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Chapter[Sarga]1UTFenabledtext
AllpervasiveExuberantKrishna

PoetJayadevawishingtoportraythedivineloveofRdhaandKrishnainhis
immortalsonggiitagovindamstartsthiswithabenedictoryversethatindicatesthe
themeofhispoeticwork,aspoetsarerequiredtostarttheirpoeticworkswithashiish,
namaskriya,orvastunirdeshanam.
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11.Tiika/wordorder/meanings:hraadhe=hey!RdhaambarammeghaiH
meduram=sky,withclouds,thickwithtamaaladrumaiH=withtamaala,treesvana
bhuvaH=wood,landsshyaamaaH=areblackenednaktam[caabhivartate]=night[is
alsodrawingnigh]bhiiruHayam=[naively]timorous,thatone[Krishnais]tat=
therebytvameva=you,aloneimamgR^ihampraapaya=him,tohome,seehe
reaches[leadhimforth]itthamnandanideshitaH=thisway,byNanda,shewhois
instructed[Rldha]chalitayoH=whilebothareonthego[tohome]rldhaa
maadhavayoH=ofbothRdha,Mdhavayamunaakuule=onYamuna,banksof
prati=each,ateachandeveryadhva=onpathwaykunjadrumam=inarbour,attree
rahaHkelayaH=sequestered,[Gr.ers,orepithymia,orphilianotjustlove]playsof
passion[thatarethehappenstances,bechancedevents]jayanti=wonover,fructified
[letthembetranscendentallyexquisite.]
"h!Rdha,cloudsarethickeningonthesky,blackTamaalatreesblackenthe
woodlands,andnightisalsodrawingnigh...andthatoneisnaivelytimorous...thereby,
youaloneleadhimhome..."thiswaywhenNandainstructedRdha,bothRdhaand
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Mdhavaareonthegohomeward,andthenthehappenstancesoftheirsequestered
playsofpassion,oneachpathway,ateverytree,andineachandeveryarbouronthe
banksofRiverYamuna,aretranscendentallyexquisite.[11]

Thisisthe'worm'seyeview'ofthispoeticwork,butnottheinvocationofdeityof
speech/poetics.Theinvocationisinnextverse.
Aparableissaidaboutthisverse.Asusualwithanyotherpoet,Jayadevawasalso
saidtobeatwiddlerofhisthumbs,andseeingthismaternaluncledauntshimfornot
takingupanyjoborprofessionlikeanyotheryoungster.Jayadevarefusestrivialjobs
anddeclareshimselfasapoetofparexcellence,andhecanportrayayam'that'godin
aninnovativemannerandinoffthebeatentrack.Thenhismaternalunclequestions
whothatgodis,andthethemeof'that'poetry,about'that'god.Thenthispoem
emergedfromthedepthsofheartofJayadevaaboutayam,thatgodandhis
sequestereddeeds.Atthelastwordsofthisverse,thatunclespranguptohisfeetinire,
andalmostsaidtohavestifledJayadevatodeath,forutteringsuch'blasphemous
poetry'on'that'god.
ThenJayadeva,tostandbyhisownselfdeclarationasaneminentpoet,startedto
composetherestofthiswork,andputthenextverse,aninvocatorypoem,tostylus.
Thus,thoughunconnected,thispoemremainedattheheadoftheworkasaprologue,
preambleetc.,inthepatternofaashiirvaada,vastunirdehsa,mangalaaadiini'asortof
blessings,indicativeofthetopicofpoetry,andforauspiciousbeginningofthepoetic
worksetcwhichthepoetsusuallyemploy.HerethelovegameofRdhaandMdhava
itselfbecametheauspicious,blessingapriori,andcontentofthispoeticwork.That
way,withoutnaminghimasKrishna,Govinda,orMdhavaetc.,thepoetputsthe
pronounonthetongueofNanda,thefatherofKrishna,asayam,ayambhiiruH...onthe
linesofkaalidasa,whodidthesameinhiskumaarasambhavam5ayamjanaaH
prahR^iShTamanaaHtapodhaneHowever,thepoetreallystartshisworkwiththe
nextverse.
raadhesaidbyNandahasthreeshadesanunayavaakya'Rdha,pleasetakehim
home,forheisstillaboy...kopauktisaidinanger...''Rdha,don'tyouknowthatheis
boyishandnaivelytimorous...whenitisduskinganddarkening...whatisityouplayin
nights...yougohome,andwhilegoingtakethisfellowalsotohishome...nonight
wanderings...'tattvaukti'withsomesubtext...'Rdha,tvamevayoualonearehis,
gR^iham'house,personifiedbywifeyouonbecomingwife...'praapaya'makehim
prosperous...''OnyouraccountKrishnabecameahouseholderhenceyoualonelead
himforthandenrichhisprosperityashiswife...'
Rdhadidnotgethercherisheddesirefulfilledinatrice,oratasnapoffinger.She
hadtoundergoherhistoricalordeal,puttotestbyKrishna.Whyshouldshe?Whenshe
iswilling,whenKrishnaisatherside,whenfatherNandapermitted,whenhermaid
encouragesher...isshestillputtotest?Thesewouldbethepertinentdoubtsthatarise,
thoughtheyarenotthequestionsinreality.Yes!Sheisputtolitmustestbythismost
mischievousKrishna,andshehadtoshedhertears,sobhersobs,frownher
resentmentsetc.Whereallthishashappened?Oneachandeverypathwaytohome,at
eachandeverytree,andineachofthebowers.Krishnaseemstobethere,butactually
heisnottherethoughheissupposedlyunavailable,buthisflutingisaudiblevery
nearly.So,todepictthatatruedevoteehastoundergoastepbystepprocessforthe
culminationofhis/herardentdesire,thepoetindicatesthattherearemanyapathway
totread,manyarethetreesofwisdom,andmanyarethebowerstocontemplatelonely
andsolitarily,notonlyforRdhabuttoanydevotee.Allthesearegodsendgiftsof
natureandhumans.
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Thecloudsspreadingonskywillnaturallybemany.HerethewordmeghaiHisalso
inplural,butthecommentatorslimitthemtonumbernine,withoutthesenseof
innumerability,andsimilethemwiththeninestates,outofthetenstatesoflovepangs
ormanmathaavasthas:
manmathaavasthas
dR^ik,manas,sankalpa,jaagaraaH,kR^ishataa,aratiH|
hriityaago,unmaada,muurcChaa,antaa,itianangadashaadasha
1]eyeing2]heartloosing3]endeavour4]sleeplessness5]shrivelling6]
disinterestednessinanything7]shamelessness8]maddening9]swooning10]trying
toendoneself.Thewordambaramskysuggests'openness,skyisthelimitfor
enjoymentelateyourselvestosky...'Andthewordvanabhuva'woodlandareasarelike
heavens,lonely,secluded...thusasecretedheavenissaidtobethereonearth,onthe
banksofRiverYamuna...'becauseKrishnaispresentthere.Andnaktam'nighttime'is
thepropertimeforsuchactivity,sinceitisforbiddenfromdawntodusk.Andyamunaa
kuule'onthebanksofYamuna,excitingenvironofYamuna,withbreezeswafting
coolnessofYamunawatersandfragrancesofflowersontoitsbanks.Theopenness,
solitude,rivers,waters,flowers,fragrances,allofthemmadethatplaceheavenly.
Aboveall,ayam,'that'godishere.Thenwhatmoredoesadevoteerequireforhis/her
dedication,inordertocommingleinhimphysically,inmortal'sparlance,and
psychicallyinadevotee'sexperience.
OntheuseofultramundanewordmaadhavalakSmii's,husbandVishnumaybe
observed,evenwhenKrishnaismanifestlyamortal,andavailablejustbeforetheeye.
ThoughKrishnaisVishnuandthoughRukmini,hisfirstconsort,islakSmii,Krishna's
longingforanephemeralandpoeticembodimentcalledRdhaismore,anditsuggests
thatgodisinclinedmoretowardsrealdevotees,ratherthanforhiscoequals,like
RukminiorlakSmiiandthelike.
AestheticsinfoforSanskritstudents:Thewholeworkrevolvesroundthefollowing
aesthetics.1]uddipanaabhaavaaHexcitantsofmood:clouds,woodlands,night,
arboursandbowers,riverside,coolbreezesetc2]aalambanabhaavaaHmoodfor
devotement:Rdha,Yamunabanks,arboursandbowers,solitudeetc.3]anubhaava
indicativesofmoodtimorousness,prudishness,coynessofallcharacters4]vybhicaara
bhaavaaHdeviatingmoodsecstasy,fear,interestedness,embarrassmentetc5]sthaayii
bhaavaaHcommonmoodlonging,desperation,jealousy,resentmentetc.,withthese
moods,itissambhogavipralambhasR^ingaaraandthemetreofthisverseis
shaarduulavikriiDitam.
Thoughthemoodsareavailableineachfootofwholepoem,theymaynotbe
broughtinhere,astheydonotmeananythingthesedays.Butinaprimadonnaish
fashion,somearesaidhere.FrommeghaiHtopraapayaitisvipralmbhasR^ingaara
iththamtokelayaHitissambhogasR^ingaarashyaamaatamaala,radhaamaadhavoH
areinanupraasaaaalnnkaarafirstpartofversehassamuccayaalankaarawhilethe
laterpartishavingashiiralankaaraandontotalitissaidinsamshR^iSTialankaara.
AndthefirstverseitselfisindicativeoftheactivitiesofKrishna,andhisplayfulacts,
disporting,orthefrolickingthatistermedasraasaliila,raasakriiDa,krishnaliila,
whichwillbeheartpleasing.
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12.Tiika/wordorder/meanings:vaakdevataa=speech,deityofcharita=with
legendofchitritachittasadmaa=depicted,[painted,withmurals,embellishedwith]
heart[soul,][called]housecaraNa=feetcaaraNa=[whichare]massagedby
padmaavatii=GoddesslakSmiichakravartii=wheel,mover[eitherHisown
Sudarshanadisc,orthewheelofworld,i.e.,bythegraceofonewhosefeetare
massagedbyGoddesslakSmii,Vishnu,thePrimeMover]padmaavatii=padma=
lotusvatii=onwhohandlesit,[onewhoispresidingdeityofaSTaakSharihymn,]
GoddesslakSmiicharaNa=atfeetchaaraNa=byservingchakravartii=onewho
becamekinglypoetpadmaavatii=Padmaavatiaspropernoun,onenamedas
Padmaavati,poet'swifecaraNacaaraNa=withfeet,bymoving,bymakingthefeetof
hiswifePadmaavatitodancechakravartii=onewhobecamekinglypoetshrii=
epitomeofFortune,lakSmii,hereRdhavaasudeva=vasudeva=earth's,deityof
[Krishna]ratikeli=epithalamicpassion[Gr.eros,epithymia,notjustlove,orlust,]
playskathaasametam=episodes,alongwith[comprisingof]etam=this[onethatis
abidingintheheartlikehousewithmurals,poeticwork]prabandham=poeticwork
jayadevakaviH=Jayadeva[named,]poetkaroti=[heis,or,Iam]doing[authoring.]
Saraswati,thepresidingDeityofSpeech,embellishinghissoulwithherlegends,
likeahomeeverembellishedwithmurals,andhewhohasbecomeanemperoramong
poetsbyhisserviceatthefeetofGoddesslakSmii,suchapoetJayadevaisnow
authoringthispoeticlorecalledGitaGovindamthatissofarabidinginsuchasoulwith
suchmurals,whichlorecomprisestheepisodesofplaysofpassionofRdhaand
Krishna.[12]
Or
Saraswati,thepresidingDeityofSpeech,embellishinghishomelikesoul,ever
embellishedwithmuralslikelegendsofherliterarygrace,andhewhohasbecomean
expertinpoetrybythegraceofonewhosefeetareevermassagedbyGoddesslakSmii,
namelyVishnuorKrishna,whoalsoisthePrimeMoverofthisworld,suchapoet
JayadevaisnowauthoringthispoeticlorecalledGitaGovindamthatissofarabidingin
suchasoulwithsuchmurals,whichlorecomprisestheepisodesofplaysofpassionof
RdhaandKrishna.
Or
Saraswati,thepresidingDeityofSpeech,embellishingmysoulwithherlegends,
likeahomeeverembellishedwithmurals,andIwhobecameanemperoramongpoets
bymyserviceatthefeetofGoddesslakSmii,andevenbytheservicerenderedbymy
wifePadmaavati,forshetightlyfastenedmylyricstotuneandrhythmwithherdancing
feet,suchasIam,IthekinglypoetJayadeva,amnowauthoringthispoeticlorecalled
GitaGovindam,whichissofarabidinginmysoul,anditcomprisestheepisodesof
playsofpassionRdhaandKrishna.
ThisinvocationstartswithvaakdevataaafterKalidasa'svaakarthaaviva
sampR^iktauinepickumaarassambhavam.Inthosedays,poeticnarrationaboutone's
ownwifeoraboutherperformingartswasataboo.Jayadevapoohpoohedthiswiththe
abovestanza,questioningastohowSatyabhamadancedbeforeKrishna,andhow
PaarvatialwaysdanceswithalwaysdancingShiva.Further,devotiondoesnotequate
withsolitaryselfsurrender,orbyhermeticsainthood,orbymurmuringhymnssingly.
ThatisfordevoteesofnirguNabrahmaandthis'bhaagavatadevotion'culminatesonly
whenupacaaraas'devotionalofferings'areoffered,andthesinginganddancingarethe
endpartofanyworship.Eventodaythiscustomcontinues,butonlyasalipservice,
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Chatramdhaarayaami,caamaramviijayaami,giitavaadyanR^ityampradashayaami'I
holdupanparasol,Ifanyou,Ishowdance,sing,playmusicinstruments...oh,godgive
mewhatIwant...'Insteadofworshippingwithadialogue,JayadevaandPadmaavati
danced.ItissaidtheJayadevarecognisednotonlyadancerinhiswife,buta
bhaagavatiipratipatti'femaledevotee'inher,andthusbothhaveadoredtheirgod
jointly.
TheanalogybetweenVaasudevaandJayadevaisvasubhiHdiipyataitivaasudeva
'oneshinesforthwithhiswealth...'IfKrishnaisresplendentwithhischarm,Jayadeva
isglisteningwithhiswordplay.tasyaapatyamvaasudeva'hissonisVaasudeva...'
meaningthatonewhohascomeoutofhisindebtednesstowardshisfather,henceafree
birdtotakehisownwingsandtoflirtashemay.Jayadevaisequallyfreetoflirtaway
fromtheorthodoxyofpoetics.
Aesthetics:Heartandhouseareinsimile,henceruupakaalankaaraandat
sametametamitisanupraaalankaaravyanjanavyR^ittenakaavyaguNaojariiti
gaudiiyavR^ittibhaaratimetrevasantatilaka.
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13.hsatjanagaNa[adhyaahR^ita,elliptedword]=oh,gracious,people,
assemblage[roundedofftooh,graciouspeople]hari=onHari,onKrishnasmaraNe=
inmeditationmanaH=soulsarasam=with,elixir[ofdevotion]yadi=if,[shouldit
befilledwith,plethoricwith]vilaasa=inflirtaceous[women's]kalaasu=arts[artsof
coaxing]kutuuhalamyadi=curiousness,if[shouldyouhave]tadaa=thenmadhura
=mellowlykomala=delicate[willowy]kaanta=heartpleasing[mellifluous]pada
aavaliim=words,medleyofjayadeva=[about]glorious,godKrishna[or,poet
Jayadeva's]sarasvatiim=divinespeech,praisesongshR^iNu=belistened.
Oh,graciouspeople,shouldyourheartsbeplethoricwiththeelixirofdevotionfor
meditatingonKrishna,andshouldyoubecuriousenoughabouttheartsofcoaxingof
flirtaceouswomenkind,thenlistentothepraisesongofJayadevaonthatgloriousgod
Krishna,whichisamedleyofwillowywords,wordedmellowlyandmellifluously...[13]
Thisversewillbeat4thplaceinNorthIndianversionsandinSouth,itisasabove.
Thewordusedmathuramelodiousmellowly,meaningthatthewordsusedhaveshabda
gata,arthagata,maadhuryamsoundbasedandmeaningbasedmelody.Inthemsound
basedmelodyoccurswhenharshsoundingconsonantslikeThaDhaarenotused,while
themeaningbasedmelodyoccurswhenthosewordsareprimarilyheartpleasing,yeta
littlethinkingisnecessarytoderivetheirmeanings,unlikethewordsofabsolute
philosophy,whichdonotgiveanysatisfactioneveafterdelvingdeepintothem.Again
thekomalahasthetwoaspectsofmeaning.Inthem,soundbaseddelicacyoccurswhen
toomuchofcombiningvowelsandconsonantsisnotadoptedasinnistriaguNya,
tymbakaandthelike,whichusageiscalledascakrabandhapadmabandhawayof
compounding.Andthewordkaantaisalsothesame,inthatthepoeticworkisdesirable
forithassoundbasedlissomness,andmeaningbasedlitheness.Theusefulnessofthis
verseisharismaraNa,vilaasavidyasikShaNameditationonKrishna,andhowthe
coaxingandcombingofwomenfolkwillbedelightfullyinciting.Thus,thiswork's
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subjectmattercontainscognizablegodinKrishna,ifitismulledoverbyhiscognitive
devoteessmaaryasmaarakabhaavadiipakaalankaarapaancaaliiriitikaishikii
vR^ittivR^ittamdR^itavilambitaWiththisinvocatorypoemthepoetisembarkingon
theusualprologuesnecessaryforapoeticwork.
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14.umaapatidharaH=PoetUmaapatidhara,[acontemporarypoetofJayadeva]
vaachaHpallavayati=words,spreads[useswordswithprolixityandexpansile
meanings]sharaNaH=poetSharanaduruuhadrute=impossible,tothink,in
speediness[wordsareunpronounceablyspeedy]shlaaghyaH=praiseworthy[Sharana
poet]shR^ingaara=romancerachanaiH=withwritingsuttara=before[prioritized]
sat=bestprameya=inferablesubjectofpoeticwork[or,sat=byscholars,prameya=
inferable,knowableaachaaryagovardhana=scholar,poetGovardhanaspardhii=
antagonistkaHapina=anyone,even,notthereshrutidharaHvishrutaH=poet
Shrutidhara,renowned[forheisawordsmith]dhoyiikavikShmaapatiH=Dhoyii,
poet,poets,kingof[but]giraam=ofwordssandarbhashuddhim=situational,
pureness[properness]jayadevaevajaaniite=Jayadeva,alone,knows.
Or
umaapatidharaHvaachaHpallavayati=Umaapatidhara,words,spreads[verbose]
sharaNaH=Sharanapoetduruuhadrute=impossible,tothink,inspeediness[words
areunpronounceablyspeedy]shlaaghyaH=praiseworthy[Sharanapoet]
shR^ingaara=romanceuttara=before[prioritized]sat=byhisworkcalledsaccarita
prameya=inferable[asapoetbyhisworkcalledsaccitra]rachanaiH=withwritings
aachaaryagovardhana=for[pedagogic]scholar,poetGovardhanaspardhii=
antagonistkaHapina=anyone,even,nottheredhoyiikavikShmaapatiH=Dhoyii,
poet,poets,kingofshrutidharaHvishrutaH=whathehasheard,heretains[parroted
poetry,]thusrenownedgiraam=ofwordssandarbhashuddhim=situational,
pureness[properness]jayadevaevajaaniite=Jayadeva,alone,knows.
PoetUmaapatidharauseswordswithprolixityandwithexpansilemeaningspoet
Sharanaispraiseworthyforhisunpronounceablespeedywordplaynoneisan
antagonisttothescholarlypoetGovardhana,forheinferentiallyprioritisesromance
poetShrutidharaisrenownedasanexpertwordsmithpoetDhoyiiisakingamong
poetsbutpoetJayadevaaloneknowsthesituationalpropernessofwordsand
wordplay.[14]
Or
PoetUmaapatidharaisverbosewithprolixwordsandexpansilemeanings,hence
heisapoetasterwithstridentandshrillywordsvaagaaDambarampoetSharanais
praiseworthyforhisunpronounceablespeedywordplay,henceheisunintelligibleand
unexplainablenoneisanantagonisttothescholarlypoetGovardhana,forhe
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prioritisesromancealone,andwhenheisbereftofotheraestheticsheisunfittobe
calledasapedagogicscholar,namelyaachaarya,forhistreatiseonalankaarashaastra
namedaaryaasaptashatipoetDhoyii,aselfstyledkingofpoets,isrenownedforhis
parrotedpoetry,thusheishardlyapoetbutpoetJayadevaaloneknowsthesituational
propernessofwordsandwordplay,hencehealoneisthepoetoftheday...
Thesecondmeaningisnotaridiculethrownatotherpoets,butitislike'throwing
hatinthering...'andavoweddeclarationthathealoneisgoodatpoetry.Itwasa
practicetosayoneortwoversesinpraiseofgoodpoetsandinscornatbadpoetssu
kaviprashamsa,kukavininda.ThisisinsamuccayaalnkaarashaarduulavikriiDitam
isitsmetre.
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aSTapadi1dashaavataarakiirtidhavalam

