. Trong khi ,

mt ngi ng hnh khc ca ngi Php Hin l Hui-ying, trong
khi ng li trong ngi Cha c bnh bt ca Pht, t trn ti .
By gi, Php Hin v 2 ngi ng hnh cng tin v pha Ty
n Nagarahara. Ngi n thnh ph Hadda, v ving thm ngi
cha c gi X Li Xng S ca Pht. Ti th Nagarahara,
ngi cng ving thm nhng ngi cha c nhng tu s mang y
kp (Sanghati, Tng-gi-l); v thm ng hang rng Gopala
Naga chim bi Bng Pht. ng ngh cng hai ngi ng hnh
l Tao-ching v Hui-king ngh chn, tri qua 2 thng ma ng ti
thnh ph ny. Khi Ma ng kt thc, h tip tc hnh trnh xung
pha Nam v gp phi s khc nghit ca mt ma ng but gi,
thi tit lnh nh bng khi h c gng vt qua dy ni Safed Koh.
Nh s Hui-king, gn nh khng th phc hi t nhng cn bnh
trc y trong cuc hnh trnh di vn dm, v khng th no tip
tc ct bc na. Ngi kit sc v cht trn tay ca Php Hin.
iu ny cng thc gic nhng ngi cn li phi c gng ht sc
lc cui cng v vt qua rng ni cng nhanh cng tt hng
v Afghanistan. Cui cng, h cng n c Afghanistan. H
xin ngh li qua ma Ma trong mt tu vin cng vi 3.000 tng s
sng xung quanh vng ln cn.
Sau an c ma Ma, h ln ng bng qua vng Punjab, y l
vng Pht gio ang n hoa v h gh qua rt nhiu tu vin vi
v s T kheo, v sau n c nc Mathura. Php Hin
ving thm ln lt nhng ni Sankasia, Kanauj, Saketa, Ayodha
v Savatthi (X-v), nhng T kheo trong tu vin K Vin
Jetavana v cng ngc nhin khi gp h, bi v nhng ngi n
y cha bao gi thy ngi Hn (Trung Hoa) n tn ni
cch xa ny thnh gio php ca Pht. Xui v hng ng, on
hnh hng n thm vng quc dng h Thch Ca (Sakyan)
c xa, v , h i thm ni sinh ca cc v Pht Kakusandha

(m Hn Vit: Pht Cu-lu-tn) v Pht Konagamana hay cn
gi l Pht Kanakamuni (m Hn Vit: Pht Cu-Na-Hm), v
cng chng kin nhng Tr Asoka c dng ln . Lc
ny, kinh thnh Kapilavatthu (Ca-t-la-v) ging nh mt sa mc,
khng mt bng ngi . Ch c mt nhm T kheo v khong 10
gia nh c s. ng x vng tnh, khng ngi qua li, v ni s
voi d v s t.
T Kapilavatthu (Ca-t-la-v), nhng ngi hnh hng i
Kusinara (Cu-tin-na), l thnh a, ni i Bt-Nit bn ca c
Pht. ni ny cng vy, cng ch c mt s t ca dn v nhng
gia nh bn cnh mt vi nhm T kheo. Sau h ri i Vesali
(T-x-ly) v Pataliputta (Hoa Th Thnh), th ca nc
Magadha (Ma-kit-) c xa. Sau h li hnh hng qua tu
vin Nalanda v thnh Rajagaha (Vng-x), ti y, Php Hin
leo ln ngn ni Gijjhaka (Linh Thu) dng hoa, hng
n v ngi li sut m thin nh v c kinh. Tip tc cuc
hnh hng, h li n Buddhagaya (B- o Trng), thnh
a ni c Pht thnh o; v h n Vn Nai (Lc Uyn)
Sarnath, ni c Pht khai ging Gio Php bng Bi Thuyt
Ging u Tin (kinh Chuyn Php Lun); ri h cng ving
thm Varanasi v cui cng Kosambi qun l Allahabad, ti
ni ny, h cng n thm ni tn tch ca tu vin Ghositarama.
Quay tr li Pataliputta (Hoa Th Thnh), s Tao-ching quyt
nh xin nhp tch lm c dn n , sau khi thy nhng khun
php gii lut nghim trang c tun ch bi nhng tu s n
theo ng nh Lut Tng, so vi nhng nt s si ca nhng gii
lut Trung Hoa vo thi by gi.
Cn i vi nh s Php Hin, mc ch ca ngi l lu tr tm
thi cho n khi no tm c mt bn sao ca Lut Tng (nhm
44 Hnh hng v x Pht
n Gii Lut Tng on) mang v qu hng, nhng sau

bao nhiu nm hnh hng, n by gi vn cha tm c mt
vn bn vit tay no. Tt c nhng gii lut m ngi hc c trn
sut ng i u do truyn ming. Ngi thnh c t Tu
Vin K Vin mt vn bn v gii lut c s dng bi trng
phi Pht gio Mahasanghikas (i Chng B). Php hin phi
b ra 3 nm hc ting Phn sao dch nhng Gii Lut .
Li tip tc hnh trnh, ngi i dc theo sng Hng theo hng
ng, n thnh ph hi cng Tamralipti ca sng Hng (tc
l Cng Tamluk ngy nay West Bengal), ni y, ngi li thm
2 nm na tip tc sao chp nhng kinh in v v li nhng
tranh nh t liu. T gi n , Php Hin ln thuyn t cng
Tamralipti i Sri Lanka (Tch Lan) Ngi li Sri Lanka thm 2
nm na thu nhp v sao chp kinh in, bao gm c nhng
gii lut tng on c ghi chp v p dng bi trng phi
Pht gio Mahissaka (Ha a b), vn cha tng c bit n
Trung Hoa.
S Php Hin ri xa qu nh nhiu nm tri. Trong bn nh s
cng i chung vi ngi, 1 ngi quay tr li Trung Hoa ngay
sau khi ch n c Peshawar (l Hui-yu), 2 ngi qua i cch
ng ghi nh n (l Hui-ying v Hui-king) v mt ngi li
n (l Tao-ching). Trong tu vin Abhayagiri Anuradhapura,
Tch Lan, nhn thy cnh mt thng nhn dng tng mt cy qut
bng la trng t Trung Hoa lm cho ngi cht u bun v cm
thy nh qu hng thm thm trong lng.
Sau khi hon thnh vic sao chp Gii Lut v truyn b
Trung Hoa, nh mc ch ban u trc khi hnh hng, Php Hin
ln ng v li c quc. Ln tr v ny ngi i bng ng bin.
Trong chuyn i ny, theo ghi chp, ngi cng nhiu ln thot cht
trong gang tc mt cch k diu. Thuyn ca ngi b bo tp, sng
ln nh b lng v b dt vo o Yepoti, Java (tc Indonesia ngy

nay) v ngi li 5 thng ni ny.
Sau , ngi ln thuyn khc i v hng Qung ng, nhng sau
hn mt thng, ngi li gp bo, thuyn b dt ra xa khi l trnh
v cui cng tp vo b ca bn o Shantung (Theo tm ti trong
nhiu t liu, nu a danh Shantung l cch pht m ca ting
Qung ng v bn o Sn ng (thng vit l Shandong theo
ting Ph Thng, th thuyn ca ngi Php Hin b bo nh dt
qu xa, cch hng ngn dm v hng ng bc, ln tn vng Sn
ng pha Bc Trung Quc - ND). Tuy nhin, sau bao nhiu him
nguy, gian kh, Php Hin vn tm c ng v li qu nh vi
mt hnh l v cng qu gi, l nhng ghi chp kinh in vn
cn c gi nguyn.
Sau khi ngh chn Tsing-Chow (thuc Qung Chu) qua mt ma
h, ngi thn hnh n Nam Kinh trnh by nhng quyn kinh
sch m ngi k cng mang c v n Trung Hoa. l 14
nm ca nhng cuc hnh trnh y gian kh v him nguy, i qua
gn 30 nc khc nhau. Nh vo lng tin v s bo h ca Tam Bo,
ngi c an ton tr v sau bao nhiu kh i, v sau , vi mong
mun chia s li nhng khong thi gian gian trun, sng gi cng
nh y hnh phc trong chuyn hnh trnh v x Pht, ngi ghi
li k s ca nhng chuyn i t nm 399-414 sau CN.
Ngi Php Hin tui kh cao khi khi hnh cuc chim bi vo
nm ngi 65 tui, v khi v nc, ngi 79 tui. Ngi mt nm 82
tui, sau khi hon thnh ton b s mnh dch thut nhng kinh
in Pht gio m ngi mang v. Ngi l mt nh hnh hng tn
ty v kin trung, mt hc gi, mt tm gng v nim tin v lng
m o v mt nh s Pht gio ng t ho v ng tng nh cho
n mun i i vi tt c chng ta.
46 Hnh hng v x Pht
5. Ty Vc K Ca Ngi Huyn Trang (Hsan Tsang) (8)

K s i ng Ty Vc K l mt b sch ghi chp mt cch
khch quan, hn 12 quyn, do nh hnh hng ni ting Huyn
Trang k v chuyn i lch s t Trung Hoa n Trung v bn
o n v hnh trnh quay v, trong khong thi gian 629-645
sau CN. (Qu v ng nn nhm ln vi truyn Ty Du K, mt sng
tc ca Ng Tha n v cuc hnh hng ca thy tr ng Tng
vi T Thin i Thnh, Tr Bt Giiv cng tng c quay
thnh phim).
Trong khi Php Hin hnh hng n n tm gio Lut
hay Lut Tng (Vinaya), th mc ch ca Huyn Trang l n n
tm hc t nhng bc tr gi, thnh nhn nhng iu v gio
Php hay Kinh Tng (Suttana), m bn thn ngi cn nhiu iu
cha thng sut. Sau khi n xin hnh hng ca ngi khng c
triu nh cho php, ngi ln ng mt cch b mt t Trng
An vo nm 629 sau CN, vo nm ngi 27 tui. i theo hnh lan
Gansu, ngi vt qua Lan Chu v i thng v ni cui cng ca
Vn L Trng Thnh gn n Hong. T , ngi tip tc i theo
nhnh pha bc ca con ng T La, vt qua Yumen Guan
(Ngc Mn quan) v vt sa mc Gobi n Hami (Ha-mt).
n y, ngi c triu mi v Turfan, th ca nc Uighur,
bi nh Vua knh m o Pht, lm quc s, nhng ngi t
chi. Sau khi khng thuyt phc c Huyn Trang, nh Vua
tin Huyn Trang ln ng n Kara-shahr, ri t , ngi tip
tc i n Kucha (Dao Tn).
Kucha (thuc x t tr Tn Cng ngy nay ca Trung Quc) l mt
th c o nm bn vnh ai sa mc, rt ni ting v nhng ging
nga y. Vng t ny rt ph nhiu v khong sn v hoa mu
nng nghip. y, c hng trm tu vin vi hn 5000 tu s theo
trng phi Sarvastivadin (Nht Thit Hu B). Tt c nhng tu vin

u c treo nhiu nh Pht c trang hong lng ly, c dng
treo ln nhng chic xe i diu hnh trong nhng dp l. Kucha,
nh Vua cng tun th t chc L Pancavasssika Parisa (Hi ng
Pht Gio hp mt 5 nm hay sau 5 H mt ln) do Hong A-dc
(Asoka) t ra, l dp l cho nh Vua v tt c thc hin vic cng
dng ln nht 5 nm mt ln. Ln hnh hng ca Php Hin, ngi
cng gh qua t nc ny v cng li ng vo dp t chc l ny.
T bn ngoi cng thnh, Huyn Trang thy c nhng hnh tng
Pht, cao khong 90 b (khong 30-40m), v bn trc l ni
lm l hi c dng ln. Sau khi li x s ny 2 thng, ngi ln
ng n Aksu v vt qua dy ni Thin sn y bng tuyt v
tip tc b hnh n gn H Issyk Kul nc Kyrgyzstan. Khu vc
h trn ni ny c cao 5272 b Anh (1.607m) so vi mc nc
bin, rng 6,200 Km2 l h nc mn ln th nh trn th gii.
Sau , ngi tin v pha Ty Bc dc theo vng t mu m thuc
thung lng sng Chu v bng qua vng h v chu th Kyrgyz
thuc vng Myn-bulak, c bit n vi ngha l Ngn Con
Sui. Sau , ngi li tip tc hnh trnh v pha Ty, i qua th
Tartar ca x Taras v nc Nujkend nm trn Rng Ni Chatkal,
v n c Tashkent min ng Uzbekistan, lc by gi di
s cai tr ca ngi Tuh-kiueh (Hung N). im dng chn tip
theo l Samarkand, mt quc gia ng dn nm ngay trn trc
giao thng gia Trung Hoa v n . l khu ch, trung tm
mua bn sm ut nht trn con ng T La. Theo nh ghi chp
ca Huyn Trang:
Nhiu loi hng ha qu him ca nhiu nc c cha y.
Ngi dn y th kho lo v bun bn gii giang hn nhng nc
khc. Ngi y dng cm v mnh m v mi ngi xung quanh
u theo gng ca h v s lch thip v khng khi ca h.
48 Hnh hng v x Pht
T Samarkand, nh hnh hng tip bc n Kesh (Karshi), ri i

v hng Nam tin v vng ni non him tr. Sau khi leo ln qua
chng ng dc ng v y nguy him, ngi n c Cng St
hay Thit Mn Quan, mt ngn o hai u ton vch ni dng
ng, xanh en thm cng ging nh mu ca st. , nhng cnh
cng 2 lp bng g c dng ln v nhiu loi chung c gn
trn . Khi cng ca c gia c bng st v khng th no nh ph
c. Bi v rt kh m vt qua o c mt khi cng b ng,
hai bn l vch ni, cho nn o ny c gi l Thit Mn Quan. Sau
khi vt qua Thit Mn Quan, ngi n c Tukhara, mt t nc
ang c cai qun bi ngi Turk, sau ngi vt xng Oxus (Amu
Darya) gn Termez n Kunduz Afghanistan. y, ngi gp ngi
con c ca th lnh Turkish Khan, ngi anh r ca Vua nc Turfan.
Vua nc Turfan khi trc y Huyn Trang gh li Turfan Vua vit
th gii thiu Huyn Trang cho th lnh Turkish Khan. Sau vi ngy
ch i, ngi cng nhng nh s ng hnh t Balkh tin vo thnh
ph, trc y l th ca vng quc Bactria ca Vua Milinda. Ni
y c khong hn 100 tu vin v 3000 tng s.
Sau khi n chim bi mt s di tch thing ling ti ni y, ngi
ln ng i Balkh v bt u thc hin mt cuc hnh trnh gian
kh v y him nguy nht vt qua vng ni cao Hindu Kush
n Bamiyan. Bamiyan, mi ngi th Tam Bo, nhng vn
cn th hng trm v thn h mnh, c bit l nhng ngi bun
bn thng lm l cng bi nhng v thn ny khi cng vic lm
n b tht bt, thua l. C khong 10 tu vin v 1000 tng s theo
trng phi Lokuttaravadin (Thuyt xut th b). Huyn Trang
thy nhng hnh tng Pht khng l, cao 55 v 35m, c khc
vo vch ni vo th k th 4 v th 5 sau CN, v ngi cng tng
nhm tng rng hnh tng Pht nh hn khc c lm bng ng
bi v sng ln mu vng nh. Ngi cng thy mt tng Pht
nm v cng n l ly mt s di tch x li rng ca Pht.

(Ghi ch: Vo nm 2001, trong mt hnh ng m qung, nhng tay
sng Taliban cung tn Afghanistan ph hy hnh tng Pht ny,
trc s ln n v phn i ca c th gii).
Tin v pha ng, Huyn Trang vt qua o ca dy ni Hindu

Kush, vt qua nh o Siah Koh, xung nc Kapisa. Nc ny
c khong 100 tu vin v 6.000 tng s i Tha v mt tu vin ln
c khong 300 T kheo Pht gio Nguyn Thy. Cng c khong 10
n th vi khong 1.000 tu s kh hnh ngi Hindu, theo nhiu
phi tu hnh kh hnh khc nhau nh la th (Digambaras), nhng
ngi ch che thn bng bi tro (Pasupatas) v nhng ngi mang
vng kt bng xng trn u (Kapaladharinas). Mi nm, nh
vua u cho lm mt nh Pht bng bc v pht chn cho ngi
ngho i v m ci trong vng quc ca ng. Sau khi tri qua ht
ma h nm 630 sau CN Kapisa, Huyn Trang li ln ng i
Nagarahara (Jalalabad). y, ngi thy rt nhiu tu vin, nhng
rt t tu s. Nhng bo thp (ph-) stupa th hiu qunh v b tn
ph. Ngi ving thm di tch hang ng ca Rng Naga Gopala ni
ting, m theo truyn thuyt, c Pht li bng ca ngi in
trn vch hang ng sau khi hng phc con rng (naga) nh hy
dit vng quc. Ti ngi cha c x li xng s ca Pht, ngi bt
gp ngi canh gi ngi cha li l mt B-la-mn do nh vua c
n v B-la-mn thu tin ph nhng ngi n y thm ving di
tch. (on hnh hng ca ngi Php Hin cng tng ving thm
nhng ni thnh tch ny).
Ri Nagarahara, nh hnh hng tip tc hnh trnh n
Gandhara sau khi vt qua o Khyber. Ni y, cnh thnh
th, lng xm tht hiu qunh, ch tha tht mt s t dn c. C
khong 1.000 tu vin, nhng tht tic ch cn l tn tch, cy c
ru phong mc y. Nhng bo thp u b mc ra, iu tn.
Ch cn li 1 ngi cha, trong c khong 50 tu s i Tha.
50 Hnh hng v x Pht
Tuy nhin nhng n th cc Thn, th chim khong 100 ci

v rt ng c nhng ngi d gio. Theo ghi chp ca Huyn
Trang:Nhiu th k trc y, mt nh vua Hung N bo tn
Sakala tn l Mahirakula, git ngi bo tr ca mnh l vua
ca nc Kashmir chim ngi. Sau , ng n Gandhara v
git vua y trong mt cuc mai phc. ng git sch gia nh
hong gia, t tng ca nc ny, p nhng bo thp v ph
hy nhng tu vin, cha ching - tt c 1.600 c s nh vy.
Ri vt ln pha Bc, Huyn trang n Udyana, mt trung tm
hng thnh Pht gio vo thi ngi Php Hin ving thm, nay ch
cn l mt ng nt, ton b 1.400 tu vin, cha ching ngy trc
tr thnh tn tch, hiu qunh. Trc kia c khong 18000 tng s
vng ny, by gi ch cn li tha tht mt s t. Sau khi thm
ving nhng di tch, ngi tip tc chuyn hnh trnh n Takkasila
(gn Rawalpindo). Ni y, ngi chng kin cnh hoang tn v
nt cng do chnh tn vua bo tn Hung N Mahirakula gy ra,
nhiu tu vin b hy dit v hoang ph. Ri Takkasila, ngi tip
tc i Kashmir, ni y Pht gio cn ang thnh hnh. C khong
100 tu vin v 500 tu s Pht gio y. Dng nh l sau ci cht
ca Mahirakula, con chu ng ta ln ngi tr v Kashmir, mun
chuc li nhng ti li ca ng, nn cho xy li nhiu bo thp
v tu vin Pht gio. Ti th Srinagar, Huyn trang lu tr li
2 nm (631-633 sau CN) hc gio php v sao chp kinh in t
nhng ngi thy theo i Tha.
Ri khi Kashmir, nh hnh hng tip tc i v pha Nam, i qua
Jammu v n Sakala (Sialkot gn Lahore), ni ng ca vua
Milinda ca vng quc Bactria trc kia v mt vua khng ni
ting thuc dng con chu ca Mahirakula. Ti y, ngi b k
cp cp ht c khi chun b ri Sakal. Li tip tc i, ngi
n mt th trn ln, c th l, Lahore, v ngi li 1 thng.
Sau , ngi n li 1 nm Chinapati. Vo nm 634 sau CN,

ngi ln ng i Jalandhar, n sng Sutlej, vt qua Satadru v
Paryartra trc khi n Mathura. Dc ng, ngi chng kin
s suy tn, xung dc ca o Pht v s ni ln ca t tng Bla-mn mi vo thi i Gupta. Mathura, mt cn c mnh m ca
Pht gio vo thi vua Asoka v l trung tm ca trng phi Pht
gio Sarvastavadin (Nht Thit Hu B) dn u bi v T Kheo li
lc Upagupta, by gi ch cn l bng m ca qu kh, vi ch cn
khong 20 tu vin v 2.000 T kheo. Sau khi thm ving nhng di
tch ni y, nh hnh hng tip tc i ln pha sng Yamuna, n
Kuru-kshetra (Thaneswar), vng t thnh ca nhng ngi theo
o Hindu v quang cnh nhng trn chin Mahabharata huyn
thoi gia anh em dng h Pandava v Kauravas, nhng ngi anh
em h v cng l k th mt mt mt cn. y, ch cn 3 tu vin
vi khong 700 tu s, nhng c n 100 n th thn Deva vi rt
ng thnh vin gio phi.
V hng ng, ngi n sng Hng v i dc theo dng chy ca
sng, ngi i qua nhiu th m ngi ghi chp li l nhng ni ang
ni ln li ch ngha B-la-mn nh thy triu dng ln. Ngi cng
i qua thnh a Sankasia v chim bi nhng di tch lin quan n
truyn thuyt c Pht h th tr li trn gian t Cung Tri ao Li.
Sau , ngi i n Kanauj, cng c gi l Kanyakubja, (thnh
ph ca nhng ngi ph n lng g), ni Vua Harsha Vardhana
chn lm th . Ngi khng gp c nh Vua khi nh
Vua i vng, nhng sau ny nh vua tr thnh mt ngi bo tr
cho ngi. Ri Kanauj, ngi n Ayodha hay Saketa, ni m o
s danh ting ca phi i Tha l ngi Vasubhandu (Th Thn)
bin son nhng trc tc i Tha ca mnh. Sau , ngi n
c ng ba hp Lu ca sng hng v sng Yamuna, vo thnh ph
Prayag (Allahabad). Ni y, ch c 2 tu vin v mt vi tu s, nhng
n th thn Deva v nhng ngi theo gio phi th rt nhiu.
52 Hnh hng v x Pht
Ti ng ba sng , Huyn Trang cng chng kin hng trm

ngi theo o Hindu trm mnh di nc sau 7 ngy nhn i, vi
nim tin rng dng nc s gi ra ht nhng ti li v dn dt h
ln thin ng. Ngi li i v n Kosambi v ving thm tu vin
Ghositarama, ni m thng nhn xy cng dng cho c
Pht Ngi c ng trong nhng ln Ngi n Kosambi. By gi,
tu vin Ghositarama ch cn l mt ni nt, iu tn.
i ngc ln pha Bc, nh hnh hng n Sravasti hay
Savatthu (X-v), ngi thm Maheth (ni c hang ng Anguilimal),
ngi cng chim bi Thp Sudata, nh du v tr ngi nh
ca Sudata, hay c gi l Cp C c (Anathapindika), v
bn cnh l Thp Angulimala stupa. Ti Saheth, ngi chng
kin tu vin K Vin (Jetavana) nt v hoang tn. Ri khi
Sravasti (X-v), ngi tip tc i n Kapilavastu, (Ca-t-la-v),
kinh ca vng quc Thch Ca (Sakya); Ri ngi n ni c
Pht n sinh l Lumbini, tu vin Ramagama, cng tr thnh
ni ph tch nhiu nm v n Kusinara, (Cu-tin-na), ni
i Bt-Nit-bn ca c Pht.
Li i hng i v pha Nam khong 500 l, bng qua nhiu cnh
rng rm, ngi n Varanasi, thnh ph linh thing ca ngi Hindu.
Ni y c khong 30 tu vin v khong 3.000 T kheo, nhng c
n hn 100 n th vi khong 10.000 tn theo o Hindu, ch
yu h th thn Siva. Ti khu Vn Lc Uyn Sarnath, ngi
ving thm mt tu vin, ni c 1.500 T kheo theo trng phi Pht
gio Sammitiya (Chnh Lng B) v cng ving thm nhiu di
tch xung quanh vng ny. Ri li xui theo sng Hng v hng
ng n Ghazipur, ri tr li hng ng Bc n thnh Vesali
(T-x-ly). y c vi trm tu vin, nhng ch c rt t tu s. Thnh
ph cng b tn ph v gn nh hoang ph. Ngi n chim bi Tr
Asoka vi u s t trn u tr, v bn cnh c mt bo thp
cng c xy dng bi vua Asoka. Gn tr l mt Ao Nc, do

mt by kh o cho c Pht dng, v pha Nam l mt bo
thp c xy ln nh du ni by kh ly bnh bt ca Pht,
tro ln cy v mt ong vo dng ln Pht. i ln Ty Bc,
ngi i qua x Vaishali ca nhng tu s Bt-k (Vajji) trong qu kh
v ri sau i Nepal. Sau , ngi quay v li Vesali v ri i qua
sng Hng, n nc Magadha (Ma-kit-).
Pataliputta (Patna, Hoa Th Thnh), kinh ca ch Maurya
vo thi Vua A-dc (Asoka), cng tr thnh mt ni hoang tn.
Cn c khong 50 tu vin vi khong 10.000 tu s, a s l nhng
ngi theo i Tha. Trong thnh c, Huyn Trang cng chng
kin hng trm tu vin, n th Hindu v bo thp nm trn ng
nt. Ngi cng ving thm tu vin Kukkutarama do nh vua
Asoka xy, nhng cng trnh ny cng nt, ch cn li di
tch l mng ca nhng bc tng. Xui v hng Nam, ngi gh
ngang Cha Tiladaka, ni c rt nhiu ngi bn cnh mt tng
Pht ng, du hiu cho thy s pht sinh ra trng phi Pht gio
Tantra (sau ny pht trin Ty Tng). Tip tc hnh trnh, Huyn
Trang n sng Neranjara (Ni Lin Thuyn), v qua sng l
n Gaya. ni quan trng ny, ngi ving thm tt c cc ni,
nh i Pragbodhi (ni Tin Chnh Gic) ni B-tt (tc c Pht
trc khi Ngi thnh o) tri qua 6 nm tu kh hnh, ngi lng
ca nng Sujata, ngi mang cho v B-tt bt cho nu bng
go v sa, khu rng Uruvela v Bodhgaya (B- o Trng), l
thnh tch ni c Pht thnh o, Gic Ng v l ni thing ling
nht i vi tt c Pht T ving thm. Sau , ngi Huyn Trang
i n Rajagaha (thnh Vng-x) v ving thm tt c nhng di
tch quan trng , bao gm nh Ni Linh Thu, Rng Tre
(Trc Lm), v Sui Nc Nng, Ngi Nh Pippala, v i
Hang ng Sattapanni, ni din ra Hi ng Kt Tp Kinh in
Ln Th Nht.
54 Hnh hng v x Pht
Ngi li Nalanda vo khong nm 635 sau CN v ghi danh vo i

Hc Vin danh ting Nalanda, l ngi trng Pht gio ln nht
u tin n , hon thnh mc ch l n n hc hi
gio php Pht Gio t nhng bc hin tr. Vic Xt Tuyn da vo
kt qu phng vn bi mt quan chc c nhiu kin thc su rng v
Pht hc. ng ta s t bt k nhng cu hi kh khn no, th th sinh
phi tr li c tha mn ng ta th coi nh c xt tuyn.
Thng thng thi c 10 th sinh, th n 7-8 ngi b nh rt trong
ln st hch. Huyn Trang vi nhiu kin thc c sn ca mt nh
s v chim bi nhiu nm, c nhn vo. , ngi c hc
Du Gi Lun Thuyt (Yogacara) t mt v thy i Tha danh ting
l Silabhadra. Ngi cng hc v Trit hc Hindu v thnh tho v
ting Phn (Sanskrit). Trong sut qu trnh lu hc , ngi lun
th hin mnh v tnh chuyn cn v s uyn bc ni bt.
n nm 638 sau CN, ngi ngng vic hc v ln ng i
Champa (Bhagalpur) v West Bengal, ri dng chn li khu
hi cng Tamralipti, (ging nh ngi Php Hin trc ), ni
y ngi nh s ln thuyn i Sri Lanka (Tch Lan) hc gio
l ca trng phi Trng Lo B (Theravada) sau ny l i
din cho Pht Gio Nguyn Thy. Nhng ngi nghe rng Tch
Lan rt gn mi pha Nam ca n , m tht l ng nh vy
nu chng ta nhn vo bn n v Tch Lan, v th ngi
quyt nh i tip bng ng b hn l mo him i thuyn vt
i dng. Tip tc i v hng Ty Nam, ngi tip tc i qua
bang Orissa, ni y c vi trm tu vin vi khong 10.000 tng
s ca phi i Tha, v i qua Kalinga, ni c rt nhiu tn
d gio, a s l ngi theo gio phi Nigantha (Ni-kin-t) trc
kia (nhm tu s la th tu kh hnh). Sau , ngi tip tc chuyn
i n Kosala (qu ca ngi Nagarjuna (Long Th), ngi sng
lp hc thuyt Trung qun tng, hay Trung Qun Lun), ri ngi
n Andhra, ri gh qua Amaravati. , cng cn mt s tu
vin, nhng tt c u iu tn v hoang vng. Khong 20 tu vin

cn c bo tn, ch c khong 1.000 tu s i Tha. Ngi cng
i qua 2 a danh l 2 c s nm pha ng v pha Ty sn ni,
ca 2 nhnh phi gn nhau l Purvasaila (ng Sn Tr b) v
Aparasaila (Ty Sn Tr b). C 2 c s, ging nh tu vin, l
ni tng s c ng v tu hnh, nhng lc cng l tn tch v
b hoang. Sau khi dng chn qua ma Ma nm 639 sau CN
Amaravati, nh hnh hng li ln ng tip tc v hng Nam,
theo nh qua Tch Lan, ngi i qua nc Chola, m ngi
miu t li trong k s ca mnh nh sau: hoang tn v hiu
qunh, lin tip nhng m ly v rng gi, dn c tha tht v
nhng ton qun cp hin ngang i li x ny.
Tip tc, ngi bng ngang qua mt huyn ton rng hoang, tip
tc i thm 1.500 l, ngi n c nc Dravida. Ti th
Kanchipuram (gn Madras), c khong 100 tu vin v 10.000 tu
s Pht gio i Tha. (Tht ra, i Tha xut pht t pha nam n
, ch khng phi nhng ni pha Bc xa kia c Pht n sinh
v ging dy gio php nh chng ta thy trn bn nhng thnh
a Pht gio. Xem thm: Gio Trnh Pht Hc, chng XVII).
y, Huyn Trang nghe c rng Sri Lanka (Tch Lan) ang i
din vi bo ng v nn i, sau ci cht ca nh vua. V vy, ngi
t b nh n Sri Lanka tip thu gio l Pht Gio Trng Lo
B (Theravada), m ngy nay l i din cho Pht gio Nguyn Thy
chnh thng. (Tht l mt iu v cng ng tic cho lch s truyn
tha ca Pht gio!).
Quay ln li hng Bc, ngi bng qua nhiu cnh rng v lng mc
hoang vng, ch gp ton nhng m cp ngy m lng sc nn
nhn. Sau , ngi i tip 2.000 l na v khng gp tai nn cp
bc g. Nh hnh hng n c Konkanapura (Golconda gn
Hyderabad), ni c khong 100 tu vin vi khong 10.000 tu
56 Hnh hng v x Pht
s thuc c 2 trng phi i Tha v Kinh B Nikaya. Ri khi

Konkanapura, ngi bng qua nhng x s hoang tn, y nhng
k cp bc v th rng hoang d, v ngi an ton n c
Maharashtra, ngi gh thm di tch ni ting khu t hp Cha
Hang Ajanta. Ri Ajanta, ngi tip tc i n Valabhi vo nm 641,
ri i qua Bharoch, Malava v Kachha. Valabhi l kinh ca
vng quc Maitraka vng Gujerat v l mt trung tm hc thut
v thng mi sm ut. Theo ghi chp ca Huyn Trang: c
khong 100 gia nh c 100 triu ph (lakhs). Nhng sn vt him
v qu gi c tch tr y vi s lng ln.
Ngi cng n thm mt tu vin ln, ni hai o s i Tha
ni ting tng c ng y v bin son nhng trc tc ca mnh
l ngi Sthiramati v Gunamat. Chuyn qua hng Ty, ngi i
qua vng Surashtra v Gurjjara trc khi n c Ujjain, kinh
ca nc Avanti. u c rt nhiu tu vin, nhng tt c tr
thnh ph tch v ch cn khong 300 tu s Pht gio. Tip tc theo
hng Ty, ngi i n Sindh v bt gp vi trm tu vin vi
khong 10.000 tu s theo trng phi Sammatiya (Chnh Lng b).
Ri li ln hng Bc, vt sng Indus, ngi n Multan. y,
nhng Pht t v tu s rt t. C khong 10 tu vin, tt c u sp
. n y, ngi quyt nh quay tr li Nalanda, sau khi ngi i
v chim bi hu ht nhng thnh tch v tu vin, cha ching
n . Tr li Nalanda, Huyn Trang dnh ht ton b thi gian vo
vic hc gio l Pht Gio i Tha v tham gia vo nhiu cuc m
o gio php . Sau khi lnh hi c hu ht nhng kin thc
hn lm v gio php, ngi bt u ngh n vic quay v li Trung
Hoa truyn b gio php.
Nh vua x Assam l Kumara-raja, khi nghe v kh nng uyn bc
ca ngi, mi ngi n kinh Kamarupa vo nm 643. Trong
khi Huyn Trang ang ngh chn ti , th vua Kumara-raja li nhn
lnh ca mt v Hong ca ch quyn uy hn l Vua Harsha

Vardhana, a nh s Trung Hoa n gp nh vua Kajinghara,
mt kinh nh nm bn b sng Hng. Sau khi gp g, c hai ngi
tr thnh 2 ngi bn tm giao, thn thin. Vua Harsha Vardhana mi
Huyn Trang n kinh Kanauj, ni ng triu tp mt hi ngh
tn gio bn sng Hng, 20 v vua ca 20 nc ch hu n d,
cng vi nhiu tu s v nhng B-la-mn. Huyn Trang c c l
ngi Ch ta ca Cuc m o. Trong sut 3 tun, vua Harsha
cng dng thc n cho tt c cc tng s v nhng B-la-mn. Sau
, nh vua t mnh khun vc mt bc tng Pht vi kch thc
ngi tht lm bng vng ln mt thp cao l ly Tam Bo v
cng dng nhng b y lm bng la c gn qu. Vo ngy cui
cng, nhng k ngoi o mun ph hoi hi ngh, bng cch phng
ha thp Pht v tm cch mu st nh vua. Nhng k hoch m
st bt thnh v nhng k mu st b bt. Hn khai nhn l c
thu bi nhng k d gio v nhng B-la-mn, h ghen tc v nh vua
trao nhiu danh d v by t lng tn knh i vi nh s Pht gio.
Nh vua cho lu y ngi cm u v nhng B-la-mn ra bin i n
. Sau , nh vua ch thn a tin Huyn Trang n Prayag, v
t chc L hi Pht Gio (t chc 5 nm 1 ln theo xng ca vua
A-dc Asoka), nh vua pht chn tt c nhng ti sn ng tch ly hn
5 nm, theo gng nh vua A-dc (Asoka).
Sau khi chng kin l hi ny, Huyn Trang li Prayag thm 10
ngy na vi Vua Harsha v bt u chuyn i tr v c hng Trung
Hoa. qua o ni an ton, nh vua cho Kumara-raja v qun
lnh i theo bo v Huyn Trang n tn bin gii.
Huyn Trang quay tr v Trung Hoa theo hng ngc li vi
hng ra i trc kia. Ngi quay v qua Jalandhar, Takkasila
v Nagarahara. Sau khi vt qua dy ni Hindu Kush, ngi tin
v pha Bc Afghanistan. Ri i theo hng Ty Bc, ngi n
58 Hnh hng v x Pht
Badakshan v vt qua nhiu ni non him tr v thung lng ca

dy Pamirs, i qua nhiu th ca Tajikistan. Vt qua dy ni
Sarykol, l bin gii thin nhin gia Trung Hoa v Tajikistan,
ngi v n Kashgar thuc tnh Xinjiang (Tn Cng). T
Kashgar, ngi i tip v Yarkand v Khotan, bng qua sa mc
Takla Makan, v n n Hong Dunhuang. Sau khi ngh li
n Hong, ngi quay li Trng An (Ty An) vo nm 645,
ngi c hoanh nghnh tip n bi quan li triu nh v nhng
nh s. Sau , ngi din kin Hong vi ngy sau .
Huyn Trang mang v nhng vt phm sau:
1) 150 vin ngc x li Pht.
2) 6 bc tng Pht.
3) 124 tc phm v sch kinh i Tha.
4) Nhng kinh in, ghi chp khc, gm 657 tc phm, c chuyn
ch bi 22 con nga.
Huyn Trang dnh ht thi gian cn li ca i mnh chuyn dch
nhng tc phm ting Phn m ngi mang v, cng vi s tr gip
ca nhiu ngi trong nhm phin dch.
Ngi qua i vo nm 664, hng th 62 tui, sau khi hon thnh
s mng thing ling, cuc hnh hng Ty Du v i hc hi gio
php t nhng thnh nhn, bc hin tr v mang kin thc Pht Php
v cho Trung Hoa. Cng nh ngi Php Hin v nhiu nh hnh hng
qu cm khc, Huyn Trang tr thnh mt hin tng khng bao gi
phai m trong lch s hnh hng v lch s tn gio, l tm gng
cao p v lng m o, s kin trung trong vic su tm, hc hi
v truyn b gio php. Hn gn 1.350 nm ny, hng triu Pht t
nhng nc Pht Gio i Tha vng vin ng, nh Trung Hoa,
Vit Nam, Triu Tin, Nht Bn, Mng C c c hi hc hi t

trong nhng gio php m ngi mang v cng nh hc tm gng
m o v tu hnh mu mc ca ngi, vi mt lng tri n v hn.
* (Xem Hnh A: Bn Huyn Trang (sau Phn V): Ch r
nhng a danh v ng i v ng v ca cuc hnh trnh Ty
Du ca Huyn Trang. ng mu Xanh l ng ra i t Trng An
v ng mu l ng quay v t Nalanda, Mathura.)
6. S Xung Dc & Suy Vong

Ca Pht Gio n (5), (9), (10), (11), (12)
C 2 cuc tn ph ln vi quy m ln i vi nhng thnh tch,
thp, cha v tu vin Pht gio n . Cuc tn ph u tin
l do gic Ephthalites hay ngi Hung N Trng (Bch Hung)
xm lc n vo nm 500-520 sau CN v thu tm ton
b khu vc bin gii pha Bc l tnh Gandhara v Kashmir. Vua
Hung N, Mikirakula, l mt tay vua man r v th nguyn l
k th ca o Pht, cn qut, ph hy tt c nhng c s ca
Pht gio. Nhng v vua ca triu i Gupta chin u lin tc,
nhng vn khng dp c bn Hung N, mi cho n nm 533 th
Hung N mi b chinh phc bi Yasodharman ca x Mandasor.
(Yasodharman, v ph vng ngi a phng quan trng nht
ca mt vng triu thuc Mandasor, nay l min ty ca Trung
n ). Ngi Huyn Trang i qua Gandhara v Kashmir sau
100 nm, khi nghe k li cuc tn ph ca qun Hung N, ngi
ghi chp li v Gandhara nh sau: Mihirakula p ph nhng bo
thp v tiu hy nhng tu vin, tng cng 1.600 c s Pht gio.
60 Hnh hng v x Pht
Vo thi y, Pht gio vn cn mnh m v hng thnh, sc

khi phc li t vt thng nt m bn Hung N gy ra hn
mt thp k. Tng on pht trin tr li vng ny trong nhng tu
vin c xy ct li t ng nt. Tuy nhin, min Ty ca n
, nh Gandhara, Kashimir v nhng tnh bn pha Ty nh Uttar
Pradesh, Pht gio mt ch ng, nhng ch cho ch ngha Tn
B-la-mn tri dy t thi ca triu i Gupta ngay trc . min
ng n , nh Magadha (Bihar) v Ty Bengal, Pht gio bt u
khi phc li di s bo tr ca nh vua Pht t l Harsa Vardhna
(vo th k th VII sau CN, ngi tip n v bo tr ca ngi
Huyn Trang) v sau l s bo tr ca nhng v vua triu Pala
kings (th k t VII-XII sau CN).
l thi k rt nhiu cha, tu vin c m rng ra t trung tm
dy hc cho n nhng hc vin ln, hay cn gi l nhng i Tu
Vin (Mahaviharas), nhm p ng c nhng nhu cu v tu hc
v nghin cu pht gio, trong hon cnh mi b ph hy. Nhng i
tu vin (Mahaviharas) nh: Nalanda, Odantapura v Vikramasila
Magadha (Ma-kit-), mi tu vin tng c hn 10.000 tng
sinh t nhng nc Pht gio khc nhau. Vua cha, nhng ngi
qu tc, nhng thng nhn giu c v qun chng ng gp rt
nhiu vo vic xy dng v duy tr nhng i hc danh ting ny.
Nhng mc d nhng ng gp ti lc gp phn lm cho cc i
hc ni ting v sung tc, nhng nh ho tm khng th no hiu
ht chnh lc ny lm suy yu l tng cao p ca s Bung b
v Hy Sinh l nhng phm cht m tng on da vo . Nhng
l l v lun thuyt ca nhng ngi theo phi Pht gio i Tha
xung t vi nhng trit thuyt Nyaya c sng lp bi hc
gi B-la-mn Mithila khp vng sng Hng tr thnh ti
hot ng chnh trong cc trung tm hc vin ca i Tha. Nhng
tng s dn dn quen thuc vi nhng li sng d dng, theo ui
vic hc hnh vi tnh cch hn lm, l thuyt v theo nhng tp tc,
nghi l tn gio v bung lng vic tun th nhng gii lut. iu

ny dn n s phn ha trong Tng on thnh nhng nhnh phi
khc nhau, v lm mai mt nim tin tng ca nhng Pht t, c s
vo tng on.
Vo thi ca triu i Pala trong lch s t th k th IX-XI sau CN,
Pht gio n b pha trn vi Tantric (Mt Tng), vi nhng
thn ch, yoga v nhng cch tu hnh hon ton xa l vi nhng hnh
thc trc y ca Pht gio. Vo trc triu i Gupta (nm 300350 sau CN), gio l ca trng phi i Tha (Mahayana) cng
i n giai on ly khai hn vi Pht gio Nguyn thy, khi h
cng khai ch trch, ch bai qu v A-la-hn v h ch trng qu v
B-tt l mc tiu m nhng Pht t ch thc phi nhm ti.
Theo hc gi TS. Rhys Davids trong quyn sch Lch S v Vn
Hc Pht Gio (The History and Literature of Buddhism): Ton
b s ph by ca hc thuyt ny c hnh thnh trong Kinh Diu
Php Lin Hoa, ting Phn l Saddharma Pundarika. iu mang
tnh cht lt i vi Pht gio Nguyn thy v thm ch h cn
tuyn b l do chnh c Pht thuyt ging.
Trong sut thi k ca triu i Gupta, c rt nhiu lun thuyt trong
truyn thng i Tha tip tc ni ln v dn n s th cng
nhng v thn theo kiu i Tha hay nhng v B-tt (Bodhisatta)
c tng tng ra lm biu tng cho nhng lun thuyt .
Theo TS. Rhys Davids, thi gian tri qua trc , nhng ngi
chuyn dng qua Pht gio i Tha cng quen thuc vi nhng
thn linh ca o Hindu (n gio), a mt s hnh nh ca
nhng v thn tr thnh nhng thn tng Pht gio. Nhng v thn
Hindu c th hin di dng nhng v B-tt v nhng ngi
ph h c Pht, nhm to ra s dung ha ca 2 tn ngng v
thu ht thm nhiu tn .
62 Hnh hng v x Pht
Nhng n th ln c xy dng th cng nhng v B-tt

mi ny, trong nhiu l nghi th cng c thc hin v thu ht
thm nhiu ngi t nhng tng lp khc nhau v khuyn khch h
bng nhng nim tin m tn v nhng nghi thc th cng. Chnh
nhng cch thc hnh ny l nn tng cho s pht trin Mt Tng
Tha (Tantrayana) bi nhng tu s Pht gio p dng nhng phng
php ca nhng ngi tr ch Hindu trong vic kt hp nhng tn
ngng Hindu v V-. (Tham kho thm Pht Gio n
(Indian Buddhism), tc gi Hajime Nakamura).
Pht gio by gi tr thnh mt mt gio b truyn, m , nhng
thn ch v nhng nghi l huyn thut v nhng cch thc hnh m
h cho l c th to ra nhng kt qu siu nhin, thn k. Nhng
ngi thn b Mt Tng c cng nhn l nhng ngi i s,
nhng ngi c kh nng tm ra con ng ngn nht n vi s Gii
Thot. Trong mt s trng hp, h tin rng n hu ca mt v o
s cng gip cho h t c trng thi xut thn. Mt s o
s huyn b (guru) cn cng khai ch bai gii lut tng on v thm
ch cn truyn b nhng l nghi tp th gm c ru v ph n. Vic
khai qut tn tch tu vin Nalanda cng pht hin nhiu tranh tng
Tantra (Mt Tng), tt c u thuc thi ca triu i Pala, cung
cp bng chng v vic pht trin ca Mt Tng t trong i hc
Nalanda. Theo thng ta Jagdish Kashyap (trong quyn Con
ng ca c Pht (Path of the Buddha), Chng 1), Pht gio
b nhim v suy yu bi nhng hnh thi suy i v Pht
gio khng cn c th vc dy ni, sau cuc tn ph nhng n,
cha v tu vin i Tha bi nhng o qun Hi gio xm lc.
Cn lc nh mnh ca Pht gio n xy ra vo u th k
13 bi nhng ngi Turaskas hay Khalijis t Afghanistan. H l
nhng k Hi gio man r, mang bn cht chin u v hy dit.
Vo thi gian chng chim ht min Ty ca Uttar Pradesh,
c gi l x Doab, vng ny c bao bc bi 2 sng Yamuna v

sng Hng Ganges, chun b cho cuc xm lc, gieo rc nhng
khng b v hong lon khp ni, t thnh th n nng thn, s tin
su ca chng l mi e da cho nhng n cha tu vin Pht gio
pha Bc n . Ton b khu vc pha ng, thnh c Magadha
(Bihar) v Bc Bengal u lt vo tay bn gic cp. S d man
nht c nhm ti nhng hnh tng Pht v B-tt ln, ln lt
b p ph v tiu hy. Nhng nh s co u trong y phc tu hnh
rt d b nhn ra l nhng k tn knh nhng tranh tng , u b
tn st, tt c s git chc v s tn ph khng khip u c ghi
li trong lch s.
Vo u th k XIII, nhng kin trc ca nhng i Tu Vin
(Mahavihara) Vikramalasila (c l v tr nm gn Colgong, QuanJ
Bhagalpur, Bihar) b san bng bi nhng k xm lc, chng
thm ch th rng s nh sch nn mng qung xung sng Hng.
Cng chung s phn l i Tu Vin Odantapuri (nm Bihar Sharif,
gn i Tu Vin Nalanda) bin thnh ni n tr ca qun lnh
Hi gio vo khong nm 1198 sau CN, di s ch huy bi th lnh
Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khaliji, trong nhng cuc tn st T kheo
tt c cc i tu vin, mc d khng mt ai ni g v cng khng r
nhng k Hi gio c bit hay khng bit c rng trong kinh sch
Pht Gio khng h c ni iu g thch thc hay lin quan n Hi
gio. (C l ch v lng th phng thng ca h v suy din mt
cch m qung rng khng th c thng no khc v hiu lm
c Pht l mt thng khc nn h cho nhng T kheo l k th
truyn kip ca h v nh vy h i tn st).
Cu chuyn v vic thm st i Tu Vin Mahavihara
Odantapura, Bihar vo nm 1198 c chng kin v sau
thut li bi mt nh s hc Ba T tn l Minhaz vo nm 1243.
Trong quyn sch ca ng, Tabaquat-I-Nasiri, ng k li nh
64 Hnh hng v x Pht
sau (Tham kho:Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India, Part

V, 3, by Sukumar Dutt : Nhng Tu S v Tu Vin Pht Gio n ,
Phn V, 3, tc gi Sukymar Dutt):
Hu ht nhng ngi c ng l nhng B-la-mn u trc
( ch nhng tu s Pht gio - ND). H b bc t. Mt s ln nhng
kinh sch c tm thy y, v khi nhng Mahammadan (th
lnh Hi gio) nhn thy, h cho gi vi ngi n gii ngha
cho h. Nhng tt c mi ngi u b git. Sau ny khm ph ra
rng, thnh i v thnh ph ny l mt ni hc thut (madrasa):
trong ting Hindu, t Bihar (hay t vin, tu vin: vihara) c ngha
l mt i hc.
Trong lc tiu hy i Tu Vin Nalanda, cng nh s hc ny
chp li rng hng ngn tng s b thiu sng cho n cht v hng
ngn tu s khc th b cht u v vic t chy kinh sch, th vin
ko di nhiu thng tri.
Vic tn st nhng tu s Pht gio l mt cn lc nh mnh i vi
t chc Tng on n . Nhng tng s b git sch, khng
cn ai khuyn bo hay ng vin nhng Pht t c s, h cng dn
dn suy thoi, a s u b p theo Hi Gio (Islam) hoc chuyn
hn qua o Hindu hay K-na gio (Jainism). Mc d nhng o
ny cng b ngc i v khng b nh o Pht m thi, tuy nhin
nhng gio s v nhng lnh t ca h khng d dng c pht
hin hay nhn dng em ra x thm nh nhng nh s Pht gio
u trc. V vy, h c th sng st v gy dng li cng ng ca
h. Tuy nhin, Pht gio n kt thc y.
Nhng gio s B-la-mn thuc tng lp qu tc trc kia lun
lun i u vi Pht gio, v vo nhng lc Pht gio c bo tr
bi nhng vng triu v nhng v vua, th nhng B-la-mn gi
thi im lng. Sau cuc suy tn ca Pht gio y, h bt u

chuyn bin nhng c s Pht gio, cn st li sau cuc hy dit
ca qun Hi gio, thnh nhng n th n gio Hindu. nhng
vng xa xi, xa khi s kim sot thng xuyn ca qun Hi gio
xm lc, h thng giai cp (B-la-mn) ly li th ng ca
n, v di p lc ca s ng, nhng Pht t c s Pht gio
dn dn chuyn qua theo Hindu gio. Theo Thng ta T Kheo
Jagdish Kashyap, c 3 yu t ng gp vo s suy tn ca Pht
gio n , nh chng ta cng va tho lun trn y, l:
a) S suy i v phn ha trong Tng on.
b) S tn st Tng on ca qun Hi gio xm lc.
c) S i nghch trong nc vi h thng giai cp ca Hindu gio.
Ch cn mt s ngi sng st sau trn dit chng. H phn tn,
mang theo mt s kinh sch, v trn thot vo nhng tu vin n dt
trong rng ni m qun Hi gio khng pht hin c hoc chy
n hi cng gn nht ln thuyn chy qua x ca ngi Arakan,
l Min in sau ny, c an ton. Mt s ngi th n nu
v sau ny li vng Chittagong v Arkan, gc ng Nam ca
Bangladesh, nhng ngi ny v sau tuyn b l nhng ngi thuc
dng chnh thng trc h ca Pht gio n vo thi hong kim
xa xa. Mt s khc th trn chy bng ng b vt qua vng ni
non Himalayas n nhng cha ching nhng nc hin ha
hn nh Nepal v Ty Tng. l s Gii Tn ln cui cng ca
Tng on Pht gio n .
Cng vi s suy tn ca Pht gio n , tt c nhng n i,
bo thp Pht gio tr thnh hoang ph. Tt c b cp bc v hy
dit, hay b qun lng v b hoang, v theo dng thi gian, tr thnh
nhng tn tch hay b mt tch. y l thi k en ti nht ca Pht
gio - v l ni au bun khng bao gi qun c.
66 Hnh hng v x Pht
7. S Khi Phc Nhng Di Tch Pht Gio n (13), (14)

