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Our Objectives
Our Strategy
Implementation Aspects
Contents of the Kit
Price of the Kit
Payment Options
Contact Details
Contents of Verbal
Contents of Non Verbal Reasoning
Contents of Conventional Parts (Indian Polity, Geography, Economy, General Science &
Indian History)
Contents of Current Affairs
Our Objectives:
Firstly to cover 100% SSC Combined Graduate Level (CGL) examination syllabus.
Secondly to compile all the required study materials in a single place, So to save the precious time of
the aspirants. Further, in this study kit we have incorporated all the available study material in the
market, we have also include the material of standard Books meant for SSC CGL preparation; like
REASONING BY RS AGGARWAL, QUANTITIVE APTITUTE BY RS AGRRAWAL,
MAGICAL BOOKS ON QUICKER MATHS BY M TYRA, GENERAL STUDIES SECTION
based on MANORAMA YEAR BOOK etc. It is in the interest of candidate so that they need not to
study separate books for every section
Our Strategy:
Content of every section of the syllabus is developed after a thorough research of last year Question
in Papers.
Every section is covered with practice set.
Full length Mock Test Papers will be sent to the candidates during the course of the preparation.
Implementation Aspects:
You will Get 5 booklets of (i). General Intelligence and Reasoning, (ii) General Knowledge and
Awareness (iii) Numerical Aptitude, (iv) Numerical Aptitude (Data Interpretation) and (v) English
Comprehension
Study Kit will be delivered to your postal Address after payment confirmation.
After dispatching your kit we will provide you courier tracking details.
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Subjects
Pages
MCQs
176
1347+
332
950+
3
4
Numerical Aptitude
Numerical Aptitude (Data
Interpretation)
423
157
2496+
English Comprehension
147
860+
Total Pages:
1300+
Total MCQs:
5653+
Total Booklets 5
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Analogy
Classification
Series
Coding- Decoding
Blood relations
Direction sense test
Logical venn diagram
Alphabet Test
Sitting Arrangement
Mathematical Operations
Arithmetical Reasoning
Asserting the Missing Characters
Number, Ranking and Time Sequence
Syllogism
Logical Sequence of Words
Alpha- numeric of Words
Word Arrangement
Ranking test
Puzzle test
Cube and Cuboid
Dice
Diagram Intrepretation
Mirror Image
Water Image
Test of Equality
Matrix
Time and Clock
Calendar
1. Conventional section
Indian Polity
Geography
Indian Economy
Indian History
General Science
2. Current Affairs
1. Section I
[Click Here to Buy This Study Kit in Hard Copy: http://sscportal.in/community/study-kit/cgl ]
Number system
Fractions & Decimal Fractions
Indices and dices
Square Root & Cube Root
Simplification
HCF & LCM
Problems on Ages
Percentage
Profit & Loss
Ration & Proportion
Partnership
Time & Work
Problems on Train
Boats & Streams
Mixture
Simple Interest
Compound Interest
Area
Volume & Surface Area
Height & Distance
Trigonometry
Basic Algebra
Clocks and Calendar
2. Section II
Tabulation
Bar Graph
Pie Charts
Line Graphs
Data Sufficiency
2. Part II : Comprehension
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
3. opposite Letters
A-Z, H-S, B-Y, I-R, C-X, J-Q, D-W, K-P, E-V, L-0, F-U, M-N, G-T.
The questions based on coding-decoding are broadly categorised into following categories
Type 1
Coding with Alphabet Letters: In such questions, the letters do not stand for themselves but are
allotted some other values based on some logical patterns or analogies. By deciphering the principles or
pattern involved the candidates are required to decode the coded word.
Example l: As COUNSEL is to BITIRAK So GUIDANCE is to
(a) FOHYZJBB
(c) FPHZZKAB
Solution. (a) The pattern is
(b) HOHYBJBA
(d) FORHYZJBB
C1 =B
O6 =I
U
-6
O
-1
-5
A
-1
N
-4
C
-1
E
-3
(b) BQDCHAKD
(d) DSFEHAKD
T
E
R
M
I
N
A
L
-1
-1
-1
-1
+1
+1
+1
+1
S
D
Q
L
J
O
B
M
Type 2
Coding with Numbers: The principle of coding with numbers is similar to that of coding with letters
except the use of digits.
