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UL

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ay = 2

ay / ax = 2

bx = 4

by = 4

by / bx = 1

bx / a x = 4

by / ay = 2

\ bunuri

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n exemplul numeric prezentat, munca este n ambele sectoare mai

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oportunitate.
n modelul ricardian costul de oportunitate al bunului Y n raport cu bunul
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L DPEHOH

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LA/ax=40
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nsum

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UL/AL/B.

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nstante:

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1.1

L

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1.2

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EHQHILFLDGHFkWLJGHSHXUPDFRPHU XOXLH[WHULRU
0RGHOXO PHQ LRQDW FRQVLGHU  GRDU ODWXUD SURGXF LHL L QX U VSXQGH GHFkW
SDU LDOODvQWUHEDUHD SULYLQG P ULPHDUDSRUWXOXLGHVFKLPEDU WkQGF VHDIO  VLWXDW

ntre

FRVWXULOH GH RSRUWXQLWDWH GLQ FHOH GRX 

SURGXFWLYLW

LOHPXQFLLDy

/ ax

3y

/Px

Ey

UL GHWHUPLQDWH OD UkQGXO ORU GH

/ bx.

3HQWUXDSUHFL]DP ULPHDUDSRUWXOXLGHVFKLPEVXQWQHFHVDUHLQIRUPD LLL

FX SULYLUH OD FRQGL LLOH FHUHULL  GLQ FHOH GRX 

puWHP DILUPDWRWXLF

UL Q DEVHQ D DFHVWRU LQIRUPD LL

 R DU IRDUWHPLF  DQJDMDW  vQ VFKLPEXUL HFRQRPLFH FX XQD

PXOW PDL PDUH SRDWH RE LQH FkWLJ GLQ IDSWXO F  UDSRUWXO GH VFKLPE LQWHUQD LRQDO
HVWH DSURSLDW GH SUH XULOH UHODWLYH LQWHUQH GLQ DUD PDL PDUH OD FDUH SURGXF LD L

cererea nu au fost semnificativ afectate de schimburile respective. Aceasta este

VLWXD LD XQHL

UL FD /X[HPEXUJ VDX (PLUDWHOH $UDEH FDUH DX SDUWHQHUL FRPHUFLDOL

PDUL 7RW DVWIHO VH SRDWH DILUPD F  R DU  PLF  PXOW WLPS L]RODW  GH

economia

PRQGLDO  DUH PXOW GH FkWLJDW vQ PRPHQWXO FkQG VH GHVFKLGH VSUH FRPHU XO

mondiDOFXFRQGL LDV

YDORULILFHM

uGLFLRVFkWLJXOGLQFRPHU $OEDQLD

1.3

6DODULLOHLSURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL

1.3.1

6DODULLLSUH XUL

Q GHVI XUDUHD UHDO  D LPSRUWXULORU i exporturilor avem de-a face cu

cosWXUL PRQHWDUH L SUH XUL 6H SXQH vQWUHEDUHD FXP VH UHIOHFW  vQ DFHVWH FRVWXUL L
pre XUL DYDQWDMXO FRPSDUDWLY FDUH GHWHUPLQ  RULHQWDUHD IOX[XULORU FRPHUFLDOH
5HOD LD GLQWUH FRVWXUL L SUH XUL SH GH R SDUWH L FKHOWXLHOLOH GH PXQF  SH GH DOW 
SDUWHRRIHU VDODULLOH

Fie salariile WA L:BUHVSHFWLY vQ

ULOH$L%&RVWXULOHGH SURGXF LHvQ

H[SUHVLHPRQHWDU vQFRQGL LLGHDXWDUKLHYRUILFHOHGLQWDEHOXO

Tabel 1&RVWXULOHGHSURGXF

LHvQH[SUHVLHPRQHWDU

3UH XOUHODWLYDOOXL<
DUD

\ Produsul

raportat la X

WAa x

WAa y

ay / ax

WBbx

WBby

by / bx

$FHVWHDYRUILDERUGDWHvQFDSLWROXOXUP W

or.