Bnh Minh Mi Ca Pht Gio n
S bin mt ca Pht gio n ko di 6 th k, t th k XIII
cho n th k XIX. Theo Thng ta T Kheo Jagdish Kashyap, s
bin mt l hu nh l hon ton, ngay c sau ny, nhng ngi bn
x Patna, Rajgir v Muttra, nhng ni tng l cn c vng chi ca
Pht gio, cng khng cn c truyn li mt iu g v cng khng
th no nhn ra c nhng di tch Pht gio c pht hin hay khai
qut ln . Trong khi , nhiu ni vn cn mt s tng Pht
(cn st li sau cuc tn ph) c ngi ta th cng nh l nhng
thn ca o Hindu. Ri ngi Anh n n vo th k 19 v
tin hnh nhiu cuc khai qut nhiu di tch Pht gio vn b chn
vi di t sau nhiu th k.
Sau cuc suy vong ca Pht gio n , thm ch ngay c tn ca
nh vua Asoka v i cng vi nhng Tr Asoka ca ng cng
b qun lng. Sau hn 6 th k bng ti, nh bnh minh bt u
l rng khi Quc Anh bc chn vo n vo th k XVIII,
li cun theo nhiu hc gi v nhiu nh khm ph. Nhng ngi
mi n t phng Ty rt hm h mun khm ph nhng kho tng
v nhng b mt ca mt t nc c xa nh n . Nhng tr
Asoka ng ph by gia khng gian l nhng i tng c
n trc tin. Nhng ngi Anh bt u pht hin ra, t nm
1750, nhng mnh v ca nhng tr Asoka c khc nhng dng
ch c i. u tin l tr Delhi-Mirath, ri n tr DelhiTopra, tr Allahabad-Kosambi v nhng tr Lauriya
Araraj v Lauriya Nandangarh, 2 tr cui cng ny nm
Bihar. Sau vo th k 19, nhng Thch D khc trn c
tm thy Girnar thuc Gujerat, Dhauli thuc Orissa (Kalinga) v
Shahbazgarhi gn Peshawar Pakistan.
Sau khi pht hin, bc tip theo h tm hiu xem trn nhng Tr
v nhng Thch D trn ni nhng g. Nhng vo thi ,
khng mt ai n c th dch c nhng ngha ca nhng
hng ch . Mi cho n nm 1837, James Princep, mt s quan
trong qun on Indian Mint v l Th K Hi ng vnh Bengal
(the Asiatic Society of Bengal), sau nhiu nm nghin cu v hc
hi cng phu, c th dch c ni dung ca nhng hng ch
vit bng th ting c i Brahmi. ng cng b bn dch qua
ting Anh ca ni dung ghi trn 7 Tr Asoka, m lc no cng
bng mt cu m u: y l li ca ngi con yu du ca
nhng v Tri, Vua Piyadasi (ting Anh:Thus spake the beloved
of gods, King Piyadasi)
Ai l Vua Piyadasi? vn l mt b mt. Nhng may mn thay, lc
ny c mt nh s hc tn l George Turnour, cng l mt s
quan trong B Dn S Tch Lan, xut bn bn dch ting Anh
ca quyn Mahavamsa (i Bin Nin S Tch Lan) bng ting
Pali. Nh l mt s tnh c may mn, ci tn Piyadasi xut hin
trong quyn Bin Nin S, hay cn gi l i S Tch Lan,
gip cho Princep nhn ra c Vua Piyadasi chnh l v Hong
Pht T Asoka.
S din dch c nhng hng ch trn cc Tr Asoka v vic
nhn ra c tn ca Vua Asoka l mt s kin mang tnh lch s,
h m ra mt s tht l vo thi i Asoka, n l mt nc
Pht Gio!. R rng l nhng nh chp s B-la-mn c tnh
bi xa i thi i Hong Kim Pht Gio ny. Vic khm ph ra
iu ny lm giu c thm cho lch s ca n v Pht Gio,
m nhng nh vit s n phi vit li tt c nhng quyn sch
lch s ca mnh!.
68 Hnh hng v x Pht
8. Cuc Phc Hng Pht Gio n (15), (16), (17)

Nhng Nh Tin Phong Trong Cuc Phc Hng Pht Gio n
Khi ngi (1) Sir Alexander Cunningham (1814-1893) n n ,
cng vic khai qut v phc hi nhiu di tch c xc tin nhanh
hn. Ngi l Tng Gim c u tin ca Ban Kho C n
(ASI) v tt nhin l nh khm ph v i nht v nhng di tch
Pht Gio n . Ngi n n nm 1833 v phc v trong
qun i v nhng ban, ngnh ca chnh quyn Anh ph trch n
v Min in lc . Bn thn ng l mt k s. ng bc
vo nghnh kho c v say m khm ph c vt v v lng kh chu
khi nhng n, i, thnh tch b con ngi tn ph mt cch
d man. Vic ng tham gia vo nhng cng trnh tng nim Pht
gio bt u t lc ng m nhn khai qut kho c Thp Dhamek
stupa Sanarth vo khong nm 1840 khi ng chng kin c
nhng phn b h hi ca bo thp do s ph phch tin ca
Jagat Singh, mt vin quan tng qun ca Benares (Ba-la-ni).
(Xem thm phn ni v Sarnath sau ny).
Sau cuc kho c ny v sau 28 nm lm vic ht mnh, ng
c phong danh hiu Nh Kho C n (Surveyor of Indian
Archaeology) vo nm 1861. Cng nm ny, mt hc gi ngi Php
M. Stanisla Julien, cng va cho xut bn bn dch quyn k s ca
nh hnh hng ni ting ngi Trung Hoa Huyn Trang l Ty
Vc K, ghi li nhng g ngi chng kin trong cuc hnh hng
nhng nm 629-644 sau CN.
Theo nhng miu t v nhng thnh th, ni chn, a danh v nhng
con ng c ghi li trong k s ca ngi Php Hin v ngi
Huyn Trang, ngi Cunningham khi xng mt chng trnh
khm ph kho c mt cch c h thng cho ton b min Pht gio
min Bc n , v tm ra nhiu di tch v thnh tch nhng
thnh a Pht Gio nh: Kusinara, Sankasia, Savatthi, Nalanda,

Kosambi khi phc li nm 1870, vi ngi Cunningham l Gim
c, ngi gi v tr ny cho n tn nm 1885. K t khi ngi
ngh hu London n khi ngi qua i vo ngy 28 thng 11 nm
1893, ngi vit nhiu quyn sch v Pht Gio da vo nhng
iu ngi tm thy c n . S m mang cng nh cng
hin to ln ca ngi Cunningham trong vic khi phc nhng di
sn Pht gio l khng th so snh c. Pht t khp mi ni
trn th gii s lun lun ghi nh cng c ca ngi.
Trong khi ngi Cunningham dnh trn cuc i mnh vo vic
khi phc nhng thnh tch, di sn nhng thnh a thing
ling ca Pht gio, th mt ngi khc li dnh trn cuc i
mnh vo cng vic khi phc nn Pht gio, l Ngi (2) T
kheo Anagarika Dharmapala (1865-1933), ngi i tin phong
trong phong tro phc hng Pht gio n . ng c sinh ra
Sri Lanka, tn l David Hewavitarana, sau ny ly php danh l
Anagarika Dharmapala, c ngha l Ngi xut gia bo v Chnh
Php. Ngi Dharmapala n Bodhgaya (B- o Trng) vo
nm 1891 sau khi c mt s bi vit ca Ngi Edwin Arnold, tc
gi ca quyn Light of Asia (nh Sng Chu ), miu t tnh
trng ng xt xa ca Thp i B-, ni thnh a thing ling
nht ca tn Pht gio. Nhng g ngi chng kin lm ngi
tht s sng s v au bun, v vy ngi nguyn s cng hin c
i mnh: ... lm cho ni thing ling ny c chm sc bi
nhng T kheo ca chng ta.
Nhn thy y khng phi l mt nhim v d dng, tr khi ngi phi
chuyn ti thng ip ca c Pht, nn ngi lp ra Hi i B n (Maha Bodhi Society of India) pht ng phong tro.
Vi Hi i B- n c thnh lp, ngi bt u tin trnh
phc hng v pht trin li Pht gio vn b bin mt ngay trn
70 Hnh hng v x Pht
qu hng ca mnh. Bt u t Bodhgaya (B- o Trng), ni

xy ra cuc tranh u ginh li quyn cai qun ca Thp i B (Mahabodhi) t nhng ngi Hindu, Hi i B- tip tc m
rng hot ng qua Sarnath, ni c Pht khai ging Bi Thuyt
Php u tin.
Khi ngi Anagarika Dharmapala n n nm 1891, Sarnath ch
cn l mt lng nh b, xung quanh l rng gi, l ni n c ca
nhng con heo rng. Ngi Dharmapala quyt nh khi phc li di
tch sng ny, bng cch xy mt tu vin (vihara) bn cnh Vn
Lc Uyn. Sau khi hon thnh tu vin Mulagandha Kuti Vihara
vo nm 1931, tip theo l s ra i ca Th Vin Hi i B-
(Maha Bodhi Society Library), Bnh X Min Ph, Trng Tiu hc
v Trung Hc, Trng Cao ng S Phm, Nh Khch cho nhng
ngi hnh hng v mt tnh x cho cc tu s, Sarnath tr li
vi nhp sng. S nh hng hot ng ca Hi i B- chng
bao lu c bit n khp n v a n nhng phong tro phc
hng Pht gio nhng thnh ph ln n .
Nu khng c s gip v ti chnh t nhng th ch th Hi i
B- s khng th no thc hin nhng hot ng Phc Hng
Pht Gio ca mnh c. Ngi gip ln nht l b Mrs. Mary
Elizabeth Mikahala Foster, ngi v gc Hawai ca mt nh ngn
hng giu c ngi M. Ngi Anagarika Dharmapala gp b trn tu
hm i SS Oceanic Honolulu vo ngy 18 thng 10 nm 1893.
Chuyn k li rng, b thng xuyn c nhng cn bc ng m
khng th no kim ch c. Ngi Anagarika Dharmapala gip
b thc tp gi s tnh lng kim sot nhng khi mt bnh tnh. B
lm c v rt n tng vi vic nh s gip b. B quyt
nh dng ca ci ca mnh ti tr vo Phong Tro Phc Hng
Pht Gio do ngi Anagarika Dharmapala khi xng.
c nhc n nh l mt Visakha ca Cuc Phc Hng Pht

Gio Hin i (Visakha l tn ca mt v n i H Php thi c
Pht), b tr thnh nh ti tr chnh ca nhng hot ng ca Hi
i B-. Mt tm bng bng cm thch ngay trc cng Tu
Vin Mulagandhakuti Vihara Sarnath ghi nh cng c ca b
vi nhng hng ch nh sau:
Tu vin MULAGANDHAKUTI VIHARA c xy dng,
bi Ngi ANAGARIKA DHARMAPALA l Ngi Sng Lp
v Tng Th K ca Hi i B- (Maha Bodhi Society) vi
s gip ca b Mrs. MARY ELIZABETH FOSTER
Honolulu v nhng ngi khc, trn khu Di Tch ni c Pht
C-m ca chng ta khai ging Diu Php (Saddhamma)
cch y 2.520 nm. Nguyn cho tt c mi chng sinh c
phc lnh! Pht Lch 2475. Ty Lch 1931
Mt trong nhng ngi bn v l ngi gip khc ca Hi i
B- c l l Ngi Sir John Marshall, Tng Gim c Ban
Kho C n (ASI) trong thi gian 1902-1928, ng c bit
n nhiu qua cuc khm ph ra Nn Vn Minh Thung Lng Sng
Indus Harappa v Mohenjodaro v nhng cuc khai qut kho
c ca ng vng Taxila ko di n 20 nm. Vo nm 1925,
khi Chnh Ph n quyt nh nh ch vic xy dng Tu Vin
Mulagandhakuti Vihara ni trn, v xy trn nn t qu gn vi
bo Thp Dhamek Stupa, Hi i B- ku gi ng gip .
Mt cuc hp c triu tp Taxila (gn Islamabad) c ngi Sir
John Marshall, Devapriya Valisinha, th k Hi i B- v
Bc s C. A. Hewavitarne, em trai ca ngi Anagarika, bn lun
v vn ang xy dng tu vin Sarnath. Vi s gip ca
ngi Sir John Marshall, cuc tranh chp c gii quyt yn n
vo nm 1926, chnh ph cp mt l t khc cng vi ton b
72 Hnh hng v x Pht
s tin n b cho vic xy nn mng ca d n trc y v c

thm 20 mu t c cp lm khu vn cy ca tu vin.
Trong khi , nhng ngi lng ging vng Varanasi th hon
ton lm ng i vi s nghip Pht Gio v tt nhin khng ai
ng gp mt rupee no vo vic xy tu vin ny. (Theo ghi chp
ca Hi i B- (The Maha Bodhi), Vol. 46, thng 10 nm 1938,
trang. 433-434).
Vi tr s chnh t ti Calcutta, Hi i B- m rng hot
ng ca mnh n nhiu thnh ph ln n cng nh nhiu
nc trn th gii nh: Nht Bn, Triu Tin, Hng Kng, Sri Lanka,
Anh Quc v M.
S nh hng ca Hi i B- cng rt thnh cng n , gip
hng triu ngi thuc giai cp h tin ca n gio Hindu tr
thnh nhng Pht t, nh s ng gp c cuc i v tm gng li
lc ca (4) Tin S Babasaheb Ambedkar, Ngi Dn u ca Giai
Cp N Bc n , v cng l ngi chn (3) T kheo Sayadaw
U Chandramani Kushinagar lm ngi c vn cho bui l k
nim mang tnh lch s ca mnh din ra vo thng 10 nm 1956
Nagpur, Maharashtra. S kin ny m ra cnh ca cho i qun
chng thuc giai cp b khinh b bi nhng ngi Hindu c c c
hi ha nhp vo cng ng Pht gio, trn thot c mi phn bit
giai cp sau hng ngn nm. V sau , hng nm li c thm nhiu
ngi Hindu gio thuc giai cp h tin li bc qua Pht gio tm
thy s nng ta v ha ng. n nay c hn 50 triu Pht t
n (theo c tnh ca nhiu hc gi Pht gio) c chuyn
ha t nhng ngi theo o Hindu vn khi xa b phn bit, khinh
khi. S kin Nagpur l mt Cuc Chuyn Ha Tn Gio Ln
Nht trong lch s nhn loi.
9. Sayadaw U Chandramani Kushinagar,

ngi Anh Hng Pht Php (Sasana) n (18), (19)
Cuc chuyn ha ln nht v tn gio din ra n vo ngy
14 October 1956 ti khu t ln 14 mu Anh tn l khu Diksha
Bhumi Nagpur, Maharashtra (xem hnh 49). Vo ngy lch s
, c 380.000 ngi thuc ngho kh, c xp vo giai cp h
tin (Dalits) chuyn qua theo o Pht di s dn dt ca Tin
s Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (l mt trong 4 nh tin phong trong
cuc phc hng Pht gio m chng ta ang cp).
Ngi c chn lm c vn v Pht Php v thc hin Quy Y
Tam Bo v Ng Gii cho 380.000 Pht t mi l Ngi Sayadaw
U Chandramani Kushinagar. Cuc chuyn ha v quy y theo
o Pht ny l mt cuc chuyn ha v tn gio ln nht trong
lch s nhn loi.
Ti sao trong s tt c nhng tu s Pht gio n lc by
gi m lnh t kit xut Tin S Dr. Ambedkar li chn ngi U
Chandramani, mt T kheo ngi Min in, lm ngi c vn
Pht Php cho tin s? tr li cho cu hi ny, chng ta s
xem qua tiu s ca ngi c gi l Ngi Anh Hng Pht
Php n .
(Tht ra, nu hiu r chi tit v cuc i ca nhng nh tin
phong ny, phi cn c mt quyn sch v mi ngi. Nhng v
khun kh gii hn ca quyn sch, tc gi gii thiu s lc
mi ngi vi chc trang. Nhng trong gii hn bn dch, ngi
dch ch trch s lc nhng s kin chnh trong i ca nh tin
phong m thi).
74 Hnh hng v x Pht
9.1 Nhng Nm Thng u Tin

Sayadaw U Chandramani sinh thng 6, 1876 qun Akyab (qun
Sittwe ngy nay) thuc Bang Rakkhine ca ngi Arakan, Min
in. Ngi hc Pht Php t ngi ch ca mnh l ngi Sayadaw
Ashin U Sandimar, mt v thy ni ting v Tam Tng Kinh. Ngi
tr thnh mt Sa-mn vi php danh l Shin Chandra (Shin trong
ting Min in ngha l Sa-di).
Lc ngi Anagarika Dhammapala v Colonel Olcott, (nhng
ngi sng lp Hi i B ), tm n gip Hi i B
. Hi cng tm nhng Sa-di tr tui, c lng dng cm v
nhit huyt cao, o to qua n trong s nghip khi phc
li Pht Php n . Hai Sa-di c chn Thin Vin ca
ngi Sayadaw U Sandimar, l Shin Chandra v Shin Thuriya. Vo
thng 11, 1891 c hai ngi cng vi mt ngi hc tr l, Thar
Doe Oo, ln ng sang n .
Khi n ni, c 3 ngi ti Nh Khch Kuthodaw Bodhgaya
(B o Trng) do Vua Min in Mindon (1808-1878) xy
dng, gn Cy B-, cng vi nhng nh s Tch Lan. Lc ,
Mahant o Hinhdu cn ang chim thp i B-, t chi s
c mt ca nhng nh s tr ny nh khch. Thng 2, 1892, ng
xi gic nhng tn ca ng n ph ri nh khch v nh
p cc T kheo.
Shin Chandra quay v Min in nhng quay tr li n vi tm
nguyn thc hin vic khi phc li Pht Php ti y. Calcutta,
Shin Chandra v Thar Doe Oo gp mt thng gia ngi Arakan
Min in tn l U Kyi Zayi. Ngi ny ly lm cm kch vi
nhng sa-di tr nn cung cp ch n cho 2 ngi trong ta nh
ca Hi i B-. Sau , Shin Chandra chuyn n chung trong
mt ngi n cng vi ngi Mahawira.
Lc ny, 2 sa-di bt u thc hin vic n chay trng.

Khi ngi Mahawira chun b v Kushinagar lun. Thng gia
U Kyi Zayi ngh cng dng ming t Kushinagar xy
tu vin. Ngi Mahawira tm c ming t thch hp v thng
lng mua li t ngi ch t Hindu. Nhng sau khi nhn tin cng
dng t ngi thng gia U Kyi Zayi, ngi Mahawira b cp
sch trn ng i.
Shin Chandra i b nhiu ngy tm ngi Mahawira sau khi
nghe tin ngi b cp, sau khi n ni gp ngi Mahawira, Shin
Chandra nh in bo tin cho thng gia U Kyi Zayi v thng
gia ny tip tc cng dng thm s tin bt u xy dng tu
vin li t u.
Sau , Shin Chandra quay v Mandalay, Min in nhn l i
Th Gii T kheo (Upasampada) tu vin Panwar Vihara (tc tu
vin Ramugrama Vihara) vo thng 2.
Sau khi quay li Kusinagar, ngi bt u dch Kinh C Php qua
ting Hindu v n nm 1909, hng ngn bn dch c phn pht
khp n . Sau , ng tip tc dch cc kinh Maha Satipatthana
Sutta, Anatta Lakkhana Sutta and Sangiti Sutta. Ngi dnh hu ht
thi gian dch kinh in qua ting n , v lm cho ngi
n bt u bit n gio php c Pht.
Thng gia U Kyi Zayi v v Daw Mi Chan Mra tip tc cng dng
cho ngi Mahawira mua thm l t rng 5 mu Anh gn Thp i B
xy Nh Khch vo nm 1901 v mt tu vin vo nm 1902.
Nm 1919, ngi Mahawira qua i tu vin ny v ngi Sayadaw U
Chandramani tip tc s nghip ca thy mnh v lm tr tr Tu Vin
Pht Gio Min in Kusinagar.
76 Hnh hng v x Pht
Theo gng thy mnh, Sayadaw U Chandramani lm vic ht sc

mnh khi phc Pht Php n . Nm 1908, ngi cho xy
mt tu vin nh Migadarvoon gn Vn Nai v ng a ngi
chu ca mnh l Ashin U Kittima n dy ngi a phng ngn
ng v Pht Php. Sarnarth l ni c Pht khai ging bi Thuyt
Php u tin.
9.2 Cng Nhn Kushinagar L Ni Di Tch i Bt-Nit-Bn
(Mahaparinibbana)
Nm 1901, ngi Sayadaw U Chandramani v thng nhn U Kyi
Zayi np n ln chnh quyn Anh n xin php cho nhng
ngi hnh hng n tn knh di tch tng Pht Nm bn trong
n i Bt-Nit-Bn. Chnh quyn Calcutta chuyn h s qua B
Lut Php Lucknow, nhng h t chi cng nhn l di tch BtNit-Bn ca c Pht.
Sau , nh kin nhn khai qut tip tc n i Bt Nit Bn, h
tm thy mt bng khc ch Brami. n lc khng ai gii m
c ngha ca dng ch, nn h gi qua London tm hiu. Sau
2 nm, nhng chuyn gia ngi Anh dch c hng ch: c
Pht qua i ti ni ny. Lc ny, s kin nhn ca nh s
c n p. Chnh quyn mi bt u cng nhn ni di tch c
Pht i Bt Nit Bn. n Th i Bt-Nit-Bn tr thnh mt
thnh tch sng tr li. iu ny lm cho Kushinagar tr thnh mt
ni hnh hng Pht gio quan trng nht.
Tri qua hng trm gian kh v tranh u, ngi c gng tng ngy
trong sut cuc i tm cch mua thm t ai v xy thm nhiu
tu vin, nh ngh, trng hc, bnh x. V lc chnh quyn khng
cho mt c nhn ng tn t ai cho mc ch tn gio, c bit l
ngi l ngi ngoi quc. Nn ngi lp ra Hi Tng on T Kheo

Kushinagar do ngi ng u.
9.3 Khi Phc Pht Php Nepal
Theo lch s, Pht Gio tng l tn gio chnh Nepal cho n
thi triu i ca Vua Jayasthiti Malla, ngi tr v t nc n thi
cn i (khong nm 1382 sau CN). ng vua ny p t h thng t
tng giai cp Hindu vo Nepal v nghim cm ph bin vn ha v
truyn thng Pht gio v cng p nhng tu s xut gia khng c v
(hay chng) phi ci o c sa v quay li cuc sng phm tc.
S p Bc Pht gio ca nhng th lnh o Hindu c thy r
nht vo thi k ngi Anh h Nepal khong nm 1816, khi ng
Brian Hodgson n nhn ch Tr L v C Tr nhim s mi.
ng thu thp nhng vn bn, lun ging ca nhng nh Lut tng
Pht gio nh ngi Amrutananda v gi qua Hi Chu Hc vng
Bengal (Asiatic Society of Bengal) v t chc Ngi Nh n (India
House) Paris v nhng th vin khc. Mt ln khc, B Trng
Rana Bahadur Jang ca Nepal b rp, bt gi mt Tu Vin Pht
gio v qung tt c kinh sch ra ngoi ng. Bc s Dr. Wrights,
mt bc s phc v cho nhng c dn ngi Anh Nepal lc ,
thu lm nhng kinh sch li v gi li v i Hc Cambridge
University. Chnh t ngun kinh sch ny m hc gi Burnuff v
ngi hc tr ca ng l Max Muller bin son tc phm ni v
lch s Pht gio nguyn thy (xem tham kho Ref. 46, Ch. 15).
Tnh trng Pht gio b p bc cng nng n hn vo thi ch triu
i Rana, tr v Nepal t nm 1846-1953, nhng thuyn gim quyn
lc phong kin vng triu Shah ch cn l biu tng ca nn qun
ch lp hin v th tng v chnh quyn iu hnh c thc quyn.
78 Hnh hng v x Pht
Lc , Pht gio hon ton b qun lng bi ton b nhn dn Nepal.

Triu i Rana ny nghim cm mi hnh vi v hot ng Pht gio
v cm khng cho bt c ai chuyn ha theo o Pht. Ch c nhng
ngi theo o Pht l c php chuyn o qua Hindu gio.
9.4 Th Gii Vo Tng on Cho Nhng T Kheo Nepal
Ngi Sayadaw U Chandramani ng gp mt vai tr quan trng
nht trong vic khi phc hi Pht Php Nepal. Ngi th gii
cho nhng T kheo gc Nepal vo Tng on, v dy h thm v
gio Php v gio Lut. Vo lc by gi, hon ton khng c Tng
on T kheo Nepal. hng my trm nm, ngi Nepal ch
bit n nhng thy tu Pht gio Vajracharya t trng phi Pht
Gio Newar Nepal hay Kim Cng Tha(Vajrayana) v nhng
Lt-ma Ty Tng (Tibetan Lamas). Ngi dn khng h bit n
nhng Tng Ni ca Pht gio Nguyn thy Theravada. Nhng thy
tu Vajracharyas l nhng tu s ti gia. H sng vi gia nh, khng
phi c thn (hn nhn) v khng xut gia. D nhin khng phi tt
c tu s Ty Tng u c gia nh (v hay chng). iu ph thuc
vo nhnh phi m h theo.
Ngi Nepal u tin c th gii vo Tng on l ngi
Mahapragna, mt ngi c sinh ra Khattiya, Nepal. Trc kia,
ngi tng c th gii thnh mt Gelung (tn mt tu s Ty
Tng) vo nm 1926. Sau ngi b truy kt v nht t v ti chuyn
o t o Hindu sang o Pht v b lu y sang n . n n
, ngi gp c ngi Sayadaw U Chandramani Kusinagara.
Rt m phc Sayadaw4, ngi xin th gii v t vin u
tin cho Tng on Pht gio Nguyn thy trong lch s Nepal hin
Sayadaw l cch gi mt ngi tu s Pht gio Min in. Trong ting Min in,
Sayadaw l: Thy, S, T Kheo. y c ngha l S U Chandramani.
4
i sau hn 600 nm vng bng Pht gio v Tng on. Mt ngi

Nepal khc chuyn t mt Gelung thnh mt T kheo di s th
gii ca ngi Sayadaw U Chandramani l ngi Pragyananda. Ngi
tr thnh T kheo y vng ngi u tin xut hin trn ng ph
Kathmandu vo cui nm 1930. Ngi ng ti tu vin Kindol Vihara
theo li mi thnh ging (Kinh) t ng Dasaratna Shahu (sau tr
thnh T kheo Dhammaloka). S thuyt ging ca ngi lm cho
chnh quyn Rana ch , v h li b rp v bt giam tt c nhng
thnh vin ca tu vin v sau ny mi th ra. May mn l lc ngi
Pragnananda ang i hnh hng nhng thnh tch n .
Sau khi c th, ng Dasaratna Shahu cng n Kusinagar v
th gii tr thnh Dhammaloka vo nm 1932. ng quay li
Nepal trong y vng v li b bt v ko theo cu chuyn di v s
p bc Pht gio Nepal v tt c cc T kheo u tip tc b bt
v lu y.
T kheo ni ting Ammitananda cng c th gii bi ngi
Sayadaw U Chandramani Kusinagara, sau ny t chc Pht gio
lu vong ca Nepal c lp ra ti n vo ngy 30 thng 11, 1944,
gi l Dharmodaya Sabha, vi ngi Sayadaw U Chandramani
l ch tch v ngi Amittananda lm tng th k.
Sau Th Chin th II kt thc nm 1945, nhng T kheo Nepal v
li xem tnh hnh v nhn thy khng cn chnh quyn c hay
ai p bc trc tip na. Tng Ni on vi s gia h t Tam Bo
Kushinagar quay v truyn b Pht gio Nguyn Thy Nepal.
Ngi thu xp gi nhiu Tng Ni Nepal qua Min in v Tch
Lan hc thm v Kinh in. Kathmandu, ngi Dhammaloka
bt u xy ngi Cha Pht Gio Nguyn Thy u tin. Mt ngi
cha khc l Tu vin Yanmangala Vihara cng c xy th
bi ngi Buddhaghosa.
80 Hnh hng v x Pht
Vua Nepal ti tr hng trm ngn rupee cho t chc Pht gio
Dharmodaya Sabha ni trn xy nhng nh khch Pht gio
dnh cho nhng T kheo Theravada, m ngi Dhammaloka v ngi
Amittananda ph trch tin hnh cng trnh.
Vy l Pht gio c t sng tr li Nepal. V Pht Php li
c cng c nh mt tn gio quan trng trn mnh t ni sinh
ca c Pht. Nh vo cng c tin phong ca ngi anh hng
Pht Php Sayadaw U Chandramani, ngy nay Nepal c c ngi
cha, tu vin, 303 T kheo v Sa-di (v c 135 tu s Ty Tng). Trong
s h c ngi hnh o ti Nepal, c mt s ngi tu tp hay truyn
o nc ngoi. (Theo Ngun: The Ananda Bhoomi; nm 33; n
bn s 32 & 33).
Ha Thng Kushinagar Sayadaw Ashin Chandramani vin
tch vo ngy 8 thng 1972 vo tui 97, ngi sng gn 80 nm
nh mt T kheo Min in Kushinagar, n phng s cho
s nghip Pht Php vi mt lng tin phong, kin trung v v cng
nhn ni, trong iu kin sng ngho nn, kh khn vng t ny.
Pht t t 32 nc gio truy iu, tng nim s ra i ca ngi.
Nhng Pht t x Akyab (Sittwe), Min in, ni sinh ca ngi,
c mt tng ng v t th ti mt tu vin a phng. Nh
vn Min in, Akyab vit mt quyn sch vi ta Cuc
i ca Sri Bhaddanta Chandramani Kushinagar xut bn nm
1975 v c dch ra ting Anh nm 1999.
noi gng truyn thng gi gn Pht Php v nhng thnh a hnh
hng, Qu U Chandramani Foundation Trust c thnh
lp nm 2000 tip tc phng s s nghip cao c ca ngi. Nm
2004, nhng Pht t Nagpur, bang Maharashtra, n , tng
13 mu t xy 2 ta nh lm trung tm hot ng ca Qu. Cn
nh, Nagpur l ni nh s, cng vi Tin S Babasaheb Ambedkar, t
chc l chuyn ha tn gio v quy y Pht, Php, Tng cho 380.000

ngi thuc giai cp h tin (Dalits). Thin s Sayadaw U Rakkhita
Dhamma, l mt T kheo Min in ph trch trung tm ny cng l
mt ngi bn thn quen ca tc gi quyn sch ny t nhng nm tu
thin ti Thin Vin Chanmyay Yeiktha Meditation Centre Yangon.
10. Tin S Babasaheb Ambedkar, Ngi Lnh T

Ca Giai Cp H Tin n (20), (21), (22)
10.1 Mt Ngi Uyn Bc, Hc Rng
Nu ni v cuc khi phc n m khng nhc n Tin S
Bhimrao. R. Ambedkar th tht l thiu st. ng l nh v ch,
ngi lnh t ca giai cp h tin n v bn thn l mt ngi,
thuc giai cp h tin, thin ti v xut chng nht n . ng
chuyn ha theo Pht gio nm 1956 v n lc c cuc i
chuyn ha hng triu ngi theo Pht gio. Nh vy, m ngy nay
c 50 triu Pht t n . Tun bo Illustrated Weekly (ngy
1824/11/1979) miu t ng l ngi v i nht sau c Pht.
Vy cn thnh Gandhi?, nhiu ngi li hi. Chng ti khng
ch iu g v ai hn ai so vi Mahatma Gandhi. Mi ngi ai c
cun sch ny s ng vi kin ca tun bo v Babasaheb,
ng V. T. Rajshekar vit vy trong Ta cho quyn sch
Annihilation of Caste with a Reply to Mahatma Gandhi (S Tiu
Dit giai cp bng mt Cu Tr Li Cho Mahatma Gandhi, do
tin s B. R. Ambedkar vit.
(Nu ni ht v TS. Bhimrao R. Ambedkar, ta cn nhiu quyn sch
mi ni ht c v ng. Trong khun kh quyn sch ny, ch xin
82 Hnh hng v x Pht
lc dch v tm lc tiu s v ng gp cho cng cuc khi phc

Pht gio n ca ng ND).
TS. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar sinh ngy 14 thng 4, 1891 trong mt
gia nh Mahar Hindu gio th trn Mhow, gn Indore, Madhya
Pradesh. ng tng ging dy khoa Kinh T Chnh Tr ti i Hc
Sydenham College. T lc sinh ra cho n lc hc tiu hc, trung
hc v n mi lc v nc ging dy khoa Kinh T Chnh Tr ti i
Hc Sydenham College, ng vn lun b phn bit i x l ngi
thuc giai cp h tin ca n gio Hindu, mt pariah. ng thm
ch b cm ung nc t nhng bnh nc trong phng cho cc
gio vin ung.
ng l mt ngi hiu hc v uyn bc, c l l ngi hc nhiu
trng v c nhiu bng cp nht khng nhng trong lch s th gii
giai cp h tin n ca ng, c ton n m cn c th c
ton th gii cho n ngy hm nay. ng c bng Thc S Khoa Hc,
Thc s & Tin S Kinh T Hc (London); Tin S Lut (Columbia);
Tin S Khoa Hc, Tin S Vn Chng (Osmania); Lut S (Grays
Inn, London)
10.2 Dn Dt Phong Tro Gii Phng Giai Cp Cho Nhng
Ngi Thuc Giai Cp H Tin i Vi Hindu Gio.
Nm 32 tui, tr thnh mt ngi uyn bc v ti nng nht t
nc, ng lp ra Hi Phc Li ca Tng Lp B p Bc (Bahishkrit
Hitakarini Sabha) vo thng 7, 1924 vi mc tiu khuyn hc, ci
thin vn ha v iu kin sng v ting ni ca tng lp ngho nn
b khinh khi. ng cng sng lp t tun bo Bahishkit Bharat
thng tin cho qun chng. Nm 1926, ng lp ra t chc Samta
Sanik Dal (c ngha l: i Qun V Bnh ng X Hi). Nm
1927-1932, ng dn u phong tro bt bo ng (Satyagraha) cho
php nhng ngi thuc giai cp h tin c bc vo n th

Hindu v c ung nc t nhng ging hay h nc cng cng
nh mi ngi Hindu khc. Hai ln ni bt l phong tro ti n th
Kalaram Temple Nashik v ti H Nc Chowdar Mahad vi
hng chc ngn ngi tham gia mi ln. Phong tro i bnh quyn
H Nc Chowdar cng chng kin cnh nhng ngi h tin t
quyn Manu Smriti, quyn sch Lut Hindu c i l cng c i
x phn bit, khinh khi ngi ngho kh, h tin mt cch bt cng
v hng dn cho tng lp thng lu Hindu trng pht v nh
p giai cp h tin khi h dm c gan c hay nghe Kinh V-!.
Vic lm gip nhng ngi b khinh khi ca TS. Ambedkar gy
s ch i vi ngi Thng c Bombay, ng ny sau b nhim
Ambedkar vo Hi ng Lp Php Bombay. y l bc u ca
20 nm sau ng c chn lm B Trng T Php v l Kin
Trc S Trng ca Hin Php n khi nc ny ginh li c
lp nm 1947.
ng to nn mng php l xa b s khinh khi i vi giai
cp bn cng. Cng chnh ng l ngi son tho v a nhng biu
tng Pht gio thnh nhng biu tng quc gia ca n , v d
nh: biu tng Bnh Xe Chuyn Php Lun trn nn c n
v biu tng S T trn u Tr Asoka Sarnath trn ng
tin ca n .
10.3 S i u Ca TS. Babasaheb i Vi Gandhi
Trong qu trnh i tm quyn li tt hn cho giai cp cng inh, Ts
Ambedkar phi i u vi nhn vt ni ting l Gandhi, ng ny
t chi vic trao nhng quyn v chnh tr cho giai cp h tin. Ti
Hi Ngh Bn Trn ngy 12 thng 11, 1930 TS yu cu chnh
84 Hnh hng v x Pht
quyn thuc a trao quyn chnh tr cho giai cp h tin n .

Hi ngh thng nht theo yu cu ca ng, tuy nhin iu khng
c hin thc ha, v ng Quc i do Gandhi lnh o khng
tham d phin hp th nht m ch d phin hp th hai vo ngy
15 thng 9, 1931 v h bc b vic trao quyn chnh tr cho giai
cp h tin n , mc d h li khng phn i vic giao quyn
tng t cho nhng ngi Sikhs v ngi Hi gio. Nhng s phn
bc ca Gandhi cng b tht bi, bi v Th Tng Anh Quc Ramsay
MacDonald cho php quyn bu c chnh tr ca Giai cp H
Tin (Dalits) trong mt quyt nh vn bn l Communal Award
(Gii thng Cng ng) cho nhng ngi cng inh v cng cuc
u tranh i quyn bu c c lp do chnh th tng ban hnh
vo thng 8, 1932. Sau khi tht bi trn Bn Trn, Gandhi p dng
v kh cui cng ca mnh l Tuyt thc cho n cht! yu cu
sa i quyt nh ca chnh ph Anh Quc. V vy, vn bn ban
thng The Communal Award phi b sa i v thay bng
o Lut Poona Pact ngy 25 thng 9, 1932, m TS Ambedkar nh
lng phi k vo cu sng Gandhi khi cht v tuyt thc v v
Ambedkar nhn thy, nu v vic ny m M. Gandhi qua i, nhng
ngi Hindu (theo n Gio) c th s tr th v c th s st hi
nhiu ngi thuc giai cp cng inh. o lut mi dnh nhiu ch
t giai cp cng inh cho nhng giai cp khc. (Vn ca Gandhi
b ngoi c v s ng h nhng s gh bu c cho giai cp h tin,
nhng mc ch chnh ca ng hon ton v chnh tr. ng mun
gi a s gh hay quyn ph quyt v tay s ngi giai cp cao ca
Hindu i ph vi s gh ngi Hi gio, bi v ngi h tin
ch chim dn s n . Theo ng Gandhi, vo lc cha th
xa b trit h thng giai cp).
TS. Ambedkar bt u nh t b o Hindu m ng bit r t
trong chnh thng l mt tn gio phn bit giai cp v i x tn bo
ngi cng inh. Cuc i bn thn ng cng chng kin v l
nn nhn. Nhng ngi theo o Hindu, nhng ch bi v mnh thuc

tng lp h tin, ngho hn, th khng c bc vo n th Hindu!
V khng c ung nc sch chung vi nhng ngi Hindu giai
cp cao hn!. Ti cuc gp mt vi qun chng ngy 13 thng 10,
1935 Yeola, ng ni vi qun chng rng nu h cha bao gi
c o Hindu che ch v bnh vc, h nn ngh n chuyn thay
i c tin ca mnh tm n mt tn gio c i x bnh ng,
bnh quyn. Cn ni v bn thn mnh, ng pht biu rng: Tht
khng may, ti sinh ra l mt ngi Hindu. iu ngoi kh
nng ngn cn vic xy ra ca ti, nhng ti th chc rng ti s
khng cht l mt ngi Hindu.
Khi TS. Ambedkar tuyn b t b o Hindu, nhiu tn gio tip
cn ng nh mt ngi ni ting khuyn khch ng theo tn gio
ca h, nh Thin Cha Gio, Hi Gio, o Sikhs, nhng ng
khc t ngay. Trong bi pht biu lch s What way Liberty?
(Con ng No cho T Do?) ngy 30 & 31 thng 5, 1936 Dadar,
Mumbai, ng ni v con ng dn n s t do ca mi con
ngi v ng khng t vn l chuyn ha qua tn gio no,
nhng ng dn nhng li cui cng ca c Pht ni vi ngi
Ananda c chp li trong Kinh i Bt-Nit-bn: Hy l hn o
cho chnh mnh, l ni nng ta ca chnh mnh, khng nn tm ni
nng ta t bn ngoi; vi Gio Php l hn o ca mnh, l ni
nng ta ca mnh, khng nn tm ni nng ta khc.
V ng chn o Pht lm tn gio mi ca mnh, bi v o Pht
ch trng khng phn bit giai cp, cng bng x hi, ng nh li
dy ca c Pht khi ni ng sai cho ng B-la-mn ngo mn v
tri o l ca phn bit giai cp, khinh khi ngi khc trong Kinh
v Nhng Ngi H Tin (Vasala Sutta, Suttanipata 1.7).
Ngy 14 thng 10, 1956, ng ku gi v triu tp L chuyn o
v Quy y o Pht 1 ln cho 380.000 ngi ti mt khu t rng 14
86 Hnh hng v x Pht
mu Diksha Bhumi Nagpur, bang Maharashtra, trong c s

tham d ca Ha Thng Sayadaw U Chandramani Kushinagar.
Tt c 380.000 ngi cng c theo ng li tuyn th Quy y Tam
Bo v Tun theo Ng gii. y l mt cuc chuyn o, quy y ln
nht trong lch s tn gio. Trong bui l ny, ng cng son tho
ra 22 iu quy y dnh cho tt c Pht t mi. Nhiu ngi tip tc
ko n Diksha Bhumi v hai ngy sau, ngy 16 thng 10, 1956 hn
300.000 ngi tip tc quy y cng c 22 li th nguyn.
10.4 Hai Mi Hai Li Th Nguyn Ca Pht T n
22 Li th nguyn l:
1. Ti s khng tin vo Brahma (Phm Thin), Thn Vishnu v
Mahesh v s khng th phng h.
2. Ti s khng tin vo Rama v Krishna c cho l ha thn ca
Thng v s khng th phng h.
3. Ti khng tin vo Gauri, Ganapati v nhng thn hay n thn
khc ca Hindu v s khng th phng h.
4. Ti khng tin vo s ha thn ca Thng
5. Ti khng tin c Pht l ha thn ca thn Visnu. Ti tin y
ch l iu ngng cung v tuyn truyn sai tri.
6. Ti s khng thc hnh l Shraddha v s khng thc hnh l
pind-dan ca Hindu.
7. Ti s khng lm iu g xm phm hay ngc li nhng gii
hnh v gio php ca c Pht.
8. Ti s khng chp nhn theo nhng nghi l do B-la-mn c hnh.
9. Ti tin vo s bnh ng ca con ngi.
10. Ti s n lc thit lp s bnh ng.
11. Ti s i theo Bt Chnh o ca c Pht.
12. Ti s i theo mi hnh paramitas (Ba-la-mt) do c Pht
ch ra.
13. Ti s c lng t bi i vi mi chng sinh v bo v h.

14. Ti s khng n cp.
15. Ti s khng ni di.
16. Ti s khng st sanh.
17. Ti s khng dng nhng cht c hi nh ru, ma ty5
18. Ti s n lc i theo Bt Chnh o v thc hnh lng t bi
trong tng ngy.
19. Ti t b Hindu gio, v n lm phng hi n con ngi v cn
tr s tin b v pht trin ca nhn loi, bi v n da vo s bt
bnh ng. V ti chn o Pht l tn gio ca ti.
20. Ti tin chc Gio Php ca c Pht l mt tn gio ch thc.
21. Ti tin rng ti c ti sinh.
22. Ti xin th nguyn v tin chc rng t y v sau ti s sng
cuc i mnh theo gii hnh v gio php ca c Pht.
10.5 Ti Sao Nhng Ngi H Tin Chuyn o Qua Pht Gio?
Ngy 12 thng 5, 1956 TS. Ambedkar tr li trn i BBC rng:
Theo ng, Pht gio c 3 nguyn tc kt hp m nhng tn gio khc
khng c. Nhng tn gio khc u ch trng c Thng v i
sng sau khi cht hay Linh hn. Pht gio th nhm n tr tu btnh (panna) hiu bit hn l vn m tn v siu nhin; nhm n
lng bi mn (karuna) l tnh yu gia ngi v ngi, ch khng
phi kiu quan h kiu ch-t; v s bnh ng (samata) thay th cho
s phn bit giai cp. l nhng th con ngi cn c sng mt
Theo nghin cu trong rt nhiu ti liu, ngi dch vn khng tm thy nguyn
bn chnh thc khc no ca 22 iu Th Nguyn ny ca TS. Ambedkar c ghi
thm mt gii hnh quan trng trong Ng Gii l Khng t dm, ngoi tnh.
V cng kh m tng tng y l mt s thiu st ca TS. Ambedkar. V ngay
c l thiu st do s sut, nhng n nay cng khng ai cp v vn ny,
mc d lch s ghi r l cuc Quy Y ca 380.000 v hn 300.000 ngi cch 1
ngy sau l quy y Tam Bo & tun theo Ng Gii ca Pht gio ND.
5
88 Hnh hng v x Pht
cuc i tt p v hnh phc trn tri t ny. Thng hay Linh

hn khng th lm iu . Ba nguyn l ny lm cho ng tham
gia vo Pht gio v ng mun c th gii cng bit n nh vy.
Nh cng c ca TS. Babasaheb Ambedkar, tng lp qun chng
quay li c vi o Pht ca cha ng mnh trong qu kh sau khi b
lit vo giai cp h tin k t thi i Gupta Period khong nm 400
sau CN. Ngy nay, con s Pht t n ln n 50 triu ngi.
Nu bn hnh hng qua n v gp nhng Pht t n
nhng ni hnh hng thing ling, bn ch cn a tay ln cho
v ni: Jhai Bhim! (Bhim sng mi!). iu ny s lm m p tm
lng ca h, bi v i vi h, Bhim (tn gi tt v thn mn ca TS.
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar) ginh li v tr v danh d cho tng
lp b khinh khi, p bc. H s p li li cho bng chnh cu: Jhai
Bhim! t nhng khun mt hnh phc ca h v iu ny lun mang
li thm nhiu nim vui v nim hoan h cho trong sut chuyn hnh
hng v t Pht ca chng ta.
* {Xem Hnh B: (sau Phn V) Bn nh tin phong trong cuc
phc hng Pht gio n - (1), (2), (3), (4)}.
* Dn dn, tt c 8 thnh a quan trng trong cuc hnh hng
u c khi phc v pht trin nh l nhng khu di tch v
du lch. Hu ht nhng ni thnh a u ly li c v huy hong
trong qu kh v u ang sng theo nhp ca cuc sng, nh vo
s n lc cng nhau ca Tng on, nhng nh kho c, nhng nh
lch s v nhng ng gp ca nhng Pht t vo trong vic phc hi
cc di tch. c bit l vai tr v nhng ng gp ca tng on
Min in v Tch Lan trong vic xy thm tu vin, tnh x (vihara:
tnh x, tu vin) cho Tng on, cc T kheo c th c ng

v lm nhng ngi gi gn; v lm tng thm tnh thing ling
ca nhng khu vc thnh tch. Nhiu khu di tch nm nhng vng
nng thn xa xi, thiu thn mi phng tin v nhng tu s n khu
thnh tch gp phn quan trng vo vic dy hc v gip
nhng ngi a phng. Mt ln na, l nhng di tch, thnh tch
sng, ng c tn th v chim bi, m hng ngn tn n
ving thm mi nm t khp ni trn th gii t lng thnh knh
i vi bc i S (Sattha) m th gii hng bit n c Pht
v tch to cng c bng nhng cuc hnh hng ca lng knh
o v nim tin. Mt cuc hnh hng v nhng di sn Pht gio
chc chn s lm cho Tm cao p hn v lm tng trng nhiu
phm cht tt p trong mi ngi. Nhn cnh nhng ngi o hu
hnh hng n t nhng min xa xi vi cng mc ch tn vinh
c Th Tn, chc chn s lm khi sinh nhng cm gic hoan h
(mudita) m p trong lng ngi hnh hng.
i vi nhng ngi hnh hng tm v kho nhn, quang
cnh ca nhng n thp huy hong ngy xa, nay ch cn l nhng
tn tch v nhng ng nt, c th l c hi mnh qun chiu
v chim nghim thm v s V Thng ca tt c nhng php
hu vi (sankhara), nhng g c sinh ra d kin c n u ri
cng tn hoi. iu c th s khi sinh trong lng s thc gic
v mt tm linh mau mau tinh tin thc hnh con ng v Gio
Php ca c Pht.
Nhng Pht T sau khi hon thnh cuc hnh hng ca lng tin v
lng knh o, s cn mang mi nhng cm gic kh thay i v kh
qun trong lng.
Khng ni u trn tri t ny c th lm xc ng tht mnh
lng ngi v thc gic tm linh hn l nhng ni chng ta n
90 Hnh hng v x Pht
ving thm v tn knh Tm Thnh a Pht Gio ny. Nhng

thnh tch thing ling cng mang li cho chng ta nhng nim yn
i v an lc cho n tn sau ny.
Nhng ngi Pht t knh o nn lng nghe theo li dn ca
c Pht trc khi Ngi ra i v hy c gng thu xp mt cuc
hnh hng v t Pht, t nht mt ln trong cuc i ngn
ngi ca chng ta.
Phn II
Bn Thnh a Thing Ling
Ni Dung:
1. Lumbini, Ni c Pht n Sinh

2. Bodhgaya, Ni c Pht Gic Ng
3. Sarnath, Ni c Pht Khai Ging Gio Php
4. Kusinara, Ni c Pht Bt-Nit-Bn
92 Hnh hng v x Pht
1. Lumbini, Ni c Pht n Sinh

1.1 Cch i n Ni:
Lumbini nm thuc bn nc Nepal, bn ra pha Ty min Trung
ca Nepal, gn st bn th trn bin gii Sonauli ca n . Vic i
n ni ny cng khng hin i hay qu d dng. Ni di tch ny
cng khng th tip nhn qu nhiu khch tham quan cng mt lc.
Hu ht nhng ngi hnh hng l ngi t cc nc ng Nam
, Nht Bn v Ty Tng, nhng ngi khch tham quan phng
Ty cng n y kh u n.
Lumbini c mt phi trng nh mang tn c Pht C-m, l
Phi Trng Gautama Buddha. Hng hng khng y cng
mang tn c Pht l Buddha Air c nhiu chuyn bay trong
ngy i th Kathmandu v 9 tnh thnh ca Nepal, v 1 chuyn
bay quc t t Lumbini n Lucknow, thnh ph th ca bang
Uttar Pradesh ca n .
T Vit Nam chng ta cng c th p chuyn bay qua phi trng
Tribhuvan Airport, th Kathmandu, Nepal v sau ni chuyn bay
quc ni t Kathmandu n Lumbini, dnh cho nhng ngi hnh
hng mun bt u chuyn hnh hng n Lumbini ri sau mi i
qua nhng thnh a cn li ca n v nh vy ch cn xin Visa 1 ln
vo Nepal v n , thay v phi xin Visa 2 ln vo n nu i t n
qua Lumbini v quay v n nhp cnh ln th hai. Nu i bng
my bay vo Nepal, chng ta c th xin cp Visa ti phi trng Nepal.
Ngy nay, a s cc on hnh hng u i Lumbini t n . Chng
ta c th xin cp Visa ca khu Sonauli, n & Lumbini, Nepal.
T bin gii, c mt con ng tt chy n Lumbini khong 20 KM.
Bn Thnh a Thing Ling 93
(Tuy nhin, theo tha thun gia 2 nc n v Nepal, nu bn

c visa vo n , khi thm ving n xong, bn c th t n
sang thm Lumbini, Nepal trong vng 3 ngy m khng cn phi xin
visa Nepal. Do vy, rt nhiu on khch hnh hng nhng vng
t Pht thng khi hnh ving nhng vng t n trc, ri
mi n ving Lumbini trong vi ngy - ND).
C khong 15 khch sn tiu chun tt v nh khch yn tnh
Lumbini xung quanh nhng di tch.
1.2 Ngha Tn Gio(2), (25), (26)
Sau khi tu tp chng c 10 Php Hon Thin (Paramis), tc
10 Ba-la-mt, trong bn a-tng-k (asankheyya) v mt trm ngn
i kip (kappa), v B-tt, hay c Pht C-m sau ny, u
thai vo bng ca Maya Devi, hong hu ca vua Suddhodana
(Tnh Phn), ngi ng u vng quc cng ha Thch Ca
(Sakyan), nm ngang bin gii ca n -Nepal ngy nay. Vo
ngy Trng Trn ca thng Nm, nm 623 trc CN, Hong hu
Maya Devi ang trn ng t kinh Kapilavatthu (thnh Cat-la-v) n Devadaha, qu cha m ca b, h sinh a
con, theo phong tc truyn thng ca x ny. Dc ng, khi i
ngang qua Vn Lumbini, mt khu rng Sala (Long Th) ang
n r nhng bng hoa. ang chim ngng phong cnh cy, hoa
ti p huy hong, hong hu cm thy chuyn d rt nhanh
sinh thi t. Hong hu gi nhng ngi hu n che mn xung
quanh. Mt tay hong hu nm ly cnh cy Sala, b h sinh thi
t trong t th ang ng. Theo Majjhima Sutta No. 123 (Trung
B Kinh, kinh s 123), ngay sau khi B-tt c sinh ra, Ngi
bc 7 bc v hng Bc v tuyn b v v tr ca mnh trn th
gian nh sau:
94 Hnh hng v x Pht
Aggo ham asmi lokassa Ta l ngi ng u trn th gian.