Example 3: If in a certain language, E is coded as 2, H is coded as 1, N is coded as 7, P is codec as 5, A
is coded as 0, T is coded as 8 and L is coded as 3, how is ELEPHANT coded in that language ?
(a) 23251078
(b) 32210587
(c) 23527801
(d) 22315078
Solution. (a) E = 2, L = 3, E = 2, P = 5, H = 1, A = 0, N = 7, T = 8 Hence, only (a) is valid.
Example 4: In a certain language, 1 is coded as C, 6 is coded as E, 0 is coded as L, 2 is coded a; G and
3 is coded as O. How is 1300626 coded in that language ?
(a) OLCGELE
(c) COLLGEE
Solution. (d)
1 = C, 3 = 0,
(b) EGEOLEL
(d) COLLEGE
0=L
0 = L, 6 = E,
2 = G, 6 = E
Type 4
Miscellaneous types: In such questions, a careful deciphering is required to find out the patterns.
Example 7: If FRANCE is coded as NCEFRA and CANADA is coded as ADACAN, then how will you
code MEDICINE?
(a) CNIEMEDI (b)
CINEDEMI
CINEDEIM
Solution.(c) The first half part is transferred after the second half part. The coding is made as follows
F R A N C E
N C E F R A
(b) YOZXP
(d) YOXZP
Solution. (b) Now, the code of BLACK is YOZXP.
Example 9: If FOOD is coded as ENNC, then decode the code of SPEED.
(a) RODDC
(b) RDOCC
(c) RODCD
(d) ROCDC
Solution. (a) Here, each letters is allotted the value of its preceding letter in the sequence. So the code
of SPEED is RODDC.
Example 10: If INLAND is coded as DNALNI, how will POSTED be coded?
(a) DESTOP
(b) DETOPS
(c) DETSPO
(d) DETSOP
Solution. (a) Now, reverse the letters of the word. So, the code of POSTED will be DETSOP.
Example 11: If EXPORT is coded as USPQYF, then how will CAPITAL be coded?
(a) MBJUQBD
(b) MBUJQBD
(c) BMUJQBD
(d) MBUJQDB
Solution. (b) Reverse the word and use next alphabet as code. So, the answer is MBUJQBD.
ANSWERS:
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15.
(a)
EXPLANATIONS:
(1)
2 +2 2 +2
2 +2 2 +2
L A W N Similarly S L I T
Q N G V
J C U P
(2)
+1 +1 +1 +1
1 1 1 1
S A T E L L I T E
\ F U B T L D S H G
Similarly
+1 +1 +1 +1
1 1 1 1
L A U N C H I N G
O V B M C F M H G
(3)
2 +2 2 +2
2 +2 2 +2
L O U D Similarly R I S E
P K Q
J O S F
(4)
+1 +1 +1 +1 1 1 1 1 1
b R E A L D O W N
B F S
C J
M V M C
M C D R
6. Here,
Number :
5 9 3 4 6 8 1 7
Code : $ A D % F H B #
Therefore, the code for 9895 AHF$
7. P R
A
I
S
E
#@
$
2
7
%
Similarly
R
E
P
A
I
R
@%
#
$
2
@
N
3
G
7
N
2
E
7
9.
R
E
A
#
5
%
So, RIPE $4$5
D
6
11.
T E F S U M
7 9 @ [condition iii]
12.
B S Q E G U
@ 6 7 % 5 [condition ii]
13.
K A G F U B
2 % 9 [condition iii]
14.
A Q U M T E
6 * 3 [condition iv]
15.
I P K U S R
# 8 $
@ #
8.
5
L
O
1
2
Similarly,
L
A
5
4
E
4
A
8
P
$
I
4
[condition i]
Syllogism
The word Syllogism is also referred to Logic. Syllogism is an important section of logical reasoning and
hence, a working knowledge of its rules is required on the part of the candidate. Hence, it can be expressed
as the Science of thought as expressed in language. The questions based on syllogism can be solved by
using Venn diagrams and some rules devised with the help of analytical ability.
Proposition
It is also referred to as Premises. It is a sentence which asserts that either a part of, or the whole of,
one sets of objects-the set identified by the subject term in the sentence expressing that sentence either is
included in, or is excluded from, another set-the set identified by the predicate term in that sentence.