FromhereontheaSTapadiswillbecoming.Thesewillbeineightfootedstanzas,
witharepeatablestanzaattheirend.Thoughallthestanzasareasingleverse,theywill
bedividedintoseparateunitsforthesakeofeasyreadingandforeasyincorporationof
commentsection.TheseaSThapadiswillnotbegivenaruuningnumber,buttheyare
numberedseparately.Heretheyaregivennumberslikeapa11,apa2,whereapa
representsaSTapadi,eightfootedverse,1,and1,2,3areitsunits.

apa11.dhR^itamiinashariira=ondonning,fish's,bodykeshava=oh,Keshava
pralaya=completely,commingled[deluged]payodhi=oceans'[allcommonnouns,
jaatiekavacana]jale=inwatersvihita=makedo[improvising]vahitra=[likea]
shipcharitram=legendaryvedam=Vedas
Or,vihitavahitracharitramvedamvihita=thosethatarepreordainedtobe
vahitracharitram=ships,historyontheanalogyofshipsvedam=VedasVedasthat
arepreordainedtobeanalogoustoshipsintransportingsoulstoothersideoflifes
seashore
a+khedam=without,weariness[indefatigably]dhR^itavaanasi=upheld,youare
jagatiisha=worlds,theAlmightyofhare=oh,Harijaya=hailtothee.
Whenallthewatersofallsevenseasdelugedtheearth,oh,keshava,donningthe
bodyofafishyouindefatigablyupheldallthefourVedas,whichbythemselvesare
foreordainedtobeanalogoustoshipsintransportingsoulstotheothershoreoflife,
therebyoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofalltheworlds,hailtothee...[apa11]
ThewordKeshavaisaformationofkaiishavawherekaHisBrahmaiishais
ShivavabornfromVishnukaitibrahmaNonAmaeSoahamsarvadehinaamavaam
taangesambhuutautasmaatkeshavonaamavaanniruktabhaaSyam.ThusBrahmaand
ShivaarebornfromthebodyofVishnu.jagadiisha'youarethecontrollerofallworlds
andwhentheyhavebecomeuncontrollableyousettheminorder...thattoo
indefatigably,hencewearereassuredofyourpresence...'Hari'hewhostealsawaythe
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troublesofhisadherents...'sthaayiibhaavautsaaharasaviiranaayakalakShaNa
dhiiralalitaalankaaraupamaatishayoktiriitiarthamaagadhiNext,theincarnation
oftortoiseistakenup,sequentially.Nowletusseesomeofthedancegesturesforthis
stanzafromnrityalakShaNasamhita:

apa12.dhR^itakacChaparuupa=assuming,tortoise,formativipulatare=very,
wide,muchindegree[widest,ormassive]dharaNi=onethatissustainedbyearth
mountaindharaNa=bybearingtheweightofsuchaMt.MantharawhenMilkyOcean
waschurnedkiNa=crustaceous[back],shellbecamecrustaceouswithhexagonal
crustsbythefrictionofMt.mantharachakragariShThe=circular,oncarapaceshell
oftortoisetavapR^iShThe=onyour,backkShitiHtiShThati=earth,isabiding
keshavajagadiishahare=asabovejaya=asabove.
Assumingtheformofatortoise,oh,Keshava,youpositionedearthonyour
tortoiseshellthathasalreadybecamecrustaceouswhenMt.manthararaspeditduring
thechurningofMilkyOcean,wherebytheearthisunsinkablyabidingonyourback,
eventoday...thereby,oh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa12]
ThistortoiseliftedMt.mantharaonce,andlatertheearthfromsinkageinto
waters.ThewordtiSThatiisinthetenseofvartamaananirdesha'presentcontinuous'
sotheearthisonthebackofthattortoise,eventoday.
.