Jetto ham asmi lokassa Ta l ngi thng ng nht th gian.
Setto ham asmi lokassa Ta l ngi cao qu nht th gian.
Ayam antima jati
y l ln ti sinh cui cng.
Natthi dani punabbhavo By gi khng cn ti sinh na i vi ta!.
Ngay khi B-tt c sinh ra, mt lung i ho quang ta sng
bao trm ln tt c nhng ho quang ca nhng v tri, thn va xut
hin, lung ho quang chiu sng khp ni, k c nhng ni tm
ti m nh sng mt tri, mt trng khng th chiu sng n c.
Mi ngn th gii rung chuyn v m vang v ri mt lung ho
quang ln chiu sng nh bo tin v s n sinh ca B-tt, v
Pht tng lai.
1.3 Bi Cnh Lch S (5), (27)
Nm 249 trc CN, v hong v i A-dc (Asoka) ca triu i
Maurya, ngi ang tr v gn ht bn o n t nm 273-236
trc CN, n thm Lumbini, l mt phn trong chuyn hnh hng
chim bi tt c nhng thnh a, v ch thn cng l tn nghim ni
c Pht n sinh. ghi nh chuyn ving thm ca mnh, nh
vua cho xy mt tr , khc ch Brami cho th h con chu mai
sau c bit n. Ch khc trn tr gm c 5 dng nh sau (bn
dch ting Anh hin c t ti ni ny cho khch hnh hng c):
Ting Brahmi:
Devannapiyena piyadasina lajina-visativasabhisitena.
Atana-agacha mahiyite
Hida Budhe-jate sakyamuniti.
Silavigadabhicha kalapita silathabhe-cha usapapite.
Hida Bhagavam jateti Lumbinigame ubalike kate, Athabhagiye ca.
Dch ngha ting Vit:

Quc vng Devnampiya Piyadasi (A-Dc), ngi con yu du
ca cc v Tri, hai mi nm sau khi ln ngi, ch thn ng
ving v l cng ni ny, v c Pht Thch-ca Mu-ni, n sanh
y. Nh vua ban lnh khc mt tng con nga trn u mt tr
v dng tr ln. Bi v c Th Tn (Bhagavan) c sinh ra
ni y, lng Lumbini c gim thu canh tc v ch cn ng
1/8 so vi mc thu thng.
* Lu : L ng quang ngi Hong ca vua Asoka l vo nm 269
trc CN, 4 nm sau khi ng nm quyn triu chnh.
Sau cuc chinh pht ca ngi Hi Gio min bc n vo th

k 12-13 sau CN dn n vic cp bc v tn ph nhng tu vin
v n th Pht Gio, Lumbini b b hoang v cui cng b rng
tarai bao ph. Nm 1896, nh kho c ngi c, Tin S. Alois A.
Fuhrer, trong khi ang i tm ni Pht tch trong khu rng tarai
Nepal, v tnh tm thy mt ct v chc chn rng chnh ni
ny l ni c Pht n sinh. Ct Lumbini (hay cn gi l Ct
Rummindei) vn k diu ng vng cho n ngy nay lm
chng tch cho ni c Pht c sinh ra.
1.4 Nhng im Cn Thm Ving(27), (28)
1) Tr Asoka
Sau khi bc vo Vn Lumbini, du hiu ni bt p ngay vo
mt l mt tr cao c bao bc xung quanh bng hng ro st.
y l Tr Lumbini ni ting c dng ln bi vua Asoka
vo nm 249 trc CN. Nguyn thy trn u tr ny tng hnh
mt con nga, nhng sau u hnh con nga b st nh gy, ch
96 Hnh hng v x Pht
cn li thn tr cao 6.7m. y l tr c khc dng ch xc

nhn khu vc ni sinh ca c Pht. (Hnh 1&2)
2) Ni Thing Ling Nht Ca Thnh a (sanctum sanctorum)
Khu vc bn trc Tr Asoka trc y l ni n Th Hong
Hu Maya Devi, b p ra nm 1995 tin hnh kho c. Vo
ngy 4 thng Hai, 1996, mt on kho c do Lin Hip Quc ti tr
tuyn b l tm thy chnh xc ch (im) c Pht c sinh ra
nm ngay bn di mng ca n th. Nhng nh kho c o 15
hm c chiu su khong 5m, v tm thy c mt tng nm ngay
trn nn c xy bng 7 lp gch ca ngi n, xc nh r ch (hay
chnh im) chnh xc c Pht c sinh ra. (Hnh 4, 5). y l mt
tin vui cho Pht T khp ni trn th gii. Chng ta c th c li mt
bi ng tin trn tp ch Asia Week nm 2011 mi y nh sau:
23 Thng 5 / 2011 (Theo Asia Week):
Hng th k qua, nhng ngi hnh hng t cc ni trn th gii
lng sc khp cc chn i ca dy Hy M Lp Sn vi hy vng tm
ra v tr chnh xc ni sinh ca c Pht. V lng kin nhn ca h
c n b. Ngy 4 thng 2 nm 1996 va qua, mt i cc nh kho
c quc t cho bit h tm c bng chng cui cng cho thy c
Pht c sinh ra ti Lumbini thuc min Ty Nam nc Nepal.
Hoang tn v nt, ngi n Maya Devi Lumbini - c xy
dng cch nay gn 2600 nm, cch Kathmandu th vng quc
Nepal khong 240 Km - l ci ni ca Pht gio. Hu ht cc Pht t
t lu tin rng y l ni c Pht ra i. Ngy nay cc nh kho
c khng nh iu ny v ni rng h pht hin mt mnh
chng c cn thiu, nhng cc k quan trng - mt tng hon
ho c t trn nn ca ngi n Maya Devi v nm 249 trc

Cng nguyn, nh du v tr chnh xc ni c Pht c sinh ra.
Tng ny, c 45 cm x 15 cm, c tm thy su bn di, cch b
mt ng nt gn 5m.
Trn y l khm ph ca nh kho c Babu Khrisna Rijal ca Nepal
v Satoru Uessaka ca Nht Bn vo ngy 18-2-1995. Tuy nhin mi
cho n gn mt nm sau , h mi cng b n - sau khi cc chuyn
gia n , Pakistan v Sri Lanka xc nhn nhng vt ny. Mc
d cc hc gi n vn cho rng c Pht khng phi c sinh
ra Nepal m l qun Gorakhpur thuc bang Uttar Pradesh, n
ngy nay, tuy nhin, mt tun sau cng b trn, vn khng c phn
ng chnh thc no.
Theo cc kinh sch ca Pht gio, vo nm 623 trc Cng nguyn,
thn mu ca c Pht, Hong hu Maya Devi, gh qua Lumbini
(Lm T Ni) trn ng v nh cha m ti Rangram. B tm trong
mt ci ao linh thing, v sau i 25 bc n mt khu rng nh
sinh con. Nhiu Pht t tin rng a b ny, Hong t Siddhartha,
nhm dy v bc i by bc.
Gn 400 nm sau , Hong Ashoka (vua A Dc) - ngi c
cho rng truyn b Pht gio khp ng - lm mt chuyn
hnh hng n ni ny v t mt tng ln v tr chnh xc ca
ni sinh c Pht. ng cn cho dng mt cy tr cao ln gn ,
trn tr c khc ch ni v tng ny.
Mt s ngi n c xy dng ngay trn v tr ny. Nhng hng
nghn nm sau , Lumbini suy tn n ni v tr ca n b xa
i trong hng trm nm. Sau nhiu cuc tm kim ca cc Pht t,
vo nm 1895, cy tr Ashoka c tm thy. Mi n nm
1993, cng vic khai qut mi bt u c tin hnh vi 200 cng
98 Hnh hng v x Pht
nhn. H khm ph mt cu trc bao gm 15 phng. Ti trung tm

cu trc ny, h m c mt cn hm, bn trong l tng m
ngi ta tin l do Ashoka t. Cc quan chc Nepal khng nh rng
n cch ci ao m Hong hu tm ng 25 bc chn.
Vic pht hin chnh xc ni sinh ca c Pht c mt tm quan
trng to ln i vi khong 350 triu Pht t trn khp th gii.
Hai ngy sau lnh cng b trn, c Vua Birenda ca Nepal cng
Hong hu Aishwarya v Th tng Sher Bahadur Deuba n
Lumbini xem tng v tr ln Ashoka. Rijal v Satoru gii
thch vi nh Vua rng y l mt tng khi khng c vng ny.
N c mang n y v t vo trung tm ca ngi n. V h
tip tc khng nh y chnh l tng c nhc n trong php
d khc ghi trn Tr Ashoka ln. (Theo Asia Week)
3) n Th Hong Hu Maya Devi (mi)
Gn bn n Th Hong Hu Maya Devi mi l mt kin trc ging
nh ngi cha, bn trong t mt tng khc ni v s n Sinh
ca c Pht. Tng khc cng c bc ph iu khc hnh hong
hu Maya Devi, m ca c Pht, ang nm ly cnh cy Sala vi
mt em b mi sinh ra ng trn cnh hoa sen. Tng khc ny
trc y t n Th c. (Hnh 1, 2, 3).
4) Ao Nc Thing Puskarni
Pha Nam ca tr Asoka l ao nc thing ni ting Ao Puskarni,
c tin rng l chnh ci ao nguyn thy ni hong hu tm trc
khi h sinh v B-tt. (Hnh 1, 2, 3).
5) Cha Min in, Cha Nepal, Cha Ty Tng

v Trung Tm Thin Hc
Cha Nepal c xy bn trong Vn Lumbini. l mt tu vin
Pht gio Nguyn Thy Theravada do mt T kheo ngi Nepal trng
coi. Cc cha Min in v cha Ty Tng v Trung Tm Thin Hc
Panditarama th c xy xa hn, bn ngoi khun vin Vn
Lumbini. Nhng ngi hnh hng nn thm ving nhng ni ny
t lng tn knh i vi nhng Tng Ni ang tu hc v phng s
y. S c mt v phng s ca cc tng ni to khng kh tn
nghim, sng ng ca nhng ni ny.
6) Kapilavatthu, Kinh ca Vng quc Thch Ca (Sakya)
Cch 27 km v pha Ty ca Lumbini, l tn tch ca kinh thnh c
Kapilavatthu (Ca-t-la-v) ca vng quc dng h Thch Ca. Di
tch ny c xc nh bng khu t Tilaura Kot (cung in, ni
cung). Vic khai qut khu tn tch c tin hnh bi Cc Kho C
Nepal cho thy nhng ch c nhng thp c v tu vin, c xy
bng gch nung v va bng t st. Tn tch thnh c c bao bc
xung quanh bi nhng ho nc v nhng bc tng lm bng gch.
(Hnh 7). Khu vc cm thnh c chiu di l 518m chy t Nam n
Bc, v rng 396m chy t ng sang Ty, khong 20.5 hec-ta. Da
vo c s kho c, ngoi thnh ni dn chng c ng th rt rng
ln v rt n khp vi nhng ghi chp trong k s Ty Vc K ca
Huyn Trang. Chng ta c th tham kho thm mt bi bo mi va
c ng bi Qu Pht Trin Lumbini nh sau:
T chc Gio dc, Khoa hc v Vn ha ca Lin Hip Quc
(UNESCO) quyt nh tin hnh mt cuc khai qut kho c mi
ti Hong cung Ca-t-la-v, Tilaurakot, ni Thi t Tt-t-a
sng 29 nm u i mnh.
100 Hnh hng v x Pht
Cuc khai qut s c tin hnh bi T chc Lumbini Development

Trust v Cc Kho c Nepal ti cc khu vc chnh ca phn pha Ty
hong cung t thng 7-2011 cho n thng 5-2015.
Gio s Ravines Cunningham ca i hc Durhan ng thi l i
din ca UNESCO tin chc rng cuc khai qut ln ny s lm mi
ngi ch n cung in ca dng h Shakya (Thch-ca): Cho n
nay, Tilaurakot, ni ta lc cung in ca vua Suddhodhana (vua
Tnh-phn) vn cha c r rng. Cuc khai qut ny s lm n ni
ting khng km g vn Lm-t-ni.
Cng pha Ty v ng ca Hong cung c khai qut nhng
cung in chnh ca vua Tnh-phn vn cha c kho st k lng.
Thng tin v nhng phn cha khm ph ca cung in v nhng b
n ca n s c cng b rng ri sau khi khai qut. Cc c vt tm
thy s c bo qun mt cch khoa hc ti Bo tng Ca-t-la-v
nhm thu ht khch hnh hng v du lch.
Cuc khai qut ln ny s gip xc nhn tm quan trng trong lch s
ca thnh Ca-t-la-v nh l mt di sn ca nhn loi.

(Theo Lumbini Development Trust, Nepal)
Nhng ngi hnh hng nn dnh thm 1 ngy na tham quan

khu vc thnh ni Tilaura Kot c th thy di tch Cng Pha ng,
c gi l Mahabhinikkhamanam Dvara (Cng ca Cuc T B
V i), c Pht i ra bng cng ny trong m xut gia, tm
s Gic Ng, vo m Trng Trn ca thng Asalha (thng By)
nm 594 trc CN, khi Ngi 29 tui.
Xung quanh khu vc Tilaura Kot cn c mt s di tch ngha cng
ng tham quan i vi nhng ngi hnh hng, ni bt l:
7) Niglihawa, Ni Sinh Ca V Pht Kanakamuni Buddha

Niglihawa, cch Tilaura Kot 3 km v hng ng Bc, c tin
l ni l th trn c Sobhavati, ni sinh ca v Pht Kanakamuni
Buddha. Vo lc Ngi c sinh ra, mt trn ma ln bng vng
trt xung ton khu vc Jambudipa. c xem nh l im
lnh, nn Ngi c t tn l Kanakagamana (kanaka = vng,
agamana = n). Qua thi gian, ci tn Kanakagamana c rt
ngn l: Konagamana, (m Hn Vit: Pht Cu-Na-Hm). Hong
Asoka ving thm ni ny vo nm 249 trc CN, trong
chuyn hnh hng ca ng v dng mt Tr tng
nim. Ngy nay, Tr Asoka vn cn c thy, b gy thnh
2 khc. Khc trn di 4.6m. Khc gc cao 1.5m cn ng nguyn,
hi b nghing mt cht. Nhng ch khc bng mu t Brahmi c
nh sau:
Vua A-dc, Ngi Con Yu Du ca cc v Tri, ln
ngi hong 14 nm, gia tng kch thc bo thp Pht
Kanakamuni gp hai ln so vi kch thc ban u. Hai mi
nm sau khi ng quang, nh vua ch thn ng ving v l
bi ni ny.
8) Gotihawa, Ni Sinh Ca Pht Kakusandha Buddha
Gotihawa, a danh Tilaura Kot 7km v hng Ty Nam, c tin l
ni thnh c Khemavati, ni sinh ca v Pht Kakusandha Buddha,
(m Hn Vit: Pht Cu-lu-tn). Hong Asoka cng ving
thm ni ny cng nhng thnh tch trn trong mt chuyn i v
cho dng Tr ghi nh chuyn ving thm. Tr b gy v
ch cn phn gc khong 3m vn cn ng nguyn, nhng thp hn
mt t ngy nay.
102 Hnh hng v x Pht
C 2 Tr Asoka m t u c ghi chp li trong Ty Vc K

ca Huyn Trang khi Ngi ving thm Kapilavatthu vo nm 637
sau CN. Vo thi , c hai tr u c hnh u s t trn u
ca mi tr.
9) Kudan, Khu Di Tch Rng Cy Banyan (Nigrodharama)
Kudan l mt khu di tch m cc hc gi tin rng chnh l
Khu Vn Cy Banyan (Nigrodharama), do Vua cha Tnh Phn
(Suddhodana) cng dng cho c Pht khi Ngi v thm
Kapilavastu. Chnh ti ni ny, ngi Rahula, con trai ca c Pht
cha c o, c th gii vo tng on. Tn tch ca mng
vch bng gch ca tu vin c, c tin l xy vo thi c Pht
ti th, vn cn ng. (Hnh 8).
10) Sagarhawa, Di tch ni dng h Thch Ca b tn st
Sagarhawa, nm gn Niglihawa c tin l ni m Vidudabha tin
hnh cuc tn st dng h Thch Ca. (Ch gii 10). Nhng ngi
a phng gi ni ny l Lambu Sagar, c ngha l Ao Nc Di
bi v ni y c mt ao nc rt ln hnh ch nht. T Niglihawa,
chng ta c th i n Sagarhawa bng cch i xuyn qua ngi lng
Niglihawa v mt cy cu bt qua mt con knh o.
Ch gii 10:
Cuc tn cng ca Vidudabha tn st dng h Thch Ca xy ra khong
mt nm trc khi Pht Bt-Nit-Bn. Ton b cu chuyn v cuc thm
st ny c ghi li trong Lun Ging Kinh Php C (Dhammapada
Commentary iv. 3, 29, 30).

Vua Pasenadi ca nc Kosala l mt ngi rt mn phc c Pht.
Ngi tng th lnh qun i ca nh vua l Dighakarayana, cng l
chu ca mt nguyn soi qun i ca nh vua trc . V nguyn soi
ny b chnh nh vua phn bi v git cht. V vy, Dighakarayana
m thm mang lng hn th nh vua Pasenadi v gy ra ci cht cho ch
ca mnh. Mt ngy n, vua Pasenadi ang n thm c Pht ngi lng
Ulumpa ca dng h Thch Ca, ng trao bo n cho tng Dighakarayana
gi. Thay v gi n, Dighakarayana i trao n cho con trai ca vua
Pasenadi l thi t Vidudabha, lp tc Vidudabha son ngi vua cha v
ln lm vua nc Kosala. Khi vua Pasenadi quay tr v, th mi hay rng
mnh b lt , ng bn i n nc Magadha (Ma-kit-) cu cu
chu mnh l vua Ajatasattu (A-x-th). Sau mt cuc hnh trnh di n
Rajagaha (thnh Vng-x), ng ng bnh v cht trc cng thnh. Khi
vua Ajatasattu hay c ci cht ca ch mnh, ng cho tin hnh chn
ct theo nghi l hong gia dnh cho mt v vua. Sau , ng cho lnh tn
cng nc Kosala ca ngi anh em h Vidudabha, nhng sau cc quan
li khuyn can, v c mt v vua trong h mi cht, nu tn cng th c hai
bn u khng tt.
Vidudabha l kt qu ca cuc hn nhn ca vua cha Pasenadi v
Vasabhakhattiya, con gi ca mt ngi n hu v ngi ng u ca
dng h Thch Ca (Sakya) l vua Mahanama. Trc y, vua cha Pasenadi,
v mong mun ci c mt ngi v thuc dng h Thch Ca tr
thnh ngi h hng vi c Pht, nn c s gi n thnh Kapilavatthu
(Ca-t-la-v) cu hn vi cng cha dng h Thch Ca. Mc d nhng
ngi dng h Thch Ca khng hi lng, nhng h cng khng mun lm
pht lng vua Kosala. Nn thay v g cng cha, h gi c con gi xinh
p ca vua Mahanama v ngi hu n. Vua Pasenadi phong c gi
lm hong hu chnh phi v sau phong Vidudabha lm thi t. Khi
Vidudabha 16 tui, ng quyt nh qua thm ng ngoi Kapilavatthu.
Nghe tin ng s qua, dng h Thch Ca gi tt c nhng hong t nh
tui hn ng qua mt ngi lng khc v nhng ngi dng h Thch Ca
cng tip n ng ng hong.
104 Hnh hng v x Pht

Sau khi li vi ngy thnh, Vidudabha v on ty tng ln ng
quay v Kosala. Mt ngi hu dng sa lau chi ch ngi ca
Vidudabha trong khu phng dnh cho khch. Trong khi lau chi, va ni
mt cch khinh thng ng: y l ch ngi ca mt a con ca con n
l Vasabhakhattiya.
Khi mt ngi hu cn ca ng quay li ly thanh gm ca ng b
qun, v v tnh nghe c cu ni ny v t m tm hiu. Sau khi ngi
hu cn bit hong hu Vasabhakhattiya l con gi ca mt n l v vua
Mahanama, ng ta tung tin n trong qun lnh Kosala. S vic n tai
Vidudabha, ng ta tr nn cm phn v th s git sch dng h Thch Ca
khi ng ln lm vua. Khi on v n kinh Savatthi (X-v), cc quan
li bo vi vua Pasenadi v s vic xy ra. Nh vua cng rt tc gin
v mnh b la bi dng h Thch Ca, ng ra lnh trut ph ngi hong
hu v nhng tc hong gia phong cho Vasabhakhattiya v con trai
Vidudabha, v ging h xung giai cp n l. V th, Vidudabha cng thm
hn th nhng ngi Thch Ca.
Khi c Pht hay c tin ny, Pht ging gii cho vua Pasenadi rng
Vasabhakhattiya l con ca mt nh vua, Mahanama. Mc d m b l mt
n l, nhng iu khng quan trng, v giai cp ca b ta c quyt
nh theo giai cp ca ngi cha, ch khng phi theo giai cp ca ngi
m. V th, vua Pasennadi quay li khi phc li tc v v giai cp cho
m con b nh trc y.
Khi Vidudabha ln lm vua, nh ni trn, ng vn khng qun iu m
ng ly lm xu h v ng em qun i tn cng vng quc Thch
Ca. Mc d c Pht can gin ba ln, nhng Ngi vn khng ngn
ni thm ha. c Pht cng nhn ra rng, nhng ngi b con dng h
Thch Ca ca ngi phi i mt vi qu bo cho nghip c m h gy
ra trc kia bng vic b thuc c xung sng git hi nhng ngi
b tc sng di h lu. Cui cng, Vidudabha tn cng v git ht
nhng ngi dng h Thch Ca, ngoi tr mt s ngi hu du ca vua
Mahanama v nhng ngi khc kp trn thot. Ngay sau , c ngun

ni l ngay trong m , Vidudabha cng vi qun lnh ca ng cng
b l cun cht sau khi san bng xong thnh Kapilavathu. Sau ny, vua
Ajatasattu (A-x-th) xm lc v chim nc Kosala vo khong ma
ma kit H (Vassa) th 44 ca c Pht. Sau khng lu, nhng ngi
dng h Thch Ca (c th l nhng hu du ca vua Mahanama may
mn thot khi tay Vidudabha v nhng ngi sng st khc) tip tc
quay v Kapilavatthu, iu ny da vo s kin vo khong 1 nm sau
, khi c Pht Bt-Nit-Bn Kushinagar, nhng ngi dng h Thch
Ca cng ko qun lnh n tham gia chia phn x li Pht v mang
v nc th trong mt thp tng nim stupa.
1.6 Ramagama & Devadaha, Kinh Ca Vng Quc Koliyas

1.6.1 Cch i n Ni
Ramagama nm cch 4km v pha Nam ca th trn Parasi qun
Nawalparasi, khong 20 km t Bhairawa. Chuyn i t Bhairawa
vt qua con sng cnh quan Rohini River lm bin gii thin nhin
chia hai vng quc dng h Thch Ca v Koliyas. Hai dng h ny
gn nh sp nh nhau trn sng ny, nhng c Pht khuyn
ngn v cuc chin khng xy ra. Nu i t Parasi, c con ng
try trt i n Ramagama, hu nh l ng t cha bao gi c
lt tri, nhng b li c i ngang qua nhng ngi lng xinh p.
1.6.2 Ngha Tn Gio
c Pht nhp dit i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahapari-nibbana)
Kusinara vo Ngy Trng Trn thng Wesak nm 543 trc CN.
Sau khi nhc thn Pht c ha tng, x li c chia u thnh
tm phn bng nhau bi B-la-mn tn l Dona. ng ny pht
cho tm b tc ca tm nc (x): Vua Ajatasattu (A-x-th) ca
106 Hnh hng v x Pht
nc Magadha (Ma-kit-), B tc Licchavi ca Vesali (T-xl), B tc Sakya (Thch Ca) Kapilavatthu (Ca-t-la-v), B tc
Bulias ca nc Allakappa, B tc Koliyans ca nc Ramagama,
B-la-mn Vethadipa, B tc ngi Malla Pava v B tc ngi
Malla Kushinagar.
Nh ni chi tit Phn 2, Mc 4. Kunshinagar, 4.2, bn thn
ng Dona gi bnh ng hi ct ha tng dng phn chia x
li. Khi nhng ngi b tc Moriya ca x Pipphalavana n th
mun, bi v tt c nhng x Li u c chia, v vy h ch
ly phn tro. Sau khi tr v qu hng, nhng ngi c chia xy
nhng bo Thp stupas tn th. V vy, lc c tt c 8 Thp th
x li, 1 Thp t bnh ng hi ct ha tng trc khi chia v
1 Thp th x li tro.
Theo quyn S Liu v Bo Thp X-li Pht (Thupavamsa) c
vit vo th k 12 sau CN, th ngi Mahakassapa (i Ca-Dip)
nhn ra ri ro tht lc trong vic ct gi x li xng Pht nhng
ni khc nhau, nn ngi gp cho Vua Ajatasattu (A-x-th) ct
gi nhng x li mt ni an ton nht. Nghe theo li ngi, nh Vua
ly li tt c nhng x li t 7 bo thp stupas, ch cha li mi
thp mt t th. Cn tt c nhng x li thu gom c em v
thnh Vng-X (Rajagaha) v chn di t, ni chn cng
c xy mt Thp tng nim nh du.
Trong sut th k th 3 trc CN, Hong Asoka li ly ra mt
phn ca tt c nhng x li cn c th trong tt c nhng Thp x
li stupas v li chia ra th trong 84.000 Thp x li mi m ngi
cho xy trn khp ch ca mnh. Khi Vua Asoka n Ramagama
ly x li, theo truyn thuyt, con rng (Naga) t di h nc
gn cho rng l s xc phm Pht tch v ha thn thnh mt
B-la-mn v n yu cu vua Asoka ng ly x li v ng ta (rng)
mun th cng x li . V vy Vua Asoka i v tay khng.
Nh hnh hng Huyn Trang n thm Ramagama (cn gi

l Lan-Mo) vo nm 636-637 sau CN. Lc ny, phong cnh tht
s hoang vu v bun t. c mt ci h ln, mt bo thp
stupa v mt tu vin vi ch mt Sa-di (samanera) cng chnh l
ngi tr tr. Sau Bt-Nit-Bn ca Nh Lai (Tathagata), vua ca
nc ny c chia mt phn x li xng Pht v xy bo
thp ny th x li. Bo Thp x li ny lun lun pht ra nh
sng. Bn cnh Thp l h nc ca con rng (naga). Con rng
lu lu mt ln xut hin di h v i ln, ha dng b ngoi ca
mt con rn v i xung quanh bo Thp theo mt nghi thc tn
knh. Nhng con voi rng t tp thnh by cng mang nhng cnh
hoa em n xung quanh thp. Cm kch trc nhng iu k
diu ny, mt nh s hnh hng n y li pha sau
chm nom bo Thp. ng ta t b i mt tu s tr thnh mt
Sa-di (samanera) nh cha th gii, ng xy mt ngi nh, cy
ci t ai xung quanh trng hoa v cy tri. Nhng Pht t
nhng nc lng ging nghe c chuyn ny n cng dng
tin xy mt ngi tu vin v mi ng ta lm tr tr, chm nom.
V t tr v sau, khng ai n thay i truyn thng ny, v
mt Sa-di (samanera) lun lun lm tr tr ngi cha ny, ch
khng phi mt cao tng.
1.6.3 Bo Thp Ramagama Stupa
Tn tch ca mt bo Thp ny v ngi tu vin nm bn b
sng Jahari gn ngi lng Kerwani. Mt m t cao ca Thp
cao khong 9m v c ng knh mt y 21m. Trong Kinh in
Pht gio, b tc Koliyas ca x Ramagama ny l mt trong tm
b tc khc nhn c phn chia x li nhc thn ca c Pht
Kusinara.
108 Hnh hng v x Pht
Bo thp Ramagama (Hnh 6) c tin l thp nguyn thy

(thut ng Pht hc cn gi l mt thp x (dhatu stupa) duy
nht cha b ai ng n, ngay c l Vua Asoka, vn cn ng
nguyn vn v cn cha th nhng x li Pht bn trong. Mt
cuc thm d mi y c thc hin bi Cc Kho C Nepal
(Nepal Department of Archaeology) cho thy c nhiu hin vt
v c vt khc nhau c tm thy xung quanh bo Thp. Mt
Pht t ngi Nht Bn mi cng dng tin xy mt cng
trnh tng nim ngay bn pha Ty h nc v mt tu vin cng
ang c thit k ti y.
1.6.4 Devadaha, Qu Nh Ca Hong Hu Maya Devi,
M Ca c Pht
Devadaha, th ca nc cng ha Koliyas, l ngi lng qu nh
ca Hong Hu Maya Devi, m ca Thi T Siddhattha, cng l
qu nh ca d mu (cng l d rut) Maha Pajapati ca Ngi. N
nm cch Lumbini khong 35 km v pha ng v gn ngay chn
ni Chure, ngay chn pha Nam ca dy i sn Himalaya (Hy-mlp-sn). Theo Kinh in, ni ny c ghi chp trong cc Kinh
Devadaha Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya (Trung B Kinh), l ni c Pht
ph bnh nhng mn ca phi n s la th Nigantha (Ni-kint) v nhng quan im sai lch ca h.
Nm 2003, Cc Kho C Nepal (Nepal Archaeology Department)
thng bo pht hin ra di tch a danh Devdaha Panditpur,
lng Baljiria thuc qun Nawalparasi sau khi tin hnh khai
qut 5 nm tri. Trong qu trnh khai qut, nhng nh kho c tm
thy nhiu hin vt v c vt thuc nhng triu i Maurya (Asoka),
Kushan v Gupta, vn l nhng triu i tr v ht nhng lnh th
hai bn b Sng Rohini l bin gii thin nhin ca hai vng quc
Thch Ca v vng quc cng ha Koliyas. Vic pht hin mt bc

tng c chu vi 500m v mt con knh dn nc t Sng Rohini
xc lp s tht rng ni y chnh l kinh c ca nc cng
ha Koliyas.
Tuy nhin, mt t chc c gi tn l Vin Bo Tn Devdaha
(Devdaha Conservation Academy) li khng nh v tr ca Devdaha
nm Bhabanipur, cch Barimai v Kanyamai, v pha Nam,
trong khu rng tarai nm pha ng ca qun Rupandehi. Vic
tuyn b ny li c cng c bng bng chng Tr Asoka ( b
gy) bn cnh mt tng Thn Mt Tri.
Nh vy, c v nh ton khu vc kinh Devadaha l rt ln, ko
di bao ph c hai qun l Nawal Parasi v qun Rupandehi, nh
cc bo co a ra va ni trn. T sau nm 2007, nn chnh tr ca
Nepal tr nn lng du v ngy nay, mi ngi u c th n
thm ving kinh c Devadaha sau khi n thm Bo Thp
Ramagama Stupa qun Nawal Parasi.
110 Hnh hng v x Pht
2. Bodhgaya, Ni c Pht Gic Ng

1.1 Cch i n ni:
Bodhgaya (B- o Trng) nm trong bang Bihar, cch Patna 105
km bng ng b v Varsanasi 230 km bng ng b.
1.2 Ngha Tn Gio (2), (16), (26)
Sau Cuc T B V i, B-tt n gp 2 o s tu kh hnh l
Alara Kalama v Udakka Ramaputta, nhng v thy ny dy cho
Ngi tu chng c nhng tng thin V Sc Gii. Mc d nhng
cnh gii chng t c l nhng cnh gii cao nht vo lc by
gi, nhng Ngi vn khng tha mn, v nhng cnh gii khng
dn n Nit-Bn Nibbana. Sau khi t gi h, Ngi tm n mt
hang ng vng v trn mt ngn i c tn l i Dhongra.
Ngi thc hnh nhng php tu kh hnh, au n v v ch, trong
vng 6 nm tri, c th ch cn li b xng gy guc v Ngi gn
nh sp cht. Sau nhn thy s v ch ca vic tu hnh xc, Ngi
quyt nh i theo Con ng Trung o v bt u n ung tr li
hi phc sc khe. 5 ngi bn tu kh hnh kia ngh rng ngi
b cuc v bt u quay li vic hng lc, nn h t b Ngi.
By gi, B-tt bt u cuc u tranh mt mnh i tm s gic ng.
Mt ngy trc ngy Trng Trn thng Wesak, trong khi mang bnh
bt ng di mt cy Banyan chun b i kht thc, mt thiu n
tn l Sujata n dng mn cho nu bng go vi sa trong mt
ci a bng vng. Thiu n Sujata l con ca mt tc trng ca
ngi lng Senanigama st bn. Sau khi dng xong mn cho, B-tt
mang ci a vng ra b sng Neranjara (Ni-Lin-Thuyn) v ni ln
rng:Nu Ti c th thnh cng tr thnh mt v Pht, hy cho chic
a ny tri ngc dng nc, cn nu khng th thnh, hy chic

a tri xui dng- v Ngi qung ci a vng xung sng. Chic
a ni ln gia dng sng v tri ngc dng nc, c khong 80
cubits (37m) ri chm xung theo dng nc xoy. Bui chiu hm
, trn ng B-tt i n Cy B-, ngi ct c tn l Sotthiya
mang n nm c dng cho B-tt Ngi lm ch ngi thin
di gc cy B-. B-tt ngi xp tro chn hoa sen, mt quay
v hng ng, Ngi kin quyt mt lng v ni rng:Mc cho
da, gn, xng kh ho. Mc cho tht v mu c kh cn. Ta quyt s
khng ri khi ch ngi cho n khi ta chng ng thnh Pht.
n y nh im cui cng ca nhng php tu Hon Thin Ba-lamt m Ngi hon thnh trong v lng kip (aeons), m khng
c mt chng sinh no, ngay c Ma Vng v o qun cht chc
ca Ma Vng cng khng th no lm cho c Pht phn tn hay
ri khi ch ngi ny. Ch ngi ny khng th b lm lung lay, khng
th b hnh phc (Aparajita: Khng th lm lung lay, khng c th
lc no c th ph th c).
Khi Ma Vng (Mara) n thch thc v quy nhiu, B-tt lin a
tay phi chm xung mt t v h to tri t minh chng cho 30 php
Hon Thin (Ba-la-mt) ca ngi. Ngay lp tc, tri t rn vang,
rung chuyn v lm phn tn Ma Vng v o qun ca Ma Vng.
Sau , tm Ngi tnh lng v trong sch, vo canh mt, Ngi
chng t c (1) Tr Lc Bit R Qu Kh, nh nh r, bit r
nhng kip trc sau ca mnh v ngi khc, v mt thi gian qu
kh, hin ti, tng lai. (Hn Vit c l: Tc Mng Minh).
Vo Canh hai, vo ngay na m, Ngi chng t c (2) Nhn
Lc Nhn Thy R Qu Kh, Hin ti & Tng Lai, nh nhn thy
r c nhng kip trc sau ca mnh v ngi khc, v mt khng
gian. (Hn Vit c l: Thin Nhn Minh).
112 Hnh hng v x Pht
V cui cng, vo canh ba, Ngi chng t (3) Tr Thy c

Nguyn Nhn & Con ng Kt Thc Sinh T, khng cn
nhim v bt tnh, khng cn ri, rt vo ci sinh t no na.
(Hn Vit c l:Lu Tn Minh) (Xem thm Hoa V u, tp I
ca HT. Thch Thanh T).
Mt c Pht Chnh ng, Chnh Gic (Samma-sambuddho)
xut hin trn th gian vo ngy Trng Trn ca thng Wesak nm
588 trc CN.
1.3 Bi cnh Lch S (9), (27)
Bodhgaya (B- o Trng) l ni gic Ng ti thng ca c
Pht, l ni thing ling nht trn tri t i vi tt c pht T.
Trong sut thi gian c Pht cn ti th, a danh nm bn b
Neranjara (Ni-Lin-Thuyn) ny c gi l Uruvela. Vua Asoka
l ngi u tin xy n th ni thnh a ny. Mt bc chn
dung v n th ca vua Asoka v nhng ch c xy Bodhgaya
c tm thy trong mt bc ph iu trn bo Thp Bharhut Stupa
Madhya, Pradesh. Bt u t chuyn ving thm ln u tin bi
vua Asoka vo nm 259 trc CN, v s nhng ngi hnh hng
lin tc n chim bi ci ni Pht gio ny sut 1.500 nm qua. Sau
, thi gian nhng thnh tch ny b tn ph bi i qun Hi gio
vo th k 13 l khong thi gian gin on dng ngi hnh hng
n Bodhgaya. Dharmasvamin, mt nh hnh hng Ty Tng
thm Bodhgaya vo nm 1234 sau CN. ng chng kin quang
cnh iu tn ca ni ny v ghi li nh sau:
Ch thy c 4 tu s cn li (trong cha). Mt s ni rng: Tht
khng lnh. Tt c b chy trong ni khip s trc i qun ca
Turushka. H (nhng nh s) bt kn cng trc Thp i B-
(Mahabodhi) bng gch v trm cht bng va. Gn , h xy mt

tng khc thay th.
Khi Pht gio suy tn ti n , ngi Min in n cu
ngi Thp i B- thot khi bn tay ph hoi. H sa cha li
ngi Thp i B- t nht 3 ln sut t th k XIV n th k
XV. Ln sa cha sau cng l nhng nm 1472-1492.
T v sau, B- o Trng b qun lng v ngi Thp i
B- ngy cng hoang ph. Vi iu kin thun li v v tr, ng
Gosain Giri, mt tu s kh hnh Hindu gio xy dng mt ngi
n Hindu ti B- o Trng nm 1590. S c mt ca ngi n
ny lm cho B- o Trng ri vo tay nhng Mahants ca
Hindu ngi khng phi Pht t v giai on phi Pht gio bt u.
Nm mi nm sau, nm 1861, ng Cunningham gp nhng
Mahants ca gio hi Hindu v nhng mn t chc nhng nghi
l phi Pht gio ti Thp i B-. Hn th na, mc d t chc
ny tuyn b Thp i B- v vng t quanh y l ca ring
h nhng h cha tng bao gi sa sang li ngi Thp lch s
ny. Ngi (Sir) Edwin Arnold, tc ga ca quyn Light of Asia
ving thm Thp i B- Mahabodhi vo nm 1885 v
ng thut li nhng nghi l ny trn t bo Daily Telegraph
London nh sau:
Th gii Pht gio , tht s, lng qun tm im thing ling
nht v ng quan tm nht ny- l mt Mecca, mt Jerusalem,
ca c triu gio on ca phng ng, khi ti lu li Buddhagaya
(B- o Trng) cch y vi nm. Ti cm thy tht au bun
khi thy nhng nng dn Maharatta ang hnh l Sharaddh (hay
Shrada) ni , v hng ngn di tch qu gi bng chm khc
bng ting Phn nm cht ng xung quanh.
114 Hnh hng v x Pht

Ghi ch: Shrada l mt tp tc sau cng ca ngi Hindu, khi hnh l,
nhng cu thn ch v cu k c tng thay cho ngi cht, vi nim tin
rng s gii thot linh hn khi th gian v s c ti sinh ci tri.
1.4 T kheo h php Anagarika Dharmapala & Hi i B-

(Maha Bodhi) (5), (23)
Cuc u tranh ginh li quyn chm nm v kim sot Thp i
B- bi nhng ngi Pht t bt u t ngy 22 thng Ging,
1891 sau khi v T kheo Anagarika Dharmapala t Tch Lan n
thm Bodhgaya. Nhn thy cnh thnh tch thing ling nht ny b
lng qun v b xc phm, ngi pht tm nguyn: Ti s lm vic
cho thnh a thing ling ny tr thnh c chm nom bi
nhng T kheo ca chng ta.
Bc u tin, ngi thnh lp Hi i B- (Maha Bodhi Society)
B- o Trng vo ngy 31 thng Nm, 1891 huy ng
nhng s ng h cho mc ch cao c ca mnh. Sau , ng thnh
mi nhng T kheo t Tch Lan n li B- o Trng, gm
c: ngi Chandajoti, ngi Sumangala, ngi Pemmananda v ngi
Sudassana. H n B- o Trng vo thng By, 1891 v ng
li Nh Khch Min in. Khi Mahant (o s o Hindu, ch
ngi ang cai qun Thp i B-) ang nm quyn s hu t
ca khu B- o Trng Bodhgaya, ng ta t chi, khng chp
nhn s c mt ca nhng T kheo Pht gio, v vo thng hai,
1893, 2 T kheo b ngi ca ng ta nh p nng n. Hai nm
sau, nm 1895, khi ngi Anagarika Dharmapala ang c gn mt
bc hnh Pht (nhng Pht t Nht Bn dng tng cho ngi) ln
tng trn ca Thp, ngi b ngi ca Mahant tn cng v ngn
cn. V vy ngi phi em bc hnh v ti nh khch Min in.
Mahant Hindu v nhng t chc o Hindu vn khng chu v h
tm cch y bc hnh Pht ra khi Nh Khch Min in, nhng

chnh ph can thip. Vo nm 1906, Mahant n kin v tm
cch trc xut nhng T kheo ra khi Nh Khch Min in. V
cuc u tranh php l ny gia Mahant n gio v nhng T kheo
Pht gio ko di n tn nm 1949, khi chnh quyn Bang Bihar
ra o Lut Qun L Thp vic Qun L Buddha Gaya (B-
o Trng) s c chuyn qua y Ban Qun L ca chnh quyn.
o Lut a ra 2 iu ng phn i, l: y Ban Qun L gm 9
ngi, trong a s phi l ngi Hindu, v nhng thnh vin Pht
gio khc trong y ban phi l ngi n . Mc d Hi i B-
phn i, D Lut vn c thng qua vi mt tu chnh l Ban C
Vn (Advisory Board) phi c a s l ngi Pht gio v khng
nht thit phi l ngi n . iu ny c ngha l: Nhng ngi
Pht gio ch c th c vn cho y ban Qun L, nhng quyt nh
cui cng vn thuc v quyn ca ban qun l l ngi Hindu!.
i vi Hi i B- (Maha Bodhi Society), iu ging nh
mt th ngy bin, khi m Thp i B- (Mahabodhi Temple)
li c qun l bi nhng phn t khng phi l Pht t, th
tng tng xem s ra sao nu mt n th Hi gio, mt nh th
Thin Cha gio, mt Sikh gurdwara hay n th o Hindu li
c kim sot bi nhng ngi thuc tn gio khc. Trong bi vit
ca mnh Li Th Nguyn Vn Cn Sambodhi, 1996, i
c Pannarama Mahathera, T kheo ph trch Hi i B- lc
by gi, nay qu c, tit l mt iu mt s tht ma mai l
ngay c Ban C Vn (Advisory Board) c cho l gm a s
l nhng ngi Pht gio, nhng ch c c 11 ngi, trong khi
bn phi Pht gio li chim n 14 ngi!. n lc cn phi
thay th nhng ngi bn a s phi Pht gio kia bng nhng ngi
Pht gio a s, nh lut nh c a ra trc kia. Nhng li
Th Nguyn ca cc T kheo vn cha c p ng cho n tn
ngy hm nay.
116 Hnh hng v x Pht
1.5 Nhng im cn Thm Ving(26), (27), (31), (32)

1) Thp i B- hay Thp i Gic (Mahabodhi Temple)
Thp i B- c mt lch s lu i. Nhng cuc khai qut bi
Ngi Cunningham vo nm 1872 cho thy c 3 giai on xy dng
ca thp ny.
Giai on th nht cng trnh do vua Asoka xy dng vo th k III
trc CN, c gi l n B- (Bodhi Shrine), nh c minh
ha trong bc ph iu gn trn Thp Bharhut Stupa vo th k II
trc CN.
Giai on th hai l cng trnh trng tu Thp B- nguyn thy
(Bodhi Shrine) c thc hin bi 2 n Pht t m o l Surangi
v Nagadevi, nhng ngi v ca Vua triu i Sunga.
Giai on th ba l cng trnh trng tu xy dng do Huviska, vua ca
vng quc Kusana vo th k II sau CN. Nhng hnh tng Pht
u xut thn t giai on ny. Nhng n Thp c xy dng
thit t nhng hnh, tng ny. Ngi Cunningham cho rng, ton b
Thp i B-, nh c thy ngy nay, ch yu l cng trnh ca
Vua Huviska (nm 111-138 sau CN). V thp c xy dng li trn
c s nn thp nguyn thy ca vua Asoka, nn Ta Kim Cng
(Vajrasana Throne), v tr ngi thin v Gic Ng ca c Pht, vn
c gi nguyn nh nguyn thy. Vo th k VII, vic trng tu
c thc hin v gn thm nhng phin ba-zan xy trn ta c
bng thch cao. Vo th k XIX, cuc i trng tu c tin hnh,
di s gim st ca nhng nh chuyn mn Cunningham, Beglar v
R. L. Mitra, khi phc li Thp B-, sau nhiu th k b tn ph bi
nhng ngi Hi gio v s b l ca nhng Mahant ngoi o. Cng
trnh huy hong m chng ta nhn thy hm nay l kt qu ca nhng
tm lng m o v nhng s ng gp v cng qu him.
Thp i B- l mt cng trnh huy hong v ni bt nht

trong khu vc cm a Bodhgaya (B- o Trng). Cao 52m,
vi tng din tch t xy dng l 15.2m2 (170 feet), mi cnh
vung l 15m (50 feet), bao gm mt thp ln hnh kiu kim t
thp v 4 thp nh nm 4 gc, l nhng m hnh thu nh ca
thp ln (Hnh 9). Cng chnh quay v hng ng, pha trc
bn ngoi cng l mt cng cho bng do vua Asoka xy, c
chm khc rt tinh xo. Nhng khong trng m tng ca c
2 mt vch ca Bo Thp u c khc hnh tng Pht. Gian
i Chnh in (Sanctum) tng trt sau khi i qua mt li i
c mi vm vng cung, hai bn l cu thang bng dn ln
mt in th nh hn nm tng mt. Ngay sau khi tin vo i
Chnh in, chng ta s gp ngay mt tng Pht bng m
vng trong t th ngi vi tay phi tip t (bhumi phassa-mudra)
trong ngy Gic Ng.
Ch cn ngm nhn bc tng Pht lng ly, tri tim ca ngi hnh
hng chc chn s khi sinh nim hoan h v thnh knh!. l
kt qu ca lng tin v lng knh o ca ngi hnh hng trong
vic lm theo li khuyn dy ca c Pht l nn n ving thm
v chim bi vi lng thnh knh.
Bc tng Pht bng m vng c lm t th k 10 sau CN.
y, c Pht c miu t trong t th ngi trn (ming lt)
ta c, thay v trn mt i sen. Ta c c t trn mt b di
ln hn, dy hn, trn mt vch dy hn c khc hnh ln lt
s t, voi. T th ngi trn ta c l nt chung c tm thy rt
nhiu hnh, tng Pht khc ng n , c th c lm theo
kiu ca bc tng ny. Nhiu ngi khng bit c rng bc
tng ny khng c t y trong nhng cuc kho c xung
quanh khu vc Buddhagaya (B- o Trng) bi chnh quyn
thuc a ca ngi Anh lc by gi. Theo mt bi bo vit v
118 Hnh hng v x Pht
Nhng Tng iu Khc B- o Trng Sambodhi, 1993