Types of Proposition
Categorical Proposition There is relationship between the subject and the predicate without any
condition.
Example :
I. All beams are logs.
II. No rod is stick.
Hypothetical Proposition: There is relationship between subject and predicate which is asserted
conditionally.
Example :
I. If it rains he will not come.
II. If he comes, I will accompany him.
Disjunctive Proposition In a disjunctive proposition the assertion is of alteration.
Example :
I. Either he is brave or he is strong.
II. Either he is happy or he cannot take revenge.
Parts of Proposition
It consists of four parts.
1. Quantifier: In quantifier the words, all, no and some are used as they express quantity. All and
no are universal quantifiers because they refer to every object in a certain set. And quantifier some
is a particular quantifier because it refers to at least one existing object in a certain set.
2.
Subject: It is the word about which something is said.
3.Predicate: It is the part of proposition which denotes which is affirmed or denied about the subject.
4. Copula: It is the part of proposition which denotes the relation between the subject and predicate.
Example :
All
boys
are
brilliant
Quantifier
Subject
Copula
Predicate
Hence, the standard form of proposition is
Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate
Four-fold classification of categorical proposition: On the basis of quality and quantity of
proposition we can classify them in four categories. To draw valid inferences it is necessary to have a clear
understanding of the A, E, I, O relationship as given in the table.
Symbol
Proposition
Quantity
Quality
All A are B
Universal
Affirmative
No A is B
Universal
Negative
Some A are B
Particular
Affirmative
Particular
Negative
Goats
Take an example : All goats are dogs This is A type proposition: We can see it by graphical
representation of the above proposition we observe that goats are distributed in dogs. Hence. we can
conclude that in A type proposition only subject is distributed.
2. Universal negative or E-type proposition.
Boy
Girl
Take an example : No girl is boy In this type of proposition both subject and predicate are denial of
each other. This can also be seen in the diagram representing boy Girl and girl. They have nothing in
common. Hence, both subject and predicate are distributed.
3. Particular affirmative or I-type proposition.
Mobile
Telephone
Take an example : Some mobiles are telephones. In this type of proposition subject and
predicate have something in common. This implies that in I-type neither subject nor Mobiles Telephones
predicate is distributed. We can see it graphically as given in figure.
4. Particular negative or O-type proposition.
Boys
Students
Take an example : Some boys are not students. In O-type propositions some of the category
represented by boys subject is not students, which means that a section of boys is denied with the
entire category of students. It is, therefore, deduced that in O-type proposition only predicate is
distributed. On account of different logical approach required to be applied for drawing each type of
inference, a clear understanding of this difference becomes more important.
Students
Girls
Men
Students
men
By using both representation (a) and (b) it is clear all girls cannot be men as well as (a) shows some
girls are students, here no man is included but at the same time (b) shows some girls are students have
some men are also students as all men are girls. Hence, we cannot deduce conclusion II.
So, neither of them can follow.
Example 2
Statement:
I. All mangoes are chairs.
II. Some chairs are tables.
Conclusions I. All mangoes are tables.
II. Some tables are mangoes.
III. No mango is a table.
Chairs
Tables
Mangoes
Mangoes
Tables
(i) All mangoes are table-this inference is definitely false neither (a) nor (b) shows this conclusion.
(ii) Some tables are mangoes, this inference is uncertain or doubtful.
(iii) No mango is a table, this inference is also uncertain or doubtful. Though it can be concluded from the
above discussion that no valid inference can be drawn between mango and table.
Case 2: No term can be distributed in the conclusion unless it is distributed in the premises.
If case 1 is compiled with by a pair of statement, it is confirmed that valid mediate inferences can be
drawn
from such pair of statement. But every mediate inference drawn cannot be valid. Therefore, case 2 is
applied to
check as to the conclusions drawn from a pair of statement in which middle term is distributed, is valid.
Example 3
Statement:
I. Some boys are students.
II. All students are teenagers.
Conclusions I. All teenagers are students.
II. Some boys are teenagers.
Solution. Statement I is an I-type proposition which distributes neither the subject nor the predicate.
Statement II is an A type proposition which distributes the subject students. Conclusion I is an A-type
proposition which distributes the subject teenagers only.