apa13.dhR^itasuukararuupa=onassuming,wildboar's,formkeshava=o,
keshavatavadashanashikhare=onyour,fang's,edgelagnaadharaNii=became
stuck,earthshashininimagnaa=inmoon,embeddedkalaN^kakalaiva=blemish's,
streak,likevasati=islodgedjagadiishaharejaya=asabove.
Assumingtheformofawildboar,Oh,Keshava,youliftedupthesinkingearthwith
yoursnout,butstuckandlodgedontheedgeofyourotherwiseblemishlessfangs,she
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lookedmoreliketheblemishembeddedontheotherwiseblemishlessmoon,yetyou,as
aneternalsustainerofearth,allowedhertoabideandspinthere,whereofoh,Hari,you
aretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa13]
Krishna,earth,andwildboarareblackwhileboar'sfangandcrescenticmoonlike
fangarewhite.Whiletheearthisspinningonthetipoffang,itsblacknessisappearing
asthedeermarkinthemoon.Theearthis,inaway,ablemishtogodforhecreatedit,
butitseparateditselffromhim,anditsinmatesalwaysdocertaindeedsthatbring
moreblemishestohim.
Thegodsdonotcomeintophysicalcontactwithearthandearthlings.Ifgodshave
anerrandonearththeyhavetotransmogrifytheirformstodwellonearth.Ifany
earthlinggoesintotherealmofgods,itisablemishonthegodswhoentertainedthem.
Here,blemishorotherwiseHariisbearingearthonhisfang.

apa14.dhR^itanarahariruupa=onassuming,man,lion,formkeshava=h
kashavatavakarakamalavare=onyour,hand,[called]lotus,thebestadbhuta
shR^iN^gam=wondrous,tipfingersthathaveawondrousnailsdalitahiraNya
kashipu=thathavelacerated,hiraNyakashyapa'stanubhR^iN^gam=body,[calleda]
honeybeenakham[bhaati]=suchnails,[shineforth]jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=
hailtothee.
Assumingtheformofmanlion,oh,Keshava,youwithyourlotusypalmsthathave
wondrousnailstorethestonybodieddemonhiraNyakashyapa,aswondrousasa
petalinetinerendinghardbodiedhoneybee,thusthosefingernailsevershineforthfor
theireliminationofviceonearth,wherebyoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,
hailtothee...[apa14]
ThepetaluminLateLatinmeansmetalplate.Itisusualforahoneybeetosting
andlaceratedelicatelotusesfornectar.Butlotuslaceratingthickskinnedhoneybeeis
unusual.Thoughthepalmsofgodarelikedelicatepetalsoflotus,theyhaveverysharp
andslashingtipsoffingernails,liketheclawsoflion,onlytobisectthickskinnedvice,
calledmonstrosity.Hencethosetipsoffingernailsevershineforthasawarningforevil.
alankaararuupaka.

apa15.adbhuta=oh,astoundingonevaamana=oh,demoneliminatorpada
nakhaniirajanitajanapaavanapadanakha=fromfoot's,toenailniirajanita=with
water,thatemergedjanapaavana=people,oh,sanctifierofdhR^itavaamanaruupa=
whenassumed,dwarf's,mienvikramaNe=whiletreading[threeworlds]balim
chhalayasi=EmperorBali,isbeingdeludedjagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailto
thee.
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Oh,astoundingone,oh,eliminatorofdemons,oh,sanctifierofpeoplewiththe
waterthathasemergefromyourtoenail,namelyRiverganga,oh,deluderof
antagonistslikeEmperorBaliwhenyouincarnatedasadwarfboy,wherebyoh,Hari,
youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa15]
WhenVishnutookincarnationofdwarfboyheseeksdonationofathreefootspace
fromEmperorBali,andBalibeinganonaysayer,accordsit.Thenthedwarfcovers
entireearthwithonefoot,entireheavenwiththesecond,andasksBaliwheretokeep
thethird.BalishowshisheadandtheboyplaceshisthirdfootontheheadofBali,
subduingBalitonetherworlds.Indoingso,whenthatdwarfboyraiseshisfoottocover
heavens,histoegoesstraighttothepresenceofBrahma.Observingthattoeashis
fatherVishnu'stoe,Brahmaanointsitwithsacredwaters.Whenthatdwarfboy
withdrawshisfootfromheaventoplaceitonBali'shead,thenthesacredwaterpoured
onthattoenailbyBrahma,rushedontoearthasRiverGanga.Herethepoetissaying
thatBaliisbeingdeludedeachtimeineachcycleoferas,asapresentcontinuous
action.

apa16.dhR^itabhR^ighupatiruupa=onassuming,sageBhrigu'slegatee
[ParashuRama,]saviour's,mienkeshava=o,keshavakShatriyarudhiramaye=
Kshatriya,blood,filledupwithpayasi=insuchwaters[poolsofblood]apagata
paapam=swervedoff,sinshamitabhavataapam=ceased,worldly,torridityjagat=
world[people]snapayasi=youmakethemtobathe[inpoolsofbloodofkings]
jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.
AssumingthemienofParashuRama,thesaviouroftheworld,Oh,keshava,you
filledfivepoolscalledshamantapancakawiththebloodofatrociousKshatriyakings,
andmakingtheworldtobatheinit,thusceasedistheworldlytorridityofpeopleand
swervedaretheirsins,wherebyoh,Hari,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...
[apa16]
Inthisrasabhiibhastanaayakadhiiroddhataalankaarasvabhaavoktiareits
aesthetics.

apa17.dhR^itaraamashariira[or,raghupatiruupa]=onassuming,Rama's,
bodykeshava=o,keshavadikShu=inalldirections,dikpatikamaniiyam=
directions,presidingdeitynamelyindra,orthepresidingdeitiesofdirections,as
desiredby[him,orthem]ramaNiiyam=heartpleasing,muchwantedactdasha
mukhamauli=ten,faceddemon,[octahedronRavana's],headsbalimraNevitarasi=
asoffertories,inwar,youaregenerouslygivingjagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hail
tothee.
AssumingtheformofRama,O,keshava,youaregenerouslyofferingthetenheads
ofRavanaasoffertoriesinaritualcalledwar,whichisamuchsoughtafteractbythe
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lordandeverypresidingdeityofalltendirectionsofcompass,wherebyoh,Hari,asan
eliminatorofevileverandanon,youaretheAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa17]
Theactisheartpleasingbecausetherearetenpresidingdeitiesofquartersand
Ravanahastenheads,andthesacrificeissymmetricalhence,heartpleasingtous,and
eventothosetendeitieslikeAirgod,Firegod,andRaingodetal.Ravanawasaterror
tothesetengods.WhenRavanacomesout,airgodfearstobegusty,firegodbecome
coolant,notadropofrainfallsonhisbodysosaysRamayana.naayakadhirodaata
alankarajaatyalankaara.
Next,thoughtheincarnationofKrishnaistobeeulogisedasperruleraamo
raamaHcakR^iSNaHca,butbalarama'sincarnationisalsotakenup,accordingto
anotherflexofthisrulevanjauvanjaukharvaHtriraamiisatapo.atapaHAndevennon
VedicBuddhaisalsonarratedinhere.Thus,thedevotionalscriptsdonotcareforisms.

apa18.dhR^itahaladhararuupa=onassuming,plough,wielder,formof
keshava=o,keshavavishadevapuShi=onwhitish,bodyjaladaaabham=water,giver
[cloud,]inshinewithhalahatibhiitimilita=byplough,hit,fearblentwithyamuna
aabham=likeRiverYamuna,inshinevasanamvahasi=raiment,youbear[youare
cladin]jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.
Assumingtheformofploughwieldingbalaraama,Oh,Keshava,youarecladin
blackishraimentonyourwhitishbody,whichroberesemblestheblackraingiving
cloudandripplingblackwatersofRiverYamuna,forshealwaysripplesafraidofa
smitefromyourplough,wherebyoh,Hari,asacontrollerofnaturalresources,youare
theAlmightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa18]
OncebalaraamalaidholdofRiverYamunatogratifyhisdesireandwhenshedid
notyieldhebeleaguersher.Thisisaccordingtomythology.Accordingtowater
management,hechangedthecourseofherflowbydiggingamammothtunnelwithhis
forcefulploughforirrigationpurposes.Thus,Yamunaisalwaysfearfulofbalaraama,
assheisunawareastohowmanymoretunnelsheisgoingtodigandalterhercourse.

a.pa.19.dhR^itabuddhashariira=onassuming,Buddha's,bodysadaya
hR^idaya=with,kindness,inhearto,keshavashrutijaatam=scripturalwords,
collectionofyaj~navidheH=inVedicrituals,methodsofdarshita=shown[taughtby
scriptures]pashughaatam=animal,killingnindati=faultfindingahaha=aha,aha,
aha[expressionofsurprise]jagadiishahare=asabovejaya=hailtothee.
AssumingthebodyofkindheartedBuddha,O,keshava,youfindfaultwiththe
animalsacrificesinthemethodsofVedicritualstaughtbyscriptures,andevenwith
thecollectionofthosescripturalwordsthemselves,whatarevampinreligious
methods...aha,aha,aha,wherebyoh,Hari,asamodifierofsystemyouarethe
Almightyofworlds,hailtothee...[apa19]
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apa110.dhR^itakalkishariira=onassuming,Kalki,bodyofo,keshava
mlecChanivahanidhane=fractious,groupsofrace,ineliminatingkaraalam=a
dreadfulonesworddhuumaketumiva=acometwithsmokytail,aswith[or,dhuuma
ketu=smoke,assymbol]Kalkiwieldsaswordwhosegoldenhandleiscomparedto
burningfire,andbloodstainedbladewithredsmoke]karavaalam=sword,kalayasi=
youarebrandishingkimapi=why,even[whattotellfurther,unimaginabletodetail
them]
AassumingtheformofKalkiattheendofKaliyuga,O,keshava,youwillbe
brandishingacometlikeswordtoeliminatethegroupsoffractiousraces,and
unimaginableareyourhorrendousdeedstodetail,henceoh,Hari,youarethe
Almightyofworlds,thushailtothee...[apa110]
Theappearanceofacometintheskyisabadomenandwhenthatcomethitsthe
earthitisstillworse.AndwhenKalkibrandisheshisswordasgodsbrandishcomets,it
isunimaginableandthatsuggeststheendofthatera.naayakadhiirodaattarasa
bhayaanaka.
Next,thepoetisminglingalloftheseincarnationsintoKrishna'sincarnation,
alongwithanappealtolistentohispoetryinhisglory.

apa111.jagadiishahare=asabovedhR^itadashavidharuupa=onewhocan
assume,ten,kinds,offormso,keshavaudaaram=excellentonesukhadam=
comfort,giver[blithesome]shubhadam=wellbeing,giver[blissful]bhavasaaram=
worldlylife,havingpith[togetreleasefromit]jayadevakaveH=Jayadeva,bypoet
uditam=articulatedbyidam=thisshrii=shriisuukti=auspicioussayingshR^iNu=
youlistenjaya=hailtothee.
Oh,Keshava,O,Hari,theAlmightyofworldswhoassumedtenkindsofformsfor
thesakeofhumanity,pray,listentothisauspiciousarticulationofpoetJayadeva,
whichhasanexcellentpithandkernelofworldlyliving,andwillbeanaidforblissful
andblithesomereleasefromthisworld,hailtothee...[apa111]
Withthisstanzathepoetisdedicatinghisworkinhisgodandaskinghimtobear
testimonyforhiswork.AndifKrishnaendorseshiswork,thiswillbeasgoodas
canonisedbyhim,sothatthisworkwillbecomeavaliddevotionalsong.rasashaanta
alankaaraparyaayokti.Thepoetissummarisingalltheseincarnationsthataresofar
saidseparately.Thiscanbesunginmaalavaraagaruupakataala.
VerseLocator
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15.vedaanuddharate=Vedas,onewhorevivesjagatnivahate=world,onewho
bearsupbhuugolamutbibhrate=earth,globeof,up,liftedtosupportdaityam
daarayate=demon[Hiranyakashyapa,]onewhoslashedbalimcChalayate=Bali,one
whodeludedkShatrakShayamkurvate=Kshatriyas,annihilation,onewhodoes
paulastyamjayate=Pulasya'slegatee,namelyRavana,onewhoconquershalam
kalayate=plough,onewhowieldskaaruNyamaatanvate=pity[nonviolence,]one
whofostersmlecChaanmuurcChayate=fractiousraces,onemakesthemtoswoon
[manglerof]dashaakR^itikR^ite=ten,semblances,onewhoputsonkR^iShNaaya
tubhyamnamaH=[suchasheis]Krishna,foryou,myreverence.
AsareviverofVedasasafish,bearerofthisearthastortoise,uplifterand
supporterofearthaswildboar,slasherofHiranyakashyapaaslionman,deluderofBali
asdwarfboy,annihilatorofKshatriyasasParashuRama,conquerorofRavana,the
legateeofPaulastya,asRama,wielderofploughasbalaraama,fostererofnonviolence
asBuddha,mangleroffractiousracesasKalki,youalonecanputontensemblances,
thusoh,Krishna,myreverencesareuntoyou...[15]
InalltheincarnationsVishnuhasnottakenaselfsamephysiqueexceptingin
Krishnaincarnation.VishnuwillbeinhismilkyabodeandKrishnaisbroughtupina
milkyenviron.VishnucomfortablyreclinesonThousandhoodedserpent,while
KrishnahasneverbeeninanyuncomfortablepositionlikeRama,ParashuRama,and
VishnuhasthreewiveswhereasKrishnaishavingeightofthem,soonandsoforth.
Hence,thepoetisfocussinghisattentiononKrishnaalone.alankaaradiipaka
cChandamkiitidhavalashaarduulavikriiDitamisitsmetre.Withthis,theauspicious
beginningofthepoeticworkisoverandheisenteringintothesubjectmatterofthis
work.Inthenextverse,thepoetisextollinghisleadcharacterKrishnaandhis
attributesandendowments.
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aSTapadi2harivijayamangalaacaraNa

apa21.jaya=hailshrita=sheltered[whorled,embraced]kamalaa=byGoddess
lakSmiis[wherekamalamislotus,shewhoabidesinlotus]kuchamaNDala=bosomy,
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roundletsbustdhR^ita=bedeckedkuNDala=earknobse=thisisaalaapanaandcan
betakenasaanaddressing,orasye=hewhoiswearing[thisismusiciansdelight
anddroppedindancetreatises]kalita=adornedwithlalita=exquisitevanamaala=
garlandknottedwithTulasi,Ocimumsanctum,basil,leavesandotherflowersdeva=
onewhoaccordsfelicity,onewhomanifestsbyhisselfluminosityhare=Hari,viz.,
onewhostealssinsofadherers,here,Krishnajaya=hailtothee.
HailtheeforthinechestiseverwhorledintheembraceofGoddesslakSmiiwith
herbosomybustwhichchestiseveradornedwithanunfadinggarlandofbasilleaves
andflowersthatdanglesuntothykneethineearseverbedeckedwithgoldenknobby
earhangingsstuddedwithninejewelsthustothee,thefelicitoussinremovingself
luminositycalledKrishna,hailtothee[apa21]
Attheverystartofextollinghisheroofhispoeticwork,thepoethasgonestraight
tothebosomybustsofherosconsort,andtohearthis,itprimarilyappearstobean
eroticword,andifthehearerhappenstobeanOedipus,hewillbeexcitedevenbyhis
mothersmammaries.ButhereGoddesslakSmiiistheSupremeMotherandshehas
Divinemammae,andletmillionsandmillionstakebirth,shecanfeedthem,
indefatigably.SimilaristhewordusedforlalitainlalitasahasranaamaavalikaThina
sthanamaNDalaaasoneamongmanyofhermotherlyattributes.
HerelakSmii,thepersonifiedfortune,isabidinginthelotuslikeheartofVishnu,
sayKrishna,thusundifferentiatedarethechests,eitherasthatofamaleorasthebust
ofafemale.Sheissaidtobeshritawhorledaroundhimlikeaclimbingplantontoa
tree.So,thepoetattemptstodistinguishwhichiswhich,andsaysthatheiswearinga
garlandofbasilleavesandflowers,whichhealonewears,hencerecognisehimas
Krishna.Becauseheissotightlyembracedbythepersonifiedfortune,henever
becomesapauperandheeverendowsshelterunderthatabsolutefortunetohis
devotees,calledaashrayaNiiyatvam.So,anyonecanseekforhisshelter,assuchheis
calledshrayaHpatiHOmnishelterer,ofcourse,undertheaegisofGoddesslakSmii.
Withoutherheisnothing.Andvanamaalaindicateshaleandhealthiness,thusreadyto
springtohisfeetintheperiodofcrisis,i.e.,Omnipotent.Earknobsindicate
learnedness,fortheywereaccordedaccordingtoonesownscholarliness,called
makarakuNDala,candrakuNDala,likethepresentdaygraduate/postgraduategowns
andheadgears.Hence,thisisindicativeofhisOmniscience.
EnvisioningKrishnafromtoptotoeindicateshissupremeandauspicious
physiquedivyamangalavigrahambesidesdeifiedfortuneisinhisheart.Hencehe
aloneisadorable.

apa22.jaya=haildinamaNi=days,jewel,namelysunmaNdala=hissphere
like[selfglowingsolarsystemlike]maNDana=anembellisher,onehavingsuchform
KrishnabhavakhaNDana=presentworld[karmiccycle,]onewhowhittlesmuni
jana=forsaintly,peoplemaanasa=mind[called,maanasasarovar]hansa=aswan
jayadevahare=asabove.
Hailtheethoughyondandyonder,thouartfunctionalfromwithinthesolar
system,wherethatsunisjustagemofsolarsystem,whilethouartanembellisherof
thatsysteminitsentiretyasaswanswimsinmaanasasarovar,ablissfullakein
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Himalayas,thouswimmestinthemindsofsaintlypeoplethuswhittle,whittlethe
karmiccyclesofthysaintlydevoteesthustothee,thefelicitoussinremovercalled
Krishna,hailtothee[apa22]
Itiseasytosaythat'thouhastthesemblanceofsun...thineformisbrilliantlike
sun...'Butitisreverse.Sunisbrilliantlikeyoubecauseyouaretheembellisherofsolar
system...Thou,fromwhomthedaystarderivedhiseffulgence...asSWJhastputit,
wouldbenearest,becausemaNDanaistheembellisherofdinamaNimaNDala.
ThisconnotesVedicimportinsayingthatSupremePerson,whoisfarbeyondthe
solarorbit,butfunctionalthroughsolarsystem.Iniishaavaasyopanishad,athymn15,
wehearthefollowingmantra,hymn.

hiraNmayeNapaatreNa=bygolden,disclikelidsatyasya=oftruthmukham=
faceapihitam=coveredtattvat=that,yoursapaavR^iNu=slideasidesatya
dharmaaya=Iastruthful,righteousonedR^iSTaye=tovisualise,[thatwhichis
beyondyou.]
Onlookingattherisingredsun,thedevoteeisasking"Oh!Pooshan!GodSun,
nourisheroftheuniverse,thetruenessoftheSupremePersoniscoveredbyyour
goldendisklikelid,i.e.,yoursolardisk,slideitaside,forasatruthfulandrighteous
devotee,Iaspiretovisualisethatwhichisbeyondyourgoldensolardisc
Thejewelofthedayetc.,indicatewhilesunisafriendlyentitytohumans,Krishna
isfarmorefriendliertothem,ashehassthirasakhitvameverfriendlylikesun
saamarthyamcapabilitytoalleviatefromthetroublesofkarmiccyclessatsahavaasam
amiablefraternity.
Extollinghiminthiswayindicatesthathealonehasaccordedreleasetomanya
saintlysoul.Hence,healoneistobeveneratedforhenotonlyaccordsdeliverance,but
alsobecomesablissfulpartnerduringlifetime.

apa23.jaya=hailkaaliya=onecalledKaaliiya,multihoodedserpentviSha
dhara=venom,bearerofganjana=abominatorofjanaranjana=people,fascinator
ofyadukula=yadu,lineagenalina=[called]lotusdinaiisha=day,rulerofsunjaya
devahare=asabove.
Hailtheeforthouarttheabominatorofvenomousmultihoodedserpentcalled
Kaaliiya,thusthouhastbecomethefascinatorofpeopleasthesunmakestalotus
abloom,thouartthesunforthebloomoflotuscalledyaduslineage,O,Krishna,hailto
thee[apa23]
Hiscapabilityinabominatinganderadicatingenemies,therebyhisgladdeningthe
panickedfriends,hisimpeccablelineageareextolled,makingthepoeticattributesof
herosublime,calleduttamanaayakalakShaNa.
Heincarnateshimselfonearthtosavepeoplefromthetortureimposedbycertain
negativeforces.Thereforehealoneisworshipworthy,forheincarnateshimself.So,let
ushailhim.

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apa24.jaya=hailmadhumuranaraka=Madhu,Mura,Narakademons
vinaashana=annihilatorofgaruDaaasana=Garuda,theDivineEagle,asyourseat
[asvehicle]surakula=gods,stockofkeli=fortheirdisportingnidaana=prime
causejayajayadevahare=asabove.
HailtheeforthouarttheannihilatorofendangeringdemonslikeMadhu,Mura,
andNarakasittingonthinefleetlyDivineEagleGarudathouartfleetestinattending
devotees'straitsthustothee,theprimecauserofunhindereddisportingforthestock
ofdevoutdivinities,O,Krishna,hailtothee[apa24]
Thebasicfunctionofgodsistoattendtotheproblemsofordinary,intime
eliminateevildoerslikethesedemons,anytime,andtoenjoyliving,everytime.

apa25.jaya=haila+mala=not,blemished[dispassionate,unbigotednotpure,
cleanetc]kamaladala=whitelotus,petal[like]lochana=eyedonebhavamochan=
mundanelife,releasertribhuvana=triad,ofworldsbhavana=becoming,
[manifestation]nidhaana=primecause[or,asinothermms:tribhuvana=triadof
worlds]bhavana=calledahousingnidhaana=indweller,oratreasuretrovejaya
devahare=asabove.
Hailtheeforthouarttheprimecauseforthemanifestationofaresidenceforthe
triadofworldsthouartthereleaserofdevoteesfrommundaneexistencewiththine
lotuspetalineeyesthatareunbigoted,O,Krishna,hailtothee[apa25]
Becausetheheroissaidtobethereleaserorsaviourhisattributeisparama
aanandalakShaNa,everlastingblissfulness.

apa26.jaya=hailjanakasutaa=Janakas,daughter,SeethakR^ita
bhuuShaNa=madeyou,asherornamentjitaduuShANa=conquered[mitigated,]
demonDushanaissamarashamita=inwar,mollifieddashakhaNTha=ten,throated
one,octahedronRavanajayajayadevahare=asabove.
HailtheeforJanakasdaughterSeethamadetheeasherpendantornament,for
thoureposeonherbust,thustothee,themitigatorofdemonDushanaandthemollifier
ofoctahedralRavanainagivenwar,hailtothee[apa26]
ThereisanothershadeforanornamenttoSeetha'.Ramadecoratesandpaints
foliatedesignsonthebodyofSeetha,withanerasabletattooing.Thus,itmeansthatno
lessthanRamamadedecorationsonSeetha.Secondly,whenSeethawasillateaseto
wearsariofananchoress,whengivenbyKaikeyiwhilegoingtoforests,Rama
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demonstratesthefolding,tying,andwearingofthatdress.Thusbythesetwo,thehero
isqualifiednotonlyasaromantichero,butaknowerofallartssarvakalaavishaarada.
Asabraveandboldenemysubjugator,Ramaisdepictedasreleaserfrommortality,by
releasingdemonDushanafrommortalitywhichiskaaruNyabhaavabymollifyingthe
selfconceitofRavana,histaaruNyabhaavaareindicated.

apa27.jaya=hailabhinava=freshlynewjaladhara=water,bearer[black
cloud]sundara=handsomelikethatclouddhR^itamandara=sustainer,ofMt.
mandara,orMantharashriimukhachandra=whoforGoddesslakSmiis,face,moon
formoonlikefaceofshriichakora=chakorabirdjayadevahare=asabove.
Hailtheeforthouarthandsomelikeafreshandvapouryblueblackraincloud,
yetthousustainedvoluminousMt.mandarawhenMilkyOceanwaschurnedyetthou,
likeatenuouschakorabirdthatgazesatthemoontoswillmoonshine,artgazingatthe
moonlikefaceofGoddesslakSmiitoswillhersheen,hailtotheeapa[27]
SofarthepersonalityofSupremePersonisportrayedwithhisattributesand
endowmentssvaruuparuupaguNavibhuutiandnowthepoetisappealingonhisown,
andonbehalfoffellowdevoteestobestowbeneficence.

apa28.jaya=hailhare=oh,KrishnatavacaraNepraNataa=atyour,feet,
adoringvayam=weareitibhaavaya=thus,youdeemkurukushalam=makehappen,
blessingpraNateShu=amongadorersjayadeva=asabove.
Hailtothee,oh,Krishna,deemthatweadoreyourownfeetandnothingelse,thus
letyouradorersbeblestbyyourblessing,andthus,oh,felicitoussinremover,hailto
thee[apa28]
Thisversemaynotbefoundinothermms.Nextthepoetistakinguptheclosing
verseofthiseightfootverseaSTapadi.

apa29.shriihare=oh,ShriKrishnaujjvala=brilliantgiitam[or,giiti]=song
idamjayadevakaveH=thisone,byJayadeva,poetmaN^galam=auspicious[te=to
you]mudamkurute=rejoice,makingjayajayadeva=hail,hail,oh,god.Or,idam
mangalmgiitam=this,auspicious,songjayadevakaveHmudamkurute=toJayadeva,
poet,rejoice,causingOrtemangalagiitam=onyou,auspicious,songjayadeva
kaveH=ofJayadeva,poetmangalamkurute=auspiciousness,causing[tosingersand
listeners]
Oh,ShriKrishna,letthisbrilliantsongonyourenderedbypoetJayadeva,be
auspiciousandrejoicingtoyou,hail,hailtothee,oh,god
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Oh,ShriKrishna,thisbrilliantandauspicioussongrenderedonyou,isrejoicing
thepoetJayadeva,hail,hailtothee,oh,god
Oh,ShriKrishna,letthisbrilliantandauspicioussongonyourenderedbypoet
Jayadeva,beauspiciousandrejoicingtothesingersandlistenersaswell,hail,hailto
thee,oh,god[apa29]
ThisissunginbhairaviraagatripuTataalachandasmangalanaayakalakShaNa
dhiiralalita,shR^ingaaritaalalalitaaalaapanaisavailableattheendofeachfoot.
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16.padmaa=GoddesslakSmii'spayaHdhara=milk,bearersbosomstaTii=
perimeterparirambha=onembracing[pari=inoverarchingmannerrabh=
embracing]lagna=touched[speckled]kaashmiira=saffron[vermilionmarkon
forehead]mudritam=imprintedvyaktaanuraagamiva=manifest,fondness,like
[heartilyfondness]khelat=pulsating[twinkling]anangakheda=byplaysofpassion,
strainedsvedaambupuuram=sweat,water[drops,]filledwith[pouringforth]
hR^idayaanuraagamiva=heartilyfondnesslike]madhusuudanasya=demonMadhu,
eliminatorof[Krishna's]uraH=chestvaH=youall[naH=usalso]anupuurayatu=
willaccordfulfilmentpriyam[a+priyam]=likes[anddislikes.]
OntightlyembracingtheperimeteroflakSmii'sbosom,speckledisherforehead's
vermilionmarkonhischestthatispouringforthsweatsinceitisstrainedintheplays
ofpassionwithher,whereonthatvermilionmarkistwinklinglikeanimprintforhis
heartilyfondnessthatisabouttomanifest,andeffusiononhischestashisheartily
fondnessinegress,forherandforallus,henceletthatchestofKrishnaaccord
fulfilmenttoourlikesanddislikes...[16]
ThatvermilionmarkonhischestappearsasaseallakSmiihasput,becausethere
isnotoogenerousaccordoffortune.Itissealedincertaincases.Ifthisgodisgoingon
according,whereisanendforit?
Whyhisheartshouldblessuswhenhehasfourhands,ofwhichoneissaidtobea
blessinghand?Therewillbethreeitemsofannihilation,namelydisc,mace,andconch
inhisthreehandsandthefourthoneissaidtobeabhayahasta,ablessinghand.Isit
withdrawnnoworwhat?Notso,thatblessinghandissymboliconewhenhealone
functions.HerehischestisnowundertheauspicesoflakSmii,andthusbothofthem
areblessingaheartilydoubleblessing.
Asaconsortsheknowsthathisheartfeelsfondnessforanyone,butsheis
unbotheredifthatfondnessisforsomedevotee.Itwillbebothersomeifthisgodbrings
inanotherladylove,apartfromthehostthatisalreadyavailable.So,asealissealed,
mudritamonhisheartwithhervermilionmark,kumkuma,tilaka,asasignalto
prospectiveladyloves,ofcourse,invain.Byherdoubting,wemustinferthathehas
'suchafondness'fornotonlyforRukminiandSatyabhamaandthelike,butevenmore
forRdha.
Thisisforestablishingthepoeticsaboutthehero.naayikamugdhanaayaka
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kushalarasasringaaraalankaarautprekSha,aashiis,anupraasavasantatilakaisits
metre.Next,Rdha'sdispositionisbeingnarratedaccordingtopoetics,assheisthe
leadingladyofthiswork.
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17.vasante=inspringseason[springcausingspringfever]kandarpajvara
janita=byLovegod's,[love]fever,causedbychintaaakulatayaa=byanguish,
disquietedvalat[calat]baadhaam=recurrently,distraught[Rdha]vaasantii
kusuma=[delicate]vernal,flower[like]sukumaaraiHavayavaiH=withdainty,limbed
[physique]bhramantiimkaantaare=meandering,inwoodlandsbahuvihita=inmany
[ways,]makehappen[thesearch]kR^iShaNaanusaraNaam=Krishna's,onewhois
following[searching]raadhaa.m=toRdhasahacharii=agirlfriendsarasam=
with,romanticism[romantically]a+mandam=not,slowly[hastily]idamuuche=this,
said.
InspringseasonKrishnaplayingtruant,Lovegodignitinglovefever,Rdhais
disquietedlyanguisheddistraughtrecurrentlythatdaintilylimbedgirlsimilartoa
delicatereddishvernalflowermeanderedinwoodlands,unavailinglysearchingfor
KrishnainmanyawaytosuchadisgruntledRdha,hergirlfriendsaidthishastily,yet
romantically...[17]
Becausetheherohasnotcometoher,inspiteofherearnestlonging,theheroineis
virahautkaNThita.AherohavinguniforminterestinallofhiswomenisdakShiNa
naayakasringaaramvipralambhariitivaidarbhialankaaravR^ittianupraasalupta
upamavR^ittamsikhiriNiisthemetreofthisverse.
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aSTapadi3maadhavautsavakamalaakaram

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apa31.lalitalavangalataa=slimly,clovegillyflowerplants,tendrilsof
parishiilana=[lexically]onexamining,[breezeongoingoverthoseflowers,interwoven
withtheirfragrance]komala=gentlemalayasamiire=Mt.malaya[withsandalwood
trees]breezesmadhukaranikara=honey,makers[honeybees]swarmsof
karambita=intermingledwithkokilakuujita=bykokila[blacksingingbird]crooned
kunjakuTiire=inbowery,cabins
virahi=without,having[theirloversattheirside,estrangedcouples]janasya=of
suchpeopledurante=non,stopendless,incessant[unrequited][ellipted]vasante=
insuchaspringtimehathasallthisparaphernaliaunrequitedarelovelornpeoplein
vernalseason
or,durantevasante=foradverse,end,tospringfever=terminableisspringfever
inspringalonetheunrequitednessoflovelornpeopleisterminablelovelornpeople
areunrequited,otherwisehariHiha1sara2savasante
saH=he,[forwhomyouaresearchingwherethesecondsabecamesaH[saH
vasanteviharatinR^ityatica]hariH=Hari,Krishnavasante=inspringseason
yuvatiijanena=withgirlsofage,folkssamam=evenas[attheverymoment]viharati
nR^ityati=frolicking,dancingsakhi=oh,dearsara=comeon[whenthefirstsawith
rabecamesara=moveon,comeon]
samam=with,glory[gloriously]yuvatijanenR^ityati=withgirlsofage,folksof,
dancessarasavante[vasante]=withsapfulbliss,inclusiveof[springseasonthat
whichcontainsthesapfulbliss]na=isn'the[phaticexpressionminus?mark]
virahati=frolicking.
InthisspringtimegentlevernalbreezesfromMt.malaya,theabodeofsandalwood
trees,thatswivelroundtheslimlytendrilsofclovegillyflowerplantsbreezegently,
interwovenwithboththefragrances...inthisspringtimethathasbowerycabinsmade
livelywiththeintermingledbuzzesofhoneybeesswarmsandcroonsofKokila
throngs...hewhomyouareseekingthatKrishnaisgloriouslyfrolickinganddancing
withfolksofgirlsofageinBrindavanrightatthismoment,forthisisspring,isn'tit...
oh,dear,therefore,comeon...let'sgo...lovelornpeopleareunrequited,otherwise...[a
pa31]
Heretheheroinecomparedtocloveplantandherotobreeze,henceuddipana
vibhaavaanideaescalated.

32.utmada=heightened,rejoicemadanamanoratha=lust,longings
[lustfulness]pathikavadhuujana=[lexically]ofitinerants,women,folksofloverless
ladylovesjanitavilaape=caused,ruefulnessalikula=byhoneybee,stockof[swarms
of]sankula=hurleyburleykusumasamuuha=flowers,groupsof[bunchesof]
niraakula=fullofvakula=Mimusopselengi,anyofvariousacaciaplantswithshowy
yellowflowerskalaape=inthicketsannexablehariHihaviharati...durante.
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Inthisspringtimethathasthicketsfullwithbunchesofshowyyellowflowers,on
whichswarmsofhoneybeesarehurleyburley...theseasonthatheightensthejoysand
longingsofwomenfolkdistancedfromtheirlovers,onlytolandtheminruefulnessand
lovesickness,thatKrishnaisgloriouslyfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa3]

apa33.mR^iga=deermada=fat[musk]saurabha=offragrancerabhasa=
speediness[instantaneous]vashanvada=selfsurrendered[one'sown]navadala=
havingnew,tenderleavesmaala=enwreathing[theenviron]tamaale=having
tamaalatreesyuvajana=young,people'shR^idayavidaaraNa=heart,rending
manasija=ofmind,bornone,[Lovegod,forhetakesbirthinone'sownmind]
nakha=ofnailsruchi=inshinewithkinshuka=Buteafrondosa,withbloodred
flowersjaale=bunchesofannexablehariHihaviharati...durante.
Inthisseasonthathasblacktamaalatreesenwreathingtheenvironswiththeir
newtenderleavesthathavetheirownfragranceakintotheinstantaneousfragranceof
deer'smusk,andbunchesofreddishflowersthatanalogoustothetenderandroseate
nailsofLovegodreadytorendtheheartsofyoungstersofage...insuchaspring
Krishnaisfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa33]

apa34.madana=Lovegodmahiipati=land,lord[king]kanakadaNDa=
golden,sceptreruchi=inshinewithkesharakusuma=Kesara[Mimisopselangi]
flowersvikaase=bloomedmilita=commingledshiliimukha=iron,faced=arrow/
honeybee[beesaremetaphoricaltothearrowsofLovegod,shliSTaruupaka]paaTali
paTala=cuplikedaffodilflowers,bunchesofkR^ita=madeas[renderedas]smara=
Lovegod'stuuNavilaase=quiver,infashionof.
Nowthebloomedgoldenflowersofkesaraareinshinewiththesheenofthe
goldensceptreofkinglyLovegod,therulerofspringbunchesofcuplikedaffodilsare
inthefashionwithhisquiversbeesswarmingonthoseflowersarerenderedashis
arrowsreadytoboltonunrequitedlovepairsinsuchaspringKrishnaisfrolickingand
dancing&c...[apa34]
TheLovegod,Manmatha,hasonlyonequiverandonebow,andonlyfiveflower
arrowsaravindam,ashokam,cuutam,navamallika,niilotpalabutheretheyget
multipliedasthelovepairsaremany.

apa35.virahi=lovelornonesvigalita=completely,tumbled[utterlybereftof]
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lajjita=havingprudishnessjagat=world[lovelornpeople]avalokana=onespying
taruNakaruNa=tender,whitishkarunaflowerskR^itahaase=made,laughat[or,
jagatvigalitalajjita=atpeople,whoareutterlybereftofprudishnessavalokana=on
espyingtaruNa=youngstersofagewhoarewiththeirladyloves]karuNa=piteously
kR^itahaase=making,saddishgrins=[youngsterswhoarewiththeirladylovesare
grinningsadlyatthosethatarebehavingoddlyastheyaredevoidoftheir
prudishness]virahi=lovelornonesnikR^intana=[asthough]tolunge,tearasunder
kuntamukhaakR^iti=spear,faced,inshapeketaka=ketaka,mograflowers
danturitaashe=fullwith,directionsofcompass.
Nowthefullybloomedtenderwhitishflowersofkaruna,espyinglovelornpeople,
appeartobelaughingatthemfortheyareutterlydevoidoftheirprudishnessin
lovesickbehaviour...whilethelongandlancelikemograflowersarealsoinfullbloom
inalldirections,asthoughreadytolungeandtearasundertheheartsoflovelorn
people...insuchaspringKrishnaisfrolickinganddancing&c...[apa35]

apa36.maadhavikaa=ofmaadhaviflowerplantGaertneraracemosaparimala=
fragrancelalite=ingentlenessnavamaalika=doublejasminejaati=jasmines,
Jasminumgrandiflorumsugandhau=withpleasantfragrances[or,asinothermms:
navamaalikajaatisugandhau=doublejasmines,jasmines',withthefragrancesof]
munimanasaamapi=saints,hearts,evenmohanakaariNi=baffle,causersof
[bafflersof]taruNa=foryoungstersofagea+kaaraNabandhau[iva]=without,
reason[unexpected,]kinsman,[like.]
Thisspringtimefragrantwiththegentlefragranceofmaadhaviflowers,doubled
withthepleasantfragranceofdoublejasmineandjasminescancausebafflementeven
totheheartsofsaintlysaints,nottosayofyoungsters,assuchseasonisbecomingan
unseasonableguestforthoseyoungsters,insuchaseasonKrishnaisfrolickingand
dancing&c...[apa36]

apa37.[vasante=inspringseason]sphurat=vibrate,titillatingatimukta
lataa=maadhavi,tendrilsparirambhaNa=byoverarched,whorledmukulita=having
budspulakita=ticklishchuute=mangotreesparisara=around,surgingparigata=
around,going[flowinginanenwreathingandsurgingmanner]yamunaajalapuute=
byRiverYamuna,waters,sanctifiedbR^indaavanavipine=inBrindavana,
woodlands
Or
bR^inda=groupofyearners,yearningforloveofgodavane=thatwhichcan
alleviate,accordrelease,mokShavipine=ilderness,solitude.
Inthisspringseason,wherethetitillatingtendrilsofmaadhaviclimberswhorl
aroundbuddingmangotreesinanoverarchingmannerticklingthosemangotrees...
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whereRiveryamunaissurging,enwreathingandsanctifyingthatplacewithherwaters,
whereagroupofyearnersareyearningfortheloveofKrishnaforfinalrelease,
mokSha,isobtainablethere...insuchasecludedplacecalledBrindavana,Krishnais
frolickinganddancing&c...[apa37]
Theclimberplantsarefeminineandthemangotreesaremasculine.Accordingto
thesayingvanita,kavita,lata,naaashrayamvinaashobhateamaid,poetry,oratendril
cannotpossiblyoutshinethemselves,withnotalegtostandon.Thus,whensessile
beingsarethrillingandticklinginspring,howaboutotherlivingbeings.

apa38.shriihari=ShriKrishna'scharaNa=feetsmR^iti=remembrancerof
saaram=havingsapfulbliss,[or,smR^itisaaram=formeditatingsaaram=thebest
sarasa=playsofpassion,sapfulbliss,onehavingsuchingredients
Or
sarasa=congenialpoetry]vasantasamaya=spring,timevana=woodlands[or,
aboutgregariouslyreclusiveBrindavana]varNanam=havingdepictationanugata=
ingoing,imbibedmadanavikaaram=withpassional,immoderationsidamjayadeva
bhaNitam=this,Jayadeva,utteredby[poetry]udayati=dawning,emerging,coming
up.
ThispoemcanbearemembrancerofKrishna'sfeet,forithasalltheingredientsto
obtainasapfulblissfromthemthisisevenabestandcongenialpoemtomeditate
uponthosefeetasthishasasapiddepictationaboutthegregariouslyreclusive
Brindavananditsspringtimewoodlandsevenimbibedarethepassional
immoderationsofspringtimelovefeverssuchapoemisnowcomingup,asutteredby
Jayadeva,onthefeetofShriKrishna...[apa38]
InthisaSTapadi:alankaarajaatinaayikamadhyanaayakadakShiNarasavipra
lambhasringaarachandalayaraagavasantataalajhampa.Thus,thisaSTapadi
namedmaadhavotsavakamalaakaramconcludeshere.
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18.dara=alittle,justvidalita=unfolded,bloomingmalliivalli=jasmine,
intertwinesoftendrilschanchat=onjigglingparaaga=bypollenprakaTita=made
known,disseminatingpaTavaasaiH=withperfumedpowdersprays[asinplayingholi
festival]kaananaanivaasayan=woodlands,onmakingfragrantketakiigandha
bandhuH=ofketakiflowers,fragranceof,arelativelike[inleaguewith]prasarat=
ramblinga+sama=anunequalledone[Lovegod's]baaNa=bow,[Lovegod'sbow]
praaNavat=hislives,asif[or,forcefullybyLovegod]gandhavaahaH=perfume,
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carrierbreezeiha=nowchetaHdahatihi=hearts,burning,indeed.
Jigglingontheintertwinesofjasminetendrilsfullwithjustbloomedjasmines,the
springtimebreezeisdisseminatingtheirpollen,likethespraysofperfumedpowder
sprinkledinspringtimecolourfulplayscalledholikamahotsavam,sayholiwhile
ramblingso,itisevendisseminatingthefragranceofketakiflowers,inleaguewiththat
ofjasmines,renderingwholewoodlandsfragrantmoreoverthisbreeze,thougha
coolantfragrancecarrier,ithasbecomeasifthelifebreathofLovegod,andnowitis
forcefullyburningtheheartsofestrangedcouples,indeed...[18]
Thisversehas:alankaarasamaasokti,vrittyanupraasa,upamasringaara
vipralambhariitipaancaalimetremaalini.
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19.madhugandhalubdha=honey,fragrance,greedyofmadhupa=by
honeybeesvyaadhuuta[viaadhuuta]=upheavedunmiilat=unfolding,justsprouted
[tenderleaves]chuutaankurakriiDat=inmango,tenderleaves,playingkokila=
Kokila,singingbirdskaakalii=pleasantkalakalaiH=withsingsongcoocooing[kila,
kilasonomatopoeicwords]udgiirNakarNajvaraaH=heightened,ear,fever[frenzy]
amiivaasaraaH=these,daysdhyaana=ruminationanudhaana[avadhaana]=
interestedin[daydreaming]kShaNa=foramomentpraaNasamaa=lives,coequal
[alterego]praaptasamaagama=bechanced[cametomind,]togethernessrasa
ullaasaiH=inmouthwatering[inravishing,]felicitykathamkathamapi=somehow,
somehow,evensopathikaiH=byitinerantsniiyante=ledaway.
Honeybeesgreedyforthefragrantnectarofmangoflowersareupheavingthejust
sproutedleafletsofmangotreessingingkokilabirdsflittinginthoseleaves,equally
greedytonibblethenewleafletsofmangos,aresuddenlydisturbedwhenbees
swarmedmangoflowersandtheyaretakingtotheirwingswiththeirpleasantsingsong
coocooinglisteningtheseclarioncallsofKokilasheightenedisthefrenzyofearsof
itinerants,fortheiralteregoslikeladylovescametotheirmindforamoment,but
unavailinglythustheyaresomehowspendingspringtimebydreamyruminationon
theirdreamyravishingfelicitytogetherwiththeirladyloves,asindaydreaming.[19]
Thisspringtimeismorebothersomethanthebotherofseparationfromtheir
ladyloves,andhencetimehaspredominanceonearthlings,mayitbehumansorothers.
Buthumanscanquenchtheirdesiresindreams,andwhentheycandreamabout
embracingtheirladyloves,theycanevendreamabouttheallembracingKrishna.Here
Rdhaisnotadvisedtobedreamy,buttoquicklyreachhergoal,namelyKrishna.
Springistheonlyseasonforpastoralpoetryandhenceitisextolledthusfar.alankaara
kaavyalingariitigauDishringaaravipralambhametreshaarduulavikrriDitam.
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110.asausakhii=this,girlfriend[ofRdha]anekanaarii=notone[many,]
womenofageparirambha=inembracingsambhrama=anxiousofsphurat=erratic
[scintillatingone]manaHhaari=heartstealingonevilaasalaalasam=infrolicking,
interestedmuraarim=demonMura's,enemyaaraat=invicinitysamakSham=
withineyeshotupadarshayanti=sheisshowinghimraadhikaampunaHaaha=to
Rdha,again,telling.
ThisgirlfriendofRdhaistellingheragainbyshowinghimwhoisinthevicinity
andwithineyeshot,whoisscintillatinglyanxioustoembracenotone,butmany
women,onewhoisaheartstealerandaninterestedoneinfrolicking,moresoan
enemyofMura,namelyKrishna.[110]
ThisversehassringaarasambhoganaayakadakShiNaalankaaraanupraas
metrevamshastha.
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aSTApadi4saamodadaamodarabhramarapadam

apa41.Showinghimwhosegetupis:chandana=withsandalpastecharchita=
bedaubedniilakalevara=onbluish,bodypiita=[palebrownishyellow]ochry
vasana=silkcloths[cladin]vanamaalii=onewhowearsagarlandofbasilleavesand
flowerskelichalat=whileplaying[whileromping,]moving[swaying]maNi
kuNDala=gems[gemstudded,]knobbyearhangingsmaNDita=by[earknobs]
embellishedgaNDayuga=cheeks,pairsmitashaalii=asmilerwithsuchdispositiona
gleefulonehariHiha=Krishna,nowvilaasini=ravishing[damsels]mugdha=coyly
vadhuunikare=damsels,ingroup[amidstcoterie]vilasati=frolickingkelipare=in
game[hereinrondeFr.ronde=n.adanceinwhichthedancersmoveinacircle,
raasaliila,raasakriiDa]rapturous[game.]
HisSapphirinebodybedaubedwithsandalpaste,cladinochrysilks,garlanded
withagarlandofbasilleavesandflowers,cheeksembellishedwithflappinggem
studdedknobbyearhangingswhileheisromping...seethatgleefulKrishnanowamidst
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acoterieofravishingandcoylydamsels,inarapturousronde[apa41]
AllthesestanzasaregirlfriendsdialoguewithRdha,buttheaddressingoh,
Rdhaisomitted.Withthisshehasalsosaid,whenyouarehere,anexpertin
romanticamusement,leavingyouKrishnasfrolickingwithcoyly,simplisticandnave
girlsisunbefittingforhimhence,yougoatoncenaayikautkaNThita.
Manytakethewordniilakalevaraasanabsoluteblackcolourofbody,whileitis
skyblueblack,onparwithskybluepinkn.&adj.n.animaginarycolour,orsomewhat
semisapphirineblueandsimileswiththeskyitself,asskyistheAbsolutekham
brahma.Hence,somehexvalueistobederivedforthishueofskyblueblackatleast
now,orsaidassomewhatsapphirinebluishcolour.Andpiitaambaraandvanmaalaare
notjustrustlingochrysilksandgarlandofwildleaves,butthosebasilleavesandsilken
garmentsarealsotheremoversofsins.

apa42.kaachit=someonegopavadhuuH=milkers,damsel[milkmaid,vadhuu
neednotbeabride/wifealways]piinapayodhara=withbosomy,bustbhaara
bhareNa=weight,carrying[bytheirweightiness]saraagam=with,longingharim=at
Krishnaparirabhya[ramya]=inover[archingmanner,]hugging[cleavingto]
udanchita=inaheightenedpanchama=fifth[note,octave]raagam=melodiously
anu=intunewithhisfluting]gaayati=singingannex:haririhakelipare=asabove.
Someone,amilkmaid,eagertoeasetheweightinessofherbosomybustiscleaving
toKrishnainaoverarchingmanner,andtheninaheightenedoctavesheissinging
melodiouslyintunewithhisflutinghence,hethatgleefulKrishna&c[apa42]
Thedamselishuggingevenbeforetheherotriestoembraceherhence,sheisin
eagernessashernaayikalakShaNaismugdha,ameekishheroine.Somescholars
translatethiswordmugdhaasafoolishgirl.Thistranslatesasinnocent,ignorant,
artlessrhetoricalnaayika,artlessinsofarasromanticadvancesareconcerned.Ifthis
blackboyandwhitegirlcombinationissetasideforawhile,itisthetwosomeof
devoteegod,tryingtoachieveoneness,inwhichthedevoteehastomakehis/herfirst
movetoembracethegod,asinmarkaTanyaayamothermonkeyandchildmonkey
syndrome,thatcontrastswithmaarjaalanyaayacatkittensyndrome.Swellingbosoms
suggestsswellingmilkydevotion,wherebothemergefrombosomalone,contrarytoa
lipservice.

apa43.kaaapi=someone,evenmugdhavadhuuH=meekish,damsel[onewho
isaninexpertinromancing,sringaaraceSTaaHabhaava]vilaasa=byromantic
gesticulations[ofeyes][haavabhaavaceSTaaHshuunyataofKrishna,orofthat
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milkmaid]vilola=verily,flusteredvilochana=wide,eyeskhelana=bytheirplay[of
eyes,slanting,sidingglances]janita=causedmanaHjam=mind,causerof[onewho
cangiverisetoLovegod,Krishna,personifiedpassion]madhusuudana=demon
Madhus,eliminator[Krishnas]vadana=facesaraHjam=lake,born[lotus,beautiful
lotuslikebeautifulface]adhikamdhyaayati=highly[fixatedly,]contemplating.
Somemeekishdamselhelplesslyremainingonthesidelinescameintothesightof
sidelongglanceswithromanticgesticulationsofflutterywideeyesofKrishna,and
passionisenkindledinherbutthatgirl,inexpertinromance,atoncestartedgazingat
thebeautifullotusyfaceoftheeliminatorofdemonmadhu,namelyKrishna,and
fixatedlycontemplatedonit...thus,thatgleefulKrishna&c[apa43]
Or
Somemeekishdamselisalsoimpassionedforsheistherewithhiminherinexpert
gesticulationsofromance,liketactlesssidelongglanceswithherflusteredwideeyes,
shecaughtasightofthebeautifullotusyfaceofKrishnafromthenonshefixatedly
contemplatedonthatface,forsheisanexpertincontemplationthus,thatgleeful
Krishna&c[apa43]
Allmaynotbeexpertdanseusesorsongsters,butlovingnessiscommoninall.
Somegirlcamethere,butshebecameathirdrowballerina,orfourthrowchorusgirl,
eventhenthatenvironenkindlesakindofbelongingnessinher,andshelongedforhim
inherwayprekSyaprekSakariiti.Usuallycontemplationscomeinwhentheobjectto
contemplateisnotbeforetheeyes.Butheisverymuchthere,eventhen,sheis
contemplating.Again,sheismugdha,somewhatartless,meekishheroine.Reaching
himisthegoal,whetheritisabodilyreaching,orreachingthroughcontemplation.
SomederivethewordmadhusuudanavadanasarojambasingontherootSuuda
kSharaNeasmadhu=honey,nectarsuudana=spillingthatlotuslikefaceispouring
forthpotablenectarofgrace.

apa44.kaaapi=someone,evennitambavatii=onewithbigbuttocksshruti
muule=ear,baseof[atholeonearlobe]kimapi=something,evenlapitum=tosay
militaa=onreachinghisbentearthatisnowpulakaiHanukuule=bytickles,made
convenient[whenKrishnasfaceistickly,hischeekisbentforherconveniencetokiss
it]kapolatale=oncheeks,surfacedayitam=himthatlover[Krishna]chaaru
chuchumba=goodly[amusingly,]kissed.
Somefatbummedgirlnearedhimfeigningtosaysomethinginhisearreaching
herloverKrishnawhoseticklyfaceisnowconvenientlyturnedsidewaysinallearsfor
herbutsheamusinglykissedhischeekinatriceinpreferencetoawhisperthusthat
gleefulKrishna&c...[apa44]
pulakitatickly,whenladylovetouchedhisears,hisbodybecameticklyandthushe
hadtomovehischeekssideways,whichshethoughtagesturetolistentoherwhisper
nitambavatibecauseherbuttocksareheavyshecouldnotrunaracewithKrishna,
henceshepausedhiminhisdancesayinglistenthisandthencarriedoffherwish
naayikaprauDha[somewhatartfulone]naayakaanukuula[acquiescentone.]
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apa45.kaachit=someonekeli=[manmathakeli]playsofpassionskalaa=
artistrykutukenaca=withenthusiasm,also[parihaasenaca=withglee,also]
yamunaajalakuule=RiverYamuna,waters,onitsbankmanjula=beautifulvanjula
kunja=ashokatree,bowergatam=onewhohasgonethere,frolickinginthere
amum=himdukuule=byhisdresskareNa=withherhandvichakarSa=lugging
along.
Anothermilkmaidenthusiasticintheartistryofplaysofpassion,andpassionateto
playinthewatersofriverYamunaalongwithKrishna,foundhimfrolickingina
beautifulboweratthatashokatree,andseizinghisgarmentsheisgleefullydrawing
himtowardswater,thusthatgleefulKrishna&c...[apa45]
Krishnaisotherwisebusyanyaasaktasoshehadtolughimalongbycatchinghis
silkuppercloth.naayikaadhiira.Theexpressionyamunaakuulewouldhavebeen
sufficientforYamunariverbank.ButitissaidarivercalledYamunathatcontainswater
andbanks.Arivernaturallycontainswaterandbanks,thenwhythatredundantusage
ofwaterplusbanks?Ithastwopurposessheisinterestedinsportinginwaterwith
Krishna,andtheotheristoindicatethatwaterscoolingeffectandsanctification
shaityatva,paavanatvaandhencethewordwatersisusedemphatically.

apa46.yuvatiH=amaidenkaratala=hand,surfacewithpalmstaala=by
clappingrhythmicallytarala=movingvalaya=[valayaangada]=heavywristmetal
roundletsavali=agroupof,asetofsuchbraceletskalita=intermingling[touching
onetoone,clanking,clanksminglingwithfluting]kalasvana=avyaktamadurasvana
=undefinabledulcetclanksvamshe=onewhohasafluteva.msha=bamboomohana
vamshii=nameofKrishnasbamboofluteraasa=raasakriiDa=inplaysofpassion,
inronderase=zealous[Krishna]saha=alongwithnR^ityaparaa=indancing,
engrossedhariNaa=byHari,Krishnaprashashanse=[thatmaidenis]commended.
Whileamaidenisengrossedinrondedancingalongwithzealouslydancing
Krishna,sheisclappingherpalmsinrhythmtohisfluting,whiledoingsosetsofher
heavybraceletsareclankinginundefinabledulcetclanks,interminglingwiththat
fluting,thusthatflautistofmohanavamshi,theDivineFlute,namelyKrishna,isfluting
thepraisesuntoher...thus,thatgleefulKrishna&c...[apa46]
Byemployingthewordrasaraaseitissaid,thoughthisgirlisaninexpertin
superfinesinginganddancing,sheisexpertinherrustic,moorish,andboorishdances,
hencesheisawareofbeatandrhythmlayataalaj~naana,therebysheispraiseworthy.

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apa47.saH=suchasheis,hethatKrishnakaamapi=someone,even
shliSyati=cleavestokaamapichumbati=someone,even,kisseskaamapi=someone,
evenraamaam=delightfuldamselramayati=hedelights[her]smita=beaming
caarutaraam=beauty,inhighdegree[mostbeautifullass]aparaam=anotherone
pashyati=seestoher,payattentiontovaamaam=leftist,aflightygirlanu=intow
gacChati=goesafter.
SuchfrolicsomeKrishnaisevencleavingtosomeonekissingsomeonedelighting
someonewhoisadelightfuldamselpayingattentiontoanothermostbeautifuldamsel
withbeamingsmilesfollowingaflightygirlwithslantingglances,thus,thatgleeful
Krishna&c[apa47]
HerethewordraamaamisgenerativefromrootramuramukriiDaayaamonewho
givesandtakesdelightinwhichsheisdelighted.Thiswordisontheanalogyofthe
nameofRamainRamayana.Whenthesyllableaisprolongedtoaaraamaait
becomesfemininedelighterandthedelighted.Andsmitacaarutaraamor,smitacaaru
paraambeaminglysmilingindicatesherreadinessforintimacy,expressedinasmile
itself.Hence,thispieceofpoemisfloridlysmiley.Thewordvaamaamisdispleased,
irritated,peeved,vexed,querulousgirl.Evenifsheweretobeso,hecantameher
shrewdnessandbringherroundbygoingafterher.nayakacatura[artful.]
Alltheseactsareperformedsequentiallyoratatime?Atatimeonlyistheanswer.
HowcanoneKrishnabecomemanyatatime,isitssequel.Thatiswhatraasakriidaor
raasaliilais,andunimaginablearehisacts,deeds,orplaysofpassion.Thusthispoetry,
thoughexpressedinmundaneparlance,attainsasupramundaneeros[aspiration
towardvalue]adivinelusting.Thepoetsaysinthenextfootthatiswhythisisan
amazingactofKrishnaadbhutam.

apa48.vR^indaavanavipine=inBrindavana,woodlandscharita=whatthat
happensyashasyam=endowinggloriousness[ifsungordancedtoitstunes]keshava
kelirahasyam=Krishnas,playsofpassion,arcanenessofjayadevabhaNitamidam=
byJayadeva,articulated,thisadbhutam=anadmirablepoemlalitam=exquisite
[pleasuregiver]libretto,[withdoubleentendre=n.awordorphraseopentotwo
interpretations,oneusu.risquorindecent,herethewholepoem]shriishriisuukti=
felicitous,saying,poemshubhaanivitanotu=prosperities,letitradiate[tr.transmit
ordemonstratelife,love,joy,etc.radiateshappiness].
ParsingInanotherway:
yashasyam=endowinggloriousness[ifsungordancedtoitstunes]vR^indaavana
vipine=inBrindavana,woodlands[whatthathappens]lalitam=exquisite[pleasure
giver]adbhuta=admirablekeshava=Krishnaskelirahasyam=playsofpassion,
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arcanenessofidam=thisjayadevabhaNitam=byJayadeva,articulatedshriishrii
suukti=felicitous,saying,lyric,libretto,[withdoubleentendre=n.awordorphrase
opentotwointerpretations,oneusu.risquorindecent,herethewholepoem]
shubhaanivitanotu=prosperities,letitradiate[tr.transmitordemonstratelife,love,
joy,etc.radiateshappiness.]
Thissong,whichendowsgloriousnesstothedevoteesofKrishna,ifsungordanced
toitstunes,andwhichcontainsthearcanenessabouttheexquisiteplaysofpassionof
KrishnainequallyarcanusBrindavana,isarticulatedbyJayadeva,thusletitradiate
prosperitiestooneandall[apa48]
Withthisthepoetconcludesthislyric.HereKrishnahimselfisanadbhutam,
becauseheismanifestseparatelytoeachofthemilkmaidinatrice,thoughremaining
himselfasoneentity.Inthislyricthewordskelirahasyamareusuallytranslatedas
secretssports,orsecretlovegamesetc.,takingthemtoberahasyakelikalaapam,but
thewordrahasyamqualifiesthewordkeli.Thentheyarethesecretsaboutthoseplays,
ofwhichthepoetwishestotell,butnothowsecretlytheplaysareplayed,andKrishna
isnocovertplayer,eitherinthesedancedramasofBhaagavataorinthepoliticsof
MahaBhaarata.chandaslaya.
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111.sakhi=oh,friend,RdhamugdhaH=charming[notmeekish]hariH=
KrishnavishveShaam=forallintheworldanuranjanena=tocausemutualintimacy
aanaanandamjanayan=happiness,tocauseindiivara=blueblacklotusesshreNii=
rowsofshyaamala=blueblackishkomalaiH=daintilyangaiH=withlimbsana.nga
utsavam=Lovegod's,festival[vasantautsavam,carnivalesqueexcitation]upanayan=
tonear,draw[todrawnigh]abhitaH=byall[externallimbsandinternalheartfelt
feelings]svacChandam=unreservedlypratia.ngam=each,limbvraja=countycalled
VrajaprovincesundariibhiH=bybeautifuldamsels[ofVrajacounty]aali.ngitaH=
embraced[Krishnaisembraced]shR^i.ngaaraHivamuurtimaan=romance,like,
embodimentofmadhau=inspringtimekriiDati=playing[titillating.]
Or,inanotherway:
sakhi=oh,friendhariH=Krishna[withhispersonage,thatis]mugdhaH=with
heartstealingvishveShaam=forallintheworldanuranjane=toaccorddelight
aanaanandamjanayan=rejoice,tocauseangaiH=withparts[romanticisedfactors
thatareapttocausehappiness,like]indiivarashreNii=blueblacklotuses,clusters
shyaamala=darker[ambiencewithblackTamaalatrees,nightfall,nightlyYamuna
riveretc.]komalaiH=softish[flowerbeds,greensward,sanddunes]ana.nga
utsavam=Lovegod's,festivity[vasantosavamcarnivalesqueexcitation]upanayan=
bringingoffabhitaH=alloversvacChandam=unreservedlypratia.ngam=every,
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limbvrajasundariibhiH=bygoing,beauties[beautieswhoarepassingbyhim]
aali.ngitaH=embraceablemuurtimaan=onehavingsuchabody,bodilypresence
shR^i.ngaaraHiva=[personified]romance,asthoughmadhaukriiDati=in
springtime,frolicking.
Oh,friendRdha,charmingKrishnaistitillatinginBrindavaninthisspringtime,
causinghappinessandmutualintimacyamongalltheworldlybeings,andbythe
presenceofhissapphirinebluishanddaintilylimbedbody,thatsimilewiththesprayey
rowsofblueblacklotuses,heappearstobefetchingtheannualvasantotsava,the
carnivalesqueexcitation,hencesuchlimbsareunreservedlyembracedbythebeautiful
damselsofVrajacounty,eitherwiththeirbodilylimbsorbytheirheartfeltfeelings,
thusheisappearinglikeanembodimentofromance...[111]
Or
Oh,friendRdha,KrishnainBrindavaniswithadelightingpersonagethatisheart
stealingforallpeople,anditisapttocauserejoiceinoneandall,addedarethe
romanticisedfactorsofBrindavan,likedarkishambiencewithblackTamaalatrees,
nightfall,nightlyYamunariver,andsoftishflowerbeds,greensward,andripariansand
dunes,andhisverybodilypresenceisasthoughthepersonifiedromance,bringingoff
theannualvasantotsava,carnivalesqueexcitation,andthebeautiesofVraja,moving
pasthimaredeemingthatpersonalityasanunreservedlydependableandembraceable
embodiment,henceKrishnaisfrolickingwiththeminthisspringtime,ashereckons
themasdependentsandembraceddevotees...
WhenitissaidviSveSaamanuranjanenaKrishnabeingcapabletodelightwhole
worldinhisownnature,herehebecameamugdhapersonalitycharminglygraceful
youngster,notafoolishboy,anddelightedthemandgotdelightfromthem,though
theyarenowherenearhisOmniscience.
vasantotsavaincludesmanyfestivalslikesnaanayaatraablutionfestival,hindola
yaatraswingfestival,raasayaatrafestivalofcirculardance,rathayaatrachariot
festival,dolaayatraorholifestival,inwhichpeoplecomeoutasincarnivalsandcolour
sprayswaterandpowdersprinkledforamusement.Itisannualandtakesitrootin
KrishnaliilasofBrindavan.
alankarashleSa,diipakariitivaidarbhirasasringaaarasharduulavikriiditamits
metreandthisoneverseisrepletewithincommunicablereflectionsfrombhaaratiiya
sringaarashaastratreatisesonaestheticsofromanticism,buttheyareleftoutforthe
present.
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112.shriikhaNDa=MalayashailaanilaH=mountain's,breezesnitya=always
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utsa.nga=incloseproximityvasat=lives,inhabitsbhuja.nga=byserpentskavala=
gluttonisedkleshaat=byagony[fromtheirfangs]iva=asthoughpraaleya=insnow
waterplavana=toplungedownicChayaa=desirousofiishaachalam=god's,
mountain[iishaHacalam=Shiva's,not,mobilemountain,or,iishaaguruHacalaH=
Paarvati,fatherof=Himalayamadhyamapadalopasamaasa]anusarati=following,
coursingtoki.mcha=why,even[further]rasaalamauli=mangotrees,attops
snigdhamukulaani=tender[eatable,]sproutedbudsaalokya=onseeingharSha
udayaat=rejoice,ondawning,burgeonedkalauttalaaH=inexplicablymelodious,
heightenedintonekuhuuHkuhuuHiti=coo,coo[onomatopoeicwords,]thus
pikaanaamgiraH=Kokilas,words,voicingunmiilanti=unfolding[sallyingforth.]
BothbreezesandserpentsinhabitinthesandalwoodgrovesofMtmalayawhere
serpentsrepeatedlybitebreezesastheyfeedinguponthem,wherebybreezesundergo
fervidityandcoursenorthwardtotakeaplungeinHimalayansnowwaterstocooloff
thatfeverishness,dealingoutlovefervidityenroutewhybreezes,evenhighrejoiceis
burgeoninginkokilabirdsonseeingjustsproutedtenderbudsonmangotrees,
suddenlysallyingforthcoocoovoicinginaninexplicablymelodiousandheightened
tones,onlytoheightenunrequitedrejoiceandlovesickness...thusthisspringtimeis
blithesome...[112]
Thewordkuhu,kuhuuHalsomeansnomoonnight,withoutastreakofmoon.The
cooingofKokilasisabothertoestrangedcouple,yettheyaresinginginfifthoctave
pancamasvaraonlytointensifythetroublesofsuchcouples.Themoonisanenemyto
theestrangedcouple,forhisveryappearanceenhancestheiruneasypassion.And
somehow,thenomoondayamaavaashyacanbetolerated.Thesoundsofblackkoels
arealmostlikenomoondaythatintimidatesthemoon.Butthesingingofkoelsismore
painful,andallthisculminatesintospringfever,arestlessorlethargicfeeling
sometimesassociatedwithspring.
riitivaidarbhivarNaanupraasashabdaalankaaraupamahetuardhaaalankaara
shaarduulavikriiDitamisitsmetre.Next,thepoetwhileclosingthefirstcantoistelling
ablessingbenedictionaashiirvaadaruupakamangalaaacaraNa.
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113.premaandhayaa=bylove,blinded[heedless]raadhayaa=byRdharaasa=
inrondedanceullaasabhareNa=rejoice,repletewithvibhramabhR^itaam=
overwhelm,bearers[thosegirlsthatbearanoverwhelmedmood=vivaciousgirls]
aabhiira=milkmaidsvaama=withcurvedbhruvaam=eyebrowsabhyarNam=in
closeproximity[drawingnighofhim]uraH=chest[ofKrishna]nirbharam=
ardentlyparirabhya=huggedsaadhu=byfar[enthusiastically]tvatvadanam=your,
facesudhaamayam=nectar,aboundingwithiti=thusvyaahR^itya=onsaying
giita=song[ofKrishna]stuti=eulogisingvyaajaat=onthepretextofutkhaTa=
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excitedlycumbita=onewhoiskissed[byRdha]smita=bysmilesmanaHhaarii=
heart,stealinghariH=Hari,KrishnavaH=us,allofuspaatu=ruleover[saveour
souls.]
BlindedbyherloveforKrishna,Rdhadrewnighofhim,whoisamongvivacious
milkmaidswithcurvyeyebrows,andwhoarerepletewithrejoicewhileinronde
dancing,butRdhaardentlyhuggedhischestamongallofthem,andenthusiastically
saidthus,"Yourfaceisnectareous...thusyoursingingmustbenectarean...comesing
now...Andthen,onthepretextofeulogisinghissinging,shestartedtokisshim,and
hewhoisthuskissedbyRdhaisallsmilesforher,andhewhostealsheartswithhis
beamingsmiles,thatKrishnamaysaveoursouls...[113]
Inthislyricsringaaravipralambhanaayikapragalbhanaayakamugdhathe
mannerofhuggingiscalledvR^ikShaadhiruuDhatreeclimbingembracetarumiva
kamitaaramcumbanaaartaaadhiroDhumyadabhilaSatinaariitatca
vR^ikShaadhiruuDhamthekissingstyleiscallednamitakawheremilkmaidsare
happyenoughwithkissingandkissesabhiirajaaHcumbanahaaryacittaaHalankaara
aashiis,aprastutaprasanga,vyaajoktiu,aakShepa,hetusinceRdhaadvanced,some
heroine'sbraveryistherenaayikautsaaharuupaviirarasaanuvrittiaarabhaTiriiti
paancaaligiitiarthamaagadhigaanasthitilayaItsmetreisshaarduulavikriiDitam.

Thus,thisisthe1stchapter,sAmodadAmodaram,ingiitagovindamofkavi
jayadeva.
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Introduction

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giirvaaNi

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NextSarga

2003,DesirajuHanumantaRaoRevised2008

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