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Transient Analysis of Voltage Dips For Power System
Transient Analysis of Voltage Dips For Power System
Kabo NGWANAAMOTHO
MEng Hons Project Report Phase 2
HSP 1943
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- i --
Project Definition:
This project will focus on carrying a transient analysis of voltage dips with a view to
understanding how they manifest themselves on a network and how to mitigate against
voltage dips on transmission and distribution systems. This will also entail the analysis
and improvement of current methodologies that are used in mitigating against power
quality.
Aims:
Location:
Debswana Diamond Mining Company, Jwaneng Mine, Botswana. The town of Jwaneng
is located about 180km south of the capital, Gaborone.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- ii --
Abstract
Voltage dips are increasingly becoming a major power quality problem for Jwaneng
Mine. A dip lasting a few milliseconds can culminate into interruption of critical and
essential processes that could last several hours and the restart process of a plant after a
voltage dip can be very tedious leading to a substantial revenue loss.
This report is Phase 2 of a 2 part research into the causes, effects, characteristics and
ways to mitigate against voltage. Phase 1 report addressed mostly the first three of the
aforementioned parts whereas this report concentrates on solutions.
The first chapters address how well voltage dips are being documented within the entire
mine and goes on to research about the Red Area Plant which was not covered by Phase 1
report. The other chapters analyze solutions in terms of reducing occurrence of voltage
dips or compensating by means of several energy storage systems or smoothing out the
supply voltage using switches or a reactive VAr compensator. Last but not least
recommendations in terms of general power mitigation are discussed to optimize quality
of supply and a method of recording of dips is suggested.
Finally this report reviews the objectives of this research, concludes and specifies what
future work may need to be carried out.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- iii --
Declaration of Originality
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
January 2007
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- iv --
In 2005, the mine treated 10 006 752 tons of kimberlite ore, yielding a record 15 618 155
carats.1 above for the year Debswana had group total revenue of BWP15.8 billion.
1
2
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- v --
3. Recrush Plant - The tailings from the MTP DMS are crushed to less than 8mm
and then scrubbed and screened and then go to the Recrush DMS.
4. Final Recovery (Red Area) - Ore from the MTP and Recrush DMS is
transported to the Aquarium where diamonds are recovered from the concentrate.
5. Tailings - The tailings from the Recrush DMS in the size range of less than
25mm and more than 1mm is finally conveyed through the Recrush tailings
conveyor system to the tailings dumps. This ore is used to facilitate compact
ability and stability of the dumps.
The mine has two standby diesel generators rated 1.725MW and 2.6MW which generate
at 6.6kV and supply Busbar A with 33kV via a 5MVA transformer in case of an outage.
In the standby generator housing there is a 280kW Auxiliary generator which
automatically starts if the supply from BPC goes off. The standby diesel generators are
manually started.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- vi --
Acknowledgements
I would like to convey my gratitude to Kenny Sinyinza Section Engineer electrical
services who my industrial supervisor at Jwaneng Mine for his help in pointing me
towards the right direction in research for this project.
I would also like to thank all the personnel at MTP, RP, Red Area Plant and the Electrical
Workshops in Jwaneng Mine for their continued support and invaluable comments for
this report.
I thank Disang Mongatane at MTP, Isang Gaolebale and Simon Nyirongo at Re-crush
Jwaneng for the daily production reports at their respective plants and their comments for
economic impact of voltage dip for this report. I also thank Nonofo Kebaitse in the
Diamond Value Management for files to assess revenue losses due to voltage dips.
I am grateful to the help of Otto Keitumetse, Section Engineer MTP, Puso Mooketsi,
Section Engineer at the Red Area Plant, Bobotho Ratsoma, Section Engineer at Recrush,
Josiah Keitshokile Assistant Plant Superintendent at the Red Area Plant.
I would also like to convey my appreciation for answering my questionnaires to Phana
Matale and Patrick Wakatama at EM15, Jonathan Sesinyi at ET13, Victor Bontsi and
Bojosi Tonkope at the Red Area Plant workshop, T.T Badisang, BAHF manager at the
Red Area plant and Calvin at the Recrush workshop for the daily shift reports
The editorial comments from Kelebonye Leduledi and Segale Mangope on the first phase
of this research are highly appreciated.
My gratitude is also due to Mrs. Same Makuku, protection engineer Operations and
Transmission at BPC Gaborone , Mr. Wilfred Shereni, metering engineer at BPC
Gaborone and Mr. Chris Ngulube and all personnel at NCC for shedding a light on
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- vii --
structure of Botswanas transmission network and allowing me full access to their records
and reports.
I would also like to thank my project supervisor Dr Ewen Macpherson and Dr David
Renshaw at the University of Edinburgh, UK for ensuring that this project is up to
professional standard.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- viii --
CONTENTS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------PAGE
MENG PROJECT MISSION STATEMENT.............................................................................................I
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. II
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY .....................................................................................................III
COMPANY BACKGROUND JWANENG DIAMOND MINE .......................................................... IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... VI
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... XI
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ....................................................................................................................... XIV
PROJECT PLANNING ............................................................................................................................XV
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3
1.4
SECURITY ................................................................................................................................... 15
Magnetic Locks..................................................................................................................... 15
Central Command Centre..................................................................................................... 15
Back-Up System.................................................................................................................... 16
ACID HANDLING (BAHF) .......................................................................................................... 16
Scrubber ............................................................................................................................... 16
Neutralization Process.......................................................................................................... 17
Compressor........................................................................................................................... 17
GENERAL PROCESS ..................................................................................................................... 17
Pneumo Blower (Drier System) ............................................................................................ 18
Feed Preparation Conveyors................................................................................................ 18
SICON................................................................................................................................... 18
Perm Rolls ............................................................................................................................ 19
INTERNET SERVER DOWNTIME................................................................................................... 19
AIR CONDITIONING .................................................................................................................... 19
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- ix --
CRITICAL LOADS.......................................................................................................................... 27
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- x --
9.2
SETC - STATIC ELECTRONIC TAP CHANGER .............................................................................. 57
9.3
SVC - STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR ........................................................................................... 58
9.3.1
Principle of Operation of the SVC ........................................................................................ 58
9.3.2
Technical Analysis................................................................................................................ 60
9.3.3
Connection............................................................................................................................ 61
10
11
DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................... 68
11.1
11.2
11.3
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 71
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- xi --
[CAP. 74:01 S.I, Botswana Power Corporation (Electricity) Bye-Laws under section 28, 21st December
1979
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- xii --
- xiii --
RP Recrush Plant
RPM (rpm) revolutions per minute
SC Starting Current
SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SICON Conveyor Belt (manufacturers trade name)
Sqrt(X) Square root of the number X
SVC Static Var Compensator
TD Time Delay
TH Thyristor Switch
TSM Time Setting Multiple
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
US$ - United States Dollar (US Currency)
V Volts
VAr Volts Amps reactive
VDC Voltage Dip Compensator (Series Voltage Restorer SVR)
VSDs Variable Speed Drives
VT Voltage Transformer
Z Impedance
ZAR South African Rand (South African Currency ZAR 1 = 100 cents)
C Degrees Celsius
Phase
W White Phase
B Blue Phase
R Red Phase
1 or S Single Phase
3 Three phase
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- xiv --
Glossary of Terms
Opportunistic costs: Apparent financial losses due to production downtime.
Critical Process: Essential processes that cannot be started up in a reasonable time
before a set automatic discontinuation due to a power dip
Essential Process: A process that is required to maintain a plant
Busbar: any electrical conductor that makes a common connection between several
circuits
Autotransformer: A transformer that has several taps that are designed to connect
automatically depending on a set requirement
Red Area (Aquarium): The high security plant at Jwaneng Mine where final recovery of
diamonds takes place.
Concentrate: Material that contains diamond bearing rocks
Cycle: Time taken to complete one full sine wave of the alternating current supply for
BPC supply with a frequency of 50Hz this is 20ms
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- xv --
Project Planning
This project was planned as shown in the Gantt chart below. It should however be noted
that most of the tasks were dependent on the cooperation of various mine personnel and
as such the times shown were not strictly adhered to and furthermore most of the tasks
were carried out simultaneously.
Phase 1 of this project involved establishing what the problem is voltage dips. A report
was given out on the 15th of August 2006.
The following Gantt chart shows planning of work for Phase 2 of the research on voltage
dips which is mainly concerned with offering recommendations to the mine.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- xvi --
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 1 --
1 Introduction
This report is phase 2 of a two part report on the research of voltage dips at Jwaneng
mine in order to suggest ways in which to mitigate against this problem. The first report
analyzed the problem mainly at the MTP and Recrush plants whereas this report will be
more focused on the Red Area, which is the final plant in the diamond recovery process,
and will also include a full analysis of the recommendations which were mentioned in
phase 1 report.
Also discussed is background information on general power quality problems which can
be experienced by the mine. A more specific definition of voltage dip is suggested and
voltage dip types are investigated for different phases using a software model in which
parameters such as line impedance, dip duration/magnitude, AVR efficiency, parallel
capacitance and total load can be varied to analyse what happens to the sine waveform
of the ac signal under different conditions.