Since. the term teenagers is distributed in conclusion I without being distributed in the premises. So,
conclusion I cannot follow. In second conclusion, where it is asked that some boys are teenagers. But from
statement I it is clear that some students are not students. These students may not be teenagers.
Venn diagram representation: All possible cases can be drawn as follows
Boys
Students
rs
age
n
e
Te
.
We have given that all students are teenagers so, its reverse cannot be possible. Hence, conclusion I is
false. As we are also given that some boys are students and all students are
teenagers. So, some boys
which are students must be teenagers. Hence, conclusion II follows.
Boys
Thieves
ts
coi
Da
Flowers
Lily
Flowers
Lotus
Lotus
Gardens
Schools
Colleges
Now, taking conclusion I, it is clear that all gardens are also colleges. But taking conclusion II, we
cannot that derive second conclusion is true. Hence, only the first conclusion must be true.
Case 6 No conclusion follows. There are three types of such cases.
(a) If both the premises are particular
Example 7
Statement:
I. Some cups are spoons.
II. Some spoons are sauccers.
Conclusions I. All cups are sauccers.
II. Some sauccers are cups.
Solution. Since both the premises are particular, so no definite conclusion follows.
Venn diagram representation
Sauccers
Cups
Spoons
Cups
Sacuccers Spoons
Kitten
Cows
Puts
Pubs
Cows
Kitten
Cows
(a)
Pubs
(b)
Kitten
(c)
Example 10
I. Some cameras are radios.
II. Some statues are cameras.
Conclusions I. Some ratios are statues.
II. No radio is statue.
Solution. Either some radios are statues or No radio is statue follows, as I and E-type proposition
form a complementary pair.
Venn diagram representation We can draw all possible cases as given below
Statements
Radios
Cameras
Radios
Cameras
Statues
Statues
Hence, using both diagrammatical representation we can conclude either some radios are statues or
no radio is statue. Hence, at least one of the conclusions must be true.
Special Cases
Facts
Combinations (Conclusion)
A+E
E+I
I+O
Conclusion
Either I or II follows
Either I or II follows
Either I or II follows
Either I or II follows
Example 11
I. All vegetables are green.
II. Some greens are fruits.
Conclusions I. Some fruits are vegetables.
II. No fruit is vegetable.
Solution. Here, conclusion I is particular affirmative and conclusion II is universal negative
proposition. Hence, either conclusion I or conclusion II follows.
Alternatives
Statements
or
Green
Green
Fruit
Vegetables
Vegetables
Fruit
Conclusion: If we follow Venn-diagram (a) then we can say no fruit is vegetable. Conclusion II but if
we that follow Venn diagram (b) then we can say some fruits are vegetables (conclusion I).
Here, either Venn diagram (a) or Venn-diagram (b) is possible. Hence, conclusion I or conclusion II
must be followed.
Minimal Possibilities
We can represent statements by keeping in mind our conclusions It we follow that our two conclusions
belong to special case, then either one of them is true.
We can represent minimum possibilities as given directly in the statement, we dont need to think
about parameters.
Example 12
I. Some fruits are vegetables.
II. Some vegetables are junk food.
III. Some junk foods are snacks.
Conclusions I. Some junk foods are vegetables.
II. Some junk foods are fruits.
Solution. Minimal possibilities
Statements
Fruit
Vegetables
Junk foods
Snacks
Example 13
All halls are tyres.
Some tyres are wheels.
All wheels are cars.
Conclusions I. Some cars are wheels.
II. Some cars are tyres.
III. Some wheels are halls.
(a) None follows
(c) Only I and II follow
Solution. (c)
Statements
Conclusions
Cars
Tyres
Wheels
Halls
Example 14
Some pictures are frames.
Some frames are idols.
All idols are curtains.
Conclusions I. Some curtains are pictures.
II. Some curtains are frames.
III. Some idols are frames.
(a) Only I and II follow
(c) Only I and III follow
Solution. (b)
Statements
Conclusions
Pictures
frames
idols
Curtains
Example 15
Some ice are rings.
No ring is paint.
Some rings are gold.
Conclusions I. No gold is paint.
II. No ice is gold.
III. Some rings are paints.
IV. All golds are rings.
(a) Only I and III follow
(c) Only III and IV follow
Solution. (d) Hence, none of the conclusions follows.