(Buddhagaya Sculptures in the Sambodhi, 1993), R. L. Mitra ghi
rng, bc tng b t trong khu vc ca Mahant. Sau theo
yu cu ca Ngi Cunningham v Beglar, (nhng nh kho c hc
tin hnh cuc i trng tu, nh ni phn trn), bc tng
c di qua t ti v tr hin ti trong Chnh in. Nh cng c
v s can thip ca 2 ngi ng knh ny, bc tng c t
vo ni ng n Chnh in cho nhng ngi hnh hng sau
ny c chim bi! thay v b lng qun, lng ph trong bn khu
vc ca Mahant o Hindu.
2) Cy B- (Bodhidruma)
Cy B- (Bodhi), ni c Pht ngi ta thin bn di v chng
t Gic Ng Ti Thng, ng pha sau Thp i B-. l
mt cy Tt-Bt-La (thuc h Ficus religiosa), ting Pali gi l cy
assattha, c ngha l an lc.
Truyn thuyt ni rng cy ny mc ln cng lc c Pht n
sinh, nh l mt loi ng sinh (sahajata) ca Ngi vy - (ting
Anh: co-natal). Theo nhiu lun ging, nhiu v Pht khc nhau
cng c o khi ngi di mt gc cy, bt c loi cy no
m v Pht chn, v mi cy u tr thnh cy B-,
tc l cy Gic Ng trong ci ca v Pht . Trong ci ny,
cy Tt-Bt-La tr thnh Cy Gic Ng hay Cy B- v ch
c Cy B- ca c Pht C-m l c tn knh. Di tch
Cy B- ny l tng trng ging nhau cho tt c ch Pht.
Ngi ta tin rng khng ni no trn th gian ny c th h tr
cho uy nghi ca s Gic Ng ca c Pht. Nn t y rt
chc, khng h b lung lay, di chuyn ngay c khi tri t rung
chuyn th gian xua ui Ma Vng v i qun ca ng ta
n thch thc, ph ri nhm lm cho v B-tt phi ri b

ch ngi Gic Ng. Ngay c Vua Tri Sakka Devaraja cng
khng th bay qua ngang cy B-. Lc ht siu nhin ni
c gi l Trung tm im hay ci Rn ca Tri t.
Vo thi xa nhng v Vua v thng dn n ni ny suy
tn cy B-. V cy B- tr thnh i tng c tn vinh
ca nhng Pht t, nn l t nhin cy tr thnh mc tiu ph
hy bi nhng k th hn Pht gio. Theo Ngi Huyn Trang,
Cy B- u tin li b cht ph bi Vua Asoka, nhng sau
ny, nh Vua n hn, chm bn li cy B- bng cch ti
tm nc hng thm v sa ti vo r cy. Nh Vua th hin
lng thnh knh su sc i vi cy B-, n ni hong hu
ca nh Vua l Tissarakkha, tr nn ghen t vi cy B- v
cho ngi ln lt ph hy cy. Nh Vua li tip tc lm sng
li cy. Sau , nh Vua cho xy bc tng cao 3m xung quanh
cy bo v. Sau khi s sp ca triu i ch Maurya
vo th k II trc CN, vua ca triu i Sunga, Pusyamitra,
l k tra tn Pht gio, li ph hy cy B-. Nhng mt cy
con ca chnh Cy B- nguyn thy c mang v t Tch
Lan, v c trng li ng ngay ch y. Vo th k VI sau
CN, Sasanka, mt vua Hindu, li cht ph cy B-, nhng
sau , mt cy con ca cy B li c mang v t Tch Lan
v c trng li bi nh Vua Purvavarma ca nc Magadha
(Ma-kit-), v ng cng cho xy bc tng cao 7.3m ro
cy B- li. Bc tng ny ch cn li 6.1m khi Ngi Huyn
Trang ving thm trong lch s.
n nm 1876, cy B- gi b ng trong mt trn bo v mt
cy con ca cy B- c trng li chnh ngay ch c bi Ngi
Cunningham. n nay, Cy B- 135 tui.
120 Hnh hng v x Pht
3) Ta Kim Cng (Vajrasana)

Ta Kim Cng (Vajrasana) nm gia Cy B- v Thp i B. im ny nh du ch thc ngay ch ngi ca c Pht lc
chng t s Gic Ng Ti Thng. Hin nay, ch ny c nh
du bng mt tng sa thch di 2.3m, rng 1.3m v dy 0.9m
(Hnh 10). Nhng ngi hnh hng khi n thnh im thun li
(y h nim) ny nn dnh thi gian qun chiu cng hnh ca
c Pht tng trng trn y lng tin v s an lc c c nh
chnh nim pht trin tr tu minh st.
4) c Pht Li 7 Ch sau khi Gic Ng
Sau khi gic ng thnh Pht vo m Trng Trn thng Wesak,
n rng sng, c Pht thm reo ln khc ca vui mng, h
lc vin mn. Ngi quyt nh tip tc ngi trn Ta Kim Cng
(Vajrasana), ch ngi bt bi v ti thng trc cuc chin vi Ma
Vng v Ngi thnh tu vin mn mi c nguyn trc y,
bao gm c i nguyn thnh Pht. l thi im c th gian tri,
ngi cn ghi nh n tn ngy nay. V sau , c Pht nhn i
lun sut by tun v lu li bn di v xung quanh khu vc gn
gc Cy B-.
(i) Tun L u Tin: c Pht Ta Thin Trn Ta Kim
Cng (Pallanka Sattaha)
Trong sut by ngy ca tun l u tin, c Pht ngi yn mt
t th, tri nghim nim An Lc ca S Gii Thot. Sau 7 ngy, ra
khi nh an lc v suy tng v Thuyt Duyn Khi (Paticca
Samuppada) sut mt m.
(ii) Tun L Th Hai: c Pht Ngm Nhn Cy B-

(Animisa Sattaha)
Trong tun th hai, t lng tri n su sc i vi cy B-
che ch cho Ngi sut thi gian thin hnh thnh o, Ngi
ng chm ch ngm nhn cy B- sut mt tun lin m khng
h nhy mt (Animisalocana). V sau, chnh ni ny, vua Asoka
dng ln mt thp k nim gi l Animisalocana Cetiva v n nay
vn cn. (Hnh 11).
(iii) Tun L Th Ba: c Pht i Hnh Thin
(Cankama Sattaha)
Trong sut tun th ba, c Pht i kinh hnh ln xung trn qung
ng gn cy B-, sau ny c gi l ng Kinh Hnh Ngc
Bu (Ratana Cankamana: ng kinh hnh ngc bu). (Hnh 12).
(iv) Tun l Th T: c Pht Ng Trong Bo in
(Ratanaghara Sattaha)
Trong tun l th t, c Pht ngi tham thin trong tht, c gi
l Bo Tht (Ratanaghara: ngha l ci phng bng ngc bu,
trong ngha ci phng qu bu) suy nim v Vi Diu Php
(Abhidhamma), trit ging v nhng Chn l Tuyt i, tt cng
lin quan n phm tr danh v sc (tm v vt cht). Trong khi
c Pht qun chiu v trit l su sc v vi diu l Lun Thuyt v
Nhn Duyn (Patthana, ting Anh: Conditional Relations), Ngi
vui mng v khi sinh nim h lc v trong tm Ton Tr, lm
pht quang bn trong sc thn, Kinh sch ghi nhn rng, tm v
thn Ngi pht sng mt vng ho quang su mu xanh, vng,
122 Hnh hng v x Pht
trng, , hng v lung nh sng kt hp 5 mu . V tr ca Bo

Tht ny c nh du bng mt in Thp, pha trc c mt
bia c khc ch ghi li ni c Pht ngi v suy nim v
thuyt Nhn Duyn (Patthana). in Thp ny cng nm trong
khun vin Thp i B-, st bn hng Bc ca ng Kinh
Hnh Ngc Bu (Cankama). (Hnh 13).
v) Tun l Th Nm: c Pht Ngi Di Cy Ajapala Banyan
Nigrodha (Ajapala Sattaha)
Trong tun th nm, c Pht ngi di cy Ajapala Banyan suy
nim v Gio Php v thm nhun nim hnh phc ca s gii thot.
(Ajapala c ngha l ch ca ngi chn d. Cy Banyan l mt loi
cy a, cy ny l ni nhng ngi chn d trong vng thng ngi ngh
trong khi th cho by d n c). Vo cui tun, khi Ngi xut ra khi
trng thi siu th y, c mt v B-la-mn ng mn (Huhumka Jakita)
n gn v hi Ngi rng ng v phng din no v nhng iu
kin no ng ta c th tr thnh mt thnh nhn (Brahmana)?. c
Pht tr li v ch ra nhng phm cht cn c ca mt B-la-mn ch
thc nn c. V tr di tch ny c nh du bng mt bia bng hiu
gn trn ct b-tng, c khc ch ghi ch tng nim. (Hnh 14).
vi) Tun l Th Su: c Pht Ngi Di Cy Mucalinda
(Mucalinda Sattaha)
Tun th su, c Pht n ngi di cy Mucalinda, gi theo tn
ca Mng X Vng (cy thuc h Barringtonia acutangula). Lc
by gi, tri dng bo, gi lnh m mt ko di sut by ngy.
Truyn thuyt k li rng, Mucalinda, Vua Rn t di h nc i
ln, dng thn qun quanh ngi c Pht v ly ci m to che trn
u c Pht che ch, bo v cho Ngi. V tr di tch cng l Ao

Mucalinda (Ao Mng X Vng) ngy nay, pha Nam v gn bn
Thp i B-. (Hnh 15).
vii) Tun Th By: c Pht Ngi Di Cy Rajayatana
(Rajayatana Sattaha)
Tun th by, c Pht n ngi di cy Rajayatana, (thuc h
Buchanania latifolia) gn Thp i B-. Lc c hai ngi
li bun tn l Tapussa v Bhallika n t Ukkala (Orissa) dng
ln cng dng c Pht bnh go np v mt ong. Sau khi c
Pht th trai ba n xong, hai ngi qu ly di chn Ngi v
xin c quy y nng ta vo c Pht v Gio Php ca Ngi.
H tr thnh nhng Pht T c s u tin, quy y vo Pht & Php
(Nh Bo). Sau lc , c Pht a tay ln u v ly 8 si tc
ca mnh tng cho 2 Pht t u tin. Sau ny, hai anh em tr v
li Min in vi x li tc qu gi , sau ny x li tc c
t th trong ngi Cha Shwedagon Pagoda th Yangon. V
tr di tch ny, pha Nam Thp i B-, c nh du bng
mt bia bng hiu gn trn ct b-tng, c khc ch ghi ch
tng nim. (Hnh 16).
5) Nh Ca C Sujata Kuti
Trc khi Gic Ng, v B-tt gn b sng Neranjara (NiLin-Thuyn) trong hang ng Dungeswari. Hang ng ny trn
mt ngn i, tn l i Dhongra, cch B- o Trng khong
1 gi i b. Sau khi tri qua 6 nm tu hnh kh hnh mt cch au
n v v ch, Ngi quyt nh i theo con ng Trung o v bt
u i v hng Rng Uruvela gn ngi lng Senanigama, y,
124 Hnh hng v x Pht
chng ta c th thy c khu di tch Nh ca c Sujata, nm trn

mt di t nh. Trong lng, chng ta cng c th thm mt Miu
Th, di bng mt cy Banyan, trong c nhng tng miu t
cnh C Sujata dng cho go sa cho B-tt vo ngy trc m
Ngi gic ng thnh Pht. (Hnh 19).
6) Rng Uruvela
Khu vc, trc kia l rng, by gi l mt khu cy c mc, gn
ch Miu Th Sujata. Ti y, chng ta c th thy mt di tch
xy c mt ci ging cn. (Hnh 20). Ni y c tin l hm
la ca ba anh em nh Ca Dip Kassapa, nhng Jalita bi tc
th thn la c n 1 ngn t. y, c Pht cng hn
phc mt con rn, n np trong hm la. S thu phc ngi anh
Ca Dip (Kassapa Uruvela) mt nhiu thi gian hn. c
Pht phi dng n thn thng mi thuyt phc v chuyn
ha nhng Jalita th thn la c. Sau khi Uruvela Kassapa
(Hn Vit c: u-lu-tn-loa Ca-dip) tr thnh t ca c
Pht, 2 ngi em, Nadi v Gaya, cng nhng t ca h cng
i theo. Sau khi nghe Pht thuyt ging Kinh La, mt ngn
T kheo mi va c th gio vo Tng on u tr thnh
A-la-hn (Arahants).
7) Pragbodhi, Ni B-tt thc hnh Tu Kh Hnh 6 nm
Trc khi Gic Ng, B-tt bn b hu ngn sng Neranjara
(Ni Lin Kin) trong mt khu rng gn Pragbodhi, pha trc
i B (Bodhi). Truyn thuyt k rng Ngi sng trong mt
hang ng nh c tn l Dungeswari, nm ngang dc ln nh
i. Sau khi thc hnh vic tu kh hnh, hnh xc 6 nm tri,
Ngi quyt nh i theo con ng Trung o, v n khu

rng Uruvela gn ngi lng Senanigama, tc ngi lng Bakraur
ngy nay. Chng ta leo ln mt on dc ng dn n mt ngi
cha nh tn l Cha Hang ng Dungeswari do nhng nh s
Ty Tng trng nom. Bn trong hang ng Dungeswari, (Hnh
18), c mt bc tng v B-tt vi thn hnh ch cn li xng,
sau 6 nm hnh xc, kh hnh. i Pragbodhi (rt nhiu khu di
tch trn nhng ngn ni nh, ngi ta vn gi l i) ngy nay
gi l i Dhongra, (Hnh 17), cch lng v pha ng Bc
khong 1 dm Anh (1.6 km), cch khong 30 pht li xe n
Rajgir (thnh Vng-x).
8) Nhng Cha & Tu Vin Bodhgaya (B- o Trng)
Bodhgaya (B- o Trng) l ci ni ca Pht gio. Trong
khu vc chim khong 15km2, nhng trong mt din tch nh
ny c n 30 tu vin v c s i din cho nhiu quc gia Pht
gio trn th gii, trong mt cng ng Pht gio nh y.
Mt cuc thm ving n nhng ngi Cha y s gip cho
chng ta hiu c Pht gio c thc hnh nhng nc
khc nhau nh th no, theo vn ha a phng ca h, m vn
theo ng Pht Php. cng c mt trung tm Thin Minh
St Vipassana, chng hn nh trong Cha Min in (Burmese
Vihara) v Trung Tm Thin Quc t. Danh sch nhng tn,
nhng n, cha, tu vin Pht gio v c s Pht gio c ghi
trong Chng Trnh Lu Nim Buddha Mahotsav 1999 theo th
t ch ci nh sau:
Tng on Ton n (All India Bhikkhu Sangha), Trung
Tm Vn Ha Pht gio Chu (Asian Buddhist Culture
Centre), Cha Bangladesh (Bangladesh Temple), Ban Qun
126 Hnh hng v x Pht
L B- o Trng (Buddhagaya Temple Management

Committee), Cha Min in (Burmese Vihara), Cha
Trung Hoa (Chinese Temple), Cha i Tng Kinh Nht
Bn (aijokyo Japanese Buddhist Temple), Trung Tm
Thin Php Gic (Dhamma Bodhi Meditation Centre),
Qy T Thin Drikyug (Drikyug Charitable Trust), Cha
Druk Nawag Thupten Choeling, Cha Nht Bn Indosan
Nipponjee (Indosan Nipponjee Japanese Temple), Trung
Tm Thin Quc T (International Meditation Centre),
Cha Jambunad Vihar, Cha Karma Temple, Cha Triu
Tin, Hi i B- (Maha Bodhi Society), D n Di-Lc
(Maitreya Project), Cha Nav Bauddha Vihar, Cha Panch
Sheela Vihar, Vin Vn Ha Tr Tu Root (Root Institute
for Wisdom Culture), Cha Hong Gia Bhutan (Royal
Bhutan Temple), Tu Vin Thch Ca (Sakya Monastery), Hi
Vn Ha v Phc Li Tam B- (Sambodhi Welfare and
Cultural Society), Tu Vin Shechen Monastery, Cha i
Loan (Taiwan Temple), Cha Tamang Nepal Temple, Hi
Bharat Thi Lan (Thai Bharat Society), Cha Thi Lan
Bodhi Kam, Cha Ty Tng (Tibetan Temple), Trung Tm
Trailokya Centre, Cha Vit Nam Quc T v Cha Thi
Lan (Wat Thai).
3. Sarnath, Ni c Pht Khai Ging

Bi Thuyt Php u Tin
3.1 Cch i n Ni:
Sarnath nm thuc bang Uttar Pradesh, cch thnh ph Varanasi
(Benares) khong 30 km. Sarnath cch B- o Trng (Bodhgaya)
khong 250 km.
3.2 Ngha Tn Gio(3), (25), (26)
Sau khi tri qua 7 tun 7 ni trong khu vc Bodhgaya (B-
o Trng) sau khi Gic Ng, c Pht quyt nh i n
truyn dy Gio Php m Ngi gic ng cho 5 anh em ngi
bn tu kh hnh trc y ca Ngi l: Kondanna (Kiu-TrnNh), Vappa, Bhaddiya, Mahanama v Assaji, nhng ngi
theo Ngi sut 6 nm tri tu kh hnh. Pht n Vn Nai (Lc
Uyn) Isipatana, tc l Sarnath ngy nay, vo ngy Trng
Trn ca thng Asalha, chnh xc ng 2 thng sau ngy Trng
Trn thng Wesak B- o Trng. Khi h nhn thy c
Pht t xa, h khng mun tip n Ngi, nhng khi c Pht
n gn, h t nhin thy ngc li v nh l Ngi. c Pht
c th thuyt phc h v s Gic Ng, s c o ca Ngi. m
hm , c Pht khai ging bi Thuyt Php u Tin, l
Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta), m
ngay sau , Kondanna (Kiu-Trn-Nh) chng t ngay Tng
thnh th nht (Nhp Lu). Bn ngi cn li cng chng c
tng thnh th nht sau 4 ngy lin tip nghe c Pht ging dy.
Sau , c Pht cng thuyt ging cho h Kinh V Ng Tng
(Anattalakkhana Sutta) m sau khi nghe ging xong, tt c h
128 Hnh hng v x Pht
u chng c qu v A-La-Hn, tng thnh cui cng. Cng ti

Sarnath, c Pht chuyn ha (Hn Vit: ) chng qu tc
Yasa v nhm 54 ngi bn ca anh ta, v h cng chng ng qu
v A-La-Hn. Sau , c Pht phi c h i nhiu phng khc
nhau, mi ngi mt phng, tip tc truyn b Gio Php.
V vy, Sarnath tr thnh mt a danh ni ting, l ni khai
ging Gio Php ca Pht l ni Tng on (Sangha) Tu S
Pht Gio u tin c thnh lp.
3.3 Bi Cnh Lch S (5), (27)
Vua Asoka n thm ving Sarnath vo nm 249 trc CN,
v cho xy nhiu n thp tng nim chuyn ving thm
ca mnh, ni bt l: Thp Dhamek stupa, Thp Dharmarajika
stupa (Thp Php Vng) v Tr Asoka vi u tr hnh con
S T rt ni ting, nay l biu tng quc huy ca n . Vo
triu i Vua Kaniska (nm 78 sau CN), Sarnath l mt trung tm
hot ng tn gio ln v c mt i tng B-tt rt ln ni
ting Bodhisatta c mi lng che trn u, do T kheo Bala n
t Mathura thit lp. Trong thi k triu i Gupta (Th k IV-VI
sau CN), bo thp Dhamek Stupa c bao bc bi nhng tng
c khc ch, chnh in ca tu vin Mulagandhakuti c m
rng ra v mt tng Pht ang Ging Php, mt mn qu t Vua
Kumaragupta, c thit t y.
Vo nm 520 sau CN, Sarnath cng gnh chu phn nt ca
mnh di s xm lng v ph hoi ca qun Hung N ca tn
Mihirakula man r. Nhng sau khi qun Hung N b nh bi,
th Sarnath li tip tc n r ri vic pht trin Pht gio di
thi v Vua Pht gio l Harsa Vardharna (606-647 sau CN),
v tip tc l mt vng t thnh sng ng di thi cc Vua
triu i Pala (t th k VIII-XII sau CN). Ngi bo tr Pht

gio Sarnath cui cng l Hong Hu Kumaradevi, ngi v
Pht t m o ca nh Vua Govindachandra of Benares (nm
1114-1154 sau CN). B cho xy mt tu vin ln Sarnath tn
l Dhammacakka Jina Vihara (Dhammacakka: bnh xe chuyn
Php, Jina: ngi chinh phc hay ngi lm c, Vihara: cha,
tu vin). Di tch ca ngi cha ny c tm thy trong cuc khai
qut vo u th k XX.
Lch s cng ngm ngi hn v Sarnath cng khng trnh c.
Sau cuc tn st Tng on khp ni n , on qun cc
oan tn gio ca ngi Hi gio n san bng Sarnath. Sarnath
tr thnh ni tn ph v ri vo qun lng sut 600 nm, cng nh
nhng thnh a khc bn o n .
Nm 1794, Sarnath c th gii bit n khi ri vo tnh cnh
bi t na. Jagat Singh, mt vin quan ca Vua Raja Chetsingh
ca x Benares (Ba-la-ni), p v Bo Thp Dharmarajika
(thp Php Vng) thing ling ra thnh tng mnh ly gch
v xy nhng pho i, nh ca thuc a. Khi p bo
thp, nhng ngi phu cng pht hin su 8.3m c mt
hm bng trong c cha mt hp bng cm thch mu
xanh. Bn trong hp c cha x li ngi, gi thit cho rng
l x li Pht, bi v chnh Vua Asoka xy bo thp v t x
li vo trong bo thp th. Tuy nhin theo phong tc ca
ngi Hindu, Jagat Singh mang qung xung sng Hng v
mi mi khng c tm thy. Hnh ng ph hoi tn gio ny
(vandalism) nhng tng b che m, khng ai sau ny bit n,
nhng nh vo s pht hin ca Ngi Jonathan Duncan, Cao
y x Benares, c ng ti trn t Asiatic Researches.
Nhiu s quan tm dn v nhng tn tch ca Sarnath v n
nm 1815, Col. C. Mackenzie bt u cuc kho st v pht hin
130 Hnh hng v x Pht
ra nhng tng iu khc, hin nay c lu gi trong Vin bo

Tng Calcutta Museum. Nm 1835-1836, Ngi Sir Cunningham
tin hnh khai qut v pht hin hn 40 bc tng iu khc
v tng khc ch. Li mt tnh cnh bi thng xy ra na,
khi nhng di vt ny b v tnh hay c ch i bng xe gng, khi
Ngi Cunningham vng mt, cng 60 xe ch ra ngoi dng
lm vt liu xy dng 2 cy cu v nhng c s khc Benares
(Ba-la-ni). Nhng cuc khai qut tip theo c tin hnh khng
lin tc t nm 1851 n 1922, lm l ra bo thp Dhamek
stupa, bo thp Dharmarajika stupa, Tu vin Mulagandhakuti,
Tr Asoka v nhiu tn tch ca nhiu tu vin. Bn thnh tch
u tin c xem l thing ling nht, v nhng thnh tch
trong lch s gn lin vi c Pht lch s. Thnh tch thing
ling th nm c l l Thp Pancayatana, b ln chm theo
thi gian, m mt s trng lo tin rng chnh l ch c Pht
ngi ging bi thuyt Php u Tin.
3.4 Nhng im cn Thm Ving (5), (27)
1) Chaukhandi Stupa
y l cng trnh tng nim u tin c nhn thy khi tin
vo Sarnath. y l khu di tch cng trnh c xy ton bng
gch hnh nn vun ln cao, trn nh l mt khi thp hnh bt
gic, tm cnh, l di tch cn li ca i thp c ny. Thp ny
c xy dng tng nh chuyn ving thm ca Hamuyan,
vua ca triu i Mugal ca n , cha ca vua k ngi Akbar
Khan, n Sarnath nm 1588 sau CN. Ni ny c tin l ch
c Pht dng li cho 5 ngi tu kh hnh Kiu-Trn-Nh
nhn thy Ngi v nh l mi ngi bc vo trong Vn Nai
(Lc Uyn).
2) Vn Nai - Isipatana
Cch 1km v hng Bc l Vn Nai (Migadaya), cng c gi
l Isipatana (Ch p Xung ca nh Tin Tri). Trong khu vc yn
tnh ny, chng ta c th thy c nhng cng trnh tng nim c
xa v thing ling, nh l:
3) Bo Thp Dhamek Stupa
Thp Dhamek stupa, l cng trnh oai nghim nht Sarnath, c kin
trc hnh tr ng, ng knh thit din mt y l 28.5m v cao
43.6m.(Hnh 24). Trong thi triu i Gupta, phn di ca phn thp
c bao bc bng , c khc ch rt p. Bng iu khc gm c
nhng ch c in nht dng du hiu Swastikas c khc theo nhiu
mu hnh hc khc nhau, vi mt vng hoa sen khc tay chy t trn
xung di (xem thm nhng hnh chp ca nhng k t Swastikas
trn google.com). Trong khi p xi mt cy ct gia trung tm ca
thp Stupa ny tm di tch, di vt, ngi Cunningham pht hin ra
tn tch c ca thp bng gch c t thi Mauya. Ngi ta cho rng
c th l Thp stupa c dng ln bi Vua Asoka trong chuyn
ving thm ca ngi n Sarnath. Khng tm thy di tch hay x li
no, nhng c mt bia ghi li gio php ca Pht:Ye dhamma
hetuppabhava (Tt c s vt u c nguyn nhn). Bng
nhng k t ca th k 6 v 7. Nhng dng ch ny l rt gn vi gio
Php ca Pht. Theo nh nhng dng ghi ch bng ch khc ca Vua
Mahipala triu i Pala (nm 1026 sau CN), th tn nguyn thy ca
thp ny l Thp Chuyn Php Lun (Dhammacakka stupa). Ban
Kho C n (Archeological Survey of India ASI) s dng
bng chng ny bo v lp lun rng, thp ny chnh l s nh
du ch c Pht khai ging bi Thuyt php u Tin. Tuy nhin,
cng khng th no xc nhn tng t cho 2 thp cn li, l Thp
132 Hnh hng v x Pht
Php Vng (Dhammarajika stupa) v Thp Pancayatana ca thi

i Gupta, nh ni phn trn. V vy, i vi nhng ngi hnh
hng, cch tt nht l c xem ton b khu vc (Vn Nai) ny l
ch c Pht khai ging Kinh chuyn Php Lun v lun lun chnh
nim khi ving thm ni tt c nhng bo thp .
4) Thp Php Vng - Dharmarajika Stupa
Tn tch ca Thp Php Vng (Dharmarajika stupa) cng nm
gn thp Dhamek stupa v pha Bc, bao gm mt khu nn mng
hnh trn, l tt c nhng g cn li sau cuc tn ph ca vin quan
Jagat Singh nghch o. Bo Thp nguyn thy c Vua Asoka xy
dng, c ng knh mt y di 13.4m, nhng chng c tng
rng ln gp i vo thi triu i Gupta, nh chng ta c thy
ngy nay. Thp Php Vng (Dhammarajika stupa) nh tn gi ca
thp hiu ngha, c tin l do Vua Asoka xy dng vo thi phn
chia li x l Pht t 7 bo thp stupa u tin sau khi Pht BtNit-Bn v em vo t th thm trong nhng bo thp stupa khc
nhiu ni khc nhau. Tuy nhin, nhng nh s Min in th cho
rng, Thp Php vng (Dhammarajika stupa) c xy nh
du ch Pht thuyt php u tin. (Hnh 23).
5) Mulagandhakuti (Hng Tht Th Nht)
Pha bc Thp Dhammarajika stupa l tn tch ca Mulagandhakuti
(Hng Tht Th Nht), ni c Pht tri qua ma ma Kit h
u tin. (Hnh 25). Theo Lun Ging Kinh Php C, cn phng
ny c cng dng bi mt ngi giu c tn l Nandiya v ngay
sau khi c Pht chp nhn cn phng, th mt ta nh xut hin
trn ci tri Tavatimsa (ao-Li) cho ch ca n l Nandiya. Phng
Hng l mt ta hnh vung, mi cnh di 18.3m, ca chnh quay

v hng ng. Khong trng gia Hng Tht v Thp Bo Vng
(Dharmarajika stupa) c tin l ch bc tng B-tt rt ln ni
ting do T kheo Bala t Manthura em n t.
6) Tr Asoka
i mt cht v pha Ty ca Hng Tht Mulagandhakuti, bn di
mi che v c bc xung quanh bng hng ro ng, l phn gc
cao khong 2m ca Tr Asoka. Tr nguyn thy cao 15m v
trn u ca tr l tng S T rt ni ting, hin ang c lu
gi ti Vin Bo Tng Sarnath Museum. Tr ny c tin rng
nh du ni c Pht tp hp Tng on (Sangha) gm 60
A-La-Hn (5 ngi trong nhm Kiu-Trn-Nh v 55 ngi trong
nhm Yasa ND) v xut h i v nhng min khc nhau
truyn b gio php ca c Pht. Trn ct c mt hng ch khc:
Khng bt c ai chia r Tng on. Vo thi Vua Asoka, c
nhiu nhm T kheo thuc nhng gio phi khc nhau ang sng
Sarnath, v vy, ngi ta tin rng Vua Asoka cho khc dng ch ch
d ny cho Tng on (Sanghabhedaka) khuyn khch s ha
hp ca nhng gio phi Pht gio khc nhau.
7) n Th B Ln Pancayatana
Pha ng ca Thp Php Vng (Dhammarajika stupa) l mt di
tch b ln xung bn di nn b-tng. y l mt n thp th hnh
vung, c lm bng gch t nung, ging nh kiu nhng n
vung vo thi Gupta, c gi l pancayatana. (Hnh 26). Di
tch n th b ln ny cng c mt s o s tin l ch c Pht
thuyt ging bi Thuyt Php u tin cho 5 ngi bn tu kh hnh.
134 Hnh hng v x Pht
Nhng v di tch ny khng c ni ting nh 4 di tch kia, nn t c

ngi n y thm ving hn, cho nn y l ch yn lng, rt tt
cho vic suy nim v ta thin.
8) Tu Vin Mulagandhakuti Vihara
Khong 500m v pha ng ca Thp Dhamek stupa l Tu Vin
Mulagandhakuti Vihara, c xy dng bi Hi i B- ca
n vo nm 1931 bng s n lc khng mt mi ca T kheo
Anagarika Dharmapala, ngi nguyn lm cho tt c nhng
thnh a n c chm nom bi nhng T kheo trong Tng
on. Cng trnh ny c ti tr bi mt Pht t ho hip ca
T kheo Anagarika Dharmapala l b Mary Elizabeth Foster
Hawaii. Vo ngy khnh thnh Tu Vin, nhng x li Pht thing
ling c khai qut, tm thy Taxila vo nm 1913-1914,
c Tng Gim c Ban Kho C i din chnh quyn mang
tng Hi i B- (Maha Bodhi Society). Nhng x li Pht ny
c t th bn di pho tng Pht ang Thuyt Ging v
c ly ra l ly trong dp L Kathina hng nm. Nhng bc
bch ha rt p kiu Ajanta trn hai bc tng ca Tu Vin c
v bi ngh nhn Nht Bn, Kosetsu Nosu. ng ta lm vic 3
nm, 1932-1935, hon thnh. (Hnh 21).
Gn st bn ngoi ca Tu Vin l mt tng Pht bng kch
thc ngi thng mi c xy, din t c Pht ang
thuyt ging bi Kinh u tin cho nhm 5 ngi tu kh hnh.
(Hnh 22).
Hin ti, tr tr Tu vin Mulagandhakuti Vihara l Trng Lo Tin
S Dodangoda Rewata Thera, cng l Ph Tng Th K Hi i
B- n (Maha Bodhi Society of India), v cng l tc gi ca
quyn sch Con ng Hoa Sen (The Lotus Path), miu t v Tm

Thnh a Quan Trng ca cuc hnh hng v t Pht.
9) Vin Bo Tng Kho C Sarnath (ng ca ngy th Su)
Vin bo tng lu tr nhng C Vt c tm thy v khi phc t
nhng tn tch trong khu vc Vn Nai trong nhng cuc khai qut
kho c t nm 1905 tr v sau. Bn trong vin bo tng, c trng
by nhiu tng iu khc Pht v B-tt, hu ht l c ngun gc t
thi i Gupta (th k 4-5 sau CN). Bn tng iu khc quan trng
nht c trng by v c s tch nh sau:
a) Tng S T
Bc vo snh chnh, chng ta c th nhn thy ngay mt tc phm
iu khc lng ly nht t thi Maurya ca Vua Asoka Tng S
T, vn nguyn thy c gn trn u Tr Asoka Vn Nai.
Bc tng bng sa thch c nh bng, cao 2.3m bao gm 4
con s t ang ngi gip lng vi nhau trn mt lng tr trn,
dy khong 0.3m. Mt ngoi lng tr c khc 4 con vt ang chy,
cch nhau bng nhng bnh xe Php (Dhammacakka wheel), l:
con B, tng trng cho du hiu c Pht n sinh; con Voi tng
trng cho ngha Hong Hu Maya Devi nm mng thy c con
voi chui vo bng ca Hong hu, con Nga tng trng cho cuc
t b hay xut gia ca B-tt (tc Thi T Siddatthap) khi Ngi ra
i trn lng nga Kanthaka; con S T tng trng cho Bi Thuyt
Php u Tin ca c Pht (hay Kinh Chuyn Php Lun). Bn
con s t ngi trn mt trn tng trng cho Ging ni rn
vang bn phng ca c Pht (ting gm S T hng). Tng
S T trn u Tr Asoka ny ngy nay tr thnh quc huy ca
n . V Bnh Xe Php (Dhammacakka) tr thnh quc hiu trn
l c ca n .
136 Hnh hng v x Pht
b) i Tng B-tt
Tng B-tt ln ny c lm bng sa thch mu , c
cng dng bi T kheo Bala n t Mathura vo nm 81 sau CN,
thuc triu i vua Kaniska v y l tc phm i din tt nht cho
nn ngh thut Mathura. Sau bc tng l mt tr lm thn
nng mt lng che c iu khc rt p. Lng che bng ny
cng c thy ngay snh chnh ca vin bo tng.
c) Nhng Bng Ghi Ch Cuc i c Pht
C mt bng iu khc m t Bn S Kin Chnh, quan trng
trong cuc i ca c Pht, l: n Sinh, Gic Ng, Khai
Ging Gio Php v i Bt- Nit-Bn. Mt bng khc m t
Tm S Kin trong cuc i c Pht, l: Bn S Kin Chnh
v Bn Ni Din Ra iu K Diu l: Ni K Diu
Sravasti (Savatthi, X-v), Ni c Pht H Th t ci tri ao
Li Sankasya, Ni c Pht hng phc Voi in Nalagiri
Rajagaha (Vng-x) v Ni by kh cng dng mt ong cho
c Pht Vesali.
d) Tng c Pht ang Thuyt Ging
Tng c Pht trong t th ang ngi thuyt ging Chuyn
Php Lun (Dhammacakka mudra) l mt trong nhng bc
tng iu khc p nht ca ngh thut Gupta. Bc tng
iu khc ni ting ny l mt mn qu cng dng ca Vua
Kumaragupta, ngi tr v t nm 414-455 sau CN. Vng ho
quang trn u c khc bng nhng thit k hoa vn v 2 ch
Thin 2 bn gc trn. Mt ng di mt l 7 hnh iu
khc, tng trng cho 5 ngi kh hnh ang nghe thuyt ging,
v Hong hu v ngi con trai ca b ang qu nh l Bnh

Xe Php. Mt bc hnh chp tng Pht ang thuyt ging ny
c in lm trang ba ca quyn sch Kinh Php C (The
Dhammapada) ca Ngi K. Sri Dhammananda.
10) Hi i B- (Mahabodhi Society)
Cng c khi phc li Sarnath tr thnh mt thnh a sng l ca
Ngi T Kheo Anagarika Dharmapala, ngi sng lp ra Hi i
B- n . Ngi lp ra Hi i B- Sarnath, t vn
phng bn tri Tu Vin Mulagandhakuti Vihara, bn cnh nhng
trng hc Hi i B-, trng cao ng, th vin, trng o
to tng, ni. Sau , Hi i B- cng xy mt bnh vin chm
sc nhng bnh nhn ngho xung quanh Sarnath.
11) Nhng Cha & Tu Vin Sarnath
C nhiu cha v tu vin c xy dng trong vi th k
Sarnath, m ngi hnh hng cng nn ving thm. l:
Cha Min in, Cha Trung Hoa, Cha Nht Bn, Cha Triu
Tin, Cha Thi Lan v 3 Tu vin Ty tng. Tu Vin Min in
c gi tn l Dhammacakka Vihara (Cha Chuyn Php
Lun) c thnh lp bi Ngi Chandramani t Kushinagar.
Hin ti, thy tr tr l HT. U Wannadhaza, mt Tu s Min
in (Burmese Sayadaw), ngi Sarnath nhiu nm. Sau
ny, Cha c xy thm mt khu nh khch cho ngi hnh
hng li khi ving thm Sarnath.
138 Hnh hng v x Pht
4. Kusinara, Ni c Pht T Gi Trn Gian

(Bt-Nit-Bn)
4.1 Cch n ni
Kusinara hay Kushinagar nm trong ngi lng Kasia thuc huyn
Deoria ca bang Uttar Pradesh. th gn nht l Gorakhpur,
cch 55km ng b. Kushinagar cch 130 km v pha Nam ca
Lumbini, 250 km v pha ng ca Sravasti (savatthi, X-v) v
cch 250 km v pha Bc ca Patna. Tt c nhng khong cch trn
l c lng gn ng.
C 2 khch sn tt dnh cho nhng ngi hnh hng.
4.2 Ngha Tn Gio (4), (3), (25)
Ba thng trc khi c Pht 80 tui, c Pht ni nguyn
mun ng ti n Capala Shrine Vesali. Nhng n khi i ngang
qua Pava sau khi Ngi th thc ba n cui cng do mt ngi th
rn tn l Cunda cng dng, Ngi i n ni yn ngh cui cng
cnh Rng Sala (Long Th) Mallas bn b sng Hirannavati
Kushinagar. Ni y, cng ng vo ngy Trng Trn ca thng
Wesak, nm 543 trc CN, c Pht tch dit i Bt-Nit-Bn,
khng cn nhng yu t dnh chp no khi sinh na (cng nh
khng cn ti sinh na). Ngi cui cng Pht chuyn ha () l
tu s Subhadda v nhng li cui cui cng ca c Pht ni vi
nhng T kheo l:
Handa dani bhikkhave amantayami vo: Vaya-dhamma san-khara.
Appamadena sampadetha.
By gi, ny cc T kheo, ta ni vi cc thy: tt c mi php hu

vi u v thng. Hy c tinh tn t mc tiu ca mnh.
c Pht nm gia hai cy Sala Long Th, nghing mnh v
bn phi, u hng v pha Bc khi Ngi trt hi th cui
cng ti trn gian ny. Sau i Bt-Nit-Bn ca Ngi, n
ngy th 7, thn ca Ngi c rc i qua thnh t cng pha
Bc ra ca pha ng n n th ca ngi Malla tn l n
Makutabandhana. H khng th no t la trn gin thiu
c cho n khi Ngi i Ca-dip (Maha Kassapa) vo nh l
c Pht. Nghi l cui cng c thc hin bi Ngi Ca-dip,
v sau khi thiu xc, nhng x li c chia lm 8 phn bng,
bi B-la-mn tn l Dona, cho 8 b tc thuc min Bc n
lc l:
1) Vua Ajatasattu (A-x-th) ca nc Magadha (Ma-kit-)
2) B tc Licchavi ca Vesali (T-x-l)
3) B tc Sakya (Thch Ca) Kapilavatthu (Ca-t-la-v),
4) B tc Bulias ca nc Allakappa,
5) B tc Koliyans ca nc Ramagama,
6) B-la-mn Vethadipa,
7) B t ngi Malla Pava, v
8) B tc ngi Malla Kushinagar.
B-la-mn Dona ch thn gi chia u X Li, gm c xng s,
rng, v vi lim bn trong v bn ngoi. Khi nhng ngi b tc
Moriya ca x Pipphalavana n th mun, bi v tt c nhng
x Li u c chia, v vy h ch ly phn tro. Sau khi tr v
qu hng, nhng ngi c chia xy nhng bo Thp stupas
140 Hnh hng v x Pht
tn th. V vy, lc c tt c 8 Thp th x li, 1 thp t bnh

ng hi ct ha tng trc khi chia v 1 thp th x li tro.
Chng ta cn bit thm rng, my trm nm sau , tt c nhng x
li c phn c chia li mt ln na bi Vua Asoka sau
khi nh vua quyt nh xy dng tng cng 84.000 n thp stupas
tng nim nhng thnh tch v Pht v Pht gio.
V v sau ny, cng c nhiu x li li tip tc c chia v c t
th trong nhng cha thp khp cc nc Pht gio Chu .
4.3 Bi Cnh Lch S (5), (2), (7), (35)
Vo nhng ngy , Kushinagar c miu t bi Ngi Ananda l:
Mt th x nh vch t ny, th x ba rng ny, mt huyn nhnh.
Sau i Bt-Nit-Bn ca c Pht, Kushinagar tr thnh mt trung
tm tn gio vo thi Pht gio pht trin khp n . L mt trong
bn Thnh a quan trng nht, T ng Tm, ni ny hp dn
nhiu Pht t m o n t khp ni n v trn th gii. Vua
Asoka ving thm Kushinagar vo nm 249 trc CN v xy
dng ln nhiu bo thp stupas v tr tng nim ti ni ny.
Nhng vo thi ngi Huyn Trang n chim bi nm 637 sau CN,
ni ny tr thnh tn tch, th x, lng mc hoang vng, tiu iu,
ch cn ri rc vi c dn. Ngi cng n v chim bi cy Sala
Long Th, ni c Pht t gi ci trn vo i Bt-Nit-Bn,
ngi Cha c tng Pht nm v bn cnh cha mt thp stupa cao
61m do vua Asoka dng nn, trong tnh trng nt, v mt tr
trc cha.
i dn v hng Bc, sau khi qua sng Hirannavati l mt bo Thp
stupa c xy ln nh du ni ha thiu nhc thn c Pht.
Nh vy , Kushinagar tip tc tr thnh mt thnh a sng ca

Pht gio thi by gi, cho n th k 12 sau CN, sau khi qun Hi
gio xm lc v tn ph n , Kushinagar li ri vo hoang vng v
cui cng l tr thnh tn tch v chm vo lng qun hn 600 nm.
Nm 1861-1862, Ngi Cunningham n tham quan khu tn tch
nt Kasia v nhn dng c y chnh l di tch ni i BtNit-Bn ca c Pht. n nm 1876, tr l ca ngi l Carlleyle
tin hnh mt cuc khai qut kho c, hon ton l ra ton
b n Chnh v ngay trc n l bc tng Pht nm ni ting
b chn lp trong ng nt ca khu di tch. Nhiu cuc kho c
khc c tin hnh cho n nm 1912 cho thy c nhiu cng
trnh tng nim Kushinagar tn ti n th k 12.
Vo thi cn hin i sau ny, Pht t u tin n c ng ti
Kushinagar l i c Mahavira, mt ngi n nhng c
th gio Tng on Tch Lan, vo nm 1890. Ngi chu trch
nhim khi phc li Kushinagar tr li mt Thnh a ch thc
l mt ni hnh hng Pht gio thing ling nh ngy xa. Ngi
Mahavira tu sa n chnh v cho xy mt tu vin mi v
mt Ging Php ng vo nm 1902-1903. Sau ngi l i c
Chandramani n t huyn l Akyab vng Arakan, Min in
(Myanmar), ngi c th gio vo Tng on Chittagong,
vo nm 1903. Ngi n lc ht mnh hon thnh s mng
ging nh ngi tin nhim ca mnh trong vic ly li quyn qun
l v chm nom n i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana Temple)
hay cn c tn l n Nit-Bn (Nirvana temple); thnh lp c
nhiu c s gio dc cho c dn a phng v lm sng li truyn
thng Buddha Jayanti, t chc li Kushinagar ln u tin vo
nm 1924. i c Chandramani qua i vo nm 1972 v ngi
t ca ngi l i c Gyaneshwar, mt T kheo t Min in
tip tc s nghip cao c chm nom khu thnh tch.
142 Hnh hng v x Pht
4.4 Nhng im Cn Thm Ving (2), (7), (35)

1) n i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana Temple)
Ngi n hin ti ng c ving thm c xy bi chnh ph n
vo nm 1956 l mt phn ca chng trnh Tng Nim 2.500
i Bt-Nit-Bn ca c Pht hay 2.500 Pht Lch (BE/ Buddhist
Era. (Hnh 27).
Ngi n c, c phc ch li bi ngi Carlleyle (tr l ca ngi
Cunningham), th qu nh, khng ch cha con s khch hnh
hng ving thm ngy mt ng thm.
Bn trong n, chng ta c th nhn thy tng Pht nm nghing
v bn phi, u quay v hng Bc. Bc tng di 6.1m c t
trn mt chic ging bng di 7.3m. Trong tng Pht nm c ba
bc tng iu khc nh, bc tng ng gn di chn Pht c
tin l m t ngi Ananda ang khc u su v bit rng c Th Tn
sp i xa. Tng chnh gia l ngi Subhadda, ngi t cui
cng c c Pht ging . Tng mt ngi tc di ng gn
mt Pht c tin l mt ngi ng u b tc Malla ang ng l
ving c Pht.
chnh gia l mt bng ch khc thuc th k th VI sau CN,
ghi r bc tng ny l mt mn qu ca T kheo Haribala
tng cho i Tu Vin Mahavira v tng c to dng bi
Dinma. Bc tng Pht nm 1.500 tui c ch tc t mt
tng sa thch mu c vn chuyn n t Mathura trong
thi i Gupta. Chnh Ngi Carlleyle pht hin vo nm 1876
trong tnh trng st gy v c ni rp li mt cch thnh cng
cng vi nhng mnh v c tm thy ri rc xung quanh. Bc
tng mang 32 du tng tt ca mt V Nhn (Mahapurisa, bc
i Trng Phu) v c th lm khi sinh trong chng ta nhng

cm gic khc nhau trong tm, ty thuc vo v tr ng ngm
nhn ca chng ta:
Nu ng trc khun mt, ngi xem c th cm nhn ngay nt
mm ci nh nhng trn khun mt. (Hnh 29).
Nu ng gn gia thn, ngi xem c th cm nhn c s kh
trn khun mt.
Nu ng di phn chn, ngi xem c th cm nhn c s
trm mc v tnh lng trn khun mt.
2) Thp i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana hay Nir-vana Stupa)
Thp i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana stupa) ny bn cnh n
i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana Temple), cng c khi phc
t Thp Chnh c pht hin ra trong qu trnh kho c ca ngi
Carlleyle vo nm 1876.(Hnh 28). Khi kho st su 4.3m, l
ra mt bia bng ng v nhng c vt khc ca nin i Gupta. Ch
khc trn bng ng l ch Phn ni rng nhng c vt c
t vo trong Thp Nit-Bn (Nirvana stupa) bi T kheo Haribala.
Ngi Huyn Trang, ngi n y chim bi vo nm 637 sau CN,
ghi li rng Thp Nit-Bn l do Vua Asoka xy dng nn. Ngi cng
chng kin c bn trc Thp l mt tr c ghi li s Bt-NitBn ca Nh Lai, nhng n khng ghi r ngy thng. Thp Nit-Bn
ny c tin l ln u tin c dng ln bi ngi Malla th x
li Pht v sau c m rng (nhiu ln) bi Vua asoka v nhng
ngi i sau na trong thi i Gupta.
C v nh l Thp Nit-Bn (Nirvana stupa) c dng ln ng
ni Pht Bt-Nit-Bn th x li Pht rt lu trc khi bc tng
144 Hnh hng v x Pht
c t vo Bt-Nit-Bn, mc d c mt gi thuyt khc cho rng

v tr t tng Pht nm trong n i Bt-Nit-Bn mi l ch
c Pht Nit-Bn.
Thp i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana stupa), cao 27m, c
trng tu li nm 1927 bng tin cng dng t mt th ch ngi
Min in tn l U Po Kyo.
3) n Th Matha Kuar Ngun Gc & Ngha
Trong ln xut bn trc, tc gi trnh by ni ny l ni ngh
chn v c Pht yu cu ngi Ananda i ly nc mt con sui
gn . iu ny l mt s nhm ln v xin c nh chnh li.
(S kin din ra Pava, xem Phn IV, 2, Pava). Theo Ha thng
Pimbure Samitha Thero cha Nht Bn Tch Lan (Japan-Sri
Lanka Buddhist Temple) Kushinagar, c Pht mt v dng
li ngh chn ln th 25 n Matha Kuar ngay trc khi Ngi
tip bc n Rng Sala Upavattana v nhp dit i Bt-Nit-Bn.
Ngay ti ni ngh chn c gi l Matha Kuar ny, c Pht vn
tip tc thuyt Php cho nhng v t v Pht ni rng Pht
cng l mt con ngi bnh thng, cng khng trnh khi gi, bnh,
cht, nhm nng cao lng thc gic tm linh ca cc v t, h
mau tinh tin tu tp. Nhng c Pht cng ni rng Ngi chng
t c tri kin v tr tu ti thng vt xa tt c chng sinh trn
th gian ny.
Ni ny c gi l Matha Kuar v mt ngi n th c
xy ln v c t mt tng Pht ngi kit gi, trong t th a
xc n (bhumiphassa mudra), c lm bng xanh ly t
vng Gaya, cao khong 3.05 mt, khong hn 1.000 nm tui.
Ngi thp mi, trc y c xy che tng Pht, nay
l mt phn ca mi che hnh vung ca mt n thp nh cn

nh vung. Theo bia khc ghi li, n thp ny c xy vo
th k 10 vo thi ca th lnh Kalachuri vng ny. Nm 1927
i c U Chandramani xy dng li ngi thp bng tin
cng dng ca hai th ch t Min in, l U Po Kyo v U Po
Hlaing. Ni ny cch 0.4 km v pha Ty Nam ca Thp i
Bt-Nit-Bn. (Hnh 31).
V ngha ca ci tn Matha Kuar (theo ting ngi Buchanan
l Matakumar), ngi Sir Cunningham c l ng khi dch ra ting
Anh l Dead Prince, c ngha l Hong t mt khi ni v tn
ca bc tng Pht. H.B.W. Garrick, tr l ca ngi Sir Cunningham,
cng n ni ny vo nm 1880-1881 ghi li nh sau: Bc
tng ny c t li bi chnh quyn a phng v tr cch
n Chnh (tc n i Bt-Nit-Bn) 400 yards. V c ngi
dn trong lng gi l Matha Kuar. By gi, c rt nhiu ngi
thuc nhng gio phi Hindu n y cng bi, h mang cng b
sa tru lng v tru m h bi ln mt tng v ri nc ln thn
tng. Thnh thong cng c ngi cng vng hoa. Lc nh kho
c Carlleyle khai qut c th pho tng b gy i, nhng sau
ngi ta cho rp tng li v em v th ti thp Matha-Kuar do
Pht t th ch Min in U Po Kyo v U Po Hlaing ti tr xy vo
nm 1927, nh ni trn.
4) Thp Ha Tng Stupa (Makutabandhana Cetiya)
Sau khi l ly nhc thn c Pht 6 ngy, nhng ngi b tc
Malla khing xc n Makuta-bandhana, ni thng c
dng t chc tn vinh nhng v th lnh v lm l ha tn. L
ha thiu nhc thn c Pht c miu t trong phn VI ca
Kinh i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana Sutta), cng m t
146 Hnh hng v x Pht
vic phn chia X Li pht bi B-la-mn Dona. Thp Ha Thiu

stupa c dng ln bi ngi Malla sau khi ha tng xong nhc
thn c Pht v c tu sa li vo th k th III trc CN bi
vua Asoka v th k th 5 bi triu i vua Kumaragupta. Khi
ngi Sir Cunningham ving thm di tch ny vo nm 1861-1862,
ch l mt khi (g) t vun cao. Thp c chn kn bn di
g t cao sau ny c l ra hnh tr vi ng knh 34m, c
t trn mt b mng c ng knh 47m. Nhng cuc khai qut
pht hin c rt nhiu con du (n) bng t st c khc
nhng bi kinh k Pht gio xc nhn rng ch ny chnh l ch
gin ha thiu. Ni y cch khong 1.6 km v pha ng ca
in Th Matha Kuwara nm dc theo ng i. (Hnh 30).
5) Thp tng nim i c Mahavira,
ngi khai lp Kushinagar
i c Mahavira l ngi Hindu gio u tin tr thnh mt tu
s Pht gio. Trc , ngi l mt v s vt v trong chuyn
i n Tch Lan, ngi c hp dn bi o Pht v gia nhp
tng on tr thnh T kheo vo nm 1890. Nm 1891, ngi quay
tr li n v li Kushinagar, lc hoang tn sau nhng
cuc khai qut ca nm 1876 bi ng Carlleyle. Ngi tu sa li
Thp i Bt-Nit-Bn, vn b b hoang, tr thnh mt thnh
a hnh hng Pht gio, thu ht rt nhiu nhng nh hnh
hng hi , c bit l nhng Pht t Min in. Cng vi ti
tr t nhng Pht t Min in, ngi mua mt khu t gn
n i Bt-Nit-Bn xy nh khch cho nhng ngi hnh
hng vo nm 1902 v xy thm mt tu vin vo nm 1903.
l mt tu vin vihara c xy u tin trong thi cn hin
i n . Ngi Mahavira vin tch nhm vo thng ba nm
1919 v tro hi ct ca ngi c chn trong mt bo Thp nh
bng gch nm bn gc khu t pha sau n i Bt-Nit-Bn

