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General Types of Pharmaceutical Emulsions:: Liniments
General Types of Pharmaceutical Emulsions:: Liniments
To stabilize these
droplets, emulsifying
agent should be added
Oil
W/O
O/W
Water
Oil
O/W/O
Oil
Water
Oil
W/O/W
Water
Few drops
of emulsion
Water distribute
uniformly
O/W emulsion
Water separate
out as layer
W/O emulsion
Electrode
Emulsion
3) Dye-Solubility Test:
- Water-soluble dye will dissolve in the aqueous phase.
- Oil-soluble dye will dissolve in the oil phase.
What is look like under the microscope after mixing with suitable dye
W/O
O/W
O/W
W/O
Theories of Emulsification:
Agitation
Oil
Water
Water
Water
Surface area
Interfacial tension
System is thermodynamically
unstable high energy
System tends to separate in
two layer to reduce the surface area
A-Monomolecular adsorption
W= .
A
Surface area
Surface free
energy
Interfacial tension
Water
Form
monomolecular
film
Hydrophobic
tail
Oil
The functions of surface active agents to provide stability to dispersed
droplets are as following:
i. Reduction of the interfacial tension
This figures shows schematic of oil droplets in an oilwater emulsion. You can see the orientation of a
Tween and a Span molecule at the interface
Note that:
Anionic SAA are mainly used for external used.
Cationic SAA are used for external used. They have, also, good
antimicrobial activity (e.g. Benzalkonium chloride)
Nonionic SAA are stable over wide range of pH. They are not affected by
change in pH or addition of electrolytes. They are less toxic and main
function to provide steric repulsion
B-Multimolecular adsorption
co llo id s
Polysaccharides
Acacia
Agar
Alginic acid
Carrageenan
Guar gum
Karraya gum
Tragacanth
Amphoterics
Gelatin
Synthetic or semi-synthetic
polymers
Carbomer resins
Cellulose ethers
Carboxymethyl chitin
PEG-n (ethylene oxide
polymer)
Bentonite
Hectorite
Kaolin
Magnesium aluminum silicate
Montmorillonite
Aluminum hydroxide
Magesium hydroxide
Silica
Topical application:
o Semisolid emulsions are called creams and lotions
Oil in water emulsion
Acceptable by
consumer
Colloid mills
3.
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Emulsifying Agents:
1) Carbohydrate Materials:
Acacia, Tragacanth, Agar, Pectin. o/w emulsion.
2) Protein Substances:
Gelatin, Egg yolk, Caesin o/w emulsion.
3) High Molecular Weight Alcohols:
Stearyl Alcohol, Cetyl Alcohol, Glyceryl Mono stearate-----------o/w
emulsion.
cholesterol------------------------------------------------------- w/o emulsion
4) Wetting Agents:
Anionic, Cationic, Nonionic
o/w emulsion
w/o emulsion
5) Finely divided solids:
Bentonite, Magnesium Hydroxide, Aluminum Hydroxide o/w emulsion.
Phase Inversion:
The relative volume of internal and external phases of an emulsion is
important.
(increase) internal concentration (increase) viscosity up to a certain point.
Viscosity will decrease after that point.
At this point the emulsion has undergone inversion i.e. it has changed from
an o/w to a w/o, or vice versa. In practice, emulsions may be prepared
without inversion with as much as about 75% of the vol. of the product
being internal phase.
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