The research for this project was carried out at Debswana Diamond Mine in Jwaneng,
Botswana.
This report aims to go one step ahead to recommend the way forward in minimising or
eradicating the undesirable effects of voltage dips.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 2 --
The main power quality problem that is encountered by the mine is voltage dips (sags) as
defined in Section 1.2.2 below which is the main focus of this report. Other power
quality issues which this report shall not dwell much upon but may directly or indirectly
affect the occurrence or severity of voltage dips and hence shall only be discussed briefly
for that sake as shown in Figure 1.1 are;
Figure 1.1
[Note that for cross referencing to Figure 1.1 the name indicated in the picture is given
in square brackets below]
Interruptions (blackout) [Voltage Dropout]
Complete loss of voltage on one or more of the phase conductors,
Swells (surges) [Surge]
Temporary increase in rms voltage or current of more than 10% of the
nominal value at a power system frequency which lasts 0.5 cycles to 1
minute,
Transients [Negative & Positive Impulse Spike]
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 3 --
Voltage dips/sags usually carry several definitions according to different authors but most
usually have a similar basis a shown in phase 1 report of this research. However for the
purpose of this report a voltage dip shall be defined as a reduction in nominal voltage to a
value less than 90% up to the time when it goes above 90% but for a period more than
20ms and not exceeding 3s.
In this report a voltage dip to X% means that the voltage dropped by X% from nominal,
i.e. a 10% dip means that the voltage a test node will be 90% of nominal. In the Figure
1.2 below the allowed voltage levels are 10%
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 4 --
Figure 1.2
Disturbances that last less than 1/2 cycle are commonly called "low frequency
transients"; voltage reductions that last longer than a few seconds (i.e. > 3s) are
commonly called "under voltage"4 as defined in Section 1.2.1 above.
When there is a fault on a transmission line or anywhere in the system, excess current is
drawn from the supply and because current (I) is proportional to (V) voltage (V = IZ
Ohms law) this causes a minor drop in the voltage for the duration of excess current
being drawn as impedance (Z) stays constant. If the fault is not cleared within a short
time as determined by protection settings either an under voltage as described above or a
blackout will result.
The terms sag and dip shall be taken to be the same and so shall power dip and voltage
dip and hence will be used interchangeably in this report.
1.2.3
This was investigated using Alex McEcherns Concept Teaching Toy obtained from
Power Standards Labs to obtain the following graphs.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 5 --
Figure 1.3(a, b, c)
Figures 1.3 above and left shows a
simulation of a circuit which reacts to
changes in the input impedance, the
smoothing
capacitance,
regulator
The simulations show that increasing the capacitance [Appendix A1] and the regulator
efficiency has the desirable effect of smoothing out the regulated voltage. For exactly the
same circuit a phase-phase to phase fault (Figure 1.3b) that experiences a similar fault
current would only result in low frequency transients but no actual voltage dip whereas
a single phase fault (Figure 1.3c) would have negligible effect on the terminal voltage.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 6 --
Increasing the load increases both the magnitude and duration of the voltage dip
[Appendix A2]. This is due to the fact that a larger load draws more current thereby feels
the onset of the dip immediately when the fault occurs and a higher voltage drop.
Emphasis should be made here that even though this particular voltage dip (Figure 1.3a)
lasted no more than a mere 60ms the corresponding interruption to the diamond mining
process may have been extremely large. For example some drives might have stopped
resulting in Head feed delays that can last for several hours leading to long start-up
procedures both of which translate into appreciable revenue losses.
1.2.4
There have been several studies covering the voltage dip phenomenon. The following is a
selected few of some of the reports that have been published about voltage dips.
G.J COETZEE, Power Quality paper #1 Causes of voltage dips & resulting problems,
Switching Systems Electronic Engineers
J. D. MASTERS, Dowding Reynard & Associates (Pty) Ltd, Voltage Dip study at
Jwaneng Mine-addendum, 13 March 1997
ABBAS AKHIL, SHIVA, SWAMINATHAN, RAJAT K. SEN, Cost Analysis of Energy
Storage Systems for Electric Utility Applications, February 1997
MATH BOLLEN, Voltage Sag Indices Draft 1.2, working document for IEEE P1564
and CIGRE WG 36-07, December 2000
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 7 --
With exception of the voltage dip study done at Jwaneng mine by J.D Masters, all of the
above researches were more academically inclined and do not offer any recommendation
on what should be done to avoid this unwanted situation. Even J.D Masters offers only
one solution in the form of Dip Proofing Inverters and hence does not really give a broad
choice or reason why DPIs may not the best nor does he state the draw backs of this
particular apparent panacea (as is the general feeling in the mine). However all these
shed some very vital information on the causes and effects of voltage dips on power
electronic equipment.
Initially, prior to research at Jwaneng Mine, an extensive literature review on the subject
of voltage dips was carried out using published journals, textbooks, the internet,
magazines and all publications that mentioned this problem.
Knowledge of the other plants within Jwaneng Mine from Previous attachments to the
following sections in the specific years was used;
Gathering of information was generally done using questionnaires and short discussion
meetings for the respective mine personnel for Electricians, Section, Engineers, Senior
Plant Metallurgists, Electrical Workshop foremen, BPC & NCC.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 8 --
There was attendance of Daily production meetings at the MTP to gain knowledge of
how this issue is tackled and what form of feedback is demanded by the non engineering
management.
Email correspondence of the Daily exception report and the Daily production report both
from the MTP and the RP was used to analyse delays caused by several factors on the
plants.
A general tour of the Red Area Plant was done to get an appreciation of the general
diamond mining process at the final point in the mine and identify where critical loads
are located.
Chapter 1 - The first chapter offers background information on different power quality
problems that the mine encounters and broadly defines the term voltage dip/sag. A
software model is used in order to investigate the different types of voltage dips that the
mine may experience to establish which ones will trip out drives and damage power
electronic equipment. Also discussed here is a literature review of selected researches
that have been done on this subject.
Chapter 2 defines the methods of recording of voltage dips that have been found at
different sections and plants within Jwaneng mine. The methods here are different
according to who does the recording be it the section engineer at electrical services,
electrical workshops, treatment section, CCR, BPC or the Red Area Plant. This chapter
also analyses probable causes of voltage dips in the red area plant
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 9 --
Chapter 3 discusses the effects of voltage dips on the red area plant processes at Security,
Bulk Acid Handling Facility, FISH & CARP, internet servers, air conditioning and
general diamond production process.
Chapter 5 elaborates briefly what has already been presented in the Phase 1 report on
supply utility (BPC) conditions on the quality of supply. This chapter looks at the agreed
levels of voltage supply on magnitude and balance, frequency deviation and allowed total
harmonic distortion.
Chapter 6 is a list of the most critical loads within Jwaneng Mine as presented by the
engineering manager. However this list is incomplete for the red area on the basis that the
records of the drives/machines that trip due to dips are not listed even though they are
very critical to the entire process. These drives are mentioned in Chapter 3.
Chapter 8 discusses in detail some of the ways of compensating the missing due to a
fault. Compensation is by means of energy storage systems such as the SMES, BESS,
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 10 --
FES or UPS. Closing this chapter is a case study to compare costs of existing SMES and
BESS. A technical and cost analysis of the above methods discussed therein and a point
of connection to the existing electrical reticulation suggested. If the mine chooses one of
the energy storage systems recommended here then a power conversion system shall be
needed to connect to existing system. This chapter suggest a model for such a conversion
system.
Chapter 9 Smoothing out Voltage Profiles - Mentioned in this chapter is use of switches
namely the SETC or LTC and the SSTS to transfer load to alternate supply to avoid a
voltage dip. The SVC is also discussed in detail to offer MVAr injection and thus sustain
voltage at nominal level. Also here a technical and cost analysis of the above methods
discussed therein and a point of connection to the existing electrical reticulation
suggested.
Chapter 10 addresses general power quality mitigation against problems such as Ferranti
effects, blackouts, surges, over & under voltages, harmonics & interharmonics, notches
and flicker. This chapter also presents a procedure that Jwaneng mine will be
recommended to use to report and record power dips.