Statements
Gold
Ice
Rings
Paint
Example 16
No candle is bell.
Some shoes are bells.
All tables are shoes.
Conclusions I. Some tables are bells.
II. No table is bell.
III. Some shoes are candles.
IV. No shoes are candles.
(a) Only I and IV follow
(c) Only III and IV follow
Solution. (d)
Statements
Candles
Bells
Table
Shoes
Solution. (d) Here conclusion I is particular affirmative and conclusion II is its universal negative. Hence,
either conclusion I or II follows. Also conclusion III is particular affirmative and conclusion IV is
its universal negative. Hence, either III or conclusion IV follows. Finally, either conclusion I or II
follows and either conclusion III or conclusion IV follows.
EXERCISE:
Directions (Q. Nos. 1 to 13) In each question given below are two Statements followed by two
conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the two given Statements to be true even if they
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
ANSWERS:
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a)
EXPLAINATIONS:
(1)
Tigers
Jungles
Horses
Tall
Birds
Hens
Drinkers
Cows
Roads
(6)
Toffees
Pastries
Chocolates
Singers
Stones
Clean
Watches
(10)
Aeroplanes
Umbrellas
Birds
Tigers
Cupboards
Books
Cycles
EXERCISE:
1.
2.
3.
(b)
(c)
(d)
People of India
(b)
Parliament of India
(c)
(d)
Cabinet
Socialist
(ii) Democratic
(iii) Sovereign
(iv) Secular
Choose the words in the order that they appear in the Preamble
a)
iii, i, iv, ii
b)
iii, iv, i, ii
4.
c)
d)
iv, i, iii, ii
5.
44th Amendment
(b)
42 Amendment
(c)
56th Amendment
ANSWERS:
1.(b) 2.
(a)
3.
(a)
4.
(a)
5.
(c)
Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the
Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental andc consequential matters.
4. (1) Any law referred to in article 2 or article 3 shall contain such provisions for the amendment of
the First Schedule and the Fourth Schedule as may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law
and may also contain such supplemental, incidental and consequential provisions (including provisions as
to representation in Parliament and in the Legislature or Legislatures of the State or States affected by
such law) as Parliament may deem necessary.
(2) No such law as aforesaid shall be deemed to be an amendment of this Constitution for the purposes of
article 368.
EXERCISE:
1.
2.
3.
Which of the following are correct regarding the formation of states and its alterations,
The parliament by law
(i)
Form a new State by separation of territory from any State or by uniting two or more State
(ii)
(a) i, ii and iv
(b) i, ii, iii,
(c) ii and iv
(d) all of the above
4.
States
ii)
Union territories
The territory and the units of the Indian federation may be altered by Parliament by a single
majority
ii)
The consent of the state legislature is necessary before the parliament redistributes its
territory
iii)
(a)
i and ii
b)
ii and iii
None
Which of the following state/ Union territories has a legislative assembly consisting of
only 30 members
(a) Puducherry
(b) Mizoram
(c) Goa
(d)
All
ANSWERS:
1.
(b)
2.
(a)
3.
(d)
4.
(d)
5.
(c)
6.
(a)
Geography
ASIA
Introduction
Area: 43,608,000 million sq. km (30% of total land surface of the earth.)
Population : 3588.9 million
Latitudes : 10011'S to 81012'N
Only some of the Indonesian group of Islands is located to the south of equator in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Longitude : 2602'E to 169040'W in the east crossing 1800 longitude.
North-South Extent : 6,440 km East-West Extent : 9,650 km
AsiaPhysical
Important Seas
Name
Location
Part of Ocean
Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and East Siberian Sea North of Russia
Arctic Ocean
Bering Sea
Northerst of Russia
Pacific Ocean
Sea of Okhotsk
East of Russia
Pacific Ocean
Sea of Japan
West of Japan
Pacific Ocean
Yellow Sea
West of Korea
Pacific Ocean
East of China
Pacific Ocean
South of China
Pacific Ocean
Sulu Sea
Pacific Ocean
Celebes Sea
Pacific Ocean
Banda Sea
Pacific Ocean
Flores Sea
Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Java Sea
North of Java
Pacific Ocean
Timor Sea
Northwest of Australia
Pacific Ocean
Arