Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5 HSPA Evolution
5 HSPA Evolution
Introduction
Today, 84% of all reported global cellular
subscribers make calls via radio access technology specied by the Third Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP). This signies
that WCDMA is the predominant thirdgeneration (3G) radio network technology,
and as such, represents a substantial economy
of scale.
In addition, the recent introduction of
high-speed packet access (HSPA, 3GPP Release 6) has
signicantly improved the performance
of packet data trafc in Ericsson products
on the downlink (HSDPA) 14Mbps, and
uplink (E-UL), 1.4Mbps, giving users a
mobile broadband experience that is on
par with ADSL; and
given rise to large increases in packet data
trafc packet data is now the principal
type of trafc in 3G networks.1-2
32
Review108.indd 32
MBSFN
These new concepts will yield substantially higher peak data bit rates as well as greater
spectral efciency and voice-over-IP (VoIP)
capacity. In Release 8, for example, the peak
data bit rates will reach up to 42Mbps in the
downlink and 11Mbps in the uplink (per
5MHz carrier).
This article deals primarily with the features 3GPP has added to HSPA in Releases
7 and 8 of the WCDMA specication.1-2 It
also touches on candidate techniques for
further evolving the specication in future
releases.
08-01-21 16.12.09
One can increase the data bit rate by transmitting multiple transport blocks in parallel using multiple antennas to a single user.
This technique is often termed MIMO with
spatial multiplexing (as opposed to transmit/receive diversity, where a single transport block is sent or received by multiple
antennas). The receiver uses channel properties and knowledge of the coding scheme to
separate the data streams. Note: A prerequisite for MIMO is the standardization of the
multilayer transmission scheme.
For HSDPA, 3GPP chose a MIMO scheme
that is based on precoded and rank-adaptive
multi-codeword transmission. This means
that
each layer (substream) carries separate
transport blocks; and
the number of parallel streams can be
adapted to the current channel conditions
(rank adaptation).
Separate encoding facilitates the use of successive interference cancellation receivers,
which are anticipated to boost performance
compared with linear receivers (for example,
MMSE-based receivers).
Before data is transmitted, the modulated
and spread signal is spatially weighted (precoded) or, in other words, the data streams
are transmitted over separate transmit antennas using different transmission weights.
The preferred weights are estimated by the
user equipment (UE) and fed back to the
network together with the channel quality
indicator. The main benet of precoding is
that both power ampliers are loaded even
when a single transport block is transmitted.
When two streams are transmitted, each
stream contains the same channelization
codes. Figure 2 shows the MIMO transmitter chain.
To incorporate MIMO into Release 7,
3GPP has updated the uplink and downlink
physical control channels (HS-SCCH and
HS-DPCCH) to accommodate information
about precoder weights, the transport format, and hybrid automatic repeat request
(HARQ) parameters per stream.
In Release 7, MIMO is dened for transmitting up to two streams. In this case, each
stream can use QPSK or 16QAM, extending
the peak data bit rate of HSDPA to approximately 28Mbps. In Release 8, each stream
can use 64QAM, which extends the peak
data bit rate to 42Mbps (Figure 3).
HARQ acknowledges each stream separately and independently. Undetected blocks
Ericsson Review No. 1, 2008
Review108.indd 33
&W^i
'W^ih
7EH@
)W^ih
FEH@
+W^ih
&+F6B
+)F6B
Figure 1
Constellation diagrams of modulation schemes.
Feature
Explanation
Higher-order modulation
Multicarrier
Layer-2 enhancements
Enhanced CELL_FACH
Transmitting the same waveform from multiple cells puts the broadcast capabilities of
WCDMA on par with, for example, DVB-H.
33
08-01-21 16.12.09
EgZ"XdYZg
8E>8=&
L&&
Multicarrier operation
8dY^c\VcY
bdYjaVi^dc
HegZVY^c\
L'&
L&'
8dY^c\VcY
bdYjaVi^dc
HegZVY^c\
L''
8E>8='
Figure 2
The MIMO transmitter chain.
Layer-2 enhancements
Figure 3
Ninetieth percentile throughput in Pedestrian A-channel for higher-order modulation and
multiple input/multiple output (MIMO).
I]gdj\]ejiBWeh
)*
'm'!B>BD!+)F6B
'm'!B>BD!&+F6B
&m'!+)F6B
&m'!&+F6B
&m&!+)F6B
&m&!&+F6B
)%
(*
(%
'*
'%
&*
&%
*
%
"&%
"*
&%
&*
'%
'*
(%
HCGY7
34
Review108.indd 34
The downlink peak data bit rate using acknowledged-mode radio link control (RLC)
is limited by the size of the RLC protocol
data unit (PDU), RLC roundtrip time (RTT),
and the size of the RLC window.
A large RLC PDU size is needed to sustain
the peak data bit rates obtained in the downlink with MIMO and 64QAM modulation.
Therefore, to make efcient use of large
PDU sizes, and to generally enhance the
performance of the layer-2 protocol, Release
7 adopts exible RLC sizes, media access
control (MAC) segmentation, and improved
MAC multiplexing for downlink transmission. As a consequence, the transmitter may
freely select the size of the RLC PDU.
The ability to segment the RLC has been
preserved, and in general the network can
segment RLC service data units (SDU) into
PDUs, which facilitates more efcient transmission and retransmission over the air interface. The ability of the transmitter to exibly
select the size of RLC PDUs helps reduce
level-2 protocol overhead by reducing RLC
header overhead and padding. In addition,
the use of larger PDUs means that UEs need
not process as many of them.
In the downlink, the RLC protocol is
originated in the radio network controller
(RNC), whereas the MAC-hs is terminated
in the Node-B. If, due to changing radio conEricsson Review No. 1, 2008
08-01-21 16.12.11
GZaVi^kZKd>EXVeVX^in
(#%
'#*
JA
9A
'#%
&#*
&#%
%#*
%
G+
The activity level of packet data users varies considerably over time. Even so, from an
end-user point of view, in order to avoid the
delays associated with state transitions, it
might be advantageous to remain in a state
with a dedicated connection (CELL_DCH)
even when temporarily inactive.
3GPP has worked to make the dedicated
connection state for packet data users more
Ericsson Review No. 1, 2008
Review108.indd 35
G,
G, VYk#gm
Figure 4
Relative increase in VoIP capacity.
08-01-21 16.12.13
Figure 5
Mobile TV broadcast with MBSFN.
Review108.indd 36
08-01-21 17.10.37
Conclusion
HSPA Evolution (3GPP Releases 7 and
8) enables operators to prolong the life of
past investments by further improving the
performance of WCDMA systems. In particular, HSPA Evolution introduces several
new features that support higher data bit
rates, reduce latency, increase capacity, and
improve support for VoIP and multicast services:
Higher-order modulation. In the downlink, the introduction of 64QAM increases the peak data bit rate to as much
as 21Mbps. Likewise, the introduction of
16QAM in the uplink increases the peak
data bit rate to 11Mbps.
Multiple input, multiple output (MIMO).
In Release 7, MIMO is dened for transmitting up to two streams. In this case,
each stream can use QPSK or 16QAM, extending the peak data bit rate of HSDPA
to approximately 28Mbps. In Release 8,
each stream can use 64QAM, which extends the peak data bit rate to 42Mbps.
Continuous packet connectivity (CPC).
Simulations show that the CPC concept
in Release 7 boosts capacity for VoIP by
around 40% in the uplink and 10% in the
downlink.
Layer-2 enhancements. Release 7 introduces a new MAC protocol, MAC-ehs, which
supports exible RLC PDU sizes and the
segmentation of RLC PDUs. In addition,
the MAC multiplexing capabilities have
been improved so that RLC PDUs which
carry signaling or data from different ra-
REFERENCES
1. Third Generation Partnership Project, http://www.3gpp.org
2. Dahlman, E., Parkvall, S., Skld, J. and Beming, P.: 3G Evolution, HSPA and LTE for Mobile
Broadband. Academic Press
3. Peisa, J., Wager, S., Sgfors, M., Torsner, J., Gransson, B., Fulghum, T., Cozzo, C. and Grant,
S.: High Speed Packet Access Evolution Concept and Technologies. Proceedings of the
IEEE VTC Spring 2007
4. Gransson, B., Cairns, D., Wang, Y.-P. E., Cozzo, C., Fulghum, T. andGrant, S.: Evolution of
WCDMA High Speed Access and Broadcast Services. SPAWC 2007, Helsinki, Finland
5. Derksen, J., Jansen, R., Maijala, M. and Westerberg, E.: HSDPA performance and evolution.
Ericsson Review, Vol 83(2006):3, pp 117-120
6. Peisa, J., Ekstrm, H., Hannu, H. and Parkvall, S.: End-to-End Performance of WCDMA
Enhanced Uplink. VTC Spring 2005
7. Murai, H. et. al.: System Performance for WCDMA Up-Link Interference Cancellation
Simulated Results and Field Measurements Properties. WPMC03 Osaka, Japan
8. Bakhuizen, M. and Horn, U.: Mobile Broadcast/Multicast in Mobile Networks. Ericsson Review,
Vol. 82(2005): 1 pp. 6-13
Ericsson Review No. 1, 2008
Review108.indd 37
37
08-01-21 17.10.50