(Mahaparinibbana Temple).
6) n Th Tng Nim S Chuyn Ha Qua o Pht
Ca TS. Ambedkar & HT. Sayadaw U Chandramani
S kin ng nh nht ca Pht Gio th gii trong thi hin i
l vic chuyn ha 380.000 Dalits (nhng ngi b cho l giai cp
h tin trong x hi n ) qua o Pht di s dn dt, t chc
ca Tin S TS. Babasaheb Ambedkar. S kin lch s ny din
ra vo ngy 14 thng 10, nm 1956 ti khu t rng 14 mu gi
l khu Diksha Bhumi Nagpur, bang Maharashtra. (Xem thm
Phn I, 7.,8.,9.). Ngi c chn l v tng hng dn v Php
(Dhamma Guru) v chng minh l Quy Y v i ny l HT. Sayadaw
U Chandramani ca Kushinagar. S kin chuyn ha Nagpur l mt
cuc chuyn ha v i nht v ha bnh nht trong lch s nhn loi
bi v s ng ngi cng t nguyn chuyn o cng mt lc, di
s du dt ca mt ngi.
tng nh s kin lch s ny, mt ngi n th c
xy ngay ti Cha Min in Kushinagar (Kushinagar Burmese
Temple) ni HT. Sayadaw U Chandramani l tr tr. Bn trong ngi
n, chng ta c th thy mt bc tng TS. Ambedkar t trc
tng ca HT. Sayadaw U Chandramani, din t s tin phong
ca ngi Pht t c s ny. Hai thng sau l Quy Y v i , TS.
Ambedkar qua i New Delhi vo ngy 6 thng 12, 1956 tui
65. HT. Sayadaw U Chandramani vn tip tc s nghip khi phc
Pht Php (Buddha Sasana) n v Nepal. Ha thng cng
vin tch ti Cha Min in Kushinagar vo ngy 8, thng 5,
1972 tui 97, ngi sng 80 nm nh mt T kheo Min in
ti n .
148 Hnh hng v x Pht
7) Nhng Cha & Tu Vin Pht Gio Kushinagar

V sau cui ny, c nhiu nhng cng trnh pht trin Kushinagar,
mt s tu vin, cha v nhng c s tin nghi phc v khch hnh
hng. Trong khi thm ving Kushinagar, nhng ngi hnh hng
nn n thm cc cha, tu vin l: Cha Trung Hoa, Cha Pht
Gio Nht Bn-Sri Lanka, Tu Vin Min in, Tu Vin Ty Tng
t lng thnh knh i vi nhng Tng, Ni cng nh nh nhng
Tng Ni gip trong vic tm hiu thm v nhng thnh tch khu
thnh a ny.
Phn III
Bn Ni Din Ra iu Thn Diu
Ni Dung:
1. Savatthi, Ni Din Ra Hai iu Thn Diu

2. Sankasia, Ni c Pht Tr V T Ci Tri ao Li
3. Rajagaha, Ni c Pht Hng Phc Con Voi Say Nalagiri
4. Vesali, Ni By Kh Cng Dng Mt ng Cho Pht
150 Hnh hng v x Pht
1. Savatthi, Ni Din Ra Hai iu Thn Diu

1.1 Cch i n Ni
Savatthi hay Sravasti (X-v) thuc qun Bahraich, bang Uttar
Pradesh, cch Lucknow khong 160km v pha ng. Khu vc
ny cch khong 21km v pha Ty ca Balrampur, mt ga xe
la nm trn chng Gorakhpur-Gonda ca tuyn ng xe la
Bc-ng.
1.2 Ngha Tn Gio(3), (25)
Sravasti (tn gi ngy nay) l kinh c xa ca Vng Quc Kosala
c tr v bi Vua Pasenadi, l mt Pht t c s v l mt ngi knh
m c Pht. Sravasti c ni danh l ni c nhiu s gn b lu di
v gn gi vi c Pht trong sut thi gian c Pht truyn dy gio
php. Trong 45 nm truyn o, Pht tri qua 25 Ma Ma An c,
trong c 24 Ma Ma An C (Kit H) lin tc (t H th 21-44)
Sravasti. Cng ti ni y, c mt i th ch tn l Sudatta, thng
c gi vi tn Cp C c (Anathapindika), c ngha l ngi chu
cp, gip cho ngi ngho, cng dng Tnh X K- hay K
Vin (Jetavana) rng K- cho c Pht sau khi ng mua vi
mt gi rt t , tng ng vi s tin vng ri kn trn cuc t
. Bi v c Pht dnh mt phn ln thi gian truyn dy gio
php ni ny, cho nn a s nhng bi kinh trong Kinh in Pht gio
c thuyt ging khi Pht ang Tnh x K Vin (Jetavana) ny.
Mt tnh x ni ting na Sravasti l Tnh x Pubbarama, c cng
dng bi n th ch ln ca c Pht l b Visakha.
Sravasti tr thnh mt ni quan trng trong cuc hnh hng, bi
v ti ni y, c Pht dng php thn thng k diu nht, gi
Bn Ni Din Ra iu Thn Diu 151
l Php Nhn i, ui m ngi ngoi o. c Pht ha

thnh nhiu hnh dng khc nhau, ng v ngi trn nhng ta
hoa sen, to la v nc c phun ra t thn ca mnh. S kin thn
diu ny c gi l Thn thng Sravasti, l mt ti a thch
nht trong nhng ngnh ngh thut ngh iu khc Pht gio.
1.3 Bi Cnh Lch S (5), (27)
Vua Asoka n ving thm Sravasti vo nm 249 BC, l mt phn
ca chuyn hnh hng ca ngi n tt c nhng thnh a Pht gio
n . Ngi cho xy 2 tr cao 70 feet (khong 21.35m) hai
bn cng pha ng ca Tnh x K Vin (Jetavana) cng nh mt s
bo thp stupa th X Li Pht. Vo thi cc vua triu i Kusana,
l Kaniska v Huviska, th k I-II sau Cng Nguyn, nhng n thp
mi c xy dng t th nhng hnh tng Pht, v c bit
n nhiu vo thi by gi. Sau khi nh s Php Hin n thm Sravasti
vo nm 407 sau Cng Nguyn, Pht gio b suy tn nhng trong
Tu vin Tnh x K Vin vn cn mt s tu s. Ngi Php Hin chng
kin c hai Tr Asoka vn cn ng nguyn, nhng nhng bo
thp stupas nh Thp Angulimala, Thp Sudatta (Cp C c) th
b ph hy. Cho n thi ngi Huyn Trang n thm Sravasti vo
nm 637 sau Cng Nguyn, ton thnh quch u b ph hy, hoang
tn v c vi tnh x l ni ca Tng s (sangharamas), nhng hu
ht b iu tn, vi vi nh s. Tu Vin K Vin (Jetavana) cng
nt v hoang vng. Ngi cng thy 2 Tr Asoka, tn tch cc
bo thp stupas, nhng tnh x, tnh tht (sangharamas) v ci ging
nc, ni c Pht ko nc ln dng hng ngy.
Sau thi gian ngi Huyn Trang ving thm, Tu vin K Vin
(Jetavana) bt u c ngi tr li, bng chng thu c l nhng
du n v tranh tng th nhng v Pht, B-tt ca i Tha nh
152 Hnh hng v x Pht
Quan Th m B-tt (Avalokitesvara) v nhng chng tch khc

thuc th k VIII-IX sau Cng Nguyn. Ngi bo tr sau cng ca
Tu vin K Vin (Jetavana) l Vua Govindachandra v ngi v knh
o ca ng l hong hu Kumaradevi ca x Kanauj v Benares,
(nm 1130 b l cng cha Kumaradevi dng Licchavi x Magadha
(Ma-Kit-)). Lch S ghi nhn b tng cng dng 6 ngi lng
cho Tng on Tu vin K vin v iu ny c ghi vo mt
bia khc bng ng c pht hin trong qu trnh khai qut kho
c. Cng vi s xung dc ca o Pht vo th k th XIII, Tu Vin
K Vin, ln th hai, tr thnh hoang ph v lng qun. Vo nm
1863, ngi Sir Cunningham nhn dng c mt b su tp
rt ln v tn tch ca mt di tch i c gi l Sahet-Mahet,
cng vi thnh c Sravasti. ng khai qut khu Sahet bao ph 13
hecta, nhn dng c tnh x, tu vin K Vin Jetavana v cng
pht hin ra phn tn tch ca nhiu thp stupas, n th v tu vin,
bao gm c di tch quan trng l Hng Tht (Gandha-kuti) v Tht
Kosambi kuti, (kuti c ngha l nh nh, cc, tht), c hai ni l ni
ca c Pht. Tt c nhng tn tch ca tu Vin K Vin u cho
thy c xy dng vo nhng nm triu i Kusana (th k I-II
sau Cng Nguyn). Con khu di tch Mahet th rt ln, tri di trn
162 hecta. Ch c mt s thnh tch c khai qut v pht hin,
phn ln ca khu di tch ny cha c khm ph.
Mi gn y, tu vin u tin c xy l Cha Min in
(Burmese Vihara) do i c Chandramani Kushinagar khi
xng. Sau l Cha Trung Quc do Ha thng Ren Chen
lp nn. Vo nm 1969, Hi i B- n (Maha Bodhi
Society of India) bt u c mt trc tip ti Sravasti, vi i c
Sangharatana n t Sarnath, ngi khi cng xy dng Tu
vin Nava Jetavana Vihara (ngha l: Tu Vin K Vin Mi), nm
st bn ngoi Tu Vin K Vin ngy xa. Nm 1982, ngi Thi
Lan cng xy cha Thi ti y.
1.4 Nhng im cn Thm Ving (5), (27)

1) Khu Vn K Vin - Jetavana Park
Vo thi c Pht cn ti th, ni ny c gi chnh xc l: Khu
Vn (cu) Cp C c Rng K (Jetavana Anathapindika
Arama). Ngy nay, tt c ch cn li nhng tn tch ca n th v
nhng thp stupas xy t thi triu i Kusana (th k 1-2 sau Cng
Nguyn). Nhng n thp quan trng nh sau:
2) n Th S 2
V tr ny nh du di tch ca Hng Tht Gandha-kuti c xy
dng bi ng Cp C c cho c Pht dng. Theo nhiu lun
ging, chic ging (hay trng k) ca c Pht t trong l
ging nhau cho tt c cc ch Pht, bt k s ln hay nh ca
Hng Tht Gandha-kuti. Hng Tht nguyn thy c xy bng
g, nhng vo thi nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa l Php Hin,
Huyn trang n ving, th l mt cu trc 2 tng xy bng gch
trong tnh trng nt. Hin gi th du tch nhng bc tng thp
v nn mng bng vn cn. (Hnh 34).
y l mt ni ng tham quan nhng nh hnh hng c th
thc hnh cc thi cng phu cng ng (puja) v thin qun.
3) n Th S 3
ni th ny c tin l v tr ca Tht Kosambi kuti nguyn thy
ca c Pht, cng do ng Cp C c xy cho c Pht dng
lm ni tham thin. Ngy trc , c mt khi hnh vung cng
c xy bng gch nh tht, nh du li i kinh hnh nguyn thy
(cankama) m c Pht dng i hnh thin.
154 Hnh hng v x Pht
4) Thp Stupa H
Thp stupa ny c tin l nh du v tr ni c Pht thng
ging dy gio php cho cc T kheo v Pht t ti gia. Thp ny
c dng ln ngay trc n Th Hng Tht Gandha-kuti, v
thp c xy li nhiu ln khng nh s quan trng ca
thnh tch ny.
5) Cy B- Ananda
Cy B- Ananda c trng gn cng ca Tu vin K Vin
(Jetavana). N c trng, theo yu cu ca ng Cp C c,
lm biu tng thay cho Pht cho nhng Pht t c s n
tng nim, l ly trong thi gian c Pht vng mt hay i
ging php ni khc sau nhng ln An c ma Ma (vassa)
Tu vin K Vin.
Khi ngi Annada tha li vi c Pht, c Pht tr li rng, c
3 loi biu tng dng lm i tng tn knh Pht, l: X
Li t nhc thn ca Pht c t th trong mt bo Thp stupa
(no ) sau khi c Pht Bt-Nit-Bn, mt vt dng c c
Pht s dng, chng hn nh bnh bt kht thc, vv, v nhng
biu tng nhn thy c, chng hn nh biu tng Bnh Xe
Chuyn Php Loi u tin l khng th c trong khi c Pht
vn cn ti th, trong khi loi th ba th khng ph hp cho nhng
ngi khng d hi lng vi mt biu tng hay mt hnh nh n
gin nh vy. V vy, loi th hai c th dng lm biu tng
tn knh c Pht khi khng c s hin din ca Pht v Pht
gi l Cy B- (Bodhi) l biu tng tt nht mi ngi
tn knh khi khng c Pht. V vy, h quyt nh trong mt cy
B- con thuc cy B- Bodhgaya (B- o Trng), v
ngi Moggallana (Mc-kin-lin) nht thn thng c

c nhim v i ly cy con v trng. Sau khi c em v, cy B con c trng mt cch tn nghim ngay cng ca Tu Vin
K Vin bi ngi Cp C c (Anathapindika). Cy ln ln v tr
thnh biu tng tn knh khi khng c Pht cho cc Pht t. Theo
li thnh cu ca ngi Ananda, c Pht ngi ta thin mt m
di gc cy B- ny, lm tng thm tnh thing ling ca cy
B-. Cy B- hin ti chng ta ang chim bi trng c v
gi v nt c knh ca Cy, nhng hin cha c kt lun chc chn
rng y chnh l cy B- nguyn thy c trng t tn thi
c Pht cn ti th hay ch l mt cy con chu ca Cy B-
nguyn thy. (Hnh 33).
6) Thp Tng Nim Cp C c - Sudatta Stupa
V pha Bc ca tu Vin K Vin Jetavana, trong khu tn tch Mahet
(thnh c Sravasti) c mt thp tng nim ngi Cp C c, Thp
Sudatta stupa, l mt cng trnh tng nim uy nghi nht trong
vng. Theo nh s Php Hin, Thp stupa ny c xy trn
nn mng ngi nh ca ng Cp C c. Tn tch cho bit c
Thp ny vn cn nguyn trong giai on th k 1-2 sau CN. T
di ng, chng ta phi c tro ln mt cng trnh bng gch
gm nhiu khi nn mng hnh vung, ng trn mi c th
nhn thy c nhng nn mng b chm ln theo thi gian ca
2 thp trn stupas. (Hnh 35).
7) Thp Angulimala Stupa
Gn Thp Cp C c (Sudatta stupa) l mt di tch ton bng gch
vi mt ng hm chui chnh gia, m ngi Sir Cunningham
156 Hnh hng v x Pht
xc nh l Thp Angulimala stupa c chng kin v

ghi chp li bi nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa. ng hm
ct xuyn qua ton b phn nn mng ca khi di tch, gip thot
nc v bo tr c di tch. Theo Php Hin, Thp stupa ny
nh du ni Angulimala c ha tn. Angulimala trc
kia tng l mt tn tng cp, git ngi man r, sau
c c Pht ging v tr thnh mt T kheo. Sau ny b dn
chng tr th bng cch nh p, nm v ngi chu ng
cho n cht chng minh cho s hi hn v lng hng thin
ca mnh. (Hnh 36).
8) Ni Devadatta (-B-t-a) B Ln Chm Xung t
Theo Lun ging kinh Php C, sau khi Devadatta (-B-t-a)
to ra s chia r trong Tng on, ng lp ra b phi ring ca mnh.
Sau khi nghip n lc tr, ng ng bnh 9 thng. Bit c mnh
sp lm chung, ng nh nhng t ca mnh a ng n gp
Pht ln cui. Khi nghe c iu ny, c Pht d on rng ng
Devadatta s khng cn kp gp c Pht. Devadatta c khing
trn kiu, v khi i ngang h sen trc Tu Vin K Vin, nhng t
ca ng t kiu xung t v xung h sen tm. Devadatta ng
dy khi kiu v ngi xung t ngh chn, ng hai chn xung
t ngi ngh, th hai chn bt u b ln xung t. T t, n
ng chn, ri u gi, ri hng, n ngc v c. Trc khi hon ton
b ln di bn, ng c ni ln nguyn l Quy y theo Pht. Sau
, ng b ti sinh vo a Ngc A-t chu nhng c nghip
do ng gy ra.
Ni ng Devadatta b cht chm c tin l khu m ly vn cn n
ngy nay, nm pha sau Cha Min in (Burmese Vihara).
9) Thp Thn Thng Stupa

Theo lun ging, c Pht ln ci tri ao Li (Tavatimsa)
thuyt ging Vi Diu Php (Abhidhamma) cho m ca Ngi trong
sut ma Ma Kit H ln th 7. Trc khi ln ci tri, Ngi
biu din Hai Thn Thng khut phc nhng phn t ngoi o
thch thc. Thn Thng th nht l vic bin ha mt cy Xoi
mc ln. Sau khi mi ngi lm vn tn l Ganda dng ln cho Pht
mt tri xoi, sau khi dng, c Pht a ht xoi cho Ganda v bo
ng y o t v trng ci ht xoi ngay ti ch. Khi ng Ganda
trng ht xoi va xong, Pht dng nc ra tay ngay trn ch trng.
Tc th mt cy xoi mc ln, mt nhnh thng ng gia v bn
nhnh bn pha, ri tr hoa tri y cnh, tri chn v cng thm
ngon. c Pht bo cho mi ngi bit chiu hm sau ngi s th
hin thn thng ni cy ny, c gi cy xoi Ganda. Ni ny c
tin l v tr ci i nh nm gn Khch Sn Nikko Lotus Hotel khi
chng ta tin vo Sravasti. Nm 2000, mt cuc khai qut lm l
ra mt thp stupa bng gch, c tin l do Vua Asoka dng nn.
Khu vc ny c ro li bo v di tch Thn Thng trn i.
Thp ny c ngi dn a phng gi l Orajhar. (Hnh 32).
Thn Thng th hai l chiu ngy hm sau, Pht to mt ng kinh
hnh bng ngc, cu vng nm mu trn khng trung, t ng sang
Ty. Pht bc ln cu vng, i ti i lui thuyt php, thn mnh va
phun ra la v nc, lm ta ra nh sng su mu chiu n ci tri.
ng thi, mt ha thn Pht cng xut hin trn cu vng, hoc i,
hoc ng, nm, ngi, khi hi, khi p, cng vi Pht va th hin
thn thng va thuyt ging Chnh Php cho cng chng nghe. Nghe
xong mt s ng ngi c qu Tu--hon (Nhp lu). Dn chng
Sravasti c chng kin mt cnh tng thn diu khng th ngh
bn. Hin nay c thp Gandhabba Rukkamula, gn Tu Vin K Vin
(Jetavana), k nim ni ny.
158 Hnh hng v x Pht
10) Tu Vin (Cha) Min in v Tu Vin Tch Lan

Khch hnh hng n Sravasti nn gh thm c hai ngi tu
vin t lng thnh knh i vi nhng tu s v tm hiu thm
v nhng cng trnh tng nim v lch s ti y. Tu vin Tch
Lan c tn l Nava Jetavana Vihara (c ngha l Tu Vin K
Vin Mi), bn trong chng ta s thy c nhiu bc tranh v
trn tng, miu t li nhng s kin quan trng trong cuc i
ca c Pht. Tu vin ny cng ang lu gi mt s x li Pht
trong mt ci bt hnh thp stupa cho nhng khch ving
c xem.
Tu Vin (Cha) Min in c tn y l Cha Pht Gio Min in
(Burmese Buddhist Temple) v v tr tr l Ha Thng Sayadaw U
Awbatha. Theo nh v Ha thng (Sayadaw) ny, mc d ngi
cha mi xy nm bn ngoi Tu Vin K Vin nguyn thy nm pha
trong hng ro bo tn, nhng cuc t ca ngi Cha mi chnh l
mt phn t ca K Vin Jetavana ngy xa.
Cha Min in ny mi y c tu sa lm ch min ph
cho nhng khch hnh hng n chim bi Sravasti.
2. Sankasia, Ni c Pht H Th
(3), (16), (25), (26)
t Ci Tri ao Li
2.1 Cch i n Ni
Sankasia nm trong ngi lng Sankisia-Basantapur huyn Farrukhabad, bang Uttar Pradesh, v tr gip gii ca 3 huyn l l
Farrukhabad, Etah v Mainpuri. T th Delhi, cch thc t nht
n thm Sankasia l i bng tu tc hnh Shatabdhi express
t Delhi n Etawah, tu n khong 10:30 sng v chuyn
qua xe khch. Sau khi dng ba tra, lp tc ln ng i qua
Kishni-Bewar-Muhammadabad n Sankasia khong 3 gi
chiu. Sau khi thm ving Sankasia, chng ta phi ln ng i qua
Chhibramau-Kannauj n Kanpur.
Khong cch t Sankasia n Kanpur l khong 220 km v tng thi
gian xe chy 5 ting ng h. Cui cng, n khch sn Kanpur
khong 10:00 m.
2.2 Ngha Tn Gio
Theo Lun ging kinh Php C, Phn XIV, 2, sau khi c Pht
qua ht ma An C Kit H ln th 7 ci tri ao Li
(Tavatimsa) thuyt ging Vi Diu Php cho m Ngi v ch
thin, Ngi bo vua tri -Thch (Sakka) v nh quay v
tri t ca mnh. Truyn thuyt ni rng, Vua tri -Thch
to ra ba cu thang bu bng vng, bng bc v bng ngc bo,
t nh ni Tu-di (Sumeru) n cng thnh Samkassa. Bn phi
l thang vng dnh cho cc v thn, ch thin devas, bn tri l
thang bc dnh cho Phm Thin Brahma v ty tng ca Ngi,
160 Hnh hng v x Pht
v chnh gia l thang Ngc dnh cho c Pht. Khi c Pht

va i xung bng cu thang ngc, nhng v ch thin v Phm
Thin tn knh i hai bn Ngi h th v t chn n tn cng
thnh Sankasia. V s kin thn diu ny, c chng kin
bi m ng dn chng, nn Sankasia tr thnh mt thnh
tch Pht gio v nhiu bo thp stupas v tu vin c xy
ln y.
2.3 Bi Cnh Lch S (5), (6), (27)
Vua Asoka ving thm Sankasia vo nm 249 trc Cng
Nguyn, l mt phn trong chuyn hnh hng n tt c nhng
thnh a Pht gio n . Theo ngi Php Hin, vua Asoka
xy dng mt n th ngay ti ch c Pht t chn xung t.
Pha sau n th, nh vua dng mt ct cao 18.3 m vi u s
t c gn trn v t nhng tng Pht trn 4 mt ct . Ngi
Php Hin cng chng kin nhng bo thp stupas khc v nhng
tu vin vi khong 1.000 Tng v Ni ang t tp. Khi ngi Huyn
Trang n y vo nm 636 sau Cng Nguyn, ngi chng kin
mt khu Tnh X (lm ch ca Tng on) c xy bng mt
kin trc rt p, trong c khong 100 Tng s v nhng c
s Pht gio. Ngi cng thy Tr Asoka cao khong 21 m vi
nhng hnh iu khc xung quanh bn mt tr v ngi cng c
ghi chp li mt s bo thp khc. Ngoi nhng ghi chp lch s ca
nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa ra, lch s ca Sankasia ch l
trang giy trng sut 1.200 nm cho n khi ngi Sir Cunningham
xc nh c Sankasia nm trong ngi lng Sankisa-Basantapur
hin i thuc huyn Farrukhabad, bang Uttar Pradesh. Ngi lng
hin ti nm trn mt bnh nguyn cao khong 12.2 m, trong chu vi
457 m x 305 m hay khong 14 hecta.
2.4 Mi Trng Thi Ban S Ca Sankasia

Ngy nay, Sankasia l mt trong nhng ni thnh a xa xi v
chm pht trin nht ton n , nh l mt ting khc di t thi
c Pht, lc by gi c gi l thnh ph Sankasia. Khi mt
s ngi Nht Bn thm ving n hi Th Tng Nehru
ni no l vng Pht gio ngho nht n , ng tr li rt nhanh:
Sankasia!. Tnh trng ni ny c ci thin i cht khi b
Ms Mayawati, mt Pht t tr thnh Thng c ban Uttar Pradesh
vo thng 5, 2007 sau khi trc kia m nhn v tr ny trong
mt thi gian ngn 2002-2003. Ngy nay, ng x tr nn tt
hn v c 1 khch sn c xy ln cho nhng du khch n
Sankasia ngh li.
Tc gi ving thm Sankasia 10 nm trc. Cm thy rt n

tng vi mi trng cn ban s ca vng ny, tc gi quyt
nh hng dn nhng on hnh hng t Malaysia n chim
bi, mc d ban u rt nhiu ngi phn i vic n ni hoang
s, hoang vng ny. Ban u, chuyn i phi mt c 1 ngy v n
c Sankasia vo bui chiu. Sau phi ln ng i Kanpur
hoc Lucknow mi n c khch sn sau na m. Ngy nay,
c Cha Min in (Burmese Temple) c xy vo nm 2004
v ha thng Sayadaw U Nanda mi chng ti ngh li qua
m thay v phi vt v ln ng vo bui chiu ti. Tht l hu
duyn chng ta c ni t tc qua m v c bit n ha thng
Sayadaw U Nanda v c li ch hc hi t kin thc su rng
ca ngi v lch s Sankasia. Ngy nay, nhiu ngi hnh hng
n ving thm vng Sankasia giu c v di sn thing ling Pht
gio ny.
162 Hnh hng v x Pht
2.5 Nhng im cn Thm Ving (5),(16), (27)

1) Tr Asoka (b gy) Vi u Con Voi
Biu tng Con Voi c gn trn u cc tr tng nim l mt
di tch quan trng vo th k 3 trc Cng Nguyn. N c bo
tn trong mt khu c hng ro kn. Gn , bn di mt bng cy,
c mt n th nh trong c mt tng Pht ng, hai bn l cc
Phm Thin v vua tri Thch miu t s quay v tri t ca
c Pht t ci tri. (Hnh 37, 38).
2) Di Tch Ni c Pht t Chn xung Tri t
Cch Tr Asoka khong 20m v pha Nam, l mt khu m t ca
mt cng trnh c xy bng ton gch cng. tng l mt cng
trnh Pht gio. Theo Huyn Trang, sau khi nhng ci thang c
Pht dng bc xung mt t bin mt, nhng hong t lng
ging xy dng ln mt nn mng da vo v tr ca nn mng
ch ba ci thang . Trn , c ngi cha c xy (Hnh 39, 40)
v gn st bn l mt ct cao 21m, c dng ln bi Vua Asoka.
Sau khi Pht gio suy vong n , ngi cha ny cng khng
trnh c s phn chung ca tt c nhng cng trnh Pht gio khc,
v tr thnh tn tch. Trn nh ca nn mng ny, hin nay l mt
n th nh c xy ln th v n thn Hindu Visharidevi. Ngi
ta tin rng, c Pht t chn xung ti ni y Sanksia khi
Ngi tr v t ci tri ao Li. (Hnh 37).
3) Tu Vin (cha) Min in v Tch Lan
Tu s Pht gio u tin n c ng Sankasia l c i c Vijaya
Soma n t Tch Lan, ngi n lp mt ngi trng hc y.
Tht l xc ng khi n thy c hai ngi t vin Pht gio

vng Sankasia xa xi ho lnh ny. Tu vin Min in c khai
trng vo nm 2000 v tu vin Tch Lan th c xy dng xong vi
nm sau . Nhng ngi hnh hng n Sankasia nn n ving
thm hai ngi tu vin ny cng dng, t lng thnh knh v bi
phc nhng v T kheo y, s c mt ca cc ngi lm tng phn
thing ling ni thnh tch xa xi ny.
2.6 Dn S Pht Gio Sankasia
Theo HT. Sayadaw U Nanda Cha Min in ni trn, c Pht
h th, t ci Tri, t chn xung cng thnh sau H An C ln
th 7 ca Ngi (cch y khong 2600 nm). Mt nhm nhng
nh qu tc thuc dng h Thch Ca n y chng kin
cnh thn diu ny v sau h li Sankasia lun. Sau khi tay
Vua hung bo Vidhadabu tn cng kinh thnh Kapilavatthu (Cat-la-v) v tn st nhng ngi dng h Thch Ca, nhiu ngi
chy trn qua n v cng tr thnh nhng di dn nhp c n
Sankasia. (Ch Gii 11).
Ngy nay, c khong 250 ngn ngi hu du ang sinh sng quanh
nhng huyn l ca Sankasia. Mi nm vo dp L Pavarana (L T
T) vo ngy Trng Trn ca thng Mi, ng c nhng Pht t
ti a phng tp trung v Sankasia tham gia l hi.
Vo u th k th 5 sau CN, khi ngi Php Hin n Sankasia,
ngi nghe c chuyn xch mch gia nhng B-la-mn va
nhng Sa-mn (Sramanas), tc l nhng T kheo v nhng quyn
s dng t ai Sankasia. Theo ngi ghi chp li, th nhng T
kheo thua kin. Sau c hai bn u nhit huyt vi li th
rng, nu nhng t ai ny tht s thuc v vic s dng ca
164 Hnh hng v x Pht
nhng Sa-mn Pht gio, s c iu siu nhin xy ra minh

chng cho s tht . Li th va ni ra, tng S T trn u Tr
Asoka pht ra mt ting gm ca s t. Chng kin iu thn
diu ny, bn cc B-la-mn tr nn s hi, cui u chp nhn v
rt lui khi cuc tranh chp.
Tuy nhin, c v nh lch s sau khc v hnh nh nhng
B-la-mn li tip tc tranh chp v h thnh cng trong vic
ui nhng T kheo ra khi khu cuc t . Bi v vo thi ngi
Huyn Trang thm ving, ngi ghi li nh sau: Ch c 4 ngi
tu vin vi khong 1.000 tu s ca trng phi Sammitiya (Chnh
Lng B). C 10 n th thn Deva, ni nhng mn ca nhiu
gio phi khc nhau ang ang sng. Tt c h u tn th v tr
ch theo Mahesvara- (Hn Vit c Mahesvara l: Ma h Th La
Thin Vng).
V vy, c v nh t thi k u trc khi ngi Huyn Trang thm
ving, nhng Pht t Sankasia, phn nhiu l nhng ngi di tr
n t dng h Thch Ca, c ng nhng ngi lng xung quanh.
Nhiu trong s h u tham d L T T nh l mt l tt hng nm
ca h tc mnh. Tuy nhin h cng khng bit rnh r v s lin
quan v mt lch s ca h i vi Pht gio n (Pht Thch Ca).
HT. Sayadaw U Nanda, mt ngi cng thng tho ting Hindu,
bt u nhng lp hc vo nhng ngy Ch Nht dy cho th h
tr v ngun gc t tin v tn gio gc ca h.
Ch Gii 11:
Cuc Di Tn Ca Nhng Ngi Dng H Thch Ca (Sakya) Qua n .
Khi vua Vidudabha tn st Kapilavatthu (Ca-t-la-v), nhiu ngi dng
h Thch Ca trn khi vng quc Kosala, chy v pha nam qua n

n Sankasia (bang Uttar Pradesh ngy nay). Nh ni trn, trc
lu, c mt nhm ngi dng h Thch Ca n y, chng kin
cnh thn diu c Pht h th t ci Tri, sau h li Sankasia lun.
Nhng ngi t nn sau ny chy gic t cuc tn st Kapilavatthu n
y lm cho dn s ca nhng ngi Thch Ca tng ln ng k.
Tuy nhin, nhng ngi dng h Thch Ca khng phi l nhng ngi
di tr n ni duy nht ny t kinh thnh Kapilavatthu. Theo ghi chp
trong quyn i S (Mahavamsa viii, 18), nhng nh tin tri tin
bo cho Sakka Pandu, mt ngi b con ca c Pht v l con trai ca
Vua Amitodana (Hc Phn Vng) v tng lai sp ca kinh thnh
Kapilavatthu. ng ny lin ko theo mt nhm ngi ca mnh thot i
theo con ng bn pha kia b sng Hng v n lp x s mi v lm
vua . ng sinh 7 con trai v 1 con gi. C gi tn l Baddhakaccana,
sau ly chng l hong t Panduvasdeva ca triu vua Pandya x
Mathura. Hong t sau ny li tha k ngi ca ngi ch ca mnh l Vua
Vijaya tr thnh Vua Tch Lan.
Mt ngi ni ting ca dng h Thch Ca l Devi, chnh l ngi v th
nht ca v Vua Asoka v l m ca hong t Mahinda (Ma-Sn-)
v cng cha Sanghamitta (Tng-gi-mt-a).
(Sau ny, hong t Mahinda tr thnh i c T kheo Mahinda lnh
s mng truyn o qua Tch Lan v cng cha Sanghamitta cng theo
anh mnh qua Tch Lan truyn o v tr thnh T kheo Ni Trng
u tin Tch Lan. Nn nh thm, v cng cha T kheo Ni ny cng
chnh l hc tr ca ngi Moggaliputta Tissa (Mc-Kin-Lin T--Tu),
ngi triu tp Hi ng Kinh in ln th Ba di s bo tr ca
Vua Asoka v cng chnh l ngi gi Vua Asoka cho 2 ngi con ca
mnh l hong t Mahinda v cng cha Sanghamitta xut gia vo Tng
on- ND).
Vua Asoka ly hong hu Devi khi ngi cn l ph vng x Ujjayini
(Ujjain). B l mt ngi mn m o Pht v l ngi hu du ca dng
h Thch Ca di tr qua Vedisa sau khi trn chy khi s tn st kinh
thnh Kapilavatthu bi tay vua Vidudabha.
166 Hnh hng v x Pht

Trong phn ni v nhng di tch Sanchi, chng ta s hiu thm v cu
chuyn b Devi. B li Vedisa thay v theo vua Asoka v kinh Hoa
Th Thnh. Cng vi s m o v xy dng nhiu cng trnh tng nim
ti Vedisa bi Vua Asoka v v ca mnh, Vedisa cng tr thnh mt khu
thnh a vi rt nhiu lch s Pht gio, c bit l gn lin vi di tch v
x li ca nhng A-la-hn i T ca c Pht.
3. Rajgir, Ni c Pht Hng Phc

Voi Say Nalagiri
3.1 Cch i n Ni
Rajgir (thnh Vng-X) nm trong qun Nalanda ca bang Bihar,
cch 70 km v hng ng-Bc ca Bodhgaya (B- o Trng)
v cch 102 km v pha nam ca Patna.
3.2 Ngha Tn Gio
Rajgir l tn mi ca Rajagaha (thnh Vng X), l kinh c
xa ca vng quc hng mnh Magadha (Ma-kit-) nhiu th
k. Vo thi c Pht, nh vua tr v l Vua Bimbisara, ngi sau
ny b ngi con l Ajatasattu (-xa-th) ph trut v mu hi. Sau
khi gp v B-tt (tc c Pht), nh vua ly lm cm kch vi thn
th hong gia ca B-tt, nn ng xin nhng mt na vng
quc cho B-tt. V B-tt va mi t b vng quc Thch Ca v
ang trn ng i tm s bt t t chi lng tt ca nh vua v
hn khi no thnh o s quay li thm nh vua.
Ngay sau khi gi Tng on 60 v va mi chng t A-la-hn t
Sarnath i nhiu phng khc nhau truyn b gio php, c
Pht mt mnh i n Uruvela, ni , Ngi ha c anh em
nh ngi Ca Dip (Kassapa) tr thnh nhng v A-la-hn. Cng
vi mt on gm mt ngn v A-la-hn, c Pht tin v thnh
Vng X Rajgir v c vua Bimbisara tip n long trng. Sau
ny, vua cng tr thnh mt Pht t ti gia v cng dng cho
c Pht v Tng an Vn Tre Veluvana hay cn gi l Trc
Lm lm tnh x.
168 Hnh hng v x Pht
L kinh ca mt vng quc hng mnh nh vy, Rajgir l trung

tm ca nhng hot ng th tc v tn gio. Theo Kinh Sa Mn Qu
(Samannaphala-sutta), nhiu o s ca cc gio phi khc (lc s
ngoi o) hot ng Rajgir nh: Purana Kassapa, Makkhali
Gosala, Ajita Kesakambali, Pakudha Kaccayana, Nigantha Nattaputta
v Sanjaya Belatthaputta. Trong s nhng mn ca Sanjaya c 2
B-la-mn giu c. l Upatissa v Kolita, thng c gi vi
tn l: Sariputta (X-Li-Pht) v Moggallana (Mc-Kin-Lin).
C 2 ngi u gia nhp Tng on v tr thnh T kheo sau khi
c chuyn ha bi T kheo A-la-hn Assaji, v tr thnh 2 v
i T Th Nht v Th Hai ca c Pht. Theo sau s chuyn
ho ca nhng v , nhiu du s tu kh hnh (paribbajakas) cng
tr thnh nhng t ca c Pht. Trong s nhng Pht t c
s, ni bt l lng y hong cung Jivaka l con nui ca Hong T
Abhaya; v triu ph Upali, mt ngi theo phi K-na gio ca
Nigantha Nattaputta (Ni-kin-t), ngi c phi t K-na gio
l Mahavora phi n tranh lun vi c Pht nhng c
c Pht chuyn ha v tr thnh mt Pht t c s.
V vy, Rajgir tr thnh mt trung tm Pht gio v danh
ting ca c Pht c bit nhiu khp x Magadha
(Ma-kit-).
Rajgir cng l ni m Devadatta c gng by nhiu m mu git
hi Pht ln lnh o tng on. u tin l ng thu nhng
cung th m st c Pht, nhng khi n thy Pht, h c
chuyn ha bi c Pht. Sau , khi c Pht ang leo ln nh ni
Linh Thu (Gijjhakuta), Devadatta ln t trn nh ni xung,
nhng hn khng trng Pht m st qua lm b thng mt bn
chn. Ln cui cng, ng u c cho Voi tn Nalagiri ung ru
say tr thnh voi in v th voi ra ng git c Pht. Nhng
c Pht dng tm t bi ca Ngi v hng phc con Voi. Cng
bi v iu k diu ny, Rajgir tr thnh mt ni hnh hng quan
trng ca Pht gio. Trong khi Devadatta ang c st hi c Pht

th vua con Ajatasattu (-xa-th) li lt vua cha Bimbisara v
giam cm cha mnh v b i cho n khi cht. D sau ny ng nhn
thy c ti li bt hiu ty tri, nhng vua cha cht ngay trc
. Vua Ajatasattu, sau khi c khuyn bo bi Jivaka, n xin
pht ging v tr thnh mt Pht t c s. Sau i Bt-Nitbn ca c Pht, ng dt qun n Kusinara xin c chia
phn X-Li Pht. ng cng l ngi bo tr cho Hi ng Kt Tp
Kinh in Pht gio Ln th Nht (Sangiti) c t chc ti i
Hang ng Sattapanni Rajgir.
3.3 Bi Cnh Lch S (5), (27), (36)
Rajgir khng cn gi c v tr chnh tr sau khi con ca vua Ajatasattu
(-xa-th) l Udayibhadda, git cha mnh v chuyn kinh v
Pataliputta (Hoa Th Thnh). Nhng s kin vua Asoka vn hnh
hng v Rajgir v xy bo thp Stupa v tng nim c khc
tng voi trn u tr cho thy c ni ny vn l mt trung tm
Pht gio quan trng trong nhiu th k v thnh a quan trng ca lch
s Pht gio. Khi ngi Php Hin n y vo th k th 5, ngi chng
kin thnh c tiu iu, nhng bn ngoi pha nhng khu i gn tu
vin Trc Lm Veluvana, ngi gp mt nhm t kheo sng trong
tu vin ny. Khi ngi Huyn Trang n ving thm ni ny vo nm
637-638 sau Cng Nguyn, ni ny ch cn li nhng nn mng, vch
v nhng tn tch ca thnh vch, nh ca m thi. Ngi cng thy bo
Thp Asoka cao 18.3m v bn cnh l Tr Asoka, cao khong
15.2m vi u hnh s t trn; thy c khu nh Pippala c
cho l hang ng, thch tht ca ngi i Ca Dip (Mahakassapa)
v nhng hang ng Sattapanni. Ngi cng ving thm nh Linh
Thu (Gijjhakuta) v thy mt ngi cha bng gch (vihara) gc
pha Ty ca khu i v nhng thp stupas gn .
170 Hnh hng v x Pht
Mc d khng cn ghi chp no khc v Rajgir sau chuyn hnh

hng ca Huyn Trang, nhng nhng c vt c pht hin
trong nhng cuc khai qut nm 1905-1906 cho thy, cng ging
nh nhng thnh a khc, Rajgir vn tip tc l trung tm pht
gio vi nhng n thp cho n tn th k 12 sau Cng Nguyn.
Theo ghi chp ca ngi Php Hin, vua Ajatasattu (-xa-th)
xy dng thm nhiu thnh ly bao bc nm khu i: Vebhara,
Pandava, Vepulla, Gijjhakuta v Isigili; tc l bao bc ht kinh
thnh c Vng X Rajagaha. Ngi lng Rajgir ngy nay bao
gm mt phn ca thnh Vng X mi c bao bc li ,
Thnh c p bng t v ng chu vi to thnh hnh ng gic
di khong 5km. pha Nam Raigir ngy nay, chng ta vn cn
thy c mt thnh pho i dng bo v kinh thnh thi c
xa . Tng thnh c dy 4.6-5.5m v nhiu ni c chiu
cao n 3.4m.
3.4 Nhng im cn thm Ving (5), (27), (36)
1) Trc Lm (Veluvana) v Ao Nc Karanda
Khi vua Bimbisara nghe tin c Pht cng mt on T kheo 1000
v A-la-hn n ving thm vua, nh vua n khu ba rng
nh l c Pht. Nh vua c c Pht ging o v chng
c thnh qu Nhp Lu, tng thnh th nht. Sau , nh vua
mi Pht v tng on n cung in th trai trong nhng ngy
sau v cng dng khu vn Tre Veluvana (Trc Lm)
lm ni tnh x (arama) cho c Pht v Tng on.
Khi tc gi quyn sch ny ln u tin n ving thm khu vn
vo nm 1991, ni ny um tm nhng bi cy mc kn v pha nam
gn ni sui nc nng c mt s m m ca ngi Hi Gio c
nhn thy trn m t cao bn tri cng vo. Ngha trang ny
c tin chnh l v tr ca tu vin Trc Lm ngy trc (Veluvana

Vihara) c xy bi vua Bimbisara. Ton b khu vc c dn
trng v Trc Lm by gi nhn ging nh mt cng vin, c
trng nhiu cy bng mt v tre v nhng bng hoa, nh din t
li v p ca mt khu vn hong gia ca vua Bimbisara. Gn khu
vc Trc Lm c mt h cha nc ln c tng hnh c Pht
gia h. H ny c tin l ao nc Karanda c ghi li trong
kinh in Pht Gio (Karanda kanivapa), ni c Pht thng
hay n tm. (Hnh 41).
2) Thch Tht Pippala
Khng xa Tu Vin Trc Lm, gn chn i Vebhara, l nhng
sui nc nng ca Rajgir, ni mi ngi thng ra tm nc
nng. Pha trn nhng sui nc nng ny, pha bn phi ca con
ng ln ni, l mt cu trc bng c ngi dn y gi
l machan (thp canh, chi canh gc). Cu trc ny c hnh
khi lp th di 26m, rng 25m v cao 7m, c xy trn mt tng
nguyn khi nm trn. Theo ngi Sir John Marshall, ngi
tin hnh khai qut kho c nm 1905-1906, cu trc ny nguyn
thy l mt chi canh gc, v sau ny n khng cn c dng
vo mc ch qun s na, nhng ngi tu hnh dng lm ni
tr ng v ta thin. Cu trc ny c tin l nh hay Thch
Tht Pippala, ni c ng ca ngi i Ca Dip (Maha Kassapa),
cng l ngi ch tr Hi ng Kt Tp Ln Th Nht. Theo Tiu
B Kinh V, 78, c Pht n thm ngi i Ca Dip khi ngi
b bnh v thuyt ging v By Yu T Gic Ng (Tht Gic
Chi), m sau khi nghe xong ngi i Ca Dip thy bnh khng
cn na. (Hnh 42).
172 Hnh hng v x Pht
3) Nhng (i) Hang ng Sattapanni

Nhng (i) Hang ng Sattapanni, di tch ni Hi ng Kt
Tp Kinh in Pht Gio din ra 3 thng sau khi i BtNit-Bn ca c Pht vo nm 543 trc CN. Khu hang ng
nm trn i Vebhara, pha trc mt n th ln ca K-na gio.
C mt con ng hp chy xung i khong 30m th thy mt
mi hin nhn to di ngay trc mt hng 6 hang ng lin tip,
nguyn thy c l l 7 hang. Nhng hang ng u c dn nim
phong cho du khch khng c vo v l do an ton. Mi hin
trc nhng hang ng di 36.6m v rng nht l 10.4m, v mt
phn ca bc tng bng nguyn tng vn cn c thy. Ni
ny hon ton ng vi miu t v hang ng Sattapanni lch s
c ghi chp trong kinh in Pht gio nguyn thy, ni c 500
v A-la-hn hi ngh tng c, trng tuyn v kt tp nhng li
pht dy. Tri qua hn 2.500 nm, thi gian lm phai nht
nhiu ni xa, khu snh ng bn di mi hin di c l ln
hn nhiu vo lc kt tp cha c nhiu v A-la-hn tham gia
ngh s. (Hnh 43)
4) Ni Giam Cm Vua Bimbisara
Cch khong 2.5 km v pha nam ca Tu vin Trc Lm, bn cnh
ng i l bn khu t rng 6m c bao bc kn bi bc tng
dy 2m. Ni ny l nh t ni vua con -xa-th phn nghch v
giam cm vua cha Bimbisara ca mnh sau khi cng ot ngi vua.
Theo ghi chp, th t ni giam cm ny nh vua c th nhn thy c
Pht ngi bn nh Linh Thu (Gijjhakuta), lm cho nh vua cng
thm c yn i v trong lng hoan h mc d ang b giam cm v
b i mt cch oi m.
5) Vn Xoi Jivaka (Jivaka ambavana)

Theo ngun kinh tng Pali, Vn Xoi ca ng lng y Jivaka nm
gia Cng ng ca kinh thnh v ni Linh Thu (Gijjhakuta), v khu
di tch ny nm khng xa lm t chn ni Linh Thu. Theo Lut tng,
Jivaka Komarabhacca l con nui ca Hong T Abhaya, ngi
tm thy ng lc l a b b b ri trn ng t v hong t mang v
nui. Sau khi ng ln ln, ng n Taxila theo hc ngnh y 7 nm.
kim tra kin thc lng y m ng hc c, ngi thy yu cu
ng i khp Taxila tm ht nhng cy khng phi l v thuc em v cho
thy coi. Jivaka chng t mnh rt thng tho v tt c cc cy thuc,
ng quay v ni vi ngi thy, sau mt thi gian lu tm kim, l ng
khng thy cy no khng phi l cy thuc ht, trong khu vc bn knh
1 yojana (13 km) xung quanh Taxila.
Sau khi tr v thnh Vng X, ng tr bnh cho rt nhiu ngi
bng thuc v gii phu, mt k thut khng c nghe n thi by
gi. ng tr thnh mt thy thuc v nh phu thut hng u
Rajgir v tr nn rt giu c nh ngh y. Vo mt lc no ng
tr thnh mt Pht t ti gia v ng tng c nhng lc n gp c
Pht thng xuyn 3 ln mt ngy. Khi chn c Pht b thng v
tng m Devadatta dng mu st t trn nh ni, th cng chnh
Jivaka n cha tr cho Pht. ng thy rng tu vin ni Pht cng
khng xa nh ng lm, nn ng trng mt vn xoi rt ln v cng
dng cho Pht lm tu vin. Di tch tu vin ny c khai qut
gn y, lm l ra mt nn mng b chn vi ca tu vin c xy
theo hnh bu dc, ng theo thit k ca tu vin.
6) nh Linh Thu - Gijjhakuta
nh (ngn ni) Gijjhakuta l mt ni c c Pht a thch
n v l bi cnh trong rt nhiu bi kinh quan trng m c
174 Hnh hng v x Pht
Pht thuyt ging trong thi gian ngi lu li thnh Vng-X