7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

ntruct salariile sunt exprimate ca sume de bani pe unitatea de timp, iar

FKHOWXLHOLOH GH PXQF  VXQW H[SULPDWH FD WLPS GH PXQF  QHFHVDU SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD
XQXLEXQSURGXVXOORUDGLF FRVWXULOHGHSURGXF LH VHH[SULP FDVXPHGH EDQLSH
XQLWDWHD IL]LF  GH SURGXV 'H PHQ LRQDW F  SUH XULOH UHODWLYH DOH P UIXULORU QX VXQW
H[SULPDWH vQ EDQL VDX XQLW

L GH WLPS GH PXQF  FL vQ FRQGL LL GH DXWDUKLH HOH VXQW

date de costurile de oportunitate *. Important pentru orientarea fluxurilor

comerciDOHvQWUHFHOHGRX  ULHVWHVDODULXOUHODWLY
n exemplul dat mai sus ntruct bx / ax > by / ay DUD$GLVSXQHGHDYDQWDM
comparativ la EXQXO;LDU DUD%ODEXQXO<3HQWUXDIXQF LRQDFRPHU XOUHFLSURF
HVWH QHFHVDU FD vQ FRVWXULOH PRQHWDUH V  VH UHIOHFWH DYDQWDMXO FRPSDUDWLY FX DOWH
FXYLQWH FRVWXO PRQHWDU SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD OXL ; vQ $ V  ILH PDL PLF GHFkW DO

produFHULL DFHVWXLD vQ

DUD % &RQGL LD HVWH FD  :A

a x < WBbx /D IHO GDF  DUD %

a y > WBby5H]XOW F Ex / ax > WA / WB > by /

H[SRUW EXQXO<HVWHQHFHVDUFD:A

ay**.

6DODULLOH UHODWLYH GLQ FHOH GRX 

SURGXFWLYLW

LOH

UHODWLYH

DOH

PXQFLL

OD

UL WUHEXLH V  ILH vQ FRQFRUGDQ

FHOH GRX 

EXQXUL

Q

H[HPSOXO

 FX
GDW

productiYLWDWHD PXQFLL vQ DUD $ HVWH GH SDWUX RUL PDL PDUH GHFkW vQ DUD % SHQWUX
produceUHDEXQXOXL;LGHGRX RULPDLPDUHvQSURGXFHUHDEXQXOXL<6DODULLOHvQ
DUD $ YRU IL GH GRX  SkQ  OD SDWUX RUL PDL PDUL GHFkW vQ

DUD %

DUD FX

SURGXFWLYLWDWH PDL PLF  YD SXWHD H[SRUWD SURGXVXO LQGXVWULHL OD FDUH VDODULXO
UHSUH]LQW RIUDF LXQHPDLPLF vQFRPSDUD LHFXSURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLLUDSRUWDWOD
P ULPHDFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHDFHOHLODOWH

UL7RWDVWIHO DUDFXSURGXFWLYL

tatea muncii

PDL ULGLFDW  YD H[SRUWD SURGXVXO LQGXVWULHL OD FDUH VDODULXO GHS HWH vQ SURSRU LH
PDL PLF  FRPSDUDWLY FX SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL P ULPHD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH GH OD
DUDSDUWH