Chapter 11 - The last part of this report reviews the objectives for this project in order to
analyse whether they have been properly met and points out what shortcomings were
encountered. This part also discusses, concludes and suggests future work on mitigation
of voltage dips at Jwaneng mine.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 11 --
Figure 2.1 - Source: KENNY SINYINZA, Power Quality Metering Output, Jwaneng Mine
The graph above shows data as downloaded from power quality meters that are installed
on the supply utility side at the mines main switchyard. It shows a dip that lasted less
than 164ms and the voltage dropped about 4kV from nominal on two phases. The data
collected from the meter is used to compile the following graphs called the Balanced
Score Card.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 12 --
2
1
Sep-06
Oct-06
1
0
0
Jan-06
Feb-06
Mar-06
Apr-06
Actual
Internal
May-06
External
Jun-06
Jul-06
Threshold Target
Aug-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Jan-07
Stretch Target
Figure 2.2 Source: KENNY SINYINZA, Balanced Score Card, Jwaneng Mine
The balanced score card is kept every year and it can be seen that there were 34 voltage
dips last year [Appendix A3] from January to October 2005 and there has been 26
voltage dips this year (2006) in the same period Figure 2.2 . This can hardly be called
an improvement as it can also be seen that the frequency of occurrence is spread out over
the months this year than last year where there were no dips between June and
September. For the two years the months in which most power dips are experienced are
from January to March. It can also be noted that for these particular years most
thunderstorms occurred during this period which may account for the higher frequency of
occurrence of voltage dips as corroborated by reports from the mine and BPC see
Appendices report Phase 1.
2.3 CCR
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 13 --
CCR Operators generally record power dips whenever they see the lights dim and any
drives were interrupted. Any head feed delays will therefore be accounted for as being
caused by a voltage dip.
2.5 BPC
BPC does not have any specific record of dips that can be made available for the mine
but all faults that occur on transmission line and on the network are documented daily
and these were obtained from their NCC and comparisons made with dates and times
when the mine reported a voltage dip. See Appendices Report Phase 1.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 14 --
Treatment
The power dips that originate from within the plant are mainly caused by bad weather.
The most frequent occurrences of machines/drives tripping are during the rainy season
and as such only a correlation of coincidence can be made that voltage dips are the cause.
Some of these alleged voltage dips however may have been just another power quality
problem and not a voltage dip.
2.6.2
Most of the alleged power dips that affect the Red Area are from faults that are external
to the plant and either originate from mining section or outside the mine altogether as
stated in project report phase 1.
2.6.3
Security
There are no reported cases of a situation whereby a voltage dip was caused by an
individual tampering with the security system of the plant but the fact that it has not
occurred yet does not mean it will never do.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 15 --
3.1 Security
A major impact on the security of both the employees of the company and the diamonds
would be encountered if a power dip caused security system failure and if the lights were
to go off.
3.1.1
Magnetic Locks
Most of the security locked doors in the Red Area use magnetic locks which depend on
the presence of power to be able to work. When a voltage dip occurs at the instance when
the door was open it will not be able to lock back on leaving the area unsecured which is
a very high security risk. The door will have to be manually closed even when power
comes back on as the magnetic locks have a limited operating distance.
3.1.2
The cameras on the floors (CARP and FISH) may trip out when there is a voltage dip and
security officers will not be able to monitor what is happening. The protection system is
offered by onsite technicians and they have to be called in to reset but there will be a
definite delay. During this time no one can be allowed in or out of the Red Area plant at
the main access gate. Employees knocking off will not able to out of the Red Area and
those reporting for duty will not be able to come until the system has been brought back
online.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 16 --
Back-Up System
Back-up in the Red Area is given by means of a diesel standby generator which monitors
the mains supply and automatically switches on when there is a power failure (or power
dip which causes machine failure and lights to go off). The parameters of the generator
are as follows;
Table 3.0 Red Area Standby Diesel Generator
3 Phase, 50Hz, 0.8 p.f
Power
350kVA, 280kW
Output Voltage
550V
Output Current
367A
Revs
1500rpm
Excitation
As can be noted by the ratings on this generator its only used to power up lighting and
very few critical loads just for the security system to stay online and general production is
not accounted for which means the diamond treating process will have stopped in this
instance.
Scrubber
If a power dip were to stop the scrubber in the FISH plant then the acid fumes can not be
extracted from the plant which means a build up will result thereby affecting the health
and safety all the personnel who may be in the vicinity. Compensation charges for the
affected employees on the mine could cripple the mine revenue and any safety audit
could ultimately lead to closure of the mine if such a situation could ever occur. The
motor that runs the scrubber has the following details on its nameplate;
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 17 --
3.2.2
Power
110kW
Voltage
525V
Current(Full Load)
151A
Revs
1480rpm
Neutralization Process
Lime (CaCO3) and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) are used to neutralize the used acids
before they can be disposed of [Appendix A5]. When there is a power dip and that causes
the neutralization process to stop then the rest of the diamond process has to stop and this
obviously translates into some appreciable revenue losses in terms of the lost hours of
treatment.
3.2.3
Compressor
The compressor in the Red Area sometimes stops when there is a voltage dip. This is
used to supply air for the air valves and therefore because continuous operation is
required backup is provided by 3 other compressors located at the MTP. However the
process of transferring to MTPs compressors is manual and hence a definite time delay
is experienced due to the unplanned stoppage. The drive for this compressor is rated
110kW.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 18 --
heating elements they blow it up a channel up to the to of the CARP building to the 15th
floor to dry it up.
3.3.1
3.3.2
If all the 3 feed preparation conveyors stop, then no material is fed from the blue area via
the 110 Ton Bin. However the drives running these conveyors usually trip due to voltage
dips creating head feed delays in the time when an electrician has to be called to reset
them.
3.3.3
SICON
The drives that run the SICON also usually trip whenever there is a power dip and have
to be reset. However as there is material on the conveyors when they are restarted it
means the drives are starting on full load, high currents result and sometimes a second
voltage dip results.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 19 --
Perm Rolls
Also affected by voltage dips are Perm Rolls. These are used to separate magnetic feed
from non magnetic to recover diamonds and liberate the waste. When the perm rolls stop
the entire process has to stop otherwise all the diamonds that were in the feed at that
particular time will pass as waste.
Network downtime can cost in excess of US$50,000 per hour when one megabyte of data
needs to be restored or recreated.5
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 20 --
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 21 --
6.5
6
5
4
3.3
2.2
1.3
0.85
0.9
0.83
0.5
0.5
0.0
0
Jan-06
Feb-06
Actual
Mar-06
Internal
Apr-06
External
May-06
Jun-06
Threshold Target
Jul-06
Aug-06
Sep-06
Oct-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Jan-07
Stretch Target
Figure 4.1 Source: KENNY SINYINZA, Balanced score Card, Jwaneng Mine
The graph above shows head feed delays that occur due to power dips for the entire mine.
However any head delays encountered by MTP and RP will directly be transferred to
delays in the Red Area plant as well.
The balanced score card above shows that the mine lost 15.08 hours from January 2006
to October 2006 due to power dips. Except for the month of February the amount of
delays is generally below both the threshold target and the stretch target of acceptable
amount of delays that the mine can tolerate. However these targets are artificial and were
computed looking at past trends and can be further analysed such that they can be
brought closer to the zero line which would be the most desirable condition.
For the same period last year (2005) the balanced score card shows that the mine had
delays amounting to 19.83 hours due to voltage dips. Again from this data there is hardly
any improvement and averages verify this;
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 22 --
From Section 2.1 there were 36 voltage dips in 2005 this gives an average of;
19.83/34 = 0.58 hours/dipEquation 4.0
If the data from last the years 2005 and 2006 can be taken as to reflect a general trend on
voltage dips at Jwaneng mine there on average there is a delay of 0.58 hours for every dip
Equations 4.0 and 4.1 and it has not changed from the year 2005 to 2006.
The Red Area experienced a total of 24 hours of head feed delays due to power dips
alone in the period between the 20th of December 2005 and the 10th of April 2006 as
shown in [Appendix A4].
In the year 2005 alone the mine produced 15 618 155 carats. This was a record figure for
the mine but if this production figure was achieved again in the year 2006 then on
average it can be assumed that the mine achieves;
And if the cost per carat bought from the mine was assumed constant at an average of
US$140 as mentioned in Phase 1 report then the profits foregone by the mine due to these
delays would be;
Which is equivalent to BWP 37 402 241.11 as computed from the currency converter at
http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi accessed 1 November 2006.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 23 --
However if the current carats production statistics are assessed for the period from
January 2006 to September 2006 [Appendix A5] then on average Jwaneng mine has been
producing 1 289 758.28 carats per month from the red area plant. If this is extrapolated to
the end of the year (December 2006) the mines carat production for the year 2006 will
be 15 477 099.33 which is about 1766 carats/hour which is still close to the value
calculated in Equation 4.2 of 1782 carats/hour.
In the red area FeSi is only used at the BSP which is a small plant used for research
purposes [Appendix A5]. In contrast to the MTP and the Re-crush plants loss of FeSi in
the red area is very minimal. At any instance no more than 1 bag of FeSi would be in
circulation in the process cycle. That means a loss due to a stoppage of the plant by a
power dip would amount to about ZAR 6000 which equates to about BWP 5 064 see
currency converter section 4.2.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 24 --
Jwaneng mine is supplied at 132kV and hence is classified by BPC as being on the
transmission network rather than the distribution network. The two 20MVA transformers
at the mines switchyard step this down to 6.6kV and two lines both of which are rated
1250A supply the Red Area.
5.1 Stipulation
The Corporation shall not be liable for damages, expenses or costs caused to the
consumer from any interruption in the supply, variation in voltage, variation of
frequency, any failure to supply a balanced three phase current or failure to supply
electricity whether the said interruption is or is not due to the failure of the Corporation to
carry out its obligations or to any other cause whatsoever.7
The fundamental specifications as mentioned in phase 1 report for the quality of supply
as stipulated by NCC are;
Voltage: 10%
Frequency: 2.5%
Voltage (Phase) Unbalance shall be maintained at 2%
7
Bye Law #31, [CAP. 74:01 S.I, Botswana Power Corporation (Electricity) Bye-Laws under section 28,
21st December 1979
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 25 --
The highest unbalance measured for the month of December 2005 was 0.63% whereas
the highest frequency was 100.17% and the lowest was 99.82%. Table 7.0 below shows
the highest voltage deviation from stated nominal by % for the same month.
Highest (%)
Lowest (%)
Red
104.74
100.51
White
104.04
101.31
Blue
105.23
102.02
5.2.2
Harmonics
Table 5.1 below was extracted from BPCs daily Operations and Transmission December
2005 Jwaneng Power Quality Report. The power quality standard used by BPC was the
NRS 048 - 2(2003). The table shows the targets that the supply utility stipulates to be
able to meet everyday.
Table 5.1 Harmonic Compatibility Levels (according to NRS 048-2)
Harmonics
Order
Harmonic Voltage (%)
3
5
5
6
7
5
9
1.5
11
3.5
13
3
15
0.5
Harmonic
Order
Red (%)
White (%)
Blue (%)
0.65
0.80
1.23
3.70
3.51
3.80
0.36
0.32
0.25
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.10
0.07
0.10
15
0.03
0.02
0.02
Harmonic order 5 seems to be the most dominant but it is still within BPCs acceptable
limits.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 26 --
NRS 048 2 specifies that the THD should be less than 8%.
Table 5.3 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Voltage Phase
% THD
Red
3.99
White
3.78
Blue
3.98
For the month of December 2005 the THD was within acceptable limits across all phases
as defined by the supply utility.
5.3
The BPC is currently undergoing a project erecting a 220kV transmission line from the
generating power station at Morupule to the substation at Thamaga from which Jwaneng
is fed. The table below shows the improvement on the fault level ratings. This project is
scheduled do be finished by December 2006.
Table 5.4: Comparison of fault level ratings with and without 220kV line
Without Line
With Line
Busbar (kV)
MVA
KA
MVA
KA
132
438
1.92
493
2.158
33
231
4.43
270
4.73
6.6
208
19.96
242
21.14
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 27 --
6 Critical Loads
Companies that sell power quality products require that the customer specify the kind of
equipment that is most vulnerable or most critical/essential to operations. This chapter
shows a list of Jwaneng mines most critical loads. The list was obtained from Jwaneng
mines intranet pages and was made in June 1996. The intranet pages however indicate
that it was last modified on 24th January 2005.
Some of the equipment may have since then evolved and more equipment may have
been added as well but this is the only list available from the companys intranet pages.
These are the loads that always have to be working to avoid a major production
downtime or breach of security within the mine premises both of which could lead to
substantial revenue loss and even hamper safety of personnel.
Some of the loads such as general plant lighting and low power control equipment have
always had a back up system for the case of any power fluctuations. Back-up is in the
form of UPS for some control equipment and small auxiliary generators (350kVA at the
main switchyard). The larger loads such as the slurry pumps require more power and can
not be compensated by UPS or the small auxiliary generators. The DMS streams at MTP
and some critical drives have protection against dips in the form of DPIs.
Security / lighting150 kW
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 28 --
CAC150 kW
Submersible pumps 40 kW
Plant lighting250 kW
Compressor (1 of)160 kW
Fire pump75 kW
Ensure that the BPC 132/33kV transformers and the 33kV township feeders have
been isolated by BPC prior to supplying power through the standby emergency
step-up transformer (5MVA 6.6kV/33kV).
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
Lighting250 kW
- 29 --
6.4 Services
Services entail general provision of electricity and maintenance and this is located outside
the mining area and hence has not drives directly linked to the diamond mining process.
The total power requirement for critical loads is: 500+1962+600 = 3062 kW 8
DEBSWANA DIAMOND COMPANY (Pty) Ltd, Jwaneng Mine, Engineering Electrical Services
Standard Procedure, Procedure No: EE-E1-06, Critical Loads to be supplied from the Power Station Diesel
Generators during a BPC Power Supply Failure, Revision 1, 7 June 1996
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 30 --
Quote requested from Haefely Technology on 12/07/06 was CHF 18 600 for the PLINE
1610 and CHF 19 500 for the ECOMPACT4 testers. CHF 19 500 equates to about BWP
93 135.84 (www.xe.com/full)
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 31 --
The current criteria within the mine is not clearly defined in the sense that sometimes
grading margins are arbitrarily chosen with no proper calculation or template in the form
of software package such that every time a new unit is incorporated into the system
discrimination becomes a big hassle. Most of the settings have to be changed every time
there is a fault after realization that circuits closest to the fault that were supposed to trip
stayed online an only distant circuit breakers operated (geographical grading) thereby
posing risk of damage to drives nearest the fault.
Relay timers should be set such that they can ride through a dip on a site with DPI
installed at least for the duration of the time setting on the DPI.
ARC dead time should be incorporated into any protection and discrimination settings as
otherwise this could lead to loss of supply and thus render any voltage restorers useless
In order to set proper protection and discrimination the following information should be
sought out and known;
Line voltage
- 32 --
mine conforms to standards such as the SEMI F47, whether it lies in the required
tolerance envelopes of the CBEMA or ITIC curves
Simulating bad quality power may even be necessary after purchase and installation of
voltage restorers to test whether they are indeed in good working order and what up to
what level/severity of a voltage dip the would be able to provide a reliable compensation.
Figure 7.1 shows a sag generator being
used to test the operation of a contactor
when there is a voltage dip. The sag
generator produces a dip of known
duration and magnitude. It can also be
used to choose the point-on-wave (sine
wave angle) of voltage dip initiation to
see what effect this will have on the
contactors.
Figure 7.1
A Quotation was requested [Appendix A6] on June 20th 2006 from Power Standards
Labs via email IPC rated 240V ac, 25A max sells @ US $31 500 (equivalent to BWP
189,072.48 from www.xe.com on 7/4/2006 @ 8:20:55 AM) package including IPC
software.
- 33 --
voltage dip as the torque of induction motor drives is dependant on the positive phase
sequence component and thus the presence of a negative phase sequence will reduce the
motor applied torque.9
A jump in the phase angle of the voltage at the start of a dip can cause some line
commutated variable speed drives to trip even if the dip magnitude is relatively small.
Depending on the phases that are involved in the fault, the negative sequence voltage will
be multiplied by a factor
where
of;
V1 +
V2 .Equation 7.0
Figure 7.1(a, b)
On an ideal 3-phase system, the voltages are balanced (the 3 voltages are exactly equal
and exactly 120 apart) as shown on the Figure 7.2a above. Unbalanced voltages as
shown on the Figure 7.2b above make transformers and motors overheat because part of
9
G.J COETZEE, Power Quality paper #1 Causes of voltage dips & resulting problems, Switching
Systems Electronic Engineers
10
M SCHILDER & RG KOCH, Evaluation of a new 3 Phase dip definition, Energize Power Journal of
the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, June 2006
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 34 --
the voltage or current is trying to rotate the system backwards. The phase voltages
resolve as follows to give the characteristic voltages shown in Equation 7.0;
Vo = 1/3(Vred + Vyellow + Vblue)............. (zero sequence) Equation 7.1
V1 = 1/3(Vred + aVyellow + a2Vblue).......... (red positive) Equation 7.2
V2 = 1/3(Vred + a2Vyellow + aVblue).......... (red negative)Equation 7.3
For the Equations 7.1, 7.2 & 7.3 shown above;
The approach of the equations above is only valid in absence of harmonics - i.e.
fundamental is not distorted, but more often than not voltages are not pure sine waves on
the ac system. See Figure 7.3 below simulated using Alex McEcherns Concept Teaching
Toy obtained from Power Standards Labs in which the fundamental sine wave is what is
transmitted and the Sum of the waves including harmonics is what the mine may receive.
Figure 7.2
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 35 --
It should be ensured that all three phases are balanced to avoid negative phase sequence
currents flowing in the connected drives. Harmonics can be filtered out of the system by
using appropriate filters. A private company called Netlab Group has been contracted
by Jwaneng mine to address this issue. Netlab Group initial recommendation is
installation of filters and capacitor banks at the Recrush plants and in the mining section
latest by mid next year (2007)
Loads with poor power factor increase reactive power losses on the lines and hence could
induce a voltage drop along the transmission lines. That means sudden start-up of
induction loads could cause a transient drop in voltage but if power factor correction is
properly done there would be less reactive power loss and hence no voltage drop.
Also knowledge of the power factor is vital when calculating the minimum up time of a
DPI as shown in Phase 1 report. If the power factor were to suddenly drop or increase
then the up time of the DPI would obviously change and put drives that are assumed to be
protected under risk of damage.
The mine has two capacitor banks connected to the 11kV busbar at the Northern Well
fields where it pumps its own water supply. The primary reason of the installation of such
was the fact that a lot of induction motors are used to pump the water and this in turn
made the power factor lagging and hence needed some form of correction.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 36 --
The SVC can also aid in correcting the power factor see Section 9.3
Where constant speed is required during operation of a motor then soft starter is a better
choice over VSDs as they are much cheaper and less complex. Moreover VSDs may
introduce harmonic distortion on the power network.
Selective start of critical loads should be done both at plant start up and after a voltage
dip/failure to ensure that minimum current is drawn from the supply to avoid a condition
whereby several voltage dips ensue one after the other indefinitely.
7.7 Earthing
Earthing is another aspect of power quality that needs to be fully addressed to limit the
occurrence of voltage dips within the mine. Earthing is useful as it means that current
flow shall be limited to pre-defined nominal levels even in the case of a fault (maximum
fault current) and that no voltage dip shall be encountered in the most ideal operation of
the earth fault protection system employed.
The earthing requirements as stipulated by the Anglo American Corporation of RSA for
Debswana Diamond Company (Pty) LTD in April 1997 are as shown in [Appendix A7].
The document however, does not explicitly lay out the type of earthing to be used or the
reason of choice thereof. Two types of possible earthing methods are hereby discussed.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 37 --
to
For extended time ratings (greater than 10 minutes) the allowable temperature rise is
610C. For continuous ratings the allowable temperature rise is 385C.11 A Neutral
Earthing Resistor restricts the flow of current during an earth fault on an ac distribution
system. Although a neutral earthing resistor will probably be active for just a few seconds
during its operational life, it must offer dependable protection at all times in case of
fault.12
11
12
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 38 --
13
used.
This type of grounding is often referred to as resonant grounding system. Figure 7.5
shows one way of connecting a resonant grounding system. When the system capacitance
is matched by the inductance of the coil, the system is fully compensated, or at 100%
tuning. If the reactor inductance does not match the system capacitance, the system is off
tuned. It can be over- or under compensated, depending on the relationship between
inductance and capacitance.14
Resonant grounding a system can reduce the ground fault current to about 3 to 10 percent
of that for an ungrounded system. For 100% tuning, the active coil losses, system
harmonics, and system active leakage current determine the fault current magnitude.
Residual current compensation methods inject a current through the reactor to the system
during the fault, reducing the fault current almost to zero14
13
NEIL JEFFREY, Dynamic Range Requirements of Capacitor VT Sensors for Protection Systems, SURE
Engineering CC, 23 March, 1999
14
JEFF ROBERTS, DR. HECTOR J. ALTUVE, AND DR. DAQING HOU, Review of Ground Fault
Protection Methods For Grounded, Ungrounded, and Compensated Distribution Systems, Schweitzer
Engineering Laboratories, Inc.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 39 --
Figure 7.6
In most cases the Mine can not do much as far as making its equipment less sensitive to
dips is concerned but it can ensure that it buys equipment that has a higher sensitivity
margin. For example semiconductor device should conform to the SEMI F47 standard
and should be able to tolerate levels indicated in the ITIC curve. This will ensure that at
least most power electronic equipment within the mine can ride through less severe
voltage dips. In Figure 7.6 the lower graph indicates tolerable levels for voltage dips
Power Electronic Equipment should not be affected by dips that last less than 0.5s if the
voltage does not falls below 70% off nominal or dips that last more than 0.5s but less
than 10s if the remaining voltage stays above 80% of nominal. Note that if the voltage
stays at 80% of nominal for more than 3s then the condition is an under voltage.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 40 --
Figure 8.1
1MW will be able to supply the entire 1MWh of stored energy over a 1-hour period.
However, if discharged at a 2-MW rate, the battery will operate for less than half an hour,
delivering less than 1MWh of energy in the process. The life of a battery is affected by
the manner in which it is operated. The cycle life (the number of charges and discharges
it can perform) of a battery is highly dependent on the depth of discharge, with deep
discharges (>70-80 percent) significantly reducing its cycle life. Batteries also have shelflife limitations.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 41 --
Cost Analysis
The current cost of one-to two-hour BESS ranges from US$1200 to 1500/kW.15
However, for the purpose of mitigating against voltage dips compensation of up to 1 hour
is not required. A 2MW - 10s BESS designed specifically as a power quality system is
estimated at US$450/kW which is BWP 2,892.5116 on 3 October 2006.
8.1.2
Technical Analysis
Advantages:
Disadvantages
Requires further electronic components after installation for a faster switch over
time (such as the SSTS as outlined below).
Might not be able to sustain power for repetitive voltage dips due to sustained
faults whereby load is reconnected by ARC.
15
ABBAS AKHIL, SHIVA, SWAMINATHAN, RAJAT K. SEN, Cost Analysis of Energy Storage
Systems for Electric Utility Applications, February 1997
16
http://www.xe.com/ucc/convert.cgi, accessed 3 October 2006
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 42 --
Connection
Figure 8.2
Small BESS units could be installed at the most critical processes in the mine just as the
current UPS systems which are used to compensate voltage for measuring instruments
and PLCs.
The BESS should be used in conjunction with the SSTS (Figure 8.2) as defined in
Section 9.1 to reduce the time it takes to switch from normal supply in the event of a dip.
carryover
energy
during
The
superconducting
device
stores
Figure 8.3
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 43 --
coil in its superconducting state, it is immersed in liquid helium contained in a vacuuminsulated cryostat. In standby mode the current continuously circulates through the
normally closed switch. The power supply provides a small trickle charge to replace the
power lost in the non superconducting part of the circuit. When voltage on the capacitor
bank on the dc side of the inverter drops during a dip, the normally closed switch opens
and current from the coil immediately flows into the inverter Figure 8.3.
When the voltage across the capacitor returns to a preset level, the switch closes. The
sequence repeats until voltage from the utility feeder is restored. In many cases the device
can be connected to the dc bus of an existing VSD thus eliminating the need to provide a
rectifier and an inverter15 above
Test data by The Materials and Manufacturing Directorate and the Power Conditioning
and Continuation Interfacing Equipment showed over 100 events caused by lightning or
power dips that resulted in voltage sags greater than 10%. It has also shown that SMES
systems can effectively protect against dips. Field testing of the Intermagnetics General
Corporation (IGC) SMES by the PCCIE Office indicated that this unit is capable of
providing conditioned power with an output voltage and current total harmonic distortion
of less than 4% 17
8.2.1
Cost Analysis
17
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 44 --
A cost analysis could be done such that if smaller units are more economical than one
large unit then several units could be installed at appropriate plants only to the most
critical machines in much the same way as the current scenario with DPI that are already
installed in the mine.
8.2.2
Technical Analysis
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Health hazard
o Possible leak of the liquid nitrogen and
o Extremely High magnetic field that would probably require a buffer zone
to protect mine personnel and wildlife
8.2.3
Connection
A SMES unit could be installed in much the same way as the current diesel standby
generators at the BPC main switchyard to Jwaneng mine. The function would be almost
the same as well, except the SMES would be capable of faster switch over times (unlike
with the generators which are manually started), it would compensate to the entire mine
supply grid (the current generators only supply critical processes) but with the setback of
higher capital costs.
20
21
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 45 --
The South African supply utility has an SMES installed at the South Africa Pulp and
Paper Industry (SAPPI) paper mill located in Stanger, South Africa mainly for the
purpose of eradicating the bad effects of voltage dips.
The SMES has been successful in 16 months of use, giving 100% protection against 139
sags, half or more of which previously would have shut down the plant.22
8.3 UPS
UPS may be used to protect low power sensitive microprocessor based equipment such as
computers (including mail/web servers), PLCs, meters and SCADA systems against
minor (both magnitude and duration) power dips.
UPS can be connected to a network as Standby (offline), Delta conversion online, Dual
conversion online or Ferro-resonant. In standby mode the UPS may drain the battery and
switch off even when line voltage is still present whereas the dual and the delta
22
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 46 --
conversion online are not very efficient. Connection under Line Interactive mode is the
most efficient.23 below
8.3.1
Principle of Operation
Line interactive UPS units are designed so that the inverter is always connected to the
output of the UPS. When line power is present, the inverter operates in reverse to charge
the battery. When utility power fails, the UPS reverses the power flow from the inverter
and provides power to the load. This design provides better filtering than a standby unit
because the inverter is always connected to the load. Line interactive units typically will
incorporate an automatic voltage regulator. AVR allows the UPS to effectively step-up or
step-down the incoming line voltage without switching to battery power. This allows the
UPS to correct most long term over-voltages or under-voltages without draining the
batteries. Another advantage is that it reduces the number of transfers to battery which
extends the lifetime of the batteries.
Line-interactive UPS units are the most common design for units in the 0.5 kVA to 5
kVA range. They are typically used in small server environments.23 The following are
some of the factors to consider when choosing a UPS;
Battery replacement
8.3.2
The Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) is the UKs only dedicated source of high
energy synchrotron radiation. It is required to run 24 hours a day. At the heart of the
system are two 300kVA UPS of the continuous on-line type. The UPS allows a
maximum output current of 417 Amps. If however the load had a unity power factor, this
would have de-rated the UPS to a maximum current of 334 Amps. To optimize the size
23
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 47 --
Figure 8.5
shutdown occurs. In the event of this happening the battery contactor will be opened and
a clean break achieved.24
Figure 8.6
8.3.3
Present use of UPS within Jwaneng Mine is for protection of instrumentation for control
electronics including PLCs, PCs, Power meters and other sensitive small power
electronic equipment. The nameplate ratings and the connection of the UPS units
installed at the DMS in the MTP are as shown in the table and Figure 8.7.
24
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 48 --
OUTPUT 3 Phase ac
Voltage (V)
380 15%
220 1%
Power (kVA)
12.4
10
Frequency (Hz)
50
50
Current (A)
19
45
The bypass switch shown in Figure 8.7 will disconnect the supply to allow the IPDB and
the rectifier to be supplied by the UPS in the event of a voltage dip or surge. The UPS
will therefore compensate voltage in the event of a dip as long as the magnitude of the
dip is not below 15% of nominal voltage as shown in Table 8.0. If the power dip is severe
and the magnitude of the incoming voltage falls below 15% of nominal then the UPS trip
and hence cut off supply to its connected loads and a manual switch over has to be
carried out once all faults have been cleared.
UPS requires regular maintenance of its
battery packs but every time this is done
its loads are left vulnerable directly
connected to the supply. This could
however be ratified by connection in what
can be termed the master and slave system
using two similar UPS units such that one
will be on standby to supply the load when
Figure 8.7
A larger UPS could be used to keep contactors closed in the event of short, low
magnitude power dips which would not cause any damage on the protected loads
especially on the most critical ones. The contactors will therefore stay closed for a
predefined time and dip magnitude as long as the connected drives are still functioning
normally until the voltage stabilizes to nominal.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 49 --
However with a larger unit and the current diesel generators that is at the main
switchyard and connection could be made for the most critical processes in the same way
as shown in Figure 8.5 and 8.6 above. This setup could help critical loads ride
uninterrupted through short power dips.
Figure 8.8
Figure 8.9
Where
25
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 50 --
Figure 8.9a
The dc-voltage output of the motor/generator set has to be conditioned by a typical power
conversion system to interface with the external supply and load.
8.4.1
Cost Analysis
American Flywheel Systems Inc. has estimated the direct cost (excluding overheads) of a
1000kWh/l00kW flywheel system at $200/kWh equivalent to BWP 1,285.5626 on 3
October 2006. This estimate includes the cost of the rotor, shaft structure,
motor/generator,
bearing,
cooling,
vacuum
assist,
containment,
and
system
27
assembly/installation.
26
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 51 --
Proposed System
Figure 8.9b below shows one possible way of connecting the ES to a critical load. The
control is divided into two loops. The inner loop provides high speed regulation and may
contain voltage control circuitry. The outer loop is slower and may just be a time clock
that schedules the charge and discharge times so as to coincide with the system peak and
low load periods respectively
28
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 52 --
Figure 8.9b
8.5.2
The average cost of a PCS is usually about US $300/kW. The cost of the PCS installed
for the BES project at PREPA shown in Table 8.1 was US$ 5 713 000 and uses self
commutated GTOs which are capable of 4-quadrant operation
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 53 --
$/kW
$/kWh
000s of $
Prepa
1102
1574
22042
Anchorage
1467
117333
44000
Municipal L&P
Source: Abbas Akhil, Shiva, Swaminathan, Rajat K. Sen, Cost Analysis of Energy Storage
Systems for Electric Utility Applications, Sandia Report, February 1997
For Jwaneng mine average demand was 32.34MW [Appendix A10] in the period from
January to October with a peak at 34.52MW.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 54 --
The
of
less
than
(One)
30
SSTS
employs
secondary
Figure 9.1
29
POHJANHEIMO P., A Probabilistic Method for Comprehensive Voltage Sag Management in Power
Distribution Systems, Doctoral thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2003
30
MASATOSHI TAKEDA, PH.D. HIROSHI YAMAMOTO GREGORY F. REED, PH.D. TOMOHIKO
ARITSUKA ISAO KAMIYAMA, Development of a Novel Hybrid Switch Device and Application to a
Solid State Transfer Switch
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 55 --
independent feeder with sufficient capacity in parallel with a primary line that the load is
connected to. When auto reclose is initiated on the primary due to a fault the SSTS
immediately transfers the sensitive load to the secondary supply within milliseconds.31
The SSTS can take about 0.4ms to switch over with a current of 750A. The time it takes
to switch between the PS and the TH is as shown in the Figure 9.2.
Figure 9.2
9.1.2
Connection
transmission
such
Figure 9.3
supply.
This arrangement has to be negotiated with the supply utility to see if the current lines are
capable of such a revamp. Installation is at the discretion of the supply utility and the
mine should not incur any charges whatsoever.
31
J. D. MASTERS, Dowding Reynard & Associates (Pty) Ltd, Voltage Dip study at Jwaneng Mineaddendum, 13 March 1997,
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
Figure 9.4
9.1.3
- 56 --
Figure 9.5
Technical Analysis
Two feeders from different substations (or even transformers on same line)
One major disadvantage of this scheme however is that it reduces the contingency plan of
the supply of having more than one line supplying a load such that one is left online if
one goes faulty. Having the SSTS as close as possible to the mines main switchyard
would eliminate this problem (Any transmission lines that go beyond the mine should be
connected before the SSTS as illustrated in Figure 9.4). Village 1 & 2 transmission lines
on the diagram refer to the 2 Jwaneng Township 33kV lines.
Another main factor to consider is that it should be insured that the alternate line (supply)
is not at all affected by disturbances in the primary supply. However if the grid is strong
enough it may be adequate to install the SSTS such that it transfers the load from one
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 57 --
transformer to the other as shown in Figure 9.5. This arrangement will compensate for all
dips whose cause was on the MV feeders. The setup will be rendered useless for any
faults occurring on the HV side (before either one of the transformers).
(BPC) voltage. The static electronic tap changer can be used on the transformers T1 and
T2 such that secondary voltage is closely monitored and as soon as a dip from nominal by
more than 10% is seen then the taps are changed automatically to increase the secondary
voltage back to nominal until a time when the cause of the dip (fault) has been cleared.
However allowance should be made for some devices such that an expected voltage drop
should not initiate operation of the SETC prematurely. For example if starting of an
induction motor is expected to drop the voltage and recover within 100ms without
affecting any equipment in the vicinity then the SETC can operate only if the voltage
drop goes below 10% (or a predefined limit) for more than 100ms provided this is also
within the required grading margin for protection and discrimination. This is illustrated as
TD (Time Delay) in the diagram below; (LTC is load tap changer, same as SETC)
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 58 --
Figure 9.7
The switch employed by the SETC uses IGBT which can have a switch over time of
about 300 ns32
of
Static
VAr
compensator
Figure 9.8
32
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 59 --
Figure 9.9a
Typically an SVC comprises a bank of individually switched capacitors in conjunction
with a thyristor-controlled air- or iron-cored reactor. By means of phase angle modulation
switched by the thyristors, the reactor may be variably switched into the circuit, and so
provide a continuously variable MVAr injection (or absorption) to the electrical network.
The three phase SVC unit is a continuously variable reactive power compensator that
connects directly to the utility grid, and operates in a stand alone mode without the need
for any external power sources such as a battery bank or diesel generator. It can feed
leading or lagging currents to compensate for the reactive currents generated by such
appliances as grid feeding motors, generators, wind turbines or any other device having a
reactive power component. The SVC can operate in both quadrants and is not limited to
compensating the inductive reactive component of motors or generators.33 below
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 60 --
The SVC by Advanced Energy Systems uses their current control technology for power
conversion, and draws only a small amount of real power from the grid and outputs either
a positive or negative reactive power.
performs low-level control and monitoring of the system, and implemented within the
micro-controller is AES's patented "Ramp time" current control algorithm.
This
algorithm is used to control the power electronics of the current control mechanism.
33
below
9.3.2
Technical Analysis
Some of the reasons for incorporating SVC in transmission and distribution systems
include:
To increase the transmission capacity, thus delaying the need for new lines.
33
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 61 --
The cost of a series capacitor bank is about 10% of the cost of a new transmission line.
Thus, the payback time for a series capacitor bank investment is typically only a few
years.34
The SVC can be operated in two different modes either in voltage regulation mode (the
voltage is regulated within limits) or in VAr control mode (the SVC susceptance is kept
constant). For the protection against dips the voltage regulation mode would be the
preferred mode of operation.
Connection
35
Figure 9.9b
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 62 --
it means the mine will not incur any costs whatsoever on the installation process.
However as there is an ongoing research on optimization of the mines power factor,
SVC could also be considered as one possible solution killing two birds with one stone.
This would basically call for re-using the capacitor banks already in place on the network
at the Northern well fields but adding on the extra functionality to make an SVC (See
Figure 9.8).
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 63 --
The SETC mentioned in Section 9.2 can be used on the transformers at the mines main
switchyard on the 132/33kV and the 132/6.6kV to avoid this effect. During maintenance
when large loads have to be switched off it should be done in a systematic manner and
the supply utility should be informed so that they can regulate their system accordingly.
36
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 64 --
Mitigation of harmonics by active filters or a tuned filter as mentioned in Section 7.4 can
prove quite effective
10.6 Notches
This is caused mainly by power electronics devices when the current is commutated from
one phase to another during the momentary short circuit between two phases. Frequency
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 65 --
components associated with notching can be very high and measuring with harmonic
analysis equipment may be very difficult.
This part hereby outlines a procedure which is a guideline in order to record power dips.
The procedure applies to all Engineers, Planning Foremen, Engineering Foremen,
Operation Foremen, CCR Operators, Supervisors and all to whom power dips is a
problem who are tasked with ensuring that accurate and correct recording is done. The
revised procedure was approved by the mine personnel and has been posted on the
intranet so that it can be used whenever there is a power dip.
10.8.1 Procedure
Whenever a power dip occurs in any plant area the information should be recorded on the
form provided in [Appendix A9]
The information should be forwarded to the Section Engineers both at Electrical Services
and MTP by fax or e-mail at least within twenty-four (24) hours of the power dip and
should conform to the following notes;
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 66 --
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
If cause of dip is not clearly known then any electrical fault seen on the line (or
plant) at the time of dip can be recorded as probable cause
v.
NCC (or protection engineers at BPC) should be contacted for their input (if the
dip registered on their system) any transmission faults should also be noted
i.
Dip magnitude and duration can be obtained from BPC power meters at the main
switchyard (NOTE: BPC downloads data every month) if the dip registered on the
transmission network otherwise voltage profiles downloaded from the mine yards
(substations) can be used.
ii.
Fault type should also state which protection operated e.g. Current differential, 3
trip and ARC/Lock Out
iii.
Comments on what NCC is doing about the problem should be registered (for
faults on the transmission network)
iv.
Total load shed should be cross checked with BPC and follow up can be done
with voltage (power) profiles
v.
Treatment Unit should also state if they have done anything to resolve the
problem and where in the plant they are most severely affected.
10.8.3 Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of Section Engineers (EE1 and EE2) to ensure that they follow up
the power dip form immediately after there was a power dip. Engineering foremen and
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 67 --
Operation foremen should ensure that their respective parts are filled and forward the
form to the appropriate recipient well on time as stated in section 10.8.1. EE1 and
Electrical Services should ensure that the BPC part is filled up.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 68 --
11 Discussion
This chapter analyses the research presented in this report and report phase 1 and
thereby concludes Analysis of Voltage dips for Jwaneng Mine and proposes future work
on this field in the quest to exterminate the effects of dips.
The objectives for this project have been successfully achieved, the causes,
characteristics and effects of voltage dips on different operations within Jwaneng mine
were established the bulk of which was presented in report Phase 1 and several possible
solutions were recommended in this report.
11.2 Conclusions
It was reported in the report for this research phase 1 that the recording and reporting of
power dips is inadequate but new light into the research is that there is a balanced score
card being carefully updated and both magnitude and duration of any dips that register at
the main switchyard can be recorded. However this information is not being made
available to electrical workshops. Power Meter readings should be put on the internal
servers such that Electrical Workshop foremen and Section Engineers at various parts of
the mine can monitor general power quality.
Power Factor Correction capacitors and UPS units may sometimes contribute to
Harmonics hence ways to mitigate against this should be investigated.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 69 --
There is no general transparency of information that is usually dished out to the mine. For
the mine to validate the quality of supply they would have to use the supply utilitys
records which can be biased. Contracted companies do not usually share with the mine
what they call their trade secrets. Some examples are the two following companies;
It was indicated in phase 1 report that the mine incurs no charges for a bad power factor,
however, even though this may be true, new light has been shed into this research that the
mine is contractually bound by the supply utility to keep its power factor above 0.85 as
stated in the mine quarries act.
For the DPI currently installed within the mine, MTP and RP have expressed satisfaction
on reliability but Red Area plant still has problems with protected loads tripping.
Comparison of the balanced score card from 2005 with the one for 2006 shows that no
significant improvement has been made in minimising head feed delays due to power
dips or cutting down on the frequency of their occurrence.
More often than not SMES is usually discarded as being way too expensive for the mine
environment solid evidence needs to be brought up to back this up and compare the
revenue losses that may be encountered to the capital and maintenance costs of the
SMES. The same applies to the other Energy storage devices. The mine should request
quotations for each of these.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 70 --
Commissioning of Mmamabule coal plant proposed for 2010 how will this impact on
the transmission system?
Analysis of reliability and effectiveness of the chosen power dip mitigating solution by
the mine
The list of critical loads mentioned in chapter 8 should be updated to reflect the current
scenario at all times.
There is a new plant to be built to replace the current MTP, Load may change
considerably. A further investigation should be carried out to see how this is going to
affect the quality of supply.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 71 --
References
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 72 --
[14]
http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/Dec01/ML0009.html,
accessed
September 2006
[15]
[16]
[18]
http://www.parcon.uci.edu/OLD_WEBSITE/paper/eeenergy.htm,
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3739/is_199903/ai_n8850296
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply, accessed 17
August 2006
[21]
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 73 --
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage,
accessed
28
September 2006
[23]
[24]
http://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/projects/flywheel1/flywheel1.htm
[29]
CACHE,
http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:t-
Ff7OuPhW0J:www.members.lycos.nl/caspoceducation/0899.pdf+static+electroni
c+tap+changer&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=14, accessed 18 September 2006
[30]
http://www.aesltd.com.au/whatwedo/docs/svc_over.htm - 1 September
2006
[31]
http://www.power-technology.com/contractors/tandd/nokian/ - accessed
28 August 2006
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
[32]
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_VAr_compensator"
- 74 --
accessed
11
August 2006
[33]
http://www.ku.edu.np/ee/rb/Handouts_COEG301&303/Ferranti%20Effect
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 75 --
Phase to Phase
Single Phase
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 76 --
Phase to Phase
Single Phase
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 77 --
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
3.6
2.93
3.0
1.8
2.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Baseline
05
cDe
Stretch Target
05
vNo
5
-0
ct
O
Threshold Target
05
pSe
INTERNAL
05
gAu
EXTERNAL
5
l-0
Ju
5
-0
ay
05
nJu
5
-0
ar
5
r- 0
Ap
05
bFe
05
nJa
Actual- Total
Other
12.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
0.0
05
cDe
Baseline
5
-0
ov
N
Stretch Target
5
-0
ct
O
05
pSe
Threshold Target
05
gAu
5
l-0
Ju
INTERNAL
05
nJu
EXTERNAL
5
-0
ay
M
5
r-0
Ap
5
-0
ar
M
05
bFe
05
nJa
Actual
Other
Objectives - To clearly identify external and internal dips especially after the
commissioning of the NER whose performance must be measured and compared to last
year when there was no NER.
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 78 --
DATE
DELAY(min)
STM
MACHINE CODE
DELAY REPORT
12/20/05
25
PNEUMO
AJX0305
01/08/06
67
PNEUMO
AJX0320/0305
01/09/06
45
PNEUMO
01/09/06
37
PNEUMO
01/22/06
02/04/06
30
58
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
POWER DIP
POWER DIP
START UP AND RAISING SOUTH
EAST PNEUMO TEMPERATURE
AFTER POWER DIP
POWER DIP
174
02/04/06
02/08/06
40
48
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
02/08/06
14
PNEUMO
02/11/06
20
PNEUMO
02/12/06
51
PNEUMO
02/03/06
57
PNEUMO
02/14/06
94
SE
PNEUMO
BLOWER
AJX2801
PNEUMO
AJX0305
412
02/17/06
40
PNEUMO
AJX0305
02/20/06
57
PNEUMO
AJX0305
02/23/06
02/16/06
02/22/06
25
41
40
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
ALX LT 0801
AJX 0305
AJX 0305
02/22/06
02/23/06
02/23/06
18
38
29
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
AJX 0305
AJX 0305
AJX 0305
RAISING SE PNEUMO
TEMPERATURE AFTER POWER DIP
POWER DIP
RAISING PNEUMO TEMPERATURE
03/07/06
68
PNEUMO
AJX0305
03/18/06
03/19/06
03/19/06
80
54
27
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
AJX0305
AJX0305
AJX0305
POWER DIP
POWER DIP
POWER DIP. ( R00775898)
356
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
66
80
- 79 --
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
AJX0305
AJX0305
Power dip
POWER DIP
PNEUMO
AJX8001
PNEUMO
PNEUMO
AJX 0305
AJX 0305
POWER DIP
POWER DIP
PNEUMO
AJX 0305
307
06/01/06
43
07/15/06
07/09/06
21
63
08/01/06
30
43
84
30
09/11/06
16
PNEUMO
AJX 0320
NW Pneumo tripped.
09/07/06
61
PNEUMO
AJX 0305/0320
09/07/06
38
PNEUMO
AJX 2501
10/04/06
37
PNEUMO
AJX 0305
POWER DIP
115
37
Total
Hours
24
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 80 --
L/kg
Rinse aid
2.08
0.00
3.96
0.00
1.20
0.00
3.67
1198813.50
792298
1.00
9.7
0.00
0.00
3.42
5.12
0.00
13.53
0.00
4.57
0.00
2.90
0.00
2.91
1299316.30
868444
1.00
11.7
4.67
0.48
7.00
5.23
6.87
301.17
8.98
4,314.26
1,299,316.30
1,278,726.00
Feb
0.00
3.11
0.00
2.75
0.00
0.68
0.00
0.00
1334596.90
817221
0.00
25.6
5.90
0.00
5.90
5.90
5.90
426.43
6.96
3,129.67
1,334,596.90
1,271,430.66
Mar
0.00
3.92
1.58
3.29
0.00
1.10
0.00
0.00
1230813.90
789026.00
0.00
12.2
2.68
0.00
4.95
5.11
5.11
284.75
9.02
4,322.37
1,230,813.90
1,195,834.86
Apr
0.00
9.07
1.77
3.23
0.00
0.84
0.00
0.00
1053835.30
793982
0.00
20.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
306.18
9.08
3,441.90
1,053,835.30
1,027,614.22
May
0.00
3.06
0.00
2.27
0.00
0.63
0.00
0.00
1187198.00
854135
0.00
8.4
0.00
0.00
0.72
0.72
0.00
240.49
8.60
4,936.67
1,187,198.00
967,246.37
June
Jul
0.00
7.30
0.00
2.71
0.00
1.71
0.00
0.00
1400956.30
861829
0.00
15.8
0.00
0.17
1.40
1.40
1.40
425.68
8.71
3,291.13
1,400,956.30
1,233,619.96
_______________________________________________________________________Kabo
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
kg/kg
g/t
kg/t
kg/kg
cts
Potassium Hyroxide
consumption rate
L/Kg
tph
Feed Rate
L/kg
Hrs
Utilities Failure
L/kg
Hrs
Utilities Failure
Hrs
Utilities Failure
HF comsumption rate
Hrs
Utilities Failure
2.90
305.94
CTS/T
Hrs
9.10
3,918.48
1,198,813.50
959,967.00
Jan
TPH
Utilities Delays
Average Feedrate
Average Concentrate
Grade
CTS
Actual
- AQUARIUM
CTS
UNITS
Budget - MTP +
RECRUSH (OFF MINE)
ITEM
0.00
5.94
0.00
2.30
0.00
0.69
0.00
0.00
1587815.80
975 718
0.00
26.7
2.12
1.95
4.53
4.53
4.53
442.02
8.97
3,592.17
1,587,815.80
1,196,372
Sep
Ngwanaamotho
0.00
7.43
0.00
2.83
0.00
0.69
0.00
5.32
1314478.50
835162
1.00
9.4
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.50
364.14
7.81
3,609.86
1,314,478.50
1,552,799
Aug
0.00
6.14
0.32
3.01
0.69
1.12
0.00
0.44
11607824.50
6612097
3.00
16
15.37
2.60
30.31
30.17
27.21
3097
34557
11,607,824.50
10,683,610.45
YTD(2006)
- 81 --
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 82 --
1. EARTHING
The Contractor, in conjunction with the Engineers site representative is to propose a
scheme that complies with the requirement set out herein, mark up routing and racking
drawing and submit for the project Engineers approval.
2. Earthing of Racking
2.1.1. Each racking route shall have a minimum of one 70mm2 bare copper earth
run along its route from the substation earth bar. The 70mm2 bare copper
earth shall form a ring such that both ends of the ring are connected to the
substation earth bar.
2.1.2. Racking shall be bonded to the 70mm2 bare copper earth ring by means of
a 35mm2 bare copper earth wire and purpose made earth clip at intervals not
exceeding twelve metres. Further, the 70mm2 bare copper earth shall be
bonded to the steel structure at intervals not exceeding twelve metres. This
may be done by means of 35mm2 copper wire being bonded to racking
support steel bolts where it is bolted onto the building or structure.
2.1.3. Racking between substations is to be bonded in the same fashion as
described above except that the ring shall be from one substation earth bar to
the other. Earths required to be run with M.V. and H.T. feeder cables may
be used for this purpose
3. Earthing of Substations
3.1.1. Each substation is to have an earth bar installed in its cable basement or
trench fixed to the side wall.
3.1.2. The substation earth bar is to be connected to the substation earth bar from
which it is fed by means of either a 70mm2 bare copper or green PVC
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 83 --
insulated earth. In the case of multiple feeds, one earth connection between
substations will suffice.
3.1.3. In substations where earth mats are installed, the earth bar is to be
connected to the earth mat by means of two 70mm2 green PVC insulated
copper cables. This connection is to be to a separate earth bar which has a
removable link connecting it to the substation main earth bar.
3.1.4. Substation earth bars shall be of hard drawn copper, 50x6x1000mm
minimum pre-drilled and fitted with brass nuts, bolts, washers and spring
washers to facilitate all connections.
3.1.5. Substation earth bars when measured to true earth, shall not exceed 1
ohms
5. Earthing of Transformers
5.1.1. Solidly earthed neutral to earth conductors are to be the same size as phase
conductors but, in all cases, not less than 16mm2 and connected from the
neutral terminal directly to the substation earth bar.
5.1.2. Solidly earthed neutral transformers shall have their tank earth connected
to the substation earth bar by the same size conductor as the neutral earth,
but in all cases, not less than 70mm2.
5.1.3. The neutral and tank earth connections may not be connected to each other
and to the substation earth bar by one set of conductors. However, an earth
bar may be established in the transformer bay, both the transformer tank and
the neutral connected to it and a connection from the transformer bay earth
bar to the substation earth bar made in conductors sizes as specified above.
5.1.4. Transformers installed in locations that are not in close proximity of
substations containing earth bars may require earth electrodes installed to
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 84 --
6. Earthing of Motors
6.1.1. All motors are to have a separate visible earth, equal in cross-sectional
area to the supply cable conductor, connected from the motor housing to the
70mm2 racking earth ring. Further, a connection of the same cross sectional
area as the supply cable is to be made from the motor housing to the motor
base plate. These connections are to be made in such a manner that the
connection to the base plate will not be broken if the motor is removed.
6.1.2. In installations where the motor base plate is separate from the driven
machinery base plate a connection is to be made bonding the motor base
plate to the driven machinery with a 70mm2 copper earth conductor.
6.1.3. H.V. and M.V. motors will, in addition to the above, be bonded to the
structural steel by means of a 70mm2 copper earth conductor.
7. General
7.1.1. Earth conductors will be fixed to racking by means of U.V. resistant PVC
cable ties or other approved non magnetic means.
7.1.2. Earth conductors will not be run in metal conduit.37
37
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
- 85 --
Life Span
Discharge Cycles
Design: 20+
Operational: 3 to 6, typical
1000-2000 shallow
100-200 deep
Optimal Temp ( C)
-20 to +40
25
Maintenance
Preventative maintenance: 3
to 6 mos.
Bearings: 30 mos.
system
Predictability
optional
Footprint
500kW =>
500 kW =>
20 sq.ft.
60-80 sq.ft.
"Green"
No environmental hazards
Technology
Spill containment
Personnel safety
EPA regulations
38
Source: http://www.activepower.com/index.asp?pg=technology_flywheel_vs_battery,
accessed 28 September 2006
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
Time
Source of report
Weather Condition
Source of report
Duration of outage
Duration of Delays
Ngwanaamotho
_______________________________________________________________________Kabo
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
3.2 BPC
3.1 Mine
Areas Affected
Date
1. Details of occurrence
Treatment
Signature:-
BPC
_______________________________________________________________________Kabo
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw
Name:-
Dip Magnitude
& Duration
Electrical
Ngwanaamotho
33.72
33
32
32.76
32.24
32.48
32.24
32.22
31.80
31
30.98
30.48
30
29
28
Jan-06
Feb-06
Mar-06
Apr-06
May-06
Internal
External
Jun-06
Actual
Jul-06
Aug-06
Threshold Target
Sep-06
Oct-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Jan-07
Dec-06
Jan-07
Stretch Target
20648
20000
19306
19000
18879
18738
19009
19004
18000
17000
17987
17576
17254
17028
16000
15000
Jan-06
Feb-06
Mar-06
Apr-06
May-06
Actual
Jun-06
Jul-06
Aug-06
Sep-06
Oct-06
Nov-06
Threshold Target
_______________________________________________________________________
Kabo Ngwanaamotho
kngwanaamotho@debswana.bw