(Rajgir). ln c nh, chng ta phi leo ln theo mt ng
bc tng cp bng , rng 6.1m-7.3m, c gi l con ng
Bimbisara, v c Vua Bimbisara xy dng ngi leo ln nh
gp c Pht. (Hnh 44). Con ng bng kt thc khi gn
n nh ni, chng ta c th thy c 2 hang ng t nhin,
c tin l ni ca ngi Sariputta (X-Li-Pht) v Ananda.
Trn nh ni, chng ta s thy c 1 khi gran-nit nhn trng
xa ging nh l mt con linh thu ang ng vi 2 cnh tay xp li,
cho nn nh ni ny c gi tn nh vy. Gn y, ngi ta
cho xy 1 cu thang i b bng xi-mng dnh cho du khch leo ln
nh ni. Trn c xy 1 mi hin bng phng c bao bc
bi mt bc tng thp bo v, vi mt n th gn bn vch
ni. (Hnh 45). V Tr ny to mt tm nhn bao qut xung ton
b thung lng bn di.
y l ni rt hp cho khch hnh hng n y thc hin cc
thi cng phu cng ng hoc i vng quanh v tng kinh tn knh
c Pht v ta thin.
Gn , c mt hang ng nh hn, c tin l hang ng ca ngi
Moggallana (Mc-Kin-Lin).
7) Maddakucchi (Xoa Bng)
Theo ting Pali, t maddakucchi c ngha l xoa bng, v do s
tch l ti ni ny, hong hu ca Vua Bimbisara, sau khi bit c
b ang mang thai mt a con nghch t, s git cha, b c
gng ph b bo thai, bng cch xoa mnh, ch xt bng mnh.
a danh Maddakucchi, c ghi li trong kinh in Pht Gio, nm
ngay chn ni Linh Thu. Ni ny cng chnh l ni c Pht c
khing trn bng ca vi sau khi ngi b thng chn bi tng

ri m Devadatta mu st trn nh ni.
Trc kia, ni dy cng c mt Vn Nai v mt tu vin.
8) Tu Vin Min in
Tu Vin Min in ta lc trn nh i ca thnh Rajgir Mi, l
mt tu vin hin i mi c xy vo nm 1958 bi mt T kheo
trng lo Theravada l Sayadaw U Zayanta. Gn y, ngi ta
xy thm mt in th mi th x li Pht.
3.5 Nhng Tn Tch Ca i Tu Vin Nalanda
(Nalanda Mahavihara)
Tn tch i Tu Vin Nalanda Mahavihara c khai qut
vo nm 1871 bi Ngi Sir Alexander Cunningham, ngi xc
nh c di tch ny nm ngay ngi lng Baragon sau ny, da
vo ghi chp ca ngi Huyn Trang. Nm cch Rajgir ch 12km,
khu di tch ny tri di trn mt din tch rt rng, gm c nhng
di tch tu vin, bo thp stupas v n th. Dc theo chiu di t
Nam n Bc l khu tu vin nm bn pha ng v khu n thp
nm bn pha Ty. Nhng Tu vin c xy dng theo kiu gn
ging nhau, v cho n hm nay, t nht cng c 11 khu tu vin
v 5 khu n thp th c tm thy. Mt trong nhng thp
th uy nghi nht Nalanda l Thp th X-Li-Pht, Sariputta
stupa, c xy dng tng nim v Nht i T ca
c Pht. Ngi c sinh ra v qua i ngi lng bn cnh,
lng Nalaka.
176 Hnh hng v x Pht
4. Vesali, Ni By Kh Cng Dng

Mt Ong Cho c Pht
4.1 Cch i n Ni
Vesali hay Vaishali (T-X-Ly) nm xung quanh ngi lng Basrah
huyn Muzaffapur, bang Bihar, cch khong 55 km v pha Bc ca
Patna qua Sng Hng.
4.2 Ngha Tn Gio(3), (4), (25)
Vesali hay Vaishali, l kinh ca b tc ngi Licchavi hay
ngi Vajjis (Bt-k), l th ca mt nn lin bang Bt-k
gm 8 b tc, trong b tc Bt-k (Licchavi) v Videhan l
quan trng nht. y l mt nn cng ha u tin trn th gii,
c xy dng theo 7 iu lut qui nh cung cch ng x ca
h (satta Aparihaniya dhamma) hay l 7 iu kin dn n
nhng phc li ca mi ngi, do c Pht ging dy khi Ngi
lu tr ti n th Saranda Vaishali. V vy, sau khi lin bang
li, h tr thnh rt hng mnh. Nn vua Ajatasattu (-xa-th)
m mu ci mt B-la-mn l Vassakara vo trong to bt
ng trong cc hong t Bt-k trong vng 3 nm, lm ri lon
s thng nht ca h v h tr nn suy yu. Lc , h khng cn
on kt bo v lin bang, v tha c Ajatasattu xm
lc v thu tm h.
c Pht n Vaishali mt s ln, v Ngi li y qua 2
ma An C th 5 v th 44. Nhiu nh qu tc ngi Licchavi
tr thnh nhng t ca Pht. Khi thnh Vaishali b nn dch
bnh, cht i v ma qu, nhng nh qu tc Licchavi thnh
cu c Pht n gip h vt qua cn hon nn. c Pht n
ging bi Kinh Ratana Sutta (Kinh Ngc Bo) v ch d cho ngi

Ananda i khp kinh thnh tng c h nim, bo v cho mi
ngi. Sau , c Pht tng c kinh ny 7 ngy v tt c dch
bnh c gim i.
Nhng s kin lch s lm cho thnh Vaishali tr thnh mt thnh
a quan trng trong cuc hnh hng Pht gio l s kin by
kh cng dng mt ong cho c Pht, mt trong 4 iu thn
diu din ra trong cuc i ca c Pht.
Cng ti thnh Vaishali, c Pht cho php ph n c gia
nhp vo Tng on sau khi ngi Ananda thnh cng trong vic
thuyt phc c Pht chp thun vic th gii cho b Maha Pajapati
Gotami (l b d mu ca c Pht lc mi sinh ra) v nhng phu
nhn khc ca dng h Thch Ca. Sau , c Pht xc lp ra Tm
Gii Cm (Bt Knh Php) bn cnh Gii Lut T kheo dnh cho ch
Tng, m cc T kheo Ni (bhikkhunis) phi tn trng, tn nghim,
tun th v tr gii v khng bao gi c vi phm. Nh vy, Tng
on T kheo Ni hay Ni on c thnh lp thnh Vaishali.
Mt ln, Khi c Pht ang ti Vn Xoi Ca N th ch
Ambapali, mt k n thnh Vaishali, ngi thnh mi c Pht
n nh tht i trai Tng. Sau , nhng ngi qu tc Licchavi
mun n tin cho c, b li c phi nhng bui cng dng trai
Tng li cho h, h c din kin c Pht. Nhng c kho
lo t chi, bi v c quan trng bui cng dng trai Tng hn l
tin bc, v thm ch sau khi trai tng, c cng dng khu vn
xoi cho Pht v Tng on.
c Pht tri qua H An C cui cng ca cuc i Ngi ti
thnh Vaishali ny, c Pht ni ra nh s n sng
n th Capala.
178 Hnh hng v x Pht
Sau khi i Bt-Nit-bn (Mahaparinibbana) ca c Pht, nhng

ngi Licchavi cng n chia phn x li Pht Kusinara v
mang v xy i bo thp stupa th trong thnh Vaishali.
4.3 Bi Cnh Lch S (5), (27), (37), (38)
Sau i Bt-Nit-bn ca c Pht, lin bang Bt-k b nh
bi v thu tm bi vua Ajatasattu (-xa-th), v sau ng b
vua con ca mnh l Udayibhadda git cht v di kinh t
thnh Vng-X Rajgir v Pataliputta (Hoa Th Thnh), nm
bn kia b Sng Hng ca thnh Vaishali (T-X-Ly). Theo i S
Tch Lan (Mahavamsa), triu i Udayibhadda li c tip ngi
bi 3 th h nhng ng vua con nghch t git vua cha, l nhng
vua: Anuruddha, Munda v Nagadasa, tt c mi ngi u git
vua cha ot ngi, theo mt cch gia truyn. Vo thi , dn
chng khng th tip tc chu ng mt triu i ca nhng tay
vua git cha ot ngi nh vy. Nagadasa b lt bi tng
Sisunaga, con ca mt hong t ngi Licchavi, Vaishali. Sau
, Sisunnaga c ni ngi bi con trai l Kalasoka, v lc l
ng 100 nm k t khi i Bt-Nit-bn ca c Pht.
Vo thi , Vaishali (T-X-Ly), nhiu T kheo thiu t trng ca
tc ngi Vajjis (Bt-k) t do thc hnh 10 iu Min Chp
ca h, (cn gi l 10 im Ca Tu S Bt-K), vn khng ng
vi nhng gii lut T kheo m c Pht lp ra. Ngi Yasa ca
x Kosambi, trong khi tr ng ti thnh Vaishali, thy c s
tha ha ny v ln ting phn i, kt qu l ngi b nhng
tu s Bt-k p dng hnh pht trc xut ngi. Ngi Yasa, cng vi
nhng T kheo khc n nh ngi Revata ca x Soreyya, ngi
ng u trong Tng on gii quyt s vic ny. Sau nhiu khc
quanh tranh chp v bt ng vi nhng tu s Bt-k v nhn c hi
ny, (xem thm Gio Trnh Pht Hc, Chng 17 - Tam Tng
Kinh in), Hi ng Kt Tp Ln Th Hai c triu tp
ti Tu Vin Valukarama thnh Vaishali vo thi ca triu i Vua
Kalasoka v hn 700 A-la-hn tham d. Ngi Sabbakami, mt
trng lo A-la-hn cao nin nht, c hi bi ngi Revata, xc
nh 10 im l tri lut so vi Lut Tng. Mc d quyt nh
c chp nhn v iu kin bi Hi ng, nhng tu s Bt-k
vn khng chp nhn phn quyt ny. iu dn n s chia
r trong Tng on v nhng tu s Bt-k lp ra trng phi
Mahasanghika (i Chng B) v h t chc mt hi ngh ln
ca ring h v gi l i Hi ng Tng Gi (Mahasangiti), ni
l s ng, v t trng phi i Chng B ra i.
T tr i, nhiu cuc phn ly gio phi khc dn n nhiu
gio phi, trng phi Pht gio khc nhau. V theo thi gian, 11
gio phi tch ly ra t trng phi Theravada, trong khi 7 gio
phi khc c phi sinh t trng phi Mahasanghika (i
Chng B), kt cuc l c n 18 trng phi trong lch s Pht
gio thi by gi. l mt lch s di tn nhiu giy mc m ngun
gc phn ly u tin c cho l xut pht t x Vaishali ca nhng
ngi Bt-k ny.
Vua Asoka, t kinh Vng Quc Maurya Pataliputta (Hoa
Th Thnh), gn Vaishali, dng ln y mt bo thp Stupa
th x li Pht v bn cnh l mt Tr Asoka vi u tr hnh S
t, khi ngi ving thm Vaishali, l mt phn ca cuc hnh hng
lu danh hu th t nm 249 trc CN ca nh vua. Ngi Php Hin
n ving thm Vaishali vo khong 400 nm sau CN v c ghi
li thp stupas c dng ln th Pht. Ngi cng thy c
mt bo thp c dng ln ti a im ca Hi ng Kt Tp Ln
Th Hai, v mt bo thp stupas c xy dng th x li hn
mt na nhc thn ca ngi Ananda.
180 Hnh hng v x Pht
Theo truyn thuyt ghi li, khi ngi Ananda c 120 tui, ngi
bit c kip ca mnh gn kt thc, nn ngi i t thnh
Rajgir (Vng-x) n thnh Vaishali (T-x-ly), theo du xa ca
c Pht. Sau khi nghe c nh ca ngi Ananda, dn chng
ca nc Magadha (Ma-kit-) v Vaishali (T-x-ly) tp np
ra hai x cho t bit ngi. cho cng bng tm lng ca dn
chng, ngi phi thn vo khng trung v nhp nh (Samadhi) v
ton nhc thn c t chy bng mt la bng n nhanh chng,
bin thnh tro, ri xung hai bn x. Ngi dn bn mi thnh
nhn mt na x li ca ngi em v xy bo thp t th.
Ngi Huyn Trang n thm nm 630 sau CN miu t thnh Vaishali
rng khong 26-31 km2, nhng tt c u b tn ph. Ngi cng
chng kin c bo thp c xy bi nhng hong t Licchavi th
x li Pht m h mang v t Kusinara, bo Thp Asoka stupa v Tr
Asoka c u hnh S t v gn c mt ci Ao Nc, theo ghi
chp l do by kh (Markata-hrada) o cho c Pht dng. Khng
xa v pha Nam c thm 2 thp stupas; mt thp l im di tch ni by
kh ly bnh bt ca c Pht, leo ln cy ly mt ong, v thp kia
l im di tch ni by kh dng cng mt ong cho c Pht.
Huyn Trang ghi li rng, bn trong, bn ngoi, xung quanh thnh
Vaishali, c rt nhiu bo thp, n th tng nim khng th nh
ht c.
Cng ging nh nhng thnh a khc, sau cuc chim bi ca ngi
Huyn Trang, lch s ca Vaishali ch l t giy trng, ri vo qun
lng sut 12 th k. Thnh c Veshali nm trn ng tn tch, khng
ai bit n v nghe n cho n tn cui th k 19, khi Ngi Sir
Cunningham i kho c v xc nh c di tch nm trong v
xung quanh a danh Basrah (vo thi Cunningham), thuc huyn
Muzaffapur, bang Bihar.
Ngy nay, a s nhng di tch chnh u nm trong ngi lng

Kolhua, cc Patna khong 55km.
4.4 Nhng im Cn Thm Ving (5), (24), (27)
1) Raj Vishal ka Garh
Basrah, cch 35 km v hng Ty Nam ca Muzzaffarpur, c
xc nh l v tr di tch thnh c Vaishali. Khu di tch Raj Vishal
ka Garh c tin l khu cm thnh hay thnh ni Vaishali, ni m
7,707 vng tn qu tc i biu ca lin bang Bt-k (Vajjis) dng
hi hp v tho lun nhng tnh hnh hng ngy. Khu tn tch bao
gm mt khu ln xy bng gch cao 2.5 m so vi nhng khu vc
xung quanh n, chu vi 1,500 m v 42.7 m ng ho bao bc xung
quanh n. Bn cnh l mt ao nc, c tin l ni cho nhng
hong t Licchavi n tm. V tr ny nm cch 3.2 km v hng Ty
Nam ca Tr Asoka Kolhua.
2) Di Tch Bo Thp Ca Ngi Licchavi
Khong mt Km v hng Ty Bc ca khu cm thnh, c mt ni c
mt mi vm che ln. Bn trong l di tch ca mt bo thp stupas,
m nguyn thy n l mt cu trc bng t, vi nhng lp bng t
st hnh trn, ng knh khong 25 feet (khong 7.6m). Thp stupas
bng t nguyn thy rt c k, c tin l c lm t thi trc thi
Asoka. T nhng suy lun khoa hc t nhng ng nt nguyn thy,
thp ny c tin l thp do ngi Licchavi Vaishali xy dng ln
th x li Pht. C v ni ny cng c Vua Asoka cho o ln
ly x li Pht m vi phn x li cn st li trong thp c nguyn
thy ny, theo nh kin ca ngi Huyn Trang. (Hnh 47)
182 Hnh hng v x Pht
3) Tr Asoka
Ti Kolhua, cch khu cm thnh Vaishali 3.2 km v hng ng
Bc l cng trnh Tr Asoka tht n tng do Asoka xy dng
ln cch y 2,250 nm. Do hon ton l mt khi sa thch
nguyn khi c mi bng vi tng hnh s t gn trn u.
Chiu cao 6.7 m trn mt t, vi mt phn ln ca tr ln
xung mt t sau thi gian di. Mc d khng c khc ghi iu g
trn tr , nhng y l mt trong nhng tr m Vua Asoka
dng ln tng nim nhng thnh tch trong sut chuyn hnh
hng ca ng t th Pataliputta n Lumbini t nm 250-249
trc CN. Xung quanh , cn ri rc mt s thp nh bng gch.
(Hnh 46).
4) Thp Asoka Stupa
Gn bn Tr Asoka l tn tch ca Thp Asoka Stupa c chng
kin bi ngi Huyn Trang. l mt kin trc m t hnh vm
cao 4.6 m v ng knh 20 m. Trong qu trnh khai qut ca ngi
Cunningham, mt hp ln bng ng x li Pht t th bn di
thp c tm thy.
Ni y l mt ni rt thun tin thc hnh nhng cng phu
cng ng (puja), cng vi ta thin hay hnh thin xung quanh
bo thp.
5) Ao Kh (Markata-hrada)
Gn tr l mt ci ao nc nh, c gi l Rama-kunda, c
ngi Cunningham xc nh chnh l ci ao nc thi c xa m by
kh o ln cho c Pht dng. (Hnh 46).
4.5 Thnh Patna (Hoa Th Thnh) Ni Din Ra Hi ng

Kt Tp Ln Th Ba (5), (38), (39)
1) Vn Kumhrar hay Tnh X Asoka- Asokarama
Khu vn ny nm Patna c tin l ni din ra Hi ng Kt
Tp Ln Th Ba din ra Pataliputta (Hoa Th Thnh) vo nm
tr v th 17 ca Vua Asoka, khong 236 nm sau i Bt-Nitbn ca c Pht. Lc c 1.000 A-la-hn tham d v c
ch tr bi ngi A-la-hn Moggaliputta Tissa (Mc-Kin-Lin
Tu). Ti k kt tp ny, b Kathavatthu (Nhng im D
Bit, thuc tng Vi Diu Php sau ny) c bin tp sau khi
nhng gio l d gio, ngoi o c xem xt v loi b. Ln
Kt Tp Th Ba ny l mt im mc quan trng, nh du s
m rng ca Pht gio ra khi khu vc Magadha v n nhng
vng quc lng ging.
Cng vi Vua Asoka, ngi ang tr v c ch tri di ht bn
o n , l ngi bo tr cho Pht gio, thi im m rng
Pht gio chn mi. Sau hi ng kt tp, Tng on phi
nhiu A-la-hn y ti c i truyn b Pht Php ton ci n
v nhng nc khc nh Tch Lan v pha Nam, Kashmir,
Gandhara v pha Bc, Bengal v Min in (Burma) v pha
ng v Yonaka v nhng nc khc v pha Ty. Nh vy, Gio
Php ca c Pht c truyn b i bn phng sau k Kt
Tp Ln Th Ba .
Ti Kumhrar, chng ta c th thy mt ci h ln, ni c 32 tr
c bng sa thch c mi bng, mt mu ca s ny c trng
by ti khu trng by gn . Gn khu vn l mt ngi t vin c
xy vo thi Asoka.
184 Hnh hng v x Pht
(a) S Truyn B ca Pht Gio ra ngoi n

Nh c c v Vua Pht t Asoka ang nm quyn thng tr gn ht
nhng x s n by gi lm ngi bo tr chnh, thi gian
chn mui tin hnh vic m rng Pht gio.
Vi tinh thn , Ngi Moggaliputta Tissa, mt v trng lo li
lc ng u trong trng phi Theravada, quyt nh bit phi
nhng A-la-hn ng knh i truyn b Gio Php ca c Pht khp
n v m rng ra nc ngoi. Mi nhm c dn u bi mt
Trng Lo gm c 5 T kheo, mc tiu l pht trin thm s ngi
c th gii vo Tng on nhng vng xa xi. Tn ca nhng
bc Trng Lo v 9 ni h c c n c ghi chp li trong
quyn i S Tch Lan (Mahavamsa) (13).
Nhng bng chng kho c hc xc minh c tnh cht lch
s ca nhng phi on mang s mng truyn gio ny. Trong Bo
Thp Stupa s 2 Sanchi, gn Bhopal, ngi ta tm thy c 2
hp ng nhng thnh tch t th k th 1 v th 2 trc CN, c khc
tn ca nhiu T kheo v Trng lo truyn gio. Nh vo nhng
n lc ny, nhng Li Dy ca c Pht c truyn rng ra theo 4
hng khc nhau sau K Kt Tp Ln Th Ba ny.
TN NGI TRUYN GIO
NI TRUYN GIO
1. TL Majjhantika
2. TL Mahadeva
3. TL Rakkhita
4. TL Yonaka Dhammarakkhita
5. TL Maha Dhammarakkhita
Kasmira & Gandhara (1a)

Mahimsamandala (2a)
Vanavasi (3a)
Aparantaka (4a)
Maharattha (5a)
6. TL Maha Rakkhita
7. TL Majjhima
8. TL Sonaka vaF TL Uttara
9.TL Mahinda, Itthiya, Uttiya,
Sambala v Bhaddasala
Yonaka (6a)
Himavantapadesa (7a)
Suvannabhumi (8a)
Tambapannidipa (9a)
(1a) Gandhara bao gm c qun l Peshawar & Rawalpindi ca Pakistan.

Kasmira chnh l Kashmir ngy nay.
(2a) Mahimsamandala thng c bit n l vng Mysore ngy nay.
(3a) Vanavasi bao gm c nhng vng duyn hi nh Kerala v Malabar.
(4a) Aparantaka hay cn gi l vng vin Ty bao gm c vng rng
ln Mumbai ngy nay (Bombay), vng Gujarat, Kachchh v Sind pha
Bc n .
(5a) Mararattha chnh Maharashtra ngy nay.
(6a) Yonaka (ting Phn l Yavana) cng vi Kambojas l khu vc ca
nhng H Tc ngoi bang vng bin gii phi Ty Bc, nhng cng
thuc lnh th ca Vng Quc Asoka.
(7a) Himavantapadesa chnh l x Himalaya (Hy M Lp Sn)
(8a) Suvannabhumi hay vng t vng, gm 2 huyn l Bago (Pegu)
v Mawlamyine (Moulmein) thuc tiu bang ca ngi Mn Min in,
Myanmar (Burma).
(9a) Tambapannidipa chnh l o quc Tch Lan (Sri Lanka).
(b) Li Tin Tri T Hi ng Kt Tp Kinh in Ln Th Hai

Theo ghi chp trong quyn i S Mahavamsa, Ngi Moggaliputta Tissa, ch ta Hi ng Kt Tp Kinh in Ln th Ba,
vn l mt v thn Phm Thin tn l Tissa trong kip trc.
186 Hnh hng v x Pht
Vo lc Hi ng Kt Tp kinh in ln th Hai, nhng v A-lahn thy trc c nguy c suy thoi ca chnh php trong
tng lai, nn n thnh cu ngi gip , nhn vng i ca
ngi ci Tri Phm Thin cng sp ht. Ngi ng
c sinh vo ci ngi c c hi ngn chn s xung dc
Pht Php trong vng lc by gii. V ngi chn sinh ra l
con trai ca mt B-la-mn tn l Moggali Pataliputta (Hoa
Th Thnh). Hai v trng lo l Siggava v Candavajji, u l
t ca ngi Sonaka (Ngi Sonaka chnh l t ca trng
lo Dasaka, ngi c th gio bi v trng lo A-la-hn
Ngi Upali) c giao ph chuyn ha ngi Moggaliputta
Tissa. T lc c sinh ra cho n nm 7 tui, ngi Siggava
hng ngy u n nh ca h Moggali (Mc Kin Lin). n
nm th 8, mt ngy n, chng trai tr Tissa, ngi thng
tho ton b kinh V (Vedas), rt kh chu khi thy ngi
Siggava bt u ni chuyn vi chng v hi chng mt cu
hi t phm Song i v Tm (Citta Yamaka) trong tng Vi
Diu Php Abhidhamma. Tissa khng th tr li cu hi v
hc c Gio L ca c Pht, Tissa th gii vo Tng
on di s dn dt ca ngi Siggava, v rt nhanh sau
chng qu Nhp Lu (Sotapanna). Ngi Siggava dy Tissa Lut
Tng Vinaya v ngi Candavajji dy v Kinh Tng (Sutta) v
Diu Php Tng (Abhidhamma). V sau , ngi Moggaliputta
Tissa chng t c qu v A-la-hn vi nhiu nng lc siu
phm v tr thnh mt v lnh o li lc ca nhng T kheo
Pataliputta (Hoa Th Thnh).
Ngi tr thnh ni ting l mt i trng lo v mt bc A-la-hn
li lc, v cng c t chc Hi ng Kt Tp Kinh in ln th
Ba v t chc phi c nhng v A-la-hn i truyn o khp
ni trn bn o n , Tch Lan v Min in. V nh , Pht
Php cn c lu gi nguyn vn Tch Lan sau khi Pht gio
b suy vong n bi nhng cuc tn st ca nhng ngi Hi

Gio. Nhng s kin v lch s trong cuc i ca ngi c v ng
nh nhng li tin tri ca nhng A-la-hn trong Hi ng Kt Tp
Kinh in Ln th Hai.
2) Vin Bo Tng Patna (ng ca vo ngy Th Hai)
Ti Vin Bo Tng Patna, th ph bang Bihar, ni Pht Gio khai
ngun, c lu gi mt b Su Tp ln nht nhng c vt Pht
gio trn th gii. Nhng tng iu khc bng v ng ang
c trng by, c th chia theo nhiu thi k nh sau:
a) iu Khc thi Maurya (Th k IV-III trc CN)
c trng by y l nhng tng iu khc bng sa
thch c mi bng v lm thnh nhng hnh tng tuyt p
hnh s t, b, voi gng trn u nhng Tr Asoka. Bn
cnh nhng ngh m thut ny, cn c dng ngh thut c xa
da vo tc th phng nhng v thn h mnh cng c trng
by, nh tng qu D Xoa Patna- Patna yaksa (yakkha) hay
yaksi (yakkha).
b) Nhng Tng Pht Ngh Thut Gandhara v Mathura
Trc CN, c Pht cha bao gi c th hin vi dng hnh
thn ngi, m ch bng nhng biu tng (nh bnh xe Php..).
Nhu cu v hnh tng Pht bt u xut hin khi tro lu Tn
Ngng, Th phng (Bhakti) tng mnh trong gii Pht t ti
gia do nh hng ca gio l i Tha. Nhng hnh, tng Pht
bt u xut hin vo th k 1 sau CN, khi c 2 trng phi ngh
188 Hnh hng v x Pht
thut khc nhau xut hin p ng nhu cu ny l ngh thut

Gandhara (Afghanistan) min Ty Bc n v ngh thut
Mathura (Muttra) min ng n .
Trong ngh thut Gandhara, hnh tng Pht c th hin theo
kiu ngh thut Hy Lp c i (Grecian style), gn ging nh
nhng tng thn Apollo v v p hnh th, v ngay c y phc
c-sa cng c iu khc thnh tng lp nh trong ngh thut
Hy Lp-La M c i (Greco-Roman). Nhng ng vin khng
c bo trn li v nhiu cng phu, kh cc tc tng theo thn
ngi th hin s hon ho ca thn th bng nhng ng nt
sc so v thanh t.
Trong ngh thut Mathura, nhng tc phm tng th thun ty l
ngh thut bn x, th hin vc dng ca nhng V nhn, i trng
phu (Mahapurisa), to ln v trn tra, cn i. Mt in hnh ca
ngh thut ny c l l Tng B-tt ca T kheo Bala c t
Sarnath. Cch x l y c-sa ca c Pht l rt s lc v m cht
vo thn tng, khng th hin np gp ca y v c th c l ra
nh th l tng kha thn vy.
Bo Tng Patna, chng ta c th thy c nhng tc phm mu
qu him ca tng Pht v B-tt t ngh thut Gandhara cn sng
st trong cuc tn ph ca i qun Hi gio cung tn khi h xm
lc min Bc n .
c) Ngh Thut thi i Gupta (Nm 300-550 sau CN)
Thi i Gupta l thi i hong kim ca Ngh Thut n
v nhng tng Pht ln Mathura, Sarnath, Ajanta v Bihar l
nhng in hnh lng ly nht ca thi k ny. Nhng tng Pht
t thi Mathura c chnh sa, thm tht theo trng phi ngh
thut n-Hy Lp c (Indo-Grecian). Ti y, c mt b su tp
rt ln nhng tc phm tng Pht ca thi Gupta khch hnh
hng chim ngm.
d) Thi k Pala (th k IX-XII sau CN)
Trong thi k Pala, tng iu khc bng kim loi c ph
bin rng ri v nhng tng Pht bng ng c xut xng
ti Bihar.
i vi nhng tng bng , Nalanda bang Bihar th rt c ni
ting vi nhng tng Pht c lm to t en.
Trong Bo Tng Patna, c mt khu trng by nhng tng Pht bng
en; v nhng pho tng bng ng th hin nhng thn tng
th phng ca trng phi Mt Tha, l cch th cng mang tnh
suy i v khng lin quan g n gio l nguyn thy ca c Pht,
xut hin trong thi k Pala lch s .
190 Hnh hng v x Pht
5. S Lu Lc Ca Bnh Bt Ca c Pht (8), (16), (38), (42)

Vaishali c tn vinh tng nim v gi c Bnh Bt ca c
Pht, m Ngi ban cho nhng ngi Licchavi trc lc BtNit-bn ca Ngi. Theo truyn thuyt ghi li bi ngi Php Hin
vo th k th V sau CN, ti mt ni cch 12 yojanas (1 yojana=12.8
km, tc khong 153.6 km) v hng ng Nam ca Kusinara,
c Pht ban Bnh Bt cho ngi Licchavi. Trc , ti thnh
Vaishali, Pht tuyn b v ci cht sp xy ra i vi thn xc ca
Ngi hay Bt-Nit-bn. Ngi Licchavi Vaishali trn ngp nim
xc ng khi nghe tin ny, v h i theo c Pht v khng mun
ri xa Ngi. c Pht lc phi to mt o nh mt dng sng ln
v su him tr tch khi h v ban tng bnh bt ca Ngi h
em v tng nim, c Pht khuyn h l hy quay v nh. K
t y, h quay v v dng mt ct , v cu chuyn ny c khc
ln (Pht Quc K, Ch. XXIV). Mt bo thp stupa c xy
ln sau tng nim s kin y xc ng ny.
a danh Kesariya ngy nay cch 55 km v hng Ty Bc ca
Vesali, c tin l v tr xy ra s kin chia tay . Kesariya, T
chc Thm d Kho C n (the Archeological Survey of India)
mi y khai qut c mt bo thp c cho l thp tng nim
stupa cao nht th gii.
By gi li ni v vn Bnh Bt ca c Pht i v u sau khi
c Pht ban Bnh Bt cho ngi Licchavi Kesariya, 2 cu
chuyn c ghi chp nh sau: l ghi chp ca nhng nh hnh
hng Trung Hoa ving thm vo th k V-VII sau CN v ghi chp
khc t i S Tch Lan (Mahavamsa), mt bin nin s ca Tch
Lan (Ceylon) bng ting Pali. T nhng truyn thuyt c ghi chp
ny, nhiu tn Bnh Bt xut hin, nh l: Bnh Bt Peshawar,
Bnh Bt Kashgar, Bnh Bt Kandahar, Bnh Bt Ceylon (Tch
Lan) v Bnh Bt Trung Hoa, Bnh Bt Trung Hoa cui cng ny,
theo Macro Polo, c cho l do Hong nh Nguyn Mng l
Kublai Khan (Ht Tt Lit) mang v t Ceylon (Tch Lan).
5.1 Bnh Bt Peshawar v Bnh Bt Kashgar
Cu chuyn c ghi chp bi nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa
v Bnh Bt ca c Pht bt u t Peshawar, khi ngi Php Hin
(trong Pht Quc K, Ch. XII) ghi li rng ngi nhn thy Bnh
Bt khi ngi thm ving Gandhara khong vo nm 401 sau CN.
ng thut li rng trc , vua nc Yue-chi sau khi chim c
Gandhara mun ly li bnh bt mang i. ng ta t bnh bt ln
voi, nhng voi ng qu xung v khng chu ni sc nng ca bnh
bt. Sau , ng ta cho lm xe ko v ni xe vo 8 con voi ko,
nhng chic xe vn ng yn. Thi gian di di bnh bt cha n lc
duyn, nn ng vua thy hi hn v cho xy mt bo thp stupa
v mt ngi cha vihara th bnh bt. Ngi cha ny c 700 tu s,
h khing bnh bt ra ngoi mi ngy nhng th ch m o cng
dng. Php Hin miu t li l bnh bt c nhiu mu sc, nhng
mu ch o l mu en, bnh bt c th cha nhng 2 peck nc
(khong 5.7 lt). Bn lp thnh bnh bt c nhn thy r, mi lp
dy khong 1/5 inch (0.635 cm).
*(Theo ghi chp trong Lun Tng Mv. Kh. I, khi 2 thng nhn Tapussa
v Bhallika cng dng bnh go v mt ong cho c Pht bn di cy
Rajayattana vo ngy cui cng ca tun l th By sau khi c Pht thnh
o, c Pht suy ngh rng:Bc Thin Th khng nhn bng tay. Vy ta ly
g nhn bnh go v mt ong y?. Tc th, bn v vua tri, T i Thin
Vng (Catumaharajika) bit c ngh ca Pht nn lin mang xung bn
ci bt t bn phng khc nhau. Bn ci bt ny c lng vo nhau, to
nn mt bnh bt mi, trn vnh c bn lp ca bn bnh bt kia -ND).
192 Hnh hng v x Pht
Ngi Php Hin khng ni g v bnh bt sau khi thy bnh bt

Gandhara. Nhng mt nh lch s ngi Ty Tng Taranatha th
quan st v cho rng: Vua ca b tc Yueh-chih (Nhc Chi), tc
quc Kushana (Qu Sng), xm lc Magadha (Ma-kit-) v
mang bnh bt v c ng Asvaghosa i
Ngi Sir Cunningham l ngi cho rng chnh Vua Kusan l
Kanishka (tr v 78-102 sau CN) xm lc Magadha v ly bnh
bt mang v Peshawar khong th k I-II sau CN. Trong khi ,
Varanasi, nh trit hc Asvaghosa nhn thy kinh thnh b chinh
phc bi Hong Kushan l Kanish k chin thng i nhng
khon n b chin tranh qu ln v v phi lm hi lng k chin
thng li l mt vua theo Pht gio, nn ngi ng u Varanasi
trao bnh bt ca Pht nh l mt c ch dng hin, hng phc.
ng Asvaghosa c th theo hong Kanishka v kinh thnh
Peshawar lm c vn v tn gio cho nh vua.
Nhng truyn thuyt ghi chp trn cho thy v tr ca bnh bt ca
Pht l Kashgar, khong 400 nm sau CN. Trong tiu s ca ngi
Kumarajiva (Cu Ma La Thp) c ghi li chuyn i ca nh bc hc
Pht gio ny n Kashgar khon 400 nm sau CN v c bit ghi
rng ngi t bnh bt ca Pht (Patra) ln u v cm nhn c
khi lng ca bnh bt thay i nng, nh khc nhau rt thn diu.
Mt nh s Trung Hoa khc l Chih Meng hnh hng n n
qua Lop Nor v Khotan vo nm 404 sau CN, cng chng kin
s thn diu tng t khi ng nng bnh bt ca Pht ln ti Kashgar,
v ng cng thy ci ng nh ca c Pht c lm bng
nhiu mu (xem Tham Kho 42 & 43).
Tuy nhin, ngi Php Hin thm ving Kashgar vo khong nm
400 sau CN d L Cng Dng t chc nm nm mt ln
ghi r l ch thy ci ng nh nhng khng c bnh bt, m ng thy
bnh bt sau ny Peshawar. Nh vy, chng ta thy r l ghi chp

ca ngi Php Hin v vic chng kin ci ng nh ca Pht cng
mt ni l Kashgar l ging y ht ghi chp ca Chih-meng, nhng
mt vn c t ra l ti sao ngi Php Hin khng ghi chp
g v bnh bt Kashgar m ngi Chih-meng v Cu Ma La Thp
chng kin v ghi li trong vng vi nm sau h n Kashgar.
iu ny c hai kh nng:
(1) Ngi Php Hin cng thy r bnh bt Kashgar. Nhng sau
ny ngi cng li thy bnh bt thing ling Peshawar, m theo
khun mu, theo nhng truyn thuyt c xa v s lng ly ca bnh
bt trong t vin th , khin cho ngi ngh mi l bnh bt
tht ca c Pht, v th sau ny ng chn cch im lng v khng
ghi chp g v bnh bt ng thy trc Kashgar (v ngi cho rng
l gi, v c 2 bnh bt u cho rng l di tch ch thc ca
c Pht).
(2) Kh nng th hai l 2 bnh bt ch l mt bnh bt ch thc
ca c Pht, m ngi Php Hin thy Peshawar, nhng mt
vi nm sau c chuyn qua Kashgar, vo khong thi gian m
ngi Cu Ma La Thp v ngi Chih Meng n Kashgar. Kh nng
th hai ny c v kh thuyt phc, v him c t vin no li d dng
ngi khc mang bnh bt thing ling i nh vy.
Vo nm 520 sau CN, nhng nh hnh hng Trung Hoa l Sun
Yung v Hui Seng n thm Gandhara, nhng khng c ghi
chp g v bnh bt y, c ngha l bnh bt khng cn
trc khi h n thm. Vic di di bnh bt c th xy ra trc
khi c vng ny b ri vo tay ngi Yethas (tc ngi Hepthalite)
di triu i ca Vua Laelih (Kitolo) vo khong nm 425-450
sau CN. SunYung vt qua dy ni Pamirs Tashkurgan
194 Hnh hng v x Pht
vo Wakkhan, chng kin nhng ngi tc Hepthalite l mt

cng quc kh ai chinh phc ni v chnh th ca h tri qua
hai th h sau Laelih, mt k tn st o Pht, c phong vua
x Gandhara. Bnh Bt c th c mang i bi nhng ngi
dn Gandhara, nhng ngi ny di c n hai bn b sng
Arghanadab ca x Arachosia c i (Afghanistan ngy nay),
h lp nn mt thnh ph mang tn gi nh c hng Gandhara,
v vn cn tn ti n ngy nay, l Kandahar.
5.2 Bnh Bt Kandahar
Li ni v bnh bt ca Pht vo thi ngi Huyn Trang n ving thm
Gandhara khong 640 sau CN. Ngi thy mi tn tch ca bo thp
stupa th bnh bt ca Pht (patra) v ghi li rng: dc ngang qua
nhiu t nc, bnh bt by gi li n Persia. Ngi Sir Cunningham
(trong quyn Ancient Geography of India: a L n C iJ,
17, ghi ch 2) xc nh c bnh bt Persia ny chnh l bnh bt
Kandahar. Ngi gii thch rng, ghi chp ca Huyn Trang l ng
vi s tht thi a danh Kandahar thuc Persia (Ba-t).
Bnh Bt Kandahar l mt c vt di sn ni ting tn th. Bnh bt
c tm thy trong nhng lm cy tn b v cy du pha ng ca
thnh ph c Kandahar trong mt khu n th Hi gio Mahammadan
tm ti. Bnh bt, ging nh l mt chu hoa, nm di mt gc cy.
Bnh bt ny c tin l c nhng php mu. Theo ghi chp, th thn
cy ny b gm hng trm cy inh st v nhng gai nhn. Truyn
thuyt ghi rng, nhiu ngi n y vi ly ht bnh hay ht
b au rng. V sau khi ht bnh v ht au rng, nh tr n cho
bnh bt, ngi ta ng nhng inh st hay gm nhng que nhn vo
thn cy th hin lng bit n ca mnh. V iu cho thy, c
nhiu ngi bnh v au rng n y cu nguyn.
Vo nm 1878-1880, bnh bt Kandahar c chng kin v miu

t bi TS. Dr. Bellew v Thiu T Major Le Messurier (xem Dr.
Bellews Indus to the Tigris, 143; Major Le Messuriers Kandahar
in 1879, trang 223, 225). Theo ghi chp ca h, bnh bt c lm
t mt hp cht cng bng porphyry (Pocfia) mu en, khi chm vo
nghe ngn vang. Bnh bt hnh trn xoay, rng khong 4 feet (1,22m),
su khong 2 feet (0.61m), thnh dy khon 4 inche (10.16cm). Vin
ming bnh bt c 4 bn lp, mi lp dy khong 7 feet (17.78cm).
Bn trong, vng nh sng chy trn t di y bnh bt ln trn
vnh ming bn trong bnh bt, ni c khc ch Ba-t v bn ngoi
thnh bnh bt th c khc 4 dng ch Arp.
Dung tch cha ca bnh bt l 80 gallon (302 lt) v khi lng
khong 250kg. Kch thc m Thiu t Major LeMessurier miu
t l: ng knh vnh ngoi 4.2feet (1.28m), ng knh vnh
trong 3.725 feet (1.135m) S khc bit v kch thc gia bnh bt
Peshawar (2.5 gals= 9.46 lt) v bnh bt Kandahar (80 gals= 302
lt) c ngha l 2 bnh bt ny khng phi l mt.
C hai bnh bt u c kch thc qu ln so vi bnh bt c mang
dng hng ngy ng thc n ca tu s hay c th gi l bnh
bt ca c Pht lch s.
5.3 Bnh Bt Tch Lan (Ceylon)
Mt cu chuyn ghi chp v Bnh Bt ca Pht c ghi trong
i S Tch Lan (Mahavamsa), mt bin nin s c ghi chp
vo th k 6 sau CN, bi ngi Mahanama. Sau khi ngi Mahinda
(con ca vua Asoka) chuyn ha c nh vua Tch Lan l
Devanampiya Tissa theo o Pht, ngi tu ln nh vua c
nguyn c xy bo thp stupa th x li Pht. Theo i S
196 Hnh hng v x Pht
Tch Lan (Mahavamsa Ch. XVII), Sa Di (Samanera) Sumana

c phi i v kinh Pataliputta (Hoa Th Thnh) n ,
xin thnh x li nhc thn v bnh bt ca c Pht t vua
Asoka. Sau , bnh bt cng vi nhng x li nhc thn Pht
c mang v Tch Lan. Nhng x li c t vo th trong nhng
bo thp stupas kinh Anuradhapura, nhng ring Bnh Bt
ca Pht hay cn c gi l Bnh Bt Gii (Ptradhtu) th c
lu gi trong cung in.
Vo thi triu i Vattagami Abhaya (104-88 trc CN) mt
B-la-mn tr tn l Tissa bt u cuc ni lon. Theo l cuc
xm lc ca 7 th lnh qun Tamil, nh bi nh vua v cai
tr t nc 15 nm. Mt trong nhng th lnh Tamil ci cng
cha Tch Lan v quay v li x s tamil ca mnh. Mt th lnh
Tamil khc th ly Bnh Bt Anuradhapura v cng quay v n
trong lng y mn nguyn.
S phn ca Bnh Bt vn khng c ai bit n trong 500 nm cho
n khi thi triu i Vua Upatissa (365-406 sau CN), ng vua
em Bnh Bt ra trng by trc cng chng vi mc ch xua ui
hon nn ang honh hnh khp t nc. Theo i S Tch Lan
(Mahavamsa, 19.ch. 37. v. 189-198):
Nh vua lm mt tng ca c Pht qu c ton b bng
vng, t bnh bt bng ca c Bn S () nc vo trong
ch trng ca hai bn tay v t bc tng ln trn mt c xe ln.
ng nguyn gi tt bn thn v nhng ngha v o l v lm cho
mi ngi cng gi tt bn thn mnh, ng thc hin l cng
dng bnh bt v to s an sinh cho tt c chng sinh. Ngay lc
, on T kheo hp mt v tng Kinh Ngc Bo (Ratana-Sutta)
v ht nc ra, i hnh thin trn ph khng xa cung thnh, gn
tng thnh, i theo vng hng phi xung quanh bnh bt sut
ba canh m . n sng rng ng, mt m my ln ma

xung t v tt c nhng ngi b dch bnh u tr nn hi phc
v vui v.
T u th k XII ko di qua thi triu i vua Parakramabahu
IV cho n cui th k XIII sau CN, Bnh Bt lun c tng nim
cng vi X Li Rng Pht, bi v nhng x li l biu tng
ca quc gia, vic s hu nhng x li l iu bt buc phi c
i vi nhng v vua. Sau vua Parakramabahu IV, tr v khong nm
1.300 sau CN, khng cn ghi chp no v bnh bt na. Bng chng
r rng nht cho thy rng, vo cui th k th 13, bnh bt b di
di t Tch Lan qua Trung Quc theo yu sch ca hong nh
Nguyn Mng l Ht Tt Lit.
5.4 Ht Tt Lit (Kublai Khan) v Bnh Bt Trung Hoa
Theo nh hnh hng Macro Polo, vo nm 1284, Ht Tt Lit
(Kublai Khan) phi mt phi on n Tch Lan thng lng
vic mua li nhng X Li Rng v Bnh Bt. Bi v nhng ngi
Mng C c ni ting l man r, tn bo (Ty Tng tht th,
Min in b thu tm n Pagan vo u nm 1277), Vua Tch
Lan phi i mt vi th tin thoi lng nan, hoc phi ri khi
mang theo nhng bu vt quc gia ny hoc khng lm cho i Hn
ni gin. Tng truyn rng, lm hi lng hong Trung Hoa,
nh vua cho gi cng triu 2 x li rng gi, c Hong nhn
mt cch vui v v ng em th cng. Bnh Bt Tch Lan c
mang sang Trung Quc v Macro Polo (nm 1290) chng kin
bnh bt v m t li l mt khi porphyry xanh tuyt
p ( v pha l hp cht), trong khi , mt nh vit s Trung
Quc l Wang Ta-Yuan (nm 1349) ghi rng khi chm vo, bnh
bt ngn vang nh thy tinh.
198 Hnh hng v x Pht
Ton b s kin ny c thut li trong quyn Nhng Cuc Phiu

Lu ca Macro Polo (Travels of Marco Polo, Volume 2) do chnh
Macro Polo v Rustichello of Pisa vit, nh sau:
By gi xy ra mt iu l i Hn nghe trn ni cao c phn
m ca ngi cha u tin ca loi ngi l Adam, v mt s tc,
rng v di sn ca ng ta vn cn nguyn trn y. ng ngh n
vic s hu chng bng mi cch v c nhng i s ti gii i
thc hin mc ch , vo nm Thin Cha 1284. Nhng i
s, cng vi on ty tng hng hu, vt i bng ng b v
ng bin n x Tch Lan (Seilan=Ceylon) v n din kin
nh Vua Tch Lan. H thc p nh vua trong vic cng ot 2
rng nhai (tc rng cm-ND), v h cng ly c mt s tc, v
a n lm bng hp cht porphyry mu xanh tuyt p. (a
n l cch h gi ch Bnh Bt ND)
V khi i S ca i Hn t c mc ch, h hn hoan quay
v gp vng ch ca mnh. Khi h v n th Cambaluc ca
i Hn (Kaanbalik tc Bc Kinh ngy nay), gp i Hn v
trnh vi ng l mang v y nhng th m ng ta phi h i
mang v. Nghe tin, i Hn vui mng v truyn cho tt c gio
s v mi ngi tp hp li i n ni xem nhng x li m ng cho
l ca Adam. V ti sao ti phi vit di v cu chuyn ny? S tht
l mi ngi thnh Cambaluc n xem x li h mang n
cho i Hn xem, i Hn cm xem vi nhiu s hoan h v tn
knh. V h cng c c dng ch khc trn a: nu phn thc
n ca mt ngi c t vo a, th n s bin thnh cho
5 ngi n, V i Hn qu quyt rng ng chng nhn v
thy l di tch tht.
Cu chuyn ca Macro Polo cung cp ni cui cng ca bnh bt
c thy. iu ny c chng minh bng ghi chp ca ngi
Trung Quc trong quyn c tn Tao-i-chih-lueh (M t v o

Babarian IslandS) c vit vo nm 1349 bi Wang Ta-Yuan,
ngi vit rng c 3 cuc c i s triu Nguyn qua Tch Lan
thng lng mua x li Bnh Bt ca Pht. Tuy nhin, s di
di bnh bt xy ra 65 nm trc khi ng vit, nn s m t ca
ng ta v bnh bt c th l da vo bnh bt m ng thy Bc
Kinh, hn l Bnh Bt c thy Tch Lan:
Trc bn th Pht c t mt bnh bt ln lm bng mt cht m
khng phi ngc bch, khng phi ng cng khng phi st. N
c mu gc v lp lnh v khi chm vo, nghe ting ngn vang
nh thy tinh. Vo u thi nh Nguyn (Yuan), nhng i s
c phi i 3 ln khc nhau mi mang c n v. Bnh bt trc
tng Pht c cha thc n v nc cng dng. Cn nhng bnh
bt trc mi bc tng khc th khng phi l tht.
n thi by gi, ta lc ti S 171, ng Fuchengmennei Lu, qun
Xicheng, Bc Kinh, l ngi cha Miaoying. c xy dng u
tin vo nm 1096 vo thi nh Liu, sau hm nay c m rng v
trng tu li nm 1271 vo thi nh Nguyn ca Ht Tt Lit (12711368). tng cng mi quan h vi nhng lnh t Lt-Ma Ty
Tng, ng cho xy mt Bo Thp Trng kiu Ty Tng (White
Dagoba) trn t ngi cha nm 1279. ng thi, ng cho trng tu
li ngi cha v t tn li, c ngha l: Cha Thi Bnh V Trng
Th Ca Hong (Dashengshou Wanan Si). V mt ngha lch
s, thi im ca cng trnh ny l trng vi vic ly c nhng x
li Pht t Tch Lan. Cho nn, rt c th l Ht Tt Lit cho xy
ngi cha v Bo thp ny lm n th ca hong dng th
nhng x li thing ling .
Ngi cha b chy sch vo nm 1368, nm khi ngha ui sch
qun Mng Nguyn di s lnh o ca Chu Nguyn Chng (Zhu
200 Hnh hng v x Pht
Yuanzhang). Tht l lng v diu k, ch c ngi Bo Thp Trng

l vn cn ng nguyn khng b chy. Chu Nguyn Chng lp
nn triu nh Minh (1368-1644) v di kinh v Nam Kinh. Nm
1420, hong th ba triu Minh l Yongle (Chu ) di kinh
v li Bc Kinh vo nm 1457, Hong Tianshum (Thin Thun
) xy li ngi cha v t tn li nh ngy nay l Miaoying Si
(Cha Bo Thin T).
V ng t Tangshan (ng Sn i a Chn) vo nm 1976
gy ra nhiu thit hi cho nhiu ngi cha. Chp thp ca Bo Thp
Trng (cn gi l n Trng) trong ngi cha, b ng v mt bn,
gch va c ngn thp bung ra v c ngn thp b gy , thn
thp b nt nhiu ch. Bn hp ng nhng x li c giu kn
bn di mi vm b l ra, hin nay nhng x li ny th cn ang
c trng by ti Cha ny.
(Tham kho: Cha Miaoying trn trang web: www.china.org.cn/
english/features/Beijing).
ng tic l khng cn mt manh mi no bit c Bnh Bt

ca Pht v nhng x li lin quan m i hn Ht Tt Lit ly v
t Tch Lan hin ny ang u hay lu lc phng no. Nhng di
vt thing ling c th b tht lc hay b tiu hy trong v ha
hon vo nm 1368 trong cuc chin c lit gia qun Nguyn Mng
v qun ca Chu Nguyn Chng nh Minh.
Phn IV
Nhng Thp Tng Nim ng
Ghi Nh Trn ng Hnh Hng
Ni Dung:
1. S Ra i & Pht Trin Ca Nhng Thp Tng Nim Stupa: i

Tng Tn Knh
2. Pava, Ni c Pht Th Thc Ba n Cui Cng
3. Kesariya, Di Tch Thp Tng Nim Stupa Cao Nht Th Gii.
4. Lauriya Nandangarh, Di Tch Tr Asoka M L & Thp Tng
Nim Nandangarh Stupa
5. Thp Tng Nim Ananda Stupa Hajipur
6. Kosambi, Di Tch Ni Xy Ra Cuc Tranh Bin & Phn Ly Trong
Tng on
7. Ch D c Khc Ln Ca Vua Asoka (Thch Php D)
8. i Bo Thp Stupa Sanchi
202 Hnh hng v x Pht
1. S Ra i V Pht Trin Ca Nhng Thp Tng Nim

