Mean

(x)

average [highlight data]

Standard Deviation

(SD)

STDEV.S [highlight data]

Standard Error of the Mean

(SEM)

SD/(SQRT(# of samples))

Range or Spread

(W)

highest - lowest

Relative Standard

(RSD)

SD/x*1000

Confidence Limit

(C.L.)

upper bound:
lower bound:

-> ppt
x+ts/N
x-ts/N

=N-1
= 4 @ 95% = 2.776
Minimum

(MIN)

MIN [highlight data]

Maximum

(MAX)

MAX [highlight data]

(Gmin)

x-xi/SD

(Gmax)

xi-x/SD

If G > Gcrit, it is an outlier

Gcrit for N = 5 is 1.67
2

Spooled

( n1 1) S1 ( n2 1) S22
n1 n2 2

=
=

SQRT(((4-1)*(SD1^2))+((5-1)*(SD2^2)/(4+5-2))

x x2
N1 N 2
spooled
N1 * N 2

t-Test (significant difference between 2 categories) =

(x-x2)/((spooled)*(SQRT((4+5)/(4*5)))

deg freedom
tcrit @ 95%
6
2.45
7
2.36
8
2.31
deg freedom = N - 2 ~ 9-2 = 7
For negative values:
t tcrit ~
For positive values:
t tcrit ~

no significant difference
no significant difference
(t)

3
4

mean
SD N

x/(SD/SQRT(4))

3.18
2.78
(F)

Fcrit - 6.39

S IND

S DIF

no rejections

Fcalc > Fcrit ~ significant difference