nHU

'DF  vQWU XQD GLQ

GLQWUH SURGXFWLYLW

UL VDODULXO DU IL vQ DIDUD LQWHUYDOXOXL SHUPLV GH UHOD LLOH

LOH PXQFLL GLQ FHOH GRX 

UL V DU GHFODQD SURFHVH FDUH DU

conGXFHODVWDELOLUHDXQXLVDODULXUHDOvQFRQFRUGDQ

FXDFHVWHUHOD LL3RUQLQGGHOD

H[HPSOXOOXDWV FRQVLGHU PF vQ DUD$VDODULXOSHRU HVWHGH

 Q DUD$PDUID;YDFRVWD 

P UIXULYRUFRVWD



LDUPDUID<

LDUvQ DUD%GH

vQWLPSFHvQ DUD%DPEHOH

DUD%QXYDSXWHDFRQFXUDODQLFLXQDGLQP UIXUL$PEHOH

P UIXUL VH YRU SURGXFH vQ DUD $

DUD % YD vQUHJLVWUD GHILFLW vQ EDODQ D GH SO

L L

RPDM &D XUPDUH D RPDMXOXL VDODULLOH SUREDELO YRU VF GHD LDU FD XUPDUH D

deficiWXOXL EDODQ HL GH SO L PRQHGD DFHVWHL UL VH YD GHSUHFLD 6H YD vQUHJLVWUD FX
certiWXGLQH R VF GHUH D VDODULXOXL UHDO vQ DUD % SURFHV FDUH YD GXUD SkQ  OD
stDELOLUHDFRQFRUGDQ HLFXQLYHOXOUHODWLYDOSURGXFWLYiW LLPXQFLL
'DF  SURGXF LD L VFKLPEXULOH GLQWUH
UL V-DU UHDOL]D vQ FRQFRUGDQ  FX
FHULQ HOH DYDQWDMXOXL FRPSDUDWLY DWXQFL SUH XO vQ FRQGL LL GH VSHFLDOL]DUH vQ
SURGXF LHLOLEHU VFKLPE DOOXL;DUILFHO GLQ DUD$ DGLF 3x
OXL<DUILFHOGLQ DUD%DGLF 3y

= WAa xLDUSUH XO

= WBby.

5DSRUWXOGHVFKLPEvQWUHFHOHGRX P UIXULYDILH[SOLFDWDVWIHO

Py / Px = (WB / WA)( by /a x )

1.3

ntruct a x L Ey sunt consiGHUD L ILFL UH]XOW

LQWHUQD LRQDO L UDSRUWXO VDODULLORU GLQ FHOH GRX 

 F  vQWUH UDSRUWXO GH VFKLPE

UL H[LVW  R UHOD LH GLUHFW  'DF 

&RQVLGHU PF VDODULXOvQWU R DU HVWHDFHODLvQWRDWHLQGXVWULLOH

**

5HOD LDU PkQHYDODELO LFkQGvQORFXOVHPQXOXL!SXQHPVHPQXO8QDGLQ

DPEHOHEXQXULLDUFHDODOW VHYDVSHFLDOL]DFRPSOHW&RQVLGHU PF QXVXQWFKHOW

ULYDSURGXFH

uieli de transport.

3URGXF LDLFRPHU XOLQWHUQD LRQDO

XQD GLQ

UL vL YD VSRUL UDWD VDODULXOXL YD vQUHJLVWUD XQ UDSRUW GH VFKLPE PDL

favorabil.
3HGHDOW SDUWHGDF GUHSWXUPDUHDPRGLILF ULLVWUXFWXULLFHUHULLPRQGLDOH
VXPD FHUHULL GLQ FHOH GRX 

saODULXOXLvQ DUDFDUHH[SRUW

UL FUHWH SUH XO XQHLD GLQ P UIXUL VH YD P UL UDWD
DFHDPDUI 

5HOD LD GLQWUH UDSRUWXO GH VFKLPE L VDODULLOH UHODWLYH HVWH SUH]HQWDW  vQ

figura 1.3.

Py

by / a x

Px

W A / WB
A

by/ay=2

WA / WB

bx/ax=4

Figura 16DODULLOHLUDSRUWXOGHVFKLPE

5DSRUWXO GH VFKLPE SRDWH DYHD R YDORDUH FXSULQV  vQWUH FRVWXULOH GH

oporWXQLWDWHDOHEXQXULORUGLQ FHOHGRX
tabelul 1.1.
2

OLPLW 

D

UDSRUWXOXL

GH

UL DGLF vQWUH LFRQIRUPGDWH

VFKLPE

lor din

HVWH

H[SULPDW 

GH

SXQFWXO

$

FRUHVSXQ] WRU FRVWXOXL GH RSRUWXQLWDWH GLQ DUD $ Q DFHVW SXQFW DUD $ SURGXFH
DPEHOH EXQXUL LDU VDODULLOH DX QLYHOXO PLQLP FRPSDUDWLY FX QLYHOXO FHORU GLQ DUD