(4), (24)
Stupa: i Tng Tn Knh
1.1 i Tng Tn Knh Trong Pht Gio
Khi c Pht cn ti th Tu Vin K Vin (Jetavana vihara)
Savathi (X-v), nhng Pht t knh o thng mang nhng b
hoa hay vng hoa n dng ln c Pht t lng thnh knh. Khi
Pht i vng, h li mang hoa n t Hng Tht (gandhakuti)
ca Pht v hoan h ra v. Nghe c iu ny, ngi Cp C c
(Anathapindika) thnh cu ngi Ananda tm hiu t Pht xem cch
no nhng Pht t, c s n nh l Pht khi Pht i thuyt ging
ni khc. Theo c Pht, c 3 i tng l bi v cng dng
(cetiyani), c xem nh l Pht, khi Pht khng c mt. l:
(a) Nhng th thuc v nhc thn ca Pht (saririka)
(b) Nhng th thuc v vt dng ca Pht (paribhogika)
(c) Nhng th hay nhng iu gi nh hay lm tng nh n Pht
(uddesika)
c Pht ni rng, nu dng Thp hay vt g th nhng th thuc
v nhc thn ca Pht l khng ng, v lc c Pht cn ti th,
nhng sau khi Pht Bt-Nit-bn, th vic l ng. Nhng th gi
nh n Pht th hon ton thuc v Tm, ch khng phi l vt cht.
Cn Cy B c c Pht s dng th c lm i tng l
bi thay cho Pht khi c Pht cn sng hay i xa, u c. Sau
khi nghe li dy ny ca c Pht, ngi Ananda thu xp chn mt
cy con ca Cy B B o Trng em v trng trc cng
tu vin K Vin lm biu tng thay cho Pht khi Pht khng c mt.
Cy B Ananda (Ananda-Bodhi).
Nhng Thp Tng Nim ng... 203
1.2 S Sng Knh Trong Pht Gio (44)

Kinh in Pht gio c ghi li nhng trng hp Pht t v qu sng
knh c Pht nn h cn nhng th dng l bi, tn knh nh
l c Pht khi Ngi vng mt. S sng knh ny bhatti (ting
Phn: bhakti) thng cng c trong nhng tn gio khc. c Pht
thng ch trch nhng kiu tn sng mt cch m qung dnh cho
c Pht, bi v s sng bi thi qu v mt tnh cm s l chng
ngi cho s t pht trin tm linh, tr tu trong vic thc hnh Con
ng Bt Chnh o.
Theo Kinh tng, cu chuyn v T kheo Vakkali, ngi lun
lun sng knh c Pht mt cch su sc. Ngay c khi lc
ang nm bnh, ng cng mun c gp Pht. i vi ng ta,
c Pht dy rng: iu g tt p khi nhn thy tm thn
h gi ny? Ny Vakkali, ai thy c Gio Php (Dhamma) l
thy c ta, nhn thy ta l thy c Gio Php. (Khanda
Samyutta, kinh Vakkali Sutta).
Mt cu chuyn khc ngay trc khi Bt-Nit-bn (Parinibbana),
hai cy Sala Long Th n r tri ma, gieo khp v tung vi trn thn
ngi, cng vi bt chin n, v ca nhc trn h khng ni dy, tt
c tn vinh c Pht. Ngay lc , c Pht dy rng: Khng
phi nh vy, ny Ananda, l Nh Lai c knh trng, c tn
vinh, c knh mn, c nh l v c vinh danh cao nht.
Nhng, ny Ananda, bt k T kheo hay T kheo Ni hay thin nam
hay tn n thc hnh ng theo Gio Php, sng ngay thng ng
vi Gio Php, i theo ng con ng Gio Php, th bi v ngi
Nh Lai mi c knh trng, c tn vinh, c knh mn,
c nh l v c vinh danh cao nht. (Kinh i Bt Nit BnMahaparinibbana Sutta, V, 6).
204 Hnh hng v x Pht
Hai v d trn cho thy rng c Pht khng nhn mnh s th

phng, s sng knh thi qu v mt tn ngng v tnh cm, m
nhn mnh vic thc hnh Bt Chnh o theo ng Gio Php
(Dhamma). Tuy nhin, cng khng nn ngh rng c Pht ch bai
s sng knh c c t trong tm xut pht t nhng hiu bit tht s
v s mn phc su sc v nhng iu cao qu. Cn nhn mnh rng,
vic thy c Gio Php khng phi ch n thun s hiu bit
kiu tr thc, m l kin thc c c do tri nghim (bhavanamaya
na) thng qua vic thc hnh Bt Chnh o. y chnh l lng
tin xc tn rng khng c g ngoi Con ng Bt Chnh o c th
dn n s Gii Thot.
c Pht t chi lm mt i tng th phng, cng t.
(Lu : Nhng tranh, tng Pht khng tn ti khi Pht cn ti th
v ch xut hin hn 500 nm sau Bt-Nit-bn ca Pht). Nhng
c Pht cng cho rng vic tn knh v th cng cng mang li
nim hnh phc ln cho mi ngi, nh Ngi thuyt ging
trong Kinh Hnh Phc (Mangala Sutta). Bi v khi mt ngi t
thi tn knh, ngi y s khi sinh s khim nhng, s t tn
v v vy c th nhn bit c nhng phm cht cao p hn ca
i tng v hc hi t . iu ny cng ng v cn thit hc
tp tin b, d l tin b v mt tm linh hay nhng tin b trong
cuc sng th gian.
S sng knh, s mn m l biu hin t nhin ca lng tin (saddha)
v ng vai tr quan trng trong vic cn bng cc cn hay gic
quan (indriya samata) vi tr tu bt-nh (panna). Nu s pht trin
mt-bn v cc cn bn tr tu (thng thi, minh st, tr tu) thng
c xu hng lm cho mt ngi nghi ng, trong khi s pht trin
mt-bn v lng tin hay s sng knh thng lm ngi ta c tin, d
b nh la. V vy, vic pht trin cn bng c hai cn bn s to ra
s tin b v tinh thn v tm linh.
i vi nhng Pht t ti gia, nhng vic l cng hng ngy nh

dng hoa, cng nhang, n v l ly, th cng (puja) l mt phng
tin ni kt mnh vi Tam Bo trong cuc sng hng ngy. iu
quan trng hn nhng vic dng cng bn ngoi nh vy l vic thc
hnh Tm nim, nh qun tng nhng Phm Cht ca v Pht, s
dn n nhiu kt qu ln lao hn, nh l:
a) S c c thm lng tin su sc hn, gip tm thanh tnh, trong
sch nhiu hn v lc s chnh Nim v chnh nh s d dng
c thit lp.
b) Cn thit cho nhng lc au bnh, mt mt hay i u vi nhng
thng trm ca cuc i.
c) Lm thm nhun lng t tin cho mi con ngi, gip xua tan i
nhng ni s hi, lo lng, nghi ng v bt an trong cuc i.
Thin qun tng nim Pht, tng nh n c Pht c th mang
li nhng li ch v gi t nh, lm c s gii thot t trong
ni tm. V vn thin qun tng nim Pht, khng ai c th
ging gii tt hn chnh c Pht ging dy nh sau:
Khi mt t cao qu ang qun tng n Nh Lai nh vy, tm
ca ngi y khng cn b eo bm bi tham, sn, si, tm ngay
thng, vi Nh Lai l i tng ca Tm. Khi mt t cao qu
c tm ngay thng s tr nn nhit thnh vi mc tiu, nhit thnh
vi Gio Php, t c nim an vui (pamojja) gn lin vi Gio
Php. Khi ngi y c an vui, nim hoan h (piti) khi sinh, v khi
ngi y c nng ln bi nim hoan h, ton thn tr nn an lc
(passadhi), ngi an lc trong thn s cm th c nim hnh phc
(sukha), m khi mt ngi hnh phc, tm s tr nn nh (samadhi).
Ngi nh vy c gi l mt t cao qu gia mt nhn loi
ang sai ng, lc li, chng ng c l phi, l ngi gia
206 Hnh hng v x Pht
nhn loi au kh m khng cn au kh, l ngi bc vo dng

chy ca Gio Php v pht trin vic qun nim v Pht. (Tng
Chi B Kinh Anguttara, Quyn Su, 10)
1.3 S Khi Dng n, Thp Tng Nim Stupa
T Sau Khi Bt-Nit-Bn Ca c Pht
T Stupa (ting Pali thupa, ting Anh-n tope) c xut
pht t gc stup (cht ng, dn ng) c ngha l mt m t,
g t hay phn m. Ban u vic chn ct trong m tang, p
nhng m t chn tro v thn ca xc ha thiu. Tp qun p
m t, vun t ln lm m tng nim (ging nh vic chn
xc v xy m m Vit Nam), c t thi trc Pht.
c Pht nhn thy c ngha ca vic th knh ca hng
Pht t ti gia, nn ngi lm cho vic tn th x li Pht l
thing ling. Khi Ngi Ananda hi c Pht rng nhc thn ca
ngi s c gii quyt nh th no sau khi ngi Bt-Nitbn, Pht ch rng nhc thn s c ha thiu theo nghi thc
dnh cho bc qun vng v phn x li sau khi ha thiu s
c gi trong cc thp stupas c xy ct gi x li th
cng nhng giao l ( ch dc theo ng hnh hng hay ni
hnh hng ND).
i vi nhng T kheo, c Pht nhn thy rng nu tn thm
nhiu thi gian vo nhng nghi l tn th x li s lm cn
tr cho vic thc hnh Bt Chnh o. Cho nn, c Pht
khuyn cc T kheo khng nn cn tr mi ngi tn vinh
nhc thn ca Ngi, m hy cho nhng ngi Pht t ti
gia sng knh Nh Lai v thc hin vic tn vinh nhc thn
ca Ngi.
Trong Kinh i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana Sutta), c Pht

cng ging dy thm rng, c 4 loi ngi xng ng c xy thp
tng nim, l:
1. Mt v Pht Gic Ng Ti Thng,
2. Mt v Pht t thn gic ng: Pht Duyn Gic (Pacceka Buddha),
3. Mt thnh t, v
4. Mt bc qun vng.
V ti sao mi ngi nh th li xng ng xy thp tng nim
stupa? Bi v ngh: y l thp tng nim ca mt v Pht Gic
Ng Ti Thng, mt Duyn Gic Pht, mt thnh t v mt bc
qun vng, lng ca mi ngi u c an bnh v ngay khi
thn th tan hoi sau khi cht, h c ti sinh vo cnh gii an lc
(sugati). l l do ti sao v 4 loi ngi xng ng c xy
thp tng nim.
Nh vy , c Pht thing ling ha nhng thp tng nim
stupa, t nhng m t hay m phn bnh thng, tr thnh nhng
thnh tch thing ling tn th ca Pht t. Vic tn th thp tng
nim stupa tr nn ph bin hn khi Vua Asoka chuyn thnh Pht t
v xy 84.000 Thp tng nim stupas trn khp vng quc ca
ngi. Theo dng thi gian, t nhng m t bnh thng, nhng thp
tng nim stupas tr thnh nhng kin trc m l v uy nghi v
tr thnh nhng biu tng ca lng tin v nhng chng tch lch s
v gi ca Pht gio.
Khi x li nhc thn Pht c a vo th trong mt bo thp stupa,
th x li tr thnh biu tng nh s c mt ca c Pht, nhng
ngi chim bi s n cng dng v thc hin nhng nghi l tn
208 Hnh hng v x Pht
knh, nh dng cng nhang n, hoa, vng hoa, c vi v y vi p

xung quanh thp. Tc l ca ngi n c xa l nhng ngi
n chim bi thng i vng quanh thp x li hoc thnh tch theo
chiu kim ng h, t tri qua phi. Nghi thc ny c gi l i
Nhiu Quanh (padakkhina) (ting Phn: pradaksina). Trong Kinh
in, mt ngi n chim bi lun lun thc hin nghi thc i
nhiu quanh nh vy trc khi ri khi ni biu tng ch c Pht.
y c th gi l nghi l chnh thc khi thm ving nhng bo thp
v ngi ta lun lm li i nhiu quanh trong nhng thp stupa.
i vi mt ngi hnh hng thnh thc, vic i nhiu quanh thp
c th bin thnh mt cuc hnh thin pht trin chnh nim v
lng t. Nhng ai hnh hng vi tinh thn sng knh, l ly c th
xem y l dp tng Nim Pht, Php v Tng ni bo thp
nhm tng trng lng tin v thanh lc tm.
1.4 Bn Loi Thp Tng Nim Stupas

C bn loi thp tng nim ca Pht gio, ty theo bn tnh cht
sau y:
(a) Thp X Li (Saririka Stupa)
Nhng thp stupas ny c cha th x li nhc thn ca Pht, cc
v i T, nhng o s v bc thnh nhn Pht gio. Nhng
thp stupas c th x li Pht c xem l thing ling nht tn
knh, thng c xy rt ln v uy nghi, v cng ngy cng c
m rng v trng tu bi nhiu i vua Pht t n . Theo truyn
thuyt, Vua Asoka cho m 7 bo thp x li nguyn thy (ring
bo thp Ramagama stupa ca ngi Koliya vn cn nguyn vn),
ly phn ln x li Pht v phn chia ra gi th trong 84.000 bo

Thp x li m ngi cho xy trong thi gian tr v v hnh hng
ca mnh. Nh vy, ngy nay chng ta c th c nhn thy v
chim bi nhiu bo thp x li Pht n cng nh Pakistan,
v d nh bo thp Php Vng (Dhammarajika stupa) Sarnath,
n v mt bo thp cng tn Taxila, Pakistan.
(b) Thp Gi Th Nhng Vt Dng Ca c Pht
(Paribhogika Stupa)
Nhng bo thp stupas ny c xy gi th nhng vt dng
thing ling c c Pht s dng khi cn ti th, v d nh y c
sa, bnh nc, dao co v hp ng kim ch may.
(c) Thp Tng Nim S Kin (Uddesika Stupa)
Nhng bo thp stupas ny c xy tng nim nhng s kin
quan trng din ra trong cuc i ca c Pht, bao gm c nhng
ni ghi du nhng tin kip ca c Pht hay nhng ni c ghi
nh bi s c mt ca c Pht lch s khi cn ti th. Ngi Huyn
Trang ghi li c 14 bo Thp tng nim stupas Vesali (T-xly), trong c 12 bo thp thuc loi tng nim s kin nh vy
v ch c 2 bo thp l Thp x li.
(d) Thp Do Pht T Pht Tm Xy Dng
Nhng thp ny thng l nhng thp nh c xy trong hay xung
quanh nhng khu thnh a nh l mt tm nguyn cng dng
tch thm cng c ca mt ngi hnh hng. Nhng loi thp ny
c xy nhiu nht bn thnh a quan trng l:
210 Hnh hng v x Pht
1) Lumbini, xung quanh khu di tch ni c Pht n sinh;

2) Bodhgaya (B o Trng), xung quanh gc Cy B ni
c Pht Thnh o;
3) Vn Nai hay Lc Uyn, Isippatana Sarnath, ni c Pht
khai ging bi Thuyt Php u Tin;
4) Kusinara, xung quanh n i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahapari-nibbana
Temple), ni c Pht t gi trn gian hay i Bt-Nit-Bn
Mahaparinibbana.
Ngoi nhng ni thnh a ny, nhng thp do Pht t pht tm xy
dng cng c xy xung quanh nhng bo Thp x li, vi tm
nguyn tn knh, tn vinh nhng bo Thp chnh th x li.
Nhng ngi hnh hng n ving thm Tm Thnh a Quan
Trng s c c nhng c hi qu gi nht trong i nhn thy
v chim bi nhiu loi thp tng nim stupas khc nhau, t nhng
bo Thp c xa nht c xy bng thnh Vesali (T-x-ly)
cho n nhng i bo Thp c xy dng cng phu v k lng
nht nh bo Thp Dhamek Stupas uy nghi Sarnath. Nhng ngi
hnh hng n a danh Bhopal cng s c c hi chim ngng
Bo Thp Sanchi, ni th x li ca nhng v A-la-hn i T
ca c Pht c pht hin sau ny.
2. Pava, Ni c Pht Dng Ba n Cui Cng

2.1 Cch i n Ni
Pava nm cch 15km v hng ng ca Kushinagar, gn ngi lng
mang tn Padruana ngy nay. Trn ng i ngi hnh hng s
bng qua Sng Kosi, sng ny chnh l con sng tn Sng Kakudha
vo thi c Pht cn ti th.
2.2 Ngha Tn Gio
Theo Kinh i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana Sutta), sau khi ri
khi Bhoganagara (tc a danh Kesariya ngy nay), c Pht vi
hnh n Pava cng vi on T kheo v ngh li khu vn xoi ca
mt Pht t lm ngh th rn tn l Cunda. Khi bit tin, Cunda
n thm Pht v sau khi nghe mt bi thuyt php ca c Pht, ng
mi Pht v tng on n nh ng ng cng dng trai tng
vo tra ngy hm sau. ng ta i mn n tn l sukara maddava
(sukara = heo rng hay heo; maddava = mm, non, tinh ngon), c
dch l phn ngon ca heo (ting Anh: pigs delicacy). V th,
c 2 gi thit v ngha ca mn n ny nh sau: (1) Phn tht heo
mm, phn nc ca tinh heo, (2) Mt loi thc n no m heo
rng hay heo rt khoi n, v iu ny lm ngi ta cho rng
l loi nm hay loi nm rng rt b dng m heo rng lun lun
sc ming o tm di t n (ting Anh: mushroom or truffle),
hay cng c th l mt loi chi non hay r c m heo rng thng
o bi n. Trong Kinh ghi li rng, Pht khuyn cc T kheo
l khng c n, nhng ch mnh Pht n mn sukara maddava
ny. Lun ging cho rng Pht n p li lng thnh knh v cng
dng trai tng ca th ch Cunda.
Sau khi dng xong ba n, Pht b au d di v kit l, mt
kiu ngy nay gi l ng c thc n, nhng Pht vn c gng
tip tc cuc hnh trnh i n Kushinara, cch khong 3 gavutas
(khong 15km). V tnh nghim trng v au n do ng c,
Pht phi dng li 25 ln ngh. Ngay khi ang au n nh
vy, nhng xua tan s n hn, cn rt trong lng Cunda v
212 Hnh hng v x Pht
ba cm tra ca mnh gy ci cht cho c Pht, Pht bo

vi ngi Ananda sau n an i, gii thch vi Cunda rng, trong
tt c nhng vt thc cng dng, ch c 2 ba n cng dng cho
Pht l cng c bng nhau v ln nht hn tt c nhng vt thc
cng dng khc. l g?: l ba n c cng dng trc
khi c Pht thnh o Chnh ng Chnh Gic (mn cho sa
do c Sujata dng cho Pht) v ba n cui cng cng dng
cho Pht trc khi Ngi t gi trn gian hay i Bt-Nit-Bn
ca Ngi (ba n do Cunda cng dng). Theo li dy ca
c Pht, bng lng thnh knh cng dng ca mnh, Cunda
c nhng cng c ln nht, m sau ny ng s c trng
th, vinh thn, khe mnh, p v c ti sinh v ci tri
c hng phc.
2.3 S Kin Thn Diu Lm Trong Sch Nc Sui
Gn Pava c con sng Kosi, tc l Sng Kakudha River vo thi
c Pht. Trc khi n dng sng ny, Pht rt mt v kht
nc (hon ton c th do mt nhiu nc v ng c, tiu chy, kit
l) v phi dng li tm nc ung. Theo Kinh i Bt-Nit-Bn
(Mahaparinibbana Sutta IV, 24-32), Pht yu cu ngi Ananda
i ly nc con sui gn Pht ung. Ngi Ananda lc u
khng i ly, v thy c rt nhiu xe b li qua sui, lm nc
sui tr thnh nc bn, rt d bn. Thay v i ly nc sui, ngi
Ananda tha vi Pht rng gn n Sng Kakudha v n c
nc trong sch, mt m v d chu, Pht c th gii cn kht v ngh
chn. Tuy nhin, c Pht vn yu cu ngi Ananda phi i ly nc
sui. n ln yu cu th ba, ngi Ananda mi i ra sui ly nc.
n ni, ngi chng kin mt cnh tng k l. Nc bn do nhng
xe b i qua lc ny tr nn trong sch v bn cn lng xung
v ung c.
2.4 Bo Thp stupa Ca Ngi Malla Pava

Sau Bt-Nit-Bn ca c Pht, nhng ngi thuc cc b tc
tham d chia phn x li Pht v em v xy bo thp th x li
Pht. Gn y, Ban Kho C n (ASI) khai qut mt khu t
ln v pht hin ra mt thp Stupa bng gch trong khu di tch ny
c cho l khu Vn Xoi ca ngi th rn Cunda, v thp tng
nim bng gch ny c th c xy bi nhng ngi Malla
Pava. Khi ngi Huyn Trang thm ving Kusinagar vo th k th 7
sau CN, ngi c ni v s c mt ca thp tng nim stupa do
vua Asoka xy ngay ti v tr cn nh ca Cunda, pha ng Bc
ca thnh ph, l ni c Pht dng ba cm cui cng. Nhng
ngi hnh hng sau khi thm ving Kusinagar nn n lun Pava
chim bi bo thp tng nim ny. Chc chn trong tm mi
ngi s khi sinh lng thc gic v mt tm linh khi tng nim li
ba cm cui cng ca c Pht v tnh trng au bnh ca Ngi
n khi t gi trn gian. Mi ngi cng thy r s thc gic tm
linh v s mong manh ca kip ngi v cng mong tinh tn tu hnh,
thc hin Con ng Bt chnh o chm dt kh au.
3. Kesariya, Di tch Thp Tng Nim Stupa

Cao Nht Th gii (8), (16), (24)
3.1 Cch i n Ni
T Kushinagar, i v pha Nam bng Quc L 28 n Gopalganj v
tip tc bng qua Sng Gandak n Piprajoti. Chn con ng tin
v Motihari v quo sang Pipra. Khng nn chn ng Chakia, n
trng c v ngn hn, nhng cui cng khng th no i qua c.
214 Hnh hng v x Pht
Nu chng ta ri khi Kushinagar khong 4 gi sng, chng ta c th

n c Kesariya trc 10 gi sng v sau tip tc i v v n
Vaishali vo bui chiu.
Nu i t Patna (Hoa Th Thnh), chy khong 70km n Muzaffarpur
v i v hng Bc thm 60 km l n Pipra.
3.2 Ngun Gc Lch S
Theo tin s K. K. Mohd, gim st d n Vnh ai Patna ca Ban
Kho C n (ASI Patna Circle), ti liu tham kho nguyn thy
v ni ny c ghi r trong Kinh i Bt Nit Bn, trong phn
ghi li chuyn i cui cng ca c Pht Rajgir (thnh Vng x)
n Kushinagar, trong c nhc n a danh Bhoganagara,
m ngy nay c bit n vi tn Kesariya. iu ny rt c th
v tr Kesariya nm trn con ng ni ting ni lin Vaishali v
Kushinagar, v v tr ca n chnh l ni nh du bin gii phn
chia gia nhng ngi Lichhavi Vaishali v nhng ngi Malla
Kusinara. Ni cng l ni gn lin vi s kin Alara Kalama, mt
tu s kh hnh vo thi c Pht, v ni c ghi r l Kesaputta
trong mt bi Kinh ni ting m c Pht thuyt ging cho nhng
ngi b tc Kalama: Kinh Kesaputta Sutta.
3.3 Ngha Tn Gio
Theo ngi Php Hin, nu i t Kusinara v hng ng Nam
khong 12 yojanas (1 yojana = 7 dm Anh = hn 11 km), l n
ni m nhng ngi Licchavi theo c Pht n ni Bt-NitBn ca c Pht. Khi nghe tin c Pht s n Kusinara
nhp dit, nhng ngi Licchavi rt au bun v h i theo
c Pht n tn ni , tc l bin gii ngn cch gia ngi

Licchavi v ngi Malla, v h khng mun quay v theo li
khuyn ca Pht. Cui cng khi n bin gii ca ngi Malla,
c Pht to mt dng sng o rt ln v su ngn cch h
h quay v. Pht tng bnh bt v khuyn h quay v nh. H
mang bnh bt v v xy mt tr tng nim, trn khc li
cu chuyn ny.
Theo ngi Huyn Trang, vo thi by gi, khong 200 l (56 km)
v hng Ty Bc ca thnh Vaishali, l mt thnh ph c b b
hoang lu. Trong thnh c mt thp tng nim stupa. y l
ni c Pht thuyt ging Kinh Makhadeva Sutta thuc Trung B
Kinh (Majjhima Nikaya), k v chuyn tin thn ca c Pht trong
kip trc l, khi cn l mt v B-tt, vua Makhadeva. Vo lc ,
Ngi sng ti Mithila trong khu rng Makhadeva, m v tr ngy
nay l thp Kesariya Stupa.
(Lu : V tr ca Kesariya c ghi li bi ngi Php Hin l cch
12 yojanas (154 km) v hng ng Nam ca Kushinagar, trong khi
ngi Huyn Trang th ghi rng, v tr cch 200 l (56 km) v
pha Ty Bc ca Vaishali. Chng ta rp li th c hai cch miu t
u chnh xc l v tr ca Kesariya.
V sau ny, c th l sau i Bt-Nit-Bn ca c Pht, ngi
Licchavi xy dng mt bo thp bng t bn Kesariya
tng nim s kin y xc ng khi phi t bit c Pht. Theo
dng thi gian, cho n thi i Maurya, Sunga v Kushan, thp
c xy li bng gch v c tu sa v m rng nhiu
ln. Vo th k 6, vo thi i Gupta, Thp li c m rng v
c trang tr bng hng trm bc tng. Theo Ban Kho C n
(ASI), tnh nin i th Thp ny tn ti cho n th k 8, vo
thi i Pala.
216 Hnh hng v x Pht
Mc d c nhiu gi thuyt khin chng ta c th tin y l bo thp

c dng ln th x li bnh bt ca c Pht, nhng theo ghi
chp ca hai nh hnh hng Trung Quc l Php Hin v Huyn
Trang th khng phi vy. V nu thp ny th bnh bt ca c Pht,
th hai ngi ghi chp v bo thp Kesariya ny nh mt bo thp
quan trng. Th hai, nu ni y l bo thp ngi Licchavi lp tc
xy th bnh bt ca Pht ngay sau khi chia tay Pht, th cng khng
ng, v vic xy bo thp th x li nhng vt dng thing ling
ca c Pht l khng xy ra trc khi c Pht Bt Nit Bn.
Ngi Sir Cunningham th cho rng nhng ngi Licchavi mang
bnh bt tr v li thnh Vaishaili theo li khuyn bo ca c Pht. V
thp Kesariya stupa ch n gin l mt thp tng nim c nhng
ngi Licchavi xy ln tng nh ni h t bit c Pht ln cui
cng m thi. (Xem thm phn ni v cu chuyn ny Chng 3).
4. Thp Tng nim Anada stupa Hajipur

4.1 Cch i n Ni
Hajipur nm b Bc ca Sng Hng, cch Patna (Hoa Th Thnh)
10 km. Thp Ananda hin ti ta lc ngay vnh ai pha Ty ca
Hajipur ni c gi l Ramchaura Mandir, cch Masjid
Chowk ch 1 km v pha Nam.
4.2 Ngha Tn Gio
Vo thi c, sau khi vt qua sng Hng Patna, n ngi lng u
tin bn kia sng tn l Ukkacala, ngy nay gi l Hajipur. c Pht
tng thuyt ging ti y, Kinh Cula Goplalaka Sutta trong Trung

B Kinh (Majjhima Nikaya).
Theo Lun Ging Kinh Php C (Dhammapada), khi ngi
Ananda c 120 tui, ngi bit c kip sng ca mnh s kt
thc trong vng 7 ngy sp ti. V vy, ngi bt u hnh trnh
t thnh Rajagaha (Vng x) n Vaishali, theo hnh trnh m
c Pht cng i trc kia. Vua Ajatasattu (A-x-th) nghe
tin lin i theo cng vi on ty tng thnh cu ngi Ananda
li. Trong khi , nhng ngi thnh Vaishali nghe tin ngi
ang n lnh th ca h, h ko nhau ra b sng Hng
nghinh n ngi.
Khi vua Ajatasattu theo kp ngi Ananda vo ngy th 7, thuyn
ca ng ta qua n gia sng Hng. m ng 2 bn b sng
u h to xin ngi i v pha ca h h c nh l. V vy,
khng lm tht vng nhng ngi 2 bn b sng, ngi Ananda
phi thn ln khng trung v nhp dit Bt-Nit-Bn bng nhp
nh vo gii la v thn th t pht ha thnh tro, tro ri xung
2 bn ca b sng Hng. Mt na tro ri bn mi b sng. Nhng
ngi 2 bn kinh thnh mang x li tro tr v v xy thp x
li th.
Thp x li Ananda bn b pha Nam ca sng Hng t lu
b cun tri bi dng chy lun lun thay i ca sng Hng.
Thp x li Ananda bn b Bc, Hajipur, th vn cn, nm
trong khu m t cao y c mc v ngi Hindu xy mt
n th trn nn thp . Nhng ln khai qut kho c xung
quanh khu vc thp vo nm 1994-1997 lm l ra mt ging
nc bng gch, vch ging hai lp c xy t thi k triu
i Kushan.
218 Hnh hng v x Pht
4.3 Hin Trng Thp Ananda Stupa

Khi tc gi n ving thm khu di tch ny vo Thng 10, 2008, ton
b khu di tch ang trong tnh trng rt xu v tan thng (Hnh
48). C mt n th Hindu, b nt, c xy trn nh ca khu
bo Thp Ananda. B c th vo n c xung quanh v ngi ta
thm ch dng trin dc ca Thp phi phn b. Nhn thy cnh
mt bo thp ni ting ca mt Bc i S H Php* trong tnh
trng hoang ph cho n hm nay th tht l au lng v lm khi
sinh nhng cm gic v s thm nhun tht s v s hy hoi ca
thi gian v quy lut v thng, thc gic nhng ngi hnh hng
mau tinh tin trong vic thc hnh gio php ca c Pht mt cch
min mt nht.
*Ghi Ch: Ngi Ananda thng c gi vi ci tn Ngi H
Php, Dhamma Bhandagarika, tc l ngi tinh thng, thuc lng v
gip c tng li tt c gio php ca c Pht trong Hi ng Tp
Kt Kinh in ln th nht. Trong Hi ng Tp Kt Kinh in ln
th nht c t chc sau 3 thng k t Bt-Nit-Bn ca c Pht
thnh Rajagaha (Vng-x), ngi Ananda c cc v A-la-hn chn
c tng li tt c Kinh mc d lc y ngi ch l mt ngi chng
qu Nhp Lu tc Tu--hon (Sotapanna). L do l ngi l ngi th
gi k cn bn c Pht v nghe nhng bi thuyt ging t chnh
ming c Pht ni ra. V s tht l c Pht cng tng tuyn b l
ngi l ngi c tr nh tt nht.
Theo ghi chp trong Lut tng, vo m trc ngy khai mc Hi ng
Kt Tp, ngi Ananda chng c qu A-la-hn. Ti Hi ng kt tp,
ngi Ananda tng c li Kinh Tng, bt u bng ni chn v i
tng nghe c Pht thuyt ging v lun lun bt u bng cu quen
thuc: Evam me sutam - Ti nghe nh vy.
5. Kosambi, Di Tch Ni Din Ra Cuc Tranh Bin &

(24)
Phn Ly Trong Tng on
5.1 Cch i n Ni
Kosambi cch Allahabad 60 km v c th i n bng ng b.
5.2 Ngha Tn Gio
Kosambi, kinh ca Vng Quc Vamsa, l mt trong 6 thnh
ph quan trng ca min bc n vo thi c Pht. Ngi cai tr
vng quc l Vua Udena, ngi ban u rt h khc vi nhng tn
gio mi, nhng sau ny rt thn thin vi Pht gio, nh li khuyn
ca ngi v ca ng l Hong hu Samavati, mt Pht t chng
thnh qu Nhp Lu (sotapanna) sau khi nghe bi thuyt ging bi
mt ngi hu n ca mnh l Khujjuttara. B gp phi thm kch
do s ghen ght ca mt Hong hu i ch l Magandiya, b ny
nht b trong cung v phng ha git cht. Khi nh vua bit c m
mu ca b Magandiya, ng dng hnh pht thiu sng b cng vi
nhng k ng la. Nhn thm kch ny xy ra, c Pht tht ra
nhng cu K, c ghi li trong Kinh Php C, dng 21 nh sau:
Appamado amata padam
Tnh gic l con ng dn n bt t (Nit-Bn).
Pamado maccuno padam
Phng tng l con ng dn n s cht
Appamatta na miyanti
Ngi tnh gic khng bao gi cht.
Ye pamatta yatha mata
Ngi phng tng th nh cht ri.
220 Hnh hng v x Pht
Sau , vua Udena chuyn ha theo o Pht sau khi nghe ngi
Pindola Bharadvaja thuyt ging v vic sng tnh gic, ch ng
cc cn.
Ni y c 3 nh ti phit l Ghosita (cha nui ca Samavati),
Kukkuta v Pavarika, tng ko nhau n tu vin K Vin mi
c Pht n thnh ph ca h. c Pht nhn li v mi ngi
u xy tu vin v cha n Pht v Tng on. V vy, ni y
c Tu vin Ghosita (Ghositarama), Tu vin Kukkuta (Kukkutarama)
v tnh x Vn Xoi Pavarika (Pavarikambavana).
c Pht li y trong ma An C Kit H ln th 9 ti tu vin
Ghositarama v ti ni ny xy ra v tranh bin v chia r trong
Tng on. Khng th gii quyt cuc tranh chp, c Pht b i
vo rng v tri qua k Kit H ln th 10 trong Rng Parileyyaka,
ni c nhng voi v kh cng dng, phc v c Pht. Nhng Pht
t ti gia bit c l do, nn cng ngng vic cng dng thc
n cho cc T kheo tranh ci . Vic ny lm cho cc T kheo thc
tnh v ha ng li vi nhau. Tuy nhin, h phi i n gp c
Pht tu vin K Vin Savatthi (X-v) ha gii trc mt c
Pht. Cu chuyn v s tranh ci chia r trong tng on c ghi r
trong Lun Ging Kinh Php C.
c Pht thuyt ging mt s Kinh Kosambi v nhiu v
A-la-hn nh ngi Ananda v ngi X-Li-Pht tng ng ti tu
vin Ghositarama.
Theo ghi chp trong Lut Tng, th sau Khi Hi ng kt Tp Kinh
in ln Th Nht, ngi Ananda i n tu vin Ghositarama ny
thng bo cho ngi Channa v hnh pht b ty chay ra khi Tng
on m c Pht di hun cho ngi Ananda v Tng on trc
khi i Bt-Nit-Bn (Mahaparinibbana).
5.3 Bi Cnh Lch s

Hong Asoka thm ving Kosambi vo th k 3 trc CN
v dng ln 2 tr tng nim chuyn hnh hng ca
Ngi. Theo i S Tch Lan (Mahavamsa), lc c 30.000 T
kheo, c dn u bi Ngi Urudhammarakkhita ca Tu Vin
Ghositarama n d l dng i Bo Thp Anuradhapura
bi nh vua Dutthagamini (th k I trc CN). Tu vin Ghosita
(Ghositarama) tip tc pht trin vic tu hc cho n nhng triu
i Kushan, Magha v Gupta.
Vo thi ngi Php Hin ving thm (nm 399-414), tu vin ny
c nhiu T kheo tu hnh, nhng sau 200 nm n thi ngi Huyn
Trang chim bi, th n tr nn hoang tn, mc d theo ngi Huyn
Trang th vn cn khong 300 T kheo . Kosambi chc chn
cng b chung s phn vi nhng trung tm Pht gio khc trong
cuc cn qut ca i qun Hi gio man r min Bc n vo
th k XII, trc khi Pht gio hon ton b suy vong n .
Ngi Sir Cunningham l ngi u tin xc nh c khu di tch
Kausambi trong ngi lng Kausam vo th k XIX. Ta lc b t
ngn ca Sng Yamuna, n bao gm mt tn tch ca mt tu vin ln
bng gch, c nhn dng trn c s nhng bia khc ch vo th
k 1, chnh l Tu vin Ghositarama, mt nn mng ca mt i Bo
Thp v mt s thp tng nim nh. Nhng c vt c trng by
ti Vin Bo Tng Allahabad Museum v vin bo tng Kausambi
Museum. Phn tn tch ca Tr Asoka cng c tm thy.
5.4 Vin Bo Tng Allahabad Museum
Vin Bo Tng Allahabad Museum nm trn ng Kamala Nehru
bn trong cng Vin Chandra Shekhar Azad Park, c 18 khu trng
222 Hnh hng v x Pht
by nhiu tng iu khc bng . Nhng tng iu khc bao gm

nhng tc phm c vt ca th k 2 trc CN t Bharhut v Kausambi,
th k 1 sau CN t triu i Kushan Mathura, th k IV-VI triu i
Gupta v nhng iu khc th k XI t Khajuraho. Vin bo tng m
ca hng ngy t 10:30 sng n 4:30 chiu tr th Hai.
6. Bng Ch D Bng Ca Vua Asoka

(41)
(Thch Php D Asoka) Delhi
Nm gia 2 khu vc Srinivaspuri v khu ng Kailash nm pha
Nam Delhi l Cng Vin Asoka, tp trung hp dn l mt khi ln
ni ln. t ngi bit n mt tiu Thch D Asoka Delhi. y l mt
pht hin tnh c bi mt nh thu xy dng, khi h ang san bng
xy dng nhng kin trc thuc a. (Hnh 49). Li Ch D (hay sc
lnh ca nh Vua) c khc trn mt nghing ca tr , ni nhng
a tr hay leo ln tr v tut xung nh chi cu tut vy. Trn
mt , bao gm 10 hng ch khc Brahmi theo Phng ng Prakrit.
Nhng dng ch khc trn Thch Php D Delhi c c nh sau:
y l li ca Ngi con yu du ca cc v Tri:
Tri qua gn hai nm ri k t lc ta tr thnh mt Pht t c s.
Nhng Ta khng n lc ht mnh cho s nghip chnh Php trong
sut mt nm u. Tuy vy, hn mt nm sau Ta ht lng m o
gn b vi Tng on v n lc ht mnh.
Nhng v Tri, vn khng ha ln vi loi ngi trong ci Dim Ph
(Jambudvipa) t bao thi xa n ngy hm nay, c Ta lm
cho ha hp vi loi ngi*. iu ny ch thc c c l do s n
lc ht sc mnh ca Ta trong s nghip ca chnh Php.
V kt qu ny khng phi ch lm c bi nhng ngi v tr

thng lu nh Ta; m ngay c mt ngi ngho kh cng hon ton
c kh nng chng t cnh thin gii, nu ngi trn y nhit
tm trong s nghip ca chnh Php.
Gi y, tuyn ngn ny c thng co cho nhng mc ch sau
y, ngha l, ngi ngho v ngi giu hy ht sc n lc bng
chnh mnh, ngay c nhng ngi ngoi lnh th ca ch ca Ta
cng nhn thy c sc d ny; V rng s n lc ca mi ngi c
th phi tn nhiu thi gian lu di. Ta s thc y s nghip ny tin
trin t nhiu hn mt ln ri**.
(* Tc l loi ngi c th c sinh vo cnh gii ca nhng v Tri, nu
nhit thnh vi chnh Php-ND).
(**C rt nhiu bn dch bng nhng ngha rt khc nhau t cc cu
trong tiu Thch Php D Dehli ny, c bn dch li c thm mt cu
cui cng ni l nh Vua thng co sc d ny 250 ln khp ni trong
chuyn hnh hng ca mnh. -ND).
Php d bng ny c t ngay trung tm Th ca n

c khc vo khong nm 263 trc CN, hin nhin minh chng
cho s bo h Pht gio ca vua Asoka, v Dehli l mt trung tm
Pht gio quan trng vo thi Asoka.
6.1 Delhi Vo Thi c Pht
Vo thi c Pht, Dehli l mt thnh th sm ut ca nc Kuru.
Cho thy gn lin vi Pht gio ngay t hi s khai ban u ca
Pht gio, theo nhng chng tch ca vic Phn chia li X li c
224 Hnh hng v x Pht
ghi trong quyn i Pht S (Buddhavamsa), nhng dao co v

nhng hp kim ch ca Pht c th trong nhng thp tng
nim Indapatta, Dehli.
Trong Kinh Janavasabha Sutta thuc Trng B Kinh, Kuru c
ghi li nh mt trong nhng x s (Janapadas) ni c Pht
thuyt ging mt s bi Kinh. Theo Jatakas (Chuyn Tin Sinh ca
c Pht), nc Kuru c 300 lin minh v Indapatta (gn Dehli
ngy nay) l kinh ca n. Trong nhng chuyn ving thm, c
Pht thng ng ti Kammasadhamma, mt khu ph ch ca
ngi Kuru.
Tn ca a danh Kammasadhamma c ghi li nhiu ln trong kinh
in Pali, bi v c Pht thuyt ging mt s kinh ni . Mt trong
nhng Kinh quan trng nht l Kinh i Nim X (Maha-Satipatthana
Sutta) v Kinh i Duyn (Maha-Nidana Sutta) thuc Trng B Kinh.
Lun ging ghi rng, c Pht thuyt ging nhng bi kinh ny cho
ngi Kuru Kammasadhamma bi v h thng minh. Lun ging ni
rng, mi mt h gia nh Kammasadhamma u c mt thnh t
(ariya) v h chnh nim trong mi cng vic hng ngy.
Khu di tch ca Kammasadhamma vn cha ai tm thy. c th l
khu vc nm sau Cng Vin Asoka pha Nam Dehli.
7. i Bo Thp Sanchi Stupas Sanchi
(27), (40)
7.1 Cch i n Ni
Sanchi cch khong 50 km bng ng b t Bhopal, th ph ca
bang Madhya Pradesh. i vi nhng ngi hnh hng va hon
thnh chuyn i ti Varanasi, cch tt nht thm ving Sanchi l

i bng tu la t Varanasi n Bhopal. Sau khi n Sanchi v nhng
ni xung quanh Bhopal, chng ta c th n tu la quay v thng
Dehli v t bay v nc.
7.2 Bi Cnh Lch S
Mc d Sanchi khng phi l mt ni thing ling c c Pht
gh qua trong thi Ngi cn ti th, nhng Vua Asoka xy mt
Thp tng nim bng gch v mt tr Asoka trn nh i
Vedisagiri cho nhng Pht t a phng th cng. y l cng
trnh ghi nh n Vedisa, ni sinh ca Devi, ngi v u tin ca
ngi khi ngi cn l ph vng x Ujjayini (Ujjain). Hong hu nay
l mt Pht t m o v l ngi ca dng h Thch Ca, nhng ngi
di c n y sau khi thnh Kapilavatthu ca vng quc Thch
Ca b o qun ca Vidudabha tn ph. (Xem thm Ch gii 10). V
cng Hong hu Devi sinh ra hong t Mahinda v cng cha
Sanghamitta. Devi khng theo vua Asoka v kinh Pataliputta
(Hoa Th Thnh) m li chn qu Vedisa. B cho xy mt tu
vin trn i Vidisagiri, thng thng c gi l i Sanchi. Theo
ghi chp ca i S Tch Lan (Mahavamsa), A-la-hn Mahinda
n thm m Vedisa, v m ca ngi dn ngi n Tu Vin
Vedisagiri xinh p, v ngi li mt thng trc khi ln
ng trong s mng truyn o Tch Lan.
Bo Thp Sanchi nguyn thy c ng knh 60 feet (18.2m)
mt y v c hnh bn cu vi mi vm bao bc t di chn
(ging nh na tri banh nm p) v mt ct thp nhn. Thp b
tn ph nng n bi nhng k th ca Pht gio sau khi Ch
Maurya b sp vo nm 185 trc CN, nhng sau c
xy li bi nhng Pht t m o Vidisa v t ni khc. Khi xy
226 Hnh hng v x Pht
dng li, Thp c m rng gp i so vi kch thc nguyn

thy. Bn cng cho (torana) c iu khc mt cch ngh thut
c cng dng bi ngi th c ca vua Satahavana vo th
k I trc CN. S xy thm mt i Bo Thp c thc hin vo
thi (nm 450 sau CN), khi bn tng Pht cng c gn vo
trn tng ca bo thp, quay mt v bn cng cho. Xung quanh
i Bo Thp l mt cm nhng thp tng nim stupas, n th,
tr v nhng tu vin c mt hn 1.500 nm t th k III trc
CN cho n th k XII sau CN.
Sau cuc xm lc ca qun Hi gio min Bc n , Sanchi
cng tr thnh hoang tn v chm vo qun lng t th k XIII.
Sau , cy rng mc bao ph xung quanh mi cho n khi
ton khu vc c pht hin bi Tng Taylor vo nm 1818.
Sau , khu di tch cn b tn ph thm bi nhng nh kho
c, nhng k sn lng kho bu v nhng k ph hoi tn gio
a phng. Ngay c tr Asoka cng b p v ra thnh
tng mnh bi mt a ch y, dng lm trc p ma lm
ng ma. Nm 1881, Thiu t Cole bt u thc hin vic tu
sa, nhng sau phn ln cng vic trng tu c thc hin
bi Ngi Sir John Marshal, Gim c ca Ban Kho C n
(ASI) t nm 1912-1919.
7.3 Nhng Ni Cn Thm Ving
1) i Bo Thp Stupa
Kch thc hin ti ca i Bo Thp l 120 feet (36.5m) ng
knh mt y v cao 50 feet (15.2m). N bao gm mt mi vm
hnh bn cu, trn nh c ct thp vi 3 mi d nm trong mt lan
can ro hnh vung 4 cnh trn nh thp. Bo thp c th c i
vo bng 4 cng vo c bn cng cho c iu khc rt tinh xo,

c dng ln vo th k 1 trc CN. Mi cng cho gm c 2 ct
vung, trn u 2 ct vung c iu khc hnh nhng con voi,
s tang nng phn kin trc bn trn l 3 thanh rng bt
ngang, mi thanh u c boa trn hai u. Ton b cng cho
cao 28 feet (8.53m, cha tnh phn iu khc trn cng). Nhng
thanh rng ngang c chia ra v nng bi 4 khi hnh lp
phng v 6 ct nh chng v kt cht cc thanh ngang
gia. Tt c u c iu khc vi nhiu hnh tinh xo. Trn
nh ca cng cho l biu tng ca Gio Php: Bnh Xe Php
(Dhammacakka) t trn lng voi, ng km 2 bn l mt D-xoa
h v (yakkha) v 2 biu tng Tam Bo (Tiratanas), i din cho
Pht, Php &Tng. (Hnh 50).
Ton b mt iu khc ph iu ca cng cho c phn thnh 5
nhm ni dung v ngha sau y:
Nhng cnh v cuc i c Pht,
Cnh trong tin kip ca c Pht,
Nhng s kin lch s, nh l vic phn chia li x li Pht, bo
thp Ramagama v vua Asoka n thm Cy B ,
Pht Manushi v nhng v Pht trc , v
Nhng cnh v trang tr khc nhau
2) Thp Stupas 2 & 3
Bn cnh i Bo Thp Stupa, cn c nhng thp ni ting khc,
nh Thp Stupa 2 v Stupa 3. Stupa 3 c xy vo th k 2 trc
CN v c lm ging kiu mu ca Stupa 1 l Thp Chnh, v c
dng ln bn cnh Thp Chnh. Trong Thp Stupa 3 c lu gi mt
228 Hnh hng v x Pht
hp c cha x li nhc thn ca hai v i T ca c Pht

l X-Li-Pht v Mc-Kin-Lin.
Thp Stupa 2, nm thp hn, c rt nhiu iu khc, ph iu.
Thp ny c lu gi 4 hp ng x li, l tro ha thiu ca 10
v thnh nhn ca Pht gio: (1) Kasapagota, (2) Majjhima, (3)
Haritiputa, (4) Vachhiya-Suvijayata, (5) Mahavanaya, (6) Apagira,
(7) Kodiniputa, (8) Kosikiputa, (9) Gotiputa,(10) Mogaliputa.
Nhng v o s ny khng phi u l nhng ngi cng thi hay
cng mt th h. Chng hn nh ngi Mogaliputa th c ghi r
trong phn th x li thp Stupa 2 Andher v Sonari (xem bn
di) l mt hc tr ca ngi Gotiputa, m ngi Gotiputa l mt th
h sau nhng ngi thy l Kasapagota v Majjhima. V vy trong
thp Stupa 2 ang th nhng x li ca nhng ngi Thy Pht
gio ca t nht 3 th h khc nhau.
3) Tu Vin Chetiyagiri Vihara Mi
Mt tu vin mi c xy bn tri ca i Sanchi bi Hi i B-
n vo nm 1952. Bn trong ngi tu vin c th v cha x li
ca hai v i T ca Pht l X-Li-Pht v Mc-Kin-Lin,
c pht hin trong bo Thp Stupa 3 bi ngi Sir Cunningham
nm 1851, mang v London ct gi v trao tr li cho n
nm 1949 theo yu cu ca Hi i B-. X li ca 10 v o s
cng c khi phc t Thp Stupa 2 v c lu gi trong Vin
Bo Tng British Museum v cng c trao tr li cho n vo
nm 1956. Trong s ny, hp th nht cha x li tro ca nhng
A-la-hn Mogaliputa, Kosikiputa v Gotiputa, c gi tng qua
Tch Lan, trong khi x li tro ca cc v khc th vn c gi th
trong tu vin ny.
4) Nhng Thp Stupas Gn Sanchi

X li ca nhng v i T cng c tm thy trong Thp
Stupa 2 cng thi Satdhara, khong 11 km v hng Ty Nam
ca Sanchi. Tht ra, ton khu vc quanh Sanchi c xy y
nhng thp th x li, nh Sonari, 10 km v hng Ty Nam ca
Sanchi, Satdhara, nh ni trn v Andher, 15 km v hng
ng Bc ca Vidisa, nhng phn x li khc ca 10 v A-lahn c x li c th trong Thp Stupa 2 Sanchi, cng c th
y. Nhng bng chng ny cho chng ta thy r l ngay trc
th k 2 trc CN din ra vic phn chia li cc x li ca Pht
v cc i T cho nhng bc cao tng trong Tng on nhiu
ni sau ny, h tip tc phn ra v th trong nhng thp stupa
c xy nhiu thm v sau.
Phn V
T Chc Mt Cuc Hnh Hng
n n
Ni Dung:
1. Hnh Trnh i n Nhng Thnh a Ca n

2. Thc Hin B Th Hay Cng Dng Tng Ni
3. Thng Tin & Nhng Li Khuyn Khi i Li n
4. Khong Cch Gia Nhng Ni Thnh a
5. Nhng on Hnh Hng T Nm 1991-2011
6. Th Mc Nhng Sch & Ti Liu Tham Kho
7. Hnh nh Bn Nh Tin Phong Trong Cuc Phc Hng Pht Gio
n
8. Bn cuc hnh trnh Ty Du ca Huyn Trang
9. Bn Ch V Tr a L Ca Nhng Ni Hnh Hng n
10. Hnh nh Cc Pht Tch, Di Tch
11. V Ngi Dch
T Chc Mt Cuc Hnh Hng n n 231
1. Hnh Trnh i n Nhng Ni Thnh a n

1.1 Thi Gian Ti Thiu Ca Mt Chuyn Hnh Hng
Khi hoch nh mt chuyn hnh hng, mt iu thnh tht mun
khuyn tt c chng ta l khng nn a nhng chng trnh ph t
ban u hay thay i cuc hnh hng, v d gh qua mt hay nhng
nc khc. Bi v nu lm nh vy, s lm chng ta xao lng mc
ch cao c v quan trng ca cuc hnh hng. Ngay c khi chng
ta thng ny sinh ra mun sn dp i thm ving nhng x Pht
gio gn n nh Sri Lanka, Min in, chng ta nn b thm
thi gian ch khng nn gp rt hay ct xn bt thi gian ca cuc
hnh hng nhng thnh a n . V nu tng thi gian ca
cuc hnh hng n b rt ngn li, chng ta s phi hp tp,
vi v t ni ny n ni khc v s tr nn mt mi v kt cuc l
cm thy khng thoi mi, khng mn nguyn, iu hon ton
ngc li vi nguyn hnh hng ban u. thm ving c
Tm Thnh a Quan Trng v nhng thnh tch nhng ni
theo mt nhp iu va phi v em li s hoan h v hnh phc,
chng ta cn t nht 15 ngy hay 2 tun thc hin mt chuyn i
mn nguyn.
1.2 Nhng Hnh Trnh Bng Xe But C My Lnh
Tt c nhng ni thnh a hay min Pht gio c miu t trong
quyn sch ny u nm nhng bang min Bc n nh Uttar
Pradesh v Bihar, ngoi tr Lumbini l thuc nc Nepal. Vo thi
C i, khu vc ny c gi l Min Trung Nam ca t nc
(Majjhima Desa), nhng ngy nay c gi l chu vi hay Min
Pht Gio, th hin bng ng cong bao bc c kt ni nhng
232 Hnh hng v x Pht
v tr ca nhng thnh a li vi nhau. (Xem bn v tr a l

cc Thnh a Pht gio n ). a s nhng n, thp, thnh
tch Pht gio u nm nhng ni xa xi, thm ch ho lnh, v
, dch v taxi hay giao thng cng cng rt ngho nn, rt kh
khn i n nhng thnh tch, nn chng ta phi i thnh mt
on hay nhm thu nguyn mt chic xe khch. Sc cha thng
thng ca mt chic xe but khong 35 ngi. Nhng xin gi
l chng ta nn i theo nhm 25 ngi cho mi xe but, trnh
s chen ln, cht chi v khng thoi mi. Sau ny, nhng nh vn
chuyn n cng a vo nhng xe but 45 ch, nn c th i
nhm 30 ngi hay hn trn loi xe ny cng thoi mi. i vi
nhng nhm hnh hng t ngi hn, th c th thu mt chic xe
khch loi 18 ch ngi.
Tt c nhng xe but u c gn my lnh, tuy nhin nhng my
lnh r tin khng c iu khin hay iu chnh, cho nn trong xe
c th l rt lnh. V th, chng ta nn mang theo o khoc hay o
chong gi m. iu th hai l nhng gh ngi thng rt b sc
v kh chu v ng x rt xu. V vy, tt nht l nn b trng hai
hng gh sau cng v dnh hnh l ln .
(Cn thn: Mi ngi nn i vo ban ngy v l do an ton, bi
v ng x thng rt hp v khng c n ng. Trong trng
hp xe b h my mc, th cng d dng sa cha hay cu h vo
ban ngy.)
i vi nhng ngi hnh hng ln u, i hnh hng theo
nhm, theo on l cch tt nht d n Tm Thnh a v nhiu
l do khc nhau. L do th nht l s thun tin, bi v i theo
on th mi hnh trnh v sp xp c hoch nh bi nhng
ngi c kinh nghim hnh hng - (xem thm (*) trong mc 2.
bn di). Th hai, i theo on, nhm s an ton hn, c bit
l nhng ph n hnh hng. Cui cng, c l cng l l do quan

trng nht, l c thm tinh thn ca nhng ngi bn Pht t
ng hnh gia nhng ngi hnh hng vi nhau cng chung
mt mc ch cao p, c bit l c s i cng ca mt hay cc
Tng Ni, l nhng ngi thy tm linh, lm cho chuyn i tr nn
an lc, d chu v y ngha hn. Ch c mt bt li nh trong
vic i hnh hng theo on l lch trnh kh uyn chuyn hay
thay i theo ca mnh c.
Nu on hnh hng c mt s thy i cng, c bit l nhng thy
theo Thin Tng hay Pht gio nguyn thy, chng ta nn nh mang
theo ba n tra khi ri khi khch sn vo bui sng, cho v s
c th th thc trc gi Ng khi xe ang chy trn ng. Th hai,
tit kim thi gian i ng, nhng thnh vin trong on cng
nn dng ba tra cng lc vi nh s. Nn c gng trnh vic gh
li dng ba tra khch sn hay qun x, v phi ch i ngi ta
nu nng thc n theo thc n, v v vy s mt rt nhiu thi gian
qu bu trong ngy.
1.3 Thi Gian Tt Nht i Hnh Hng n n
n c 3 ma: Ma lnh (ma ng), ma nng v ma ma.
Thi gian tt nht hnh hng n min bc n l ma lnh,
t thng Mi Mt n thng Hai, khi thi tit kh ro, mt
m v d chu. T thng Ba n thng Su, thi tit nng v bi
bm, trong khi t thng By n thng Mi l ma ma. Vo cui
thng Mi, thi tit bt u kh ro v mt m, cy c bt u
mc xanh ti khp nhng vng qu v vic i li min Bc n
cng d dng hn, v sau nhng cn ma, ng x v cnh vt
tr nn sch s hn.
234 Hnh hng v x Pht
2. Thc Hin Vic B Th (Dana) & Cng Dng Tng Ni

Gn n ngy xut pht, ngi hnh hng t nhin cm thy mt
nim hn hoan v phn khi trong tm v s vic sp din ra ca mt
chuyn i tht s v vng t ca c Pht v nhng v A-la-hn
tng sng v truyn dy gio php cch y hn 2.500 nm. i vi
nhng Pht t c iu kin v rng lng, h s r nhau cng i mua
nhng dng, vt dng, nhng th cn thit mang theo v n
cng dng cho cc Tng Ni trong cc cha, tu vin xung quanh
nhng thnh a.
Nhiu Tng Ni, c bit l rt nhiu Tng n t Sri Lanka (Tch
Lan) v Myanmar (Min in) dnh phn ln ca cuc i mnh
nhng thnh a n . H nguyn mt lng phng s vic
chm sc, trng coi nhng thnh tch thing ling, lun lun lm
sng li i L Pht n Vaisakha Purnima (Wesak) v h n lc
gio dc nhng c dn a phng v o Pht, vn c sinh
ra ti min Pht gio ny v bin mt hn 600 nm qua, k t
th k 13. S c mt ca nhng nh s Pht gio y lm cho
nhng ni hnh hng tr thnh nhng thnh a Pht gio sng,
v chng ta c th thnh cu li khuyn hay nhng gii p v nhng
thnh a t nhng nh s ny. Bng vic cng dng, b th (dana)
cho cc T Kheo, chng ta t lng bit n v s tn knh ca mnh
i vi Tng on (Sangha), v cc v Thy kin trung chm sc,
bo v nhng thnh tch, cho th h mai sau cn bit n Pht gio
v s n y v chim bi vi lng thnh knh, theo ng nh
li dy ca c Pht.
i vi nhng ngi hnh hng i theo on, nhm (*) th cng
c li v khi lng hnh l ca mi ngi, v c th lm th tc
(check-in) theo nhm ti sn bay v thng thng tng khi lng
hnh l khng vt qu tng khi lng cho php trn tng s
lng ngi ca nhm. V d nhng ngi hnh hng mua

nhiu c, thc phm cng dng cho Tng Ni, nn hnh
l c th vt qu khi lng quy nh cho mi c nhn. Nhng
nu lm th tc cho c on th khng sao, v cng c nhng ngi
mang t hnh l nh nhng s thy cng i theo. iu ny to c
hi cho nhiu Pht t c th mang theo nhiu sch v v nhng th
cn thit khc m kh c th mua c n v cng dng
cho Tng Ni.
Tin mt nu c em theo c th i qua tin rupees ca n v
khi cng dng c th trao cho th gi hay ngi i din (kappiyas)
ca cc s hoc c th b vo nhng thng ng tin b th nhng
tu vin, cha nhng ni hnh hng. Nh vy, ng tin c th
c dng vo nhng chi ph bo dng tu vin, cha, thp v nhng
iu kin sng khc ca cc s thy, T kheo.
3. Thng tin v Nhng Li Khuyn Khi i Li n

3.1 Th Thc (Visas) Nhp Cnh
Nhng ngi hnh hng d nh hnh hng n Min Pht
Gio n bng my bay phi bo m c th thc nhiu ln
(multiple entry visa) vo n . Cn phi c visa hai ln
c nhp cnh tr li n sau khi thm ving Lumbini thuc
nc Nepal.
Chng ta c th xin visa vo n v c Nepal ti Vit Nam,
nhng cng c th xin visa ti phi trng hoc ca khu ca n
hoc Nepal.
236 Hnh hng v x Pht
3.2 Bo Him & Chi Ph

yy Nhng ngi hnh hng nn mua bo him v mt mt, bnh
tt, tai nn cho sut cuc hnh trnh hay n pht cht v bnh tt
hay chuyn khn cp phi hy b chuyn i.
yy Nhng ngi hnh hng lun phng v cn thn bo v
hnh l v t trang ca mnh. Khi i hnh hng, khng nn
eo vng bc, ng h mc tin hay nhng t trang c gi
tr khc.
yy Lun lun gi k tin bc v H Chiu (Passport) ca mnh mi
lc, mi ni. Mt H Chiu s rt phin phc cho mi hot ng
hnh hng ca ngi .
yy Cn em theo ti thiu bao nhiu tin?
Bi v mi chi ph ca chuyn i nh chi ph i li, n, , thu
sn bay, ph visa thng thng c thanh ton cho cng
ty l hnh trc khi xut pht, cho nn mi ngi khng phi
em theo nhiu tin bc. C th em theo mt t tin tiu
xi lt vt, nh mua lu nim v tin t thin, b th cho
cc cha.
3.3 Gi Gn Sc Khe
yy trnh au bnh, mi ngi lun lun ung nc nu chn
hoc nc ng chai, nc khong, v khng nn n nhng thc
n sng, ngay c khng nn ung nc , bi v nc
c lm t nc vi, nc sinh hot. Lun yu cu cng ty l
hnh phi thu xp cho mi ngi t nht mt chai nc ng chai
mi ngy.
yy Tim nga bnh dch t (Cholera):

Nhng ai mun tim nga bnh dch t nn tim nga khong
2-3 tun trc chuyn i trnh b st c th pht sinh nu b
dch trong chuyn i.
yy Thuc men:
Nn mang theo mt Ti S Cu bao gm nhng loi thuc thng
thng tr t tay chn, trc tay, chn, xng, tiu chy, cm
st, ng c thc n, cc loi du thoa khi mui, kin cn,
Panadol gim st. Hoc c th mua chung mt s ln nhng
vt dng, thuc men v chi ph c chia u bi mi thnh vin
trong on.
3.4 Nhng Th Cn Mang Theo
Quan trng: Trc khi ln my bay, nn kim tra chc chn khng
mang theo nhng vt dng nh dao, ko nhn trong hnh l xch
tay, trnh b an ninh sn bay khng cho i qua v s nh hng
ton b vic i ca c on v ca chnh mnh.
Nhng vt dng sau y cn c mang theo:
yy n Pin trong nhiu trng hp khch sn b cp in.
yy Qun o loi rng ri, nh nhng i li ban ngy, v ban
ngy tri nng m hay nng nh Si Gn. Tuy nhin nn
em theo mt khn chong hay o khoc khi ngi ln xe but,
v nhiu khi my lnh rt lnh m khng c nt iu chnh
nh ni trn.
238 Hnh hng v x Pht
yy i vi giy, nn mang theo loi giy i b hay giy chy b v

tt v.
yy D, loi d xp, gp li c d dng cm theo tay khi i
chim bi lc tri ma hay qu nng.
yy Nhng vt dng nh khn giy, giy v sinh, x bng gi u, x
bng git nn c mang theo s dng.
yy
Nhng n kh, nh bnh quy, bnh ngt, c ph hoc tr, m

n lin cn c mang theo.
yy Nn mang theo nhng loi thuc vitamin tng hp ung hng

ngy bo v sc khe.
3.5 B Th, Gip T Thin
Vic n xin c th l mt ngh ca mt s ngi n , thm
ch tr em trong lng cng rt thch vic xin tin khch ngay khi
gp khch hnh hng. Khi chng ta cho mt ngi, c th h
s n bao quanh rt ng xin thm, rt n o v c th gy
kh chu cho mt s ngi trong on hay c th s lm mt i
nhiu thi gian ca c on. Nu khng thi gian (v lng
kin nhn, t bi!) b th hay lm t thin cho nhng ngi
ngho kh, cch tt nht l chng ta nn mang cho tin mt hoc
vt dng n cc tu vin, cha t h c th phn pht li
mt cch cng bng. Chng ta c th mua mang theo bnh ko,
vit, sch v, qun o mi c mang n tng cho nhng chi
nhnh ca Hi i B Sarnath v Bodhgaya (B o
Trng), ni Hi lo vic dy hc min ph cho nhng tr em
ngho trong vng.
4. Khong Cch i ng Gia Nhng Ni Hnh Hng

T
Khong cch (Km)
Delhi
Agra
200
Agra
Lucknow
363
Agra
Sankasia
170
Sankasia
Kanpur
220
Kanpur
Lucknow
88
Lucknow
Sravasti
175
Sravasti
Kushinagar
250
Sravasti
Lumbini
210
Sravasti
Balrampur
15
Balrampur
India Border
200
India Border
Bhairawa
Bhairawa
Lumbini
25
Bhairawa
Ramagama
30
Lumbini
Kapilavastu
27
Lumbini
Gorakhpur
125
Lumbini
Kushinagar
180
240 Hnh hng v x Pht
Gorakhpur
Kushinagar
56
Kushinagar
Sarnath
250
Kushinagar
Vaishali
280
Kushinagar
Patna
350
Sarnath
Bodhgaya
250
Bodhgaya
Rajgir
80
Rajgir
Nalanda
12
Patna
Nalanda
90
Patna
Bodhgaya
125
Patna
Vaishali
70
Bodhgaya
Calcutta
490
Bodhgaya
Varanasi
275
Varanasi
Sarnath
12
Varanasi
Allahabad
130
Allahabad
Kaushambi
54
Ghi ch: Tt c nhng khong cch u l gn ng.
5. Bn Ch Dn V Tr a L Ca Nhng Ni Thnh a
* Xem Hnh:Bn Thnh a sau sch.
Trong 20 nm qua, k t nm 1991-2011, tc gi t chc nhiu

on hnh hng n n cho nhng Pht t Thung Lng Klang,
Malaysia. Nhiu Pht t thc hin c mt hay nhng chuyn
i c mong c ca mt i ngi v h lun lun cn gi mi
nhng cm gic v nim hnh phc trong cc chuyn hnh hng ca
lng tin v lng knh o. S c mt ca nhng Tng Ni trong on
nh nhng v thy tm linh, cng to nn nhng chuyn i hnh
phc v kh qun c trong lng ca nhiu Pht t. Nhiu Pht t,
nh tc gi, cng lin tc li ln ng hnh hng vo mi nm.
Sau y l lch trnh ca nhng chuyn hnh hng tiu biu c
thc hin. Mc ch tc gi a vo quyn sch ny cho nhiu
on hnh hng khc nhau thy c rt nhiu lch trnh hnh
hng khc nhau, c th sp xp cuc hnh trnh t nhiu ni xut
pht v ni n u tin v cui cng khc nhau c th c t chc
cho thun li vi mi on hnh hng thuc nhiu quc gia,
thuc nhng ng hng khng thun tin khc nhau.
V d, nu t Tp.HCM, c chuyn bay thng Hng khng n ,
th chng ta s thu xp chuyn bay thng qua n , n sn bay
no thuc mt thnh ph, a danh no , v t sp xp
chuyn hnh hng theo mt lch trnh no bn di m tc
gi a ra. Hoc nu khng c chuyn bay thng, chng ta c
th thu xp chuyn bay qua Bangkok hoc Singapore hoc Kuala
Lumpur bay n n hoc Sri Lanka hoc Nepal, ty theo
chng trnh ca mi on, nhm hnh hng.
242 Hnh hng v x Pht
6. Nhng Nhm Hnh Hng T Nm 1991-2011 &

Gi Lch Trnh Thit Thc Nht
Nhng lch trnh hnh hng c thc hin di y c
xp xp, tnh ton v rt kinh nghim trong nhiu nm, nhm
gip cho cc on hnh hng chn cho mnh mt chuyn hnh
hng hiu qu nht, tit kim thi gian nht v y nht.
( y, tc gi cng a tt c nhng tn ca cc Pht t, Tng, Ni
Malaysia v Myanmar cng hnh hng trong 20 nm qua, tn
vinh s n lc v cng sc h dnh thc hin nhng cuc hnh
hng. Nhng trong khun kh ca bn dch ting Vit ny, ngi
dch tm thi khng a vo ND).
6.1. Chuyn hnh hng 11 Ngy Nepal/n : 15-25/11, 1991
(22 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL/Bangkok/Kathmandu (by TG flight)
Qua m Kathmandu
Ngy 2: Kathmandu/Lumbini (by coach)
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 3: Lumbini/Sravasti (by coach)
Qua m Balrampur
Ngy 4: Sravasti/Kushinagar (by coach)
Qua m Kushinagar
Ngy 5: Kushinagar/Patna (by coach)
Qua m Patna
Ngy 6: Patna/Nalanda/Rajgir/Bodhgaya (coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 7: Whole day in Bodhgaya (by coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 8: Bodhgaya/Varanasi (by coach)

Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 9: Varanasi/Sarnath/Kathmandu (flight)
Qua m Kathmandu
Ngy 10: Whole day in Kathmandu
Qua m Kathmandu
Ngy 11: Kathmandu/Bangkok/KL (by TG flight)
Quay v
6.2. Chuyn hnh hng 15 ngy Sri Lanka/n : 21/11-5/12,

1997 (36 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL/Colombo (by Air Lanka flight)
Qua m Colombo
Ngy 2: Colombo/Dambulla/Habarana (coach)
Qua m Habarana
Ngy 3: Habarana/Mihintala/Anuradhapura (coach)
Qua m Habarana
Ngy 4: Habarana/Sigiriya/Habarana (coach)
Qua m Habarana
Ngy 5: Sigiriya/Kandy (coach)
Qua m Kandy
Ngy 6: Kandy/Colombo/Delhi (by flight)
Qua m on plane
Ngy 7: Delhi/Lucknow/Sravasti (coach)
Qua m Balrampur
Ngy 8: Balrampur/Lumbini/Gorakhpur (coach)
Qua m Gorakhpur
Ngy 9: Gorakhpur/Kushinagar/Patna (coach)
Qua m Patna
244 Hnh hng v x Pht
Qua m Gaya
Ngy 11: Whole day in Bodhgaya
Qua m Gaya
Ngy 12: Bodhgaya/Varanasi/SarnathQua m Varanasi
Ngy 13: Varanasi/Agra (flight), Agra/Delhi (train)
Night flight by Air Lanka to Colombo
Qua m trn my bay
Ngy 14: Whole day in Colombo Qua m Colombo
Ngy 15: Colombo/KLQuay v
6.3. Chuyn hnh hng n 12 Ngy: 31/10-11/11, 1999
(22 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL/Delhi (by MAS flight)
Qua m Agra
Ngy 2: Agra/Sankasia/Lucknow (coach)
Qua m Lucknow
Ngy 3: Lucknow/Sravasti (coach)
Qua m Balrampur
Ngy 4: Balrampur/Tilaurakot (coach)
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 5: Lumbini/Kushinagar (coach)
Qua m Gorakhpur
Ngy 6: Gorakhpur/Sarnath/Varanasi (coach)
Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 7: Varanasi/Bodhgaya (coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 8: Whole day in Bodhgaya (coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 9: Bodhgaya/Rajgir/Nalanda/Patna (coach)
Qua m Patna
Ngy 10: Patna/Vaishali/Patna (coach)

Qua m Patna
Ngy 11: Patna/Delhi (local flight) Whole day in Delhi. Night flight
by MAS to KL
Qua m trn my bay
Ngy12: Arrive KLIA
Quay v
6.4. Chuyn hnh hng 12 Ngy n : 27/10-7/11, 2001
(12 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL/Singapore/Delhi (by SIA flight)
Qua m Delhi
Ngy 2: DelhiSankasia/Kanpur (coach)
Qua m Kanpur
Ngy 3: Kanpur/Sravasti (coach)Qua m Balrampur
Ngy 4: Balrampur/Tilaurakot (coach)
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 5: Lumbini/Kushinagar (coach)Qua m Kushinagar
Ngy 6: Kushinagar/Sarnath/Varanasi (coach)
Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 7: Varanasi/Bodhgaya (coach)Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 8: Whole day in Bodhgaya (coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 9: Bodhgaya/Rajgir/Nalanda/Patna (coach)
Qua m Patna
Ngy 10: Patna/Vaishali/Patna (coach)
Qua m Patna
Ngy 11: Patna/Kolkata (overnight train) Whole day in Kolkata.
Night flight by SIA to Singapore
Qua m trn my bay
246 Hnh hng v x Pht
Ngy 12: Singapore/KLIA

Quay v
6.5. Chuyn hnh hng 14 ngy n : 8-21/11, 2002 (23 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL//Delhi (by MH190)Qua m Delhi
Ngy 2: Delhi/Agra (Shatabdi)/Sankasia/Lucknow (coach)
Qua m Lucknow
Ngy 3: Lucknow/Sravasti/Balrampur (coach)
Qua m Balrampur
Ngy 4: Balrampur/Tilaurakot/Bhairawa (coach)
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 5: Bhairawa/Lumbini/Kushinagar (coach)
Qua mKushinagar
Ngy 6: Kushinagar/Kesariya/Vaishali/Patna (coach)
Qua m Patna
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 8: Whole day Bodhgaya (coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 9: Bodhgaya/Varanasi (coach)
Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 10: Sarnath tour. Night train to Bhopal
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 11: Morning arrive Bhopal, visit Bhimbetka
Qua m Bhopal
Ngy 12: Sanchi/Satdhara/Udaigiri Caves. After dinner
depart Bhopal by night train for Delhi
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 13: Whole day Delhi. Night flight MH191
Qua m trn my bay
Ngy 14: Nov 21 Morning arrive KLIA

Quay v
6.6. Chuyn hnh hng 13 ngy n : 3-15/11, 2003 (24 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL/Delhi (by MAS flight MH 190)
Qua m Delhi
Ngy 2: Delhi/Agra (Shatabdi Express dep.0600hrs,
arr. 0800hrs)Agra/Sankasia/Kanpur (coach)
Qua m Kanpur
Ngy 3: Lucknow/Sravasti (coach)
Qua m Sravasti
Ngy 4: Sravasti/Lumbini/Bhairawa (coach)
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 5: Bhairawa/Kushinagar (coach)
Qua m Kushinagar
Ngy 6: Kushinagar/Lauriya Nandangarh/Muzaffarpur
Qua m Muzaffarpur
Ngy 7: Muzaffarpur/Vaishali//Patna (coach)
Qua m Patna
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 9: Bodhgaya and Dhongra Hill (coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 10: Bodhgaya/Sarnath/Varanasi (coach)
Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 11: Ganges river tour and Sarnath ruins (boat & coach)
Depart Varanasi by overnight train
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 12: Arrive Delhi 0805hrs, tour & visit National Museum
Night flight by MH 191 depart 2300hrs
248 Hnh hng v x Pht
Qua m trn my bay

Ngy 13: Arrive KLIA 0655hrs
Quay v
6.7. Chuyn hnh hng 13 ngy: 22/11-4/12, 2004 (39 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL/Delhi (by MAS flight MH 190)
Qua m Delhi
Ngy 2: Delhi/Lucknow (Shatabdi)/Sravasti (coach)
Qua m Sravasti
Ngy 3: Sravasti/Lumbini (coach)
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 4: Whole day Lumbini (coach)
Qua m Bhairawa
Qua m Kushinagar
Ngy 6: Kushinagar//Vaishali/Patna
Qua m Patna
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 8: Bodhgaya and Dhongra Hill (coach)
Qua m Bodhgaya
Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 10: Morning Sarnath, afternoon Allahabad
Qua m Allahabad
Ngy 11: Day tour of Kaushambi and Allahabad.
Board night train to Delhi dep. 2130
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 12: National Museum, Buddha Vihara, Asoka Park
Night flight by MH 191 depart 2300hrs
Qua m trn my bay

Ngy 13: Arrive KLIA 0655hrs
Quay v
6.8. Chuyn hnh hng 13 ngy n : 31/10-14/12, 2006
Ngy 1: KL/Delhi by Air India, Delhi/Agra by coach.
Qua m Agra
Ngy 2: Agra/Sankasia
Qua m Myanmar Temple,Sankasia
Ngy 3: Sankasia/Lucknow/Sravasti
Qua m Nikko Lotus Hotel, Sravasti
Ngy 4: Sravasti/Sonauli/Bhairawa
Qua m Nirwana Hotel, Bhairawa
Ngy 5: Bhairawa/Lumbini/Tilaurakot/Bhairawa
Qua m Nirwana Hotel
Ngy 6: Bhairawa/Kushinagar
Qua m Nikko Lotus, Kushinagar
Ngy 7: Kushinagar/Vaishali/Patna
Qua m Chanakya Hotel Patna
Ngy 8: Patna/Naland/Rajgir/Bodhgaya
Qua m Sujata Hotel, Bodhgaya
Qua m Sujata Hotel, Bodhgaya
Ngy 10: Bodhgaya/Sarnath/Varanasi
Qua m Meraden Hotel, Varanasi
Ngy 11: Sarnath/Mughal Sarai/Bhusaval by train
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 12: Bhusaval/Ajanta/Aurangabad
Qua m Rama Intl Aurangabad
Ngy 13: Aurangabad/Ellora Caves/Mumbai by train
250 Hnh hng v x Pht
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 14: Whole day Mumbai, check in airport at 22:55 for Air India
Flight AI 432 dep. 00:55flight
Qua m trn my bay
Ngy 15: Arrive KLIA 11:30hr
6.9. Chuyn hnh hng 17 Ngy n ; 18/11-4/12, 2007
(25 ngi)
Ngy 1: KL/Delhi by Air Lanka dep. 1440, arr. 2110
Qua m Mathura
Ngy 2: Mathura/Taj Mahal/Sankasia
Qua m Sankasia
Ngy 3: Sankasia/Lucknow/Sravasti
Qua m Sravasti
Ngy 4: Sravasti/Bhairawa
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 5: Bhairawa/Ramagrama/Lumbini/Bhairawa
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 6: Bhairawa/Kushinagar
Qua m Kushinagar
Ngy 7: Kushinagar/Vaishali/Patna
Qua m Patna
Ngy 8: Patna/Nalanda/Rajgir/Bodhgaya
Qua m Bodhgaya
Qua m Bodhgaya
Qua m Bodhgaya
Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 12: Sarnath/Kamayani Express to Bhopal

Qua m on train
Ngy 13: Bhopal/Sanchi Vidisa/Bhopal
Qua m Bhopal
Ngy 14: Whole day Bhimbetika Train to Delhi
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 15: Whole day Delhi, at night check-in airport for Air Lanka
Delhi/Colombo flight dep. 2200, arr. 0155+1
Qua m trn my bay
Ngy 16: Stopover & half-day tour in Colombo
Qua m Colombo
Ngy 17: Colombo/KL by Air Lanka UL
6.10. Chuyn hnh hng 17 Ngy n : 4-18/11, 2008
Ngy 1: KL/Delhi by Indian Airlines, travel to Agra
Qua m Agra
Ngy 2: Agra/Sankasia
Qua m Sankasia
Ngy 3: Sankasia/Sravasti
Qua m Sravasti
Ngy 4: Sravasti/Lumbini/Bhairawa
Qua m Bhairawa
Ngy 5: Bhairawa/Ramagrama/Lumbini/Bhairawa
Qua m Bhairawa
Qua m Kushinagar
Ngy 7: Kushinagar/Lauriya Nandangarh/Muzaffarpur
Qua m Muzaffarpur
Ngy 8: Muzaffarpur/Vaishali/Nalanda/Rajgir
Qua m Rajgir
252 Hnh hng v x Pht
Ngy 9: Rajgir/Bodhgaya
Qua m Bodhgaya
Qua m Bodhgaya
Qua m Bodhgaya
Ngy 12: Bodhgaya/Sarnath
Qua m Varanasi
Ngy 13: Whole day Sarnath, night train to Delhi
Qua m trn tu la
Ngy 14: Arrive Delhi, day tour, night flight home
Qua m trn my bay
Ngy 15: Arrive KLIA
Quay v
6.11. Chuyn hnh hng 17 Ngy n : 19/11-3/12, 2011 (32 ngi)
Ngy 1/Nov 19: KL/Delhi AirAsia
Qua m Best Western,
dep.0920 / arr.1310 Radha Ashok, Mathura (D)
Ngy 2/Nov 20: Mathura/Sankasia
Qua m Burmese Temple, Sankasia (B)
Ngy 3/Nov 21: Sankasia/Savatthi
Qua m Nikko Lotus Hotel, Sravasti (LD)
Ngy 4/Nov 22: Savatthi/Lumbini
Qua m Crystal Garden Hotel, Lumbini (BLD)
Ngy 5/Nov 23: Lumbini/Ramagama/Lumbini
Qua m Crystal Garden Hotel Lumbini (BLD)
Ngy 6/Nov 24: Lumbini/Kushinagar
Qua m Nikko Lotus Hotel, Kushinagar (BLD)
Ngy 7/Nov 25: Kushinagar/Pava/Kesariya/
Qua m Residency Hotel Vaishali /Vaishali (BLD)

Ngy 8/Nov 26: Vaishali/Nalanda/Rajgir
Qua m Hotel Residency Rajgir (BLD)
Ngy 9/Nov 27: Rajgir/Bodhgaya
Qua m Sujata Hotel Bodhgaya (BLD)
Ngy 10/Nov 28: Bodhgaya
Ngy 11/Nov 29: Bodhgaya
Ngy 12/Nov 30: Morning Gayasisa/
Qua m Ideal Tower Varanasi (BLD) /afternoon to Varanasi
Ngy 13/Dec 01: Morning Sarnath/
Qua m Sujata Hotel Bodhgaya/afternoon back Bodhgaya (BLD)
Ngy 14/Dec 02: Morning Bodhgaya/
Qua m Hindustan Intl Kolkata / afternoon to Kolkata (BLD)
Ngy 15/Dec 03: Flt Kolkata/KL dep. 16:35(BL)
Quay v.
254 Hnh hng v x Pht
Th Mc Sch & Ti Liu Tham Kho

Trong sut quyn sch ny, nhng ghi ch, ch gii c nh du
cc chng, mc (v d: s(6), (9) trong 2.3) Nhng im Cn Thm
Ving(6), (9)) c tham kho, tra cu hay trch dn trong nhng sch
v ti liu s 6, s 9 bn di y):
1. The Significance of the Places of Pilgrimage ( ngha ca nhng
Ni Hnh hng), tc gi Sayagyi U Chit Tin. Xb ln u tin bi
trn tp san Dhammadana (Php Th), Series 10.
The First International Conference and Pilgrimage in the Tradition
(Hi Ngh Quc T v Cuc Hnh hng Truyn Thng), tc gi
Sayagyi U Ba Khin, Xb bi Sayagyi U Ba Khin Memorial Trust U.K.
1988 (Qu Tng nim Thin S Sayagyi U Ba Khin, Anh Quc) .
2. Dhamma Padetha Volume III, tc gi Saddhammaramsi Sayadaw
Ashin U Kundalabhivamsa. Xb bi Saddhammaramsi Meditation Centre
(Trung Tm Thin Saddhammaramsi), Yangon, Myanmar 2001.
3. The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon (Cuc i
ca c Pht theo Kinh Tng Pali), tc gi Bhikkhu Nanamoli. Xb
bi Buddhist Publication Society (Hi Xb Pht Gio), Kandy, Sri
Lanka, 1972.
4. Last Days of the Buddha, A Translation of the Mahapa-rinibbana
Sutta by Sister Vajira. (Nhng Ngy Cui Cng ca c Pht, Bn
dch Kinh i Bi Bt-Nit-bn, dch gi Ni S Vajira). Buddhist
Publication Society (Hi Xb Pht Gio), Kandy, Sri Lanka 1964.
5. 2500 Years of Buddhism (2500 Nm Pht Gio), Tng bin tp GS. P.
V. Bapat, B Thng Tin v Truyn Thng n Xb, 1956.

6. Chinese Monks in India (Nhng Nh S Trung Hoa n ),
tc gi I-Ching. Bn dch ting Anh ca Latika Lahiri, Nxb Motilal
Banarsidass, Dehi, 1986.
7. A Record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the
Malay Archipelago (K S v Pht Gio c Thc Hnh ti n
v Qun o M-lai), tc gi Ngi Ngha Tnh. Dch sang ting Anh
bi J. Takakusu, Nxb Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi, 1982.
8. Si-Y Ki. Buddhist Records of the Western World. (Ty Vc K), ca
Ngi Huyn Trang (nm 629 sau CN), dch sang ting Anh bi Samuel
Beal, Nxb Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1981.
9. Origin and Expansion of Buddhism (Ngun Gc v S Pht Trin
ca Pht Gio), tc gi R Bhikkhu J. Kashyap, trong tp The Path of
The Buddha (Con ng ca c Pht). Bin tp bi Kenneth W.
Morgan, Nxb Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1986.
10. Buddhist Monks and Monasteries in India (Nhng Tu S Pht Gio
v Tu Vin n ), tc gi Sukumar Dutt. Nxb Motilal Banarsidass,
Delhi, 1988.
11. The History and Literature of Buddhism (Lch S v Vn Hc Pht
Gio), tc gi Tin S T. W. Rhys Davids. Nxb Bhartiya Publishing
House, B 9/45, Pilkhana Sonarpur, Varanasi, U.P., India. n bn u
tin nm 1896, n bn ln th 6 nm 1975.
12. Indian Buddhism A Survey with Bibliographical Notes (Pht Gio
n Mt Nghin Cu vi Nhng Ch Gii Tham Kho), tc
gi Hajime Nakamura. Nxb Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private
Limited. Reprinted: Delhi, 1989.
13. The Legend of King Asoka (Huyn Thoi Vua Asoka): Ban Nghin Cu
v Bn Dch ca Quyn Asokavadana, tc gi John S. Strong. Lot Xb
Buddhist Tradition Series, Nxb Motilal Barnasidass, Delhi 1989.
256 Hnh hng v x Pht

14. Asoka by Radhakumud Mookerji. (Vua Asoka, tc gi Radhakumud
Mookerji ) Nxb Motilal Barnarsidass, 1962
15. The Pioneers of Buddhist Revival in India (Nhng Nh Tin Phong
Trong Vic Phc Hng Pht Gio n ), tc gi D. C. Ahir. Nxb Sri
Satguru Publications, a Division of Indian Books Centre, 40/5, Shakti
Nagar, Delhi-110007, India 1989.
16. Sir Alexander Cunningham Commemorative Number. (Con S
Tng Nh Ngi Sir Alexander Cunningham), Dharmadoot Kartik
Purnima Issue 2007. Xb bi Hi ng Bo Dng n (Maha
Bodhi Society of India), Sarnath, Varanasi, India.
17. History of the Mulagandha Kuty Vihara The Prime Place of Worship
at Isipatana. (Lch S Tu Vin Mulagandha Kuty Vihara Mt Ni
Quan Trng L Cng Isipatana), bin tp TS. Kahawatte Siri
Sumedho Thero 2006.
18. The Life Story of Sri Bhaddhanta Chandramani Mahathera (Cu
Chuyn Cuc i Trng Lo Sri Bhaddhanta Chandramani
Mahathera), tc gi U Tha Doe Hla, Xb bi U Maung Nu; dch sang
ting Anh bi U Sein Tun Aung, London; bin tp bi c Josephine
Williams, London. Nxb U Chandramani Foundation, Myanmar
Buddhist Temple, Sarnath, Varanasi, May 2002.
19. Theravada Buddhism in Modern Nepal (Pht Gio Nguyn Thy
Theravada Nepal Ngy Nay), tc gi Sujano Bhikkhu, y l mt
tham lun v l mt phn ca Lun n Thc S theo ti nghin
cu S Phc Hng Ca Pht Gio Nguyn Thy Theravada v
S ng Gp ca Pht Gio i Vi X Hi Nepal. Trng i
HcMahachulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand.
20. Annihilation of Caste with A Reply to Mahatma Gandhi (S Tiu
Dit Giai Cp Bng Mt Cu Tr Li Ca Ngi Mahatma Gandhi),
tc gi BR. Ambedkar, Thc S, Tin S (H London), Tin S Lut
(H Columbia), Tin S Vn Chng, Tin S Vn Chng (H
Osmania), Lut S.

21. Gandhi & The Black Untouchables in Chapter 2 of Mahatma Gandhi
Unveiled (Gandhi v Nhng Ngi Giai Cp H Tin, Chng 2 Tit
l Mi v Mahatma Gandhi), tc gi Naresh Majhi.
22. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings and Speeches, Volume 7 (Who
were the Shudras? How they came to be the Fourth Varna in the IndoAryan Society. The Untouchables: Who were they and Why they
became Untouchables)
Nhng Bi Vit v Pht Biu ca TS. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Volume
7 (Ai l nhng n bc (Shudras)? Lm Th No H Tr Thnh
ng Cp Th T trong X Hi n -Aryan? Nhng Ngi Giai Cp
H Tin: H l Ai v Ti Sao H Tr Thnh Giai Cp H Tin?
23. The Vow Still Remains (Tm Nguyn Vn Cn Mi), tc gi i
Trng Lo B. Pannarama Mahathera, S pht hnh tp san Sambodhi
Vaishakha 1996. Xb bi HDBD o BDDT (Maha Bodhi Society of
India, Buddhagaya), India.
24. Buddhist Monuments (Nhng Cng Trnh Tng Nim ca Pht
Gio), tc gi Debala Mitra. Nxb Shishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt. Ltd.,
32A Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta 9.
25. A Manual of Buddhism (Cm Nang Pht Gio), tc gi Trng Lo
Narada Mahathera. Xb bi Hi Truyn Gio Pht (Buddhist Missionary
Society), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1977.
26. The Great Chronicles of Buddhas, Volume Two, Part One (i
Bin Nin S Cc V Pht), tc gi Ha Thng Thin S Mingun
Sayadaw.Dch sang ting Anh bi U Ko Lay, U Tin Lwin. Nxb Ti-Ni
Publishing Center, Yangon, 1994.
27. Buddhist Shrines in India (Nhng n Thp Tng Nim Pht Gio
n ), tc gi D. C. Ahir. Nxb B.P. Publishing Corporation, Delhi110052, 1986.
258 Hnh hng v x Pht

28. Lumbini, the Birthplace of Lord Buddha (Lumbini, Ni n Sinh
Ca c Pht), tp ch Visit Nepal, nm 1998, Xb bi B Du Lch,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
29. Kapilavastu The Ancient Sakya Kingdom in Nepal. (Ca-TLa-V Kinh C Xa ca Vng Quc Thch Ca), tc gi
Basanta Bidari, Dharmadoot Vaisakha Purnima Special 1997.
Hi ng Bo Dng n (Maha Bodhi Society of India),
Sarnath, Varanasi, India.
30. Kapilavastu The World of Siddhartha (Ca-T-La-V Th Gii
Ca Tt t a), tc gi Basanta Bidari. Xb ti Hill Side Press (P) Ltd,
Kha 2-5 Kalimati, Kathmandu 2004.
31. The Early Constructional Phases of the Bodhimana at Bodhgaya.
(Nhng giai on xy dng ban u ca Bodhimana ti B
o Trng), tc gi By Roland Silva, lot pht hnh Sambodhi
Buddha Purnima Souvenir 1993, Xb bi Hi ng Bo Dng
n ti B o Trng (Maha Bodhi Society of India Buddha
Gaya), India.
32. The Bodhidruma Its History and Significance. (Cy B Lch
S v Ngha), tc gi M. Shahabuddin, lot pht hnh Sambodhi
Buddha Purnima Souvenir 1993, Xb bi Hi ng Bo Dng
n ti B o Trng (Maha Bodhi Society of India Buddha
Gaya), India.
33. Buddha Vandana Souvenir. (Vt Lu Nim Thnh Knh c Pht),
Xb bi Buddha Mahotsav Organizing Committee, Gaya 823001,
Bihar, India, Oct. 1998.
34. Archaeological Excavations in Bihar since Independence (Nhng
Cuc Khai Qut Kho C Bihar Sau Ngy c Lp), tc gi Navin
Kumar. Xb bi Janaki Prakashan, Ashok Rajpath, Chauhatta, Patna 800
004, India, n bn ln 1 nm 1999.

35. Kushinagar The Holy City of Lord Buddhas Maha Parinibbana
(Kusinagar Thnh Ph Thing Ling Ni i-Bt- Nit- bn Ca
c Pht),tc gi Pimbure Samitha Thero, T Kheo Tr L Ph Trch
Cha Nht Bn- Tch Lan, Kushinagar, 1977.
36. Rajgir (Vng-x) Xb bi Ban (Cc) Kho C n (Archeological
Survey of India), Delhi 1987.
37. Some Notes on the Political Division of India when Buddhism Arose
(Mt S Ghi Nhn v Nn Chnh Tr n vo thi Pht Gio Hng
Thnh), tc gi TS. T.W. Rhys Davids. Tp Ch Hi Kinh in Pali,
Journal of the Pali Texts Society, 1897-1901, London.
38. The Mahavamsa (i Bin Nin S Tch Lan). Bn dch ca Wilhelm
Geiger. Xb bi Pali Text Society, London
39. The Origin of the Buddha Image (Ngun Gc Tranh Tng Pht),
tc gi Ananda K. Coomaraswamy. Nxb Munshiram Manoharlal
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 54 Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi-110055,
India 1972
40. Sanchi, tc gi Debala Mitra. Xb bi Tng Gim c Ban Kho C
n (Archeological Survey of India), New Delhi, India, 2001
41. Buddhism in North India and Pakistan (Pht Gio Bc n
v Pakistan), tc gi D. C. Ahir. Nxb Sri Satguru Publications, a
Division of Indian Books Centre, 40/5, Shakti Nagar, Delhi-110007,
India, 1998.
42. Buddhism in Central Asia (Pht Gio Vng Trung ), tc gi
B.N. Puri. LoatJ Xb Buddhism Tradition Series, in ti Nxb Motilal
Banarsidass, Delhi, India 1996.
43. Ancient Khotan (Nc Khotan C i), tc gi Mark Aurel Stein,
vol-1 108. Copyright (C) 2003-2008 National Institute of Informatics
and The Toyo Bunko.
260 Hnh hng v x Pht

44. Devotion in Buddhism (Lng M o Trong Pht Gio), tc gi
Trng Lo Nyanaponika Thera. Lot Xb Wheel Series No. 18, Nxb
BPS, Kandy, 1975
45. Gandhara Geography, Antiquity, Art & Personalities. (Gandhara
a L, C Vt, Ngh Thut & Tnh Cch), Di Sn Minh Ha ca
Pakistan. Tc gi TS. M. Ashraf Khan & A.G. Lone. In ti Nxb 786
Printers Islamabad. Tel: 051-2273756
46. Decline & Fall of Buddhism: A tragedy in Ancient India (S Xung
Dc & Suy Vong Ca Pht Gio: Mt Thm Ha n C Xa), tc
gi TS. K. Jamanadas, Nxb Blue Moon Books, S 201, Essel Mansion,
2286 87, Arya Samaj Road, Karol Baug, New Delhi 110 005.
V Ngi Dch
Sinh nm 1969 ti Nha Trang.
Nm 1989-1991: Hc i Hc Tng Hp Tp. HCM, khoa Anh vn, n
nm th 3.
Nm 1991-1992: Ngh hc i hc, bin dch T in Anh-Vit 65.000
t (Nh xut bn Chnh Tr Quc Gia n hnh).
Nm 1993-1994: Dy bn thi gian mn ting Anh, i Hc Cng Ngh
Tp.HCM.
Nm 1996-2000: Lm i din bn hng nguyn liu cho mt s Cty nc
ngoi ti Vit Nam (Nht Bn, Nam Triu Tin, Singapore, Thy S ).
Nm 2003-2004: Tt nghip Cao Hc QTKD (MBA), i Hc University
of Washington; Tt nghip Mini-MBA, Chng trnh Hi CNTT & Qun
tr Kinh Doanh Hoa K.
Nm 2001-2009: Lm Trng VPD Tp on ICEC Corp. (M) ti
Vit Nam.
Nm 2005-2009: Lm kim Gim c Pht trin Th trng Vit Nam,
n , Bangladesh & Pakistan cho 3 Tp on sn xut ha cht nng
nghip Trung Quc Sn ng (AM&PC), Nam Kinh (Jiangsu E/H) &
Qung ng (Zhanhua Chem & Guangdong AMP).
Nm 2009 (40 tui): Ngh hu
Nm 2009-2011: Bt u dch Kinh sch Pht gio; in & n tng min ph
Kinh sch Pht gio; tham gia cc chng trnh t thin Pht gio.
Quy y Tam Bo ti Thin Vin Trc Lm Lt, php danh: c Tr Thnh.
262 Hnh hng v x Pht
* Nhng sch Pht hc bin dch & vit:

1. Nhng iu Pht Dy (What The Buddha Taught by The Most
Ven. Ph.D Wapola Rahula).
2. Gio Trnh Pht Hc (Ton b) (Buddhism Course by Chan
Khoon San).
3. Hnh Hng V X Pht (Buddhist Pilgrimage by Chan Khoon San).
4. c Pht & Pht Php (The Buddha & His Teaching) by The
Most Ven. Narada Maha Thera).
5. Hng Dn Vi Diu Php Tng (Nguyn Thy), (Guide Through
the Abhidhamma Piaka) by Nyanatiloka Mahathera, Buddhist
Publication Society, Sri Lanka.
6. Lch S Pht Gio Nguyn Thy Cc Nc ng & Nam
(History of Theravada Buddhism in Southern & Eastern Asia).
7. Mt Kip Ngi (ang bin son).
Bn Nh Tin Phong Trong Cuc Phc Hng Pht Gio n
1. Ngi HT. U Chandramani Kushinagar, 2. Ngi T Kheo Anagarika Dhammapala,

Anh Hng ca Pht Php n
Ngi sng lp Hi i B- n
(1876-1972)

(1864-1933)

3. TS. Babasaheb Ambedkar, Ngi Dn
u ca Nhng Ngi Giai Cp H Tin
(1814-1893)
4. Ngi Sir Alexander Cunningham,

Nh Khm ph Di Sn Pht Gio
n (1891-1956)
Bn Hnh Hng ca Ngi Huyn Trang
Bn Hnh Hng Ngy Nay: Hnh trnh nu bt u t Calcutta, i qua cc thnh a trong min Pht
gio v kt thc ti New Dehli quay v. Trn Bn nh du nhng ni thnh a v thnh tch.

Huong Dan Hanh Huong Ve Xu Phat

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Hng Dn

Hnh Hng V X Pht

Gia quyn L Kim Kha thnh tm n tng

Hnh trang ba: Tng Pht Nm Kushinagar. Nt mt th hin nim an

Tc gi Chan Khoon San gi bn quyn nguyn bn ting Anh v cho php

Chan Khoon San

Hnh Hng V X Pht

Cho M, vi Ba, anh, em khut

8 Hnh hng v x Pht

cn phi hiu r l cuc hnh hng l mt chuyn i tm linh vi

v nhng ni thuc nhng thnh a cn c ving thm, v

10 Hnh hng v x Pht

v ang chng kin nhng tu s t nhng nc Pht gio li quay v

TT. Sayadaw U Jnanapurnik Nepal vo nm 1991;

12 Hnh hng v x Pht

xin php nhn c hi ny c li xin c tha th t nhng v Thy

CNG HOAN H V HI HNG CNG C

Nguyn cho cng c ca Php th (Dhamma-dana) ny c hi

14 Hnh hng v x Pht

nhng di tch Pht gio p nht t thi hong kim ca n. ng

16 Hnh hng v x Pht

Trong mt bc th in t (email ngy 16 thng 9, nm 2011)

18 Hnh hng v x Pht

trin khai thm bn thnh a khc, l nhng ni gn lin vi cuc

20 Hnh hng v x Pht

Mt cuc hnh hng v x Pht, n Tm Thnh a Quan Trng

Massachusetts, ma Thu 2011 (PL. 2555)

1. Nhng Kha Cnh Tm Linh Ca Mt Cuc Hnh Hng

24 Hnh hng v x Pht

1. Nhng Kha Cnh Tm Linh Ca Cuc Hnh Hng(1)

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 25

lc ba nghip hnh ng, suy ngh v li ni (thn, , ming).

26 Hnh hng v x Pht

Ngy nay, chng ta c th hnh trnh bng my bay v trn nhng xe

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 27

hng chu ng c nhng bt tin v vt v bng lng nhn ni

28 Hnh hng v x Pht

1.4 Hi i Hu Pht Gio hay Hi o Hu ng Hnh

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 29

tm thy c hi trong chuyn hnh hng lm tng thm nim Thc

30 Hnh hng v x Pht

v nhng A-la-hn li lc cng khng vt qua quy lut th gian

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 31

cm xc trong ngha ng tm, lm cho k hnh hng cm

2. Tm Thnh a Quan Trng Ca Cuc Hnh Hng (3), (4)

32 Hnh hng v x Pht

V bt k ai, ny Ananda, nu b thit mng trong chuyn

Cn Bn thnh a khc cng l nhng ni c thnh ha bi c

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 33

Theo ghi chp trong quyn Lun ging b Pht S (Buddhavamsa

34 Hnh hng v x Pht

2.1 Thi Tinh Thn (Tm Linh)

3. Nhng Nh Hnh Hng Li Lc Trong Qu Kh (5),(6),(7)

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 35

Thnh a Quan Trng (Atthamahathanani). Hong A-dc

36 Hnh hng v x Pht

nguy him v thm ch l ci cht hon thnh c nguyn i

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 37

Gn 100 nm sau chuyn i ca ngi Php Hin, 2 nh s khc,

38 Hnh hng v x Pht

c gi l Ty Du K (i ng Ty Vc K), vi nhng trang

4. K S Pht Quc ca ngi Php Hin(8)

Ngha, Lch S & Con Ngi 39