B. La extrHPD FHDODOW

 vQ SXQFWXO % UDSRUWXO GH VFKLPE FRUHVSXQGH FRVWXOXL GH

RSRUWXQLWDWH GLQ DUD % DFHDVWD GLQ XUP  YD SURGXFH DPEHOH EXQXUL LDU DUD $ YD
vQUHJLVWUDFkWLJXOP

axim de pe urma schimburilor.

Avantajul absolut este un caz particular al avantajuluL UHODWLY L DQXPH

DWXQFL FkQG ILHFDUH GLQWUH

UL GH LQH vQWkLHWDWHD SH SODQ LQWHUQD LRQDO vQFH SULYHWH

productivitatea muncii la cte unul din bunurile produse. Raportul ratei salariilor
HVWH vQ MXU GH XQX L ILLQG GDWH GRDU FRQGL LLOH SULYLQG SURGXFWivitatea muncii, nu
SXWHPSUHFL]DvQFDUHGLQWUH

ULVDODULXOHVWHPDLPDUH

7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

1.3.2 Salariile reale

Q FRQGL LL GH DXWDUKLH VDODULLOH UHDOH GLQ ILHFDUH DU  VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH
SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL GLQ FHOH GRX  LQGXVWULL 'XS  GHFODQDUHD FRPHU XOXL ED]DW
SH DYDQWDMH FRPSDUDWLYH VDODULXO UHDO H[SULPDW vQ EXQXO GH H[SRUW U PkQH
QHPRGLILFDW GDU vQWUXFkW FRVWXO EXQXOXL GH LPSRUW D VF ]XW VDODULXO UHDO H[SULPDW
vQEXQXOGHLPSRUWFUHWHvQI HFDUHGLQWUH

ULFRQIRUPGDWHORUGLQWDEHOXO

Tabel 1.3: Salariile reale

QDLQWHGHGHFODQDUHD

schimburilor dinWUH

UL

1/ ax

1/ ay

1/ bx

1/ by

'XS GHFODQDUHDVFKLPEXULORUGLQWUH

UL

1/ ax

WA / (WB by)

WB / (WAax)

1/ by

Q DUD $ VDODULXO UHDOH[SULPDW vQ EXQXO < VHPRGLILF  GH OD Dy la WA /
WB by FHHD FH UHSUH]LQW  R FUHWHUH vQWUXFkW :A / WB > by / ay L vQ DUD %
salariul real exprimat n bunul de import (X) a crescut, de la 1/ bx la WB / WA ax,
DYkQGvQYHGHUHF Ex / ax > WA / WB.
SaODULLOH UHDOH vQ FHOH GRX  UL vQDLQWH L GXS  GHFODQDUHD VFKLPEXULORU
GLQWUH

ULODXQSUH DOHVDUELWUDUVXQWLOXVWUDWHvQILJXUD

Y
2/3

autarhie
SUH LQWHUPHGLDU

1/ay = 1/2

ULVDODULXOHVWHPDLPDUH

Py/Px = 3/2

A
1/by = 1/4

1.3.2 Salariile reale

B
X
1/bx = 1/4

3/8

1/ax = 1

3URGXF LDLFRPHU XOLQWHUQD LRQDO

Figura 1.4: Salariile reale

&UHWHUHD SRVLELOLW
vQWUHFHOHGRX 

LORU GH FRQVXP FD XUPDUH D GHVI XU ULL VFKLPEXULORU

ULHVWHHFKLYDOHQW FXFUHWHUHDVDODULLORUUHDOH'DUP VXUDvQFDUH

OXFU WRULL GLQ ILHFDUH DU  EHQHILFLD]  GH LHIWLQLUHD P UILL GH LPSRUW QX SRDWH IL

deWHUPLQDW

vQDFHVWPRGHO

ConsideUkQG GH H[HPSOX F  VDODULLOH VXQW GH   vQ DUD $ L   vQ DUD
= 4  FRVWXO GH SURGXF LH GLQ DUD $ L 3y = 6  FRVWXO GH

% UH]XOW  SUH XO 3x

SURGXF LHvQ DUD%&RVWXOEXQXOXLGHLPSRUWDVF ]XWvQILHFDUHGLQ

ULLDVWIHOD

crescut salariul real exprimat n bunul de import. Datele referitoare la acest

exemplu sunt prezentate n tabelul 1.4.

Tabel 16DODULLOHUHDOHH[SULPDWHvQILHFDUHGLQEXQXULvQDLQWHLGXS
schimEXULORUGLQWUH UL
&RPHU H[

Autarhie

GHFODQDUHD

terior

2/3

3/8

Q H[HPSOXO SUH]HQWDW DUD % FKHOWXLHWH  XQLW

L GH WLPS GH PXQF 

pentru producerea bunului Y, care a fost schimbat cu bunul X, pentru care s-a
FKHOWXLWGRDURXQLWDWHGHWLPSGHPXQF vQ DUD$FHHDFHSRDWHILLQWHUSUHWDWGUHSW

schimb inegal1 $VHPHQHD VLWXD LH VH vQWkOQHWH IUHFYHQW vQ UHOD LLOH GLQWUH

ULOH FX

SURGXFWLYLWDWH ULGLFDW  D PXQFLL L FHOH FX SURGXFWLYLWDWH D PXQFLL VF ]XW  7RWXL

GDF  QX DU IDFH FRPHU  H[WHULRU VDODULXO UHDO H[SULPDW vQ PDUID GH LPSRUW DU IL L
PDL VF ]XW OD DFHVWH GLQ XUP 

UL 6H SXQH DWXQFL SUREOHPD vQ FH P VXU  DFHDVW 

PDUI  GH LPSRUW FRQWULEXLH OD FUHWHUHD EXQ VW ULL LQGLYLGXDOH L VRFLDOH IDSW FH

neFHVLW

RDERUGDUHVHSDUDW 

Arghiri Emmanuel (1972).

7HRULLLPRGHOHSULYLQGUHOD LLOHHFRQRPLFHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

1.3.3 ModifiF
&X
SURGXFWLYLW

DMXWRUXO

ULDOHSURGXFWLYLW

PRGHOXOXL

LL PXQFLL OD XQD GLQ

ULFDUGLDQ
UL DVXSUD

LL

VH

SRDWH

DQDOL]D

HIHFWXO

FUHWHULL

ULL SDUWHQHUH GH VFKLPEXUL &kWLJXO

GLQ FRPHU  GHSLQGH GH UDSRUWXO GH VFKLPE $DGDU WUHEXLH XUP ULW HIHFWXO FUH
SURGXFWLYLW

LL PXQFLL ODXQD GLQ

UL FRQVLGHU PF FHDODOW  DU  QX L

terii
-a modificat

SURGXFWLYLWDWHD PXQFLL DVXSUD UDSRUWXOXL GH VFKLPE 6  FRQVLGHU P F 

DUD $

proGXFH DPEHOH EXQXUL LDU DUD % HVWH FRPSOHW VSHFLDOL]DW  vQ SURGXFHUHD XQXLD
dintre bunuri. ntr-un asemenea caz raportul de schimb ar fi determinat de
SURGXFWLYLWDWHDUHODWLY DPXQFLLGLQLnGXVWULLOH ULL$
3RWDSDUHSUREOHPHGDF DFHDVW FUHWHUHDSURGXFWLYLW

LLVHvQUHJLVWUHD] 

vQLQGXVWULDFHFRQFXUHD]  LPSRUWXO'HH[HPSOXGDF vQ8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ  DUD

$ FD XUPDUH D VXEYHQ LLORU SULPLWH LQGXVWULD ]DK UXOXL vL ULGLF  SURGXFWLYLWDWHD
DFHDVWD YD DIHFWD QHIDYRUDELO UDSRUWXO GH VFKLPE DO

ULORU WURSLFDOH PLFL  DUD %

H[SRUWDWRDUHGH]DK UF WUH8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ $UVF GH

DFHVWRU

a veniturile din export ale

UL IDSWFHOH DULPSXQHDMXVW UL VHFWRULDOH2VLWXD LHDVHP Q WRDUHHVWHL

vQSULYLQ DFRPHU XOXLFXPRELO vQWUH5RPkQLD DUD%L8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ  DUD

A).
'DF vQDOWFD]FUHWHUHDSURGXFWLYLW
GH H[SRUW D

LLPXQFLLV

-ar nregistra n industria

ULL $ FDUH SURGXFH DPEHOH EXQXUL UDSRUWXO GH VFKLPE LQWHUQD LRQDO

s-DUPRGLILFDvQIDYRDUHD ULLSDUWHQHUH%F UHLDL-DUFUHWHYHQLWXOLVDODULXOUHDO

exprimat n bunul de import.
n general, este greu de cRQVWDWDW GDF  ULGLFDUHD SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL
dintr-R DU  DUH HIHFWH IDYRUDELOH VDX QHIDYRUDELOH DVXSUD SDUWHQHULORU FRPHUFLDOL
GDUHVWHFHUWF ULGLF EXQ VWDUHDvQSURSULD DU 

1.4

Extensii ale modelului ricardian

Modelul ricardian poate fi extins pentru a fi mai relevant ca instrument de

cerFHWDUHDUHDOLW LLPHQ LQkQGX-i principalele caracteristici.
1.4.1 Mai multe produse
0RGHOXO SRDWH IL H[WLQV I U  GLILFXOWDWH OD PDL PXOW GH GRX  SURGXVH FX
PHQ LXQHD F  QX PDL HVWH SRVLELO SH ED]D QXPDL D SURGXFWLYLW

preFL]H]HGDF

LL PXQFLL V  VH

XQEXQIDFHRELHFWXOH[SRUWXOXLVDXLPSRUWXOXLSHQWUXRDQXPH DU 

)URQWLHUD SURGXF LHL U PkQH OLQHDU  SHQWUX RULFH SHUHFKH GH GLPHQVLXQL 5HVWULF LD
SURGXF LHL HVWH LPSXV  GH RIHUWD WRWDO  IL[  GH PXQF  L GH LQWU ULOH IL[H GH PXQF 

pentru fiHFDUHLQGXVWULH0XO LPHDSURGXF LHLHVWH

3URGXF LDLFRPHU XOLQWHUQD LRQDO

ai Qi

1.4

unde ai UHSUH]LQW  QHFHVDUXO IL[ GH PXQF   SHQWUX D SURGXFH R XQLWDWH GLQ
bunul i, iar Qi HVWHFDQWLWDWHDSURGXV GLQDFHVWEXQ
Modelul ricardian satisface coQGL LD QRQ-VXEVWLWX LHL FDUH DILUP

 F 

UHOD LLOHVLVWHPXOXLGHSURGXF LHYRUILOLQHDUHGDF 

vQSURGXF LDILHF UXLEXQVXQWYHQLWXULGHVFDU FRQVWDQWH

QXH[LVW SURGXVHIDEULFDWHvQFRPXQ
XQLFXOIDFWRUGHSURGXF LHPXQFDHVWHPRELOvQWUHLQGXVWULLVDXGDF 
VXQWPDLPXO LIDFWRULGHSURGXF LHHLVHXWLOL]HD] vQDFHHDLSURSRU LH
vQWRDWHLQGXVWULLOHFDLFXPDUILXQVLQJXUIDFWRU

&RVWXO GH RSRUWXQLWDWH L SUH XO DO SURGXVHORU vQFRQGL LL GHDXWDUKLH HVWH

determinat prin necesarul tehnic DOLQWU

ULORUUHODWLYHGHPXQF &RVWXOGHSURGXF LH

DO XQXL EXQ HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH LQWUDUHD GH PXQF   3i

concuUHQ

= Wai Q FRQGL LL GH

 SHUIHFW  VDODULXO YD IL DFHODL vQ WRDWH VHFWRDUHOH DVWIHO F  SUH XO UHODWLY

DO RULF UHL SHUHFKL GH SURGXVH YD IL H

gal cu costurile lor de oportunitate : Pi / Pj =

ai /a j. n absen DSURJUHVXOXLWHKQLFDFHVWUDSRUWYDILFRQVWDQW
6 FRQVLGHU PGRX 

UL$L%LQP UIXUL3XWHPRUGRQDDFHVWHP UIXUL

GXS SURGXFWLYLWDWHDUHODWLY DPXQFLLvQ DUD$ID

GH DU

a B:

b1 /a 1 E2 /a 2 Ei /a i En /a n

1.5

'LQ DFHDVW  VXFFHVLXQH GH UDSRDUWH UH]XOW  F  FHO PDL ULGLFDW DYDQWDM

comSDUDWLY SHQWUX DUD $ vO vQWkOQLP OD PDUID  LDU FHO PDL VF ]XW FHO PDL PDUH
dezavantaj comparativ) OD PDUID Q 'DU vQ DIDU  GH P UIXULOH  L Q QX SXWHP
afirPD vQ DEVHQ D DOWRU LQIRUPD LL FDUH P UIXUL YRU IL H[SRUWDWH L FDUH YRU IL
imporWDWHGH DUD$'DF  DUD$HVWHPLF LSDUWHQHUFRPHUFLDOvLHVWHUHVWXOOXPLL
ea se poate specializa exclusLYvQSURGXF LDLH[SRUWXOP UILLODFDUHDYDQWDMXOHL
comSDUDWLYHVWHPD[LP7RWXLHVWHPDLSUREDELOFDR DU V SURGXF LV H[SRUWH
XQQXP UPDLPDUHGHP UIXUL
'LQ PRGHOXO PHQ LRQDW SXWHP RE LQH LQIRUPD LL FRQVLVWHQWH GDF  OX P vQ

considerarHLVDODULLOHUHODWLYHGLQ

ULOHSDUWHQHUHGHVFKL

mburi.

3HQWUXFDXQEXQV ILHH[SRUWDWGLQ DUD$vQ DUD%HVWHQHFHVDUFDFRVWXO

V XGHSURGXF LHV QXILHPDLPDUHvQ DUD$GHFkWvQ DUD%DGLF :A

ai :Bbi.
bj :Aaj.
&RPELQkQG DFHVWH GRX  UHOD LL RE LQHP Ei /a i  :A /WB  Ej /a j, unde i
UHSUH]LQW H[SRUWXOGLQ DUD$LDUMUHSUH]LQW H[SRUWXOGLQ ara B.
3HQWUXP UIXULOHFDUHVHH[SRUW GLQ%vQ$FRQGL LDHVWH:B

6H UHPDUF  IDSWXO F  VDODULLOH UHODWLYH VHSDU  P UIXULOH FX DYDQWDM

compaUDWLY

GH FHOH FX GH]DYDQWDM FRPSDUDWLY GLQ ILHFDUH

DU  GXS  FXP VH

HYLGHQ LD] LvQILJXUD

3H D[D YHUWLFDO  VXQW H[SULPDWH UDSRUWXULOH GH SURGXFWLYLWDWH GLQWUH FHOH
GRX 

ULSHQWUXILHFDUHSURGXV$VWIHOSHQWUXSURGXVXOSURGXFWLYLWDWHDPXQFLL

DUD$HVWHGHSDWUXRULPDLPDUHGHFkWvQ DUD%SHQWUXSURGXVXOSURGXFWLYLW

n
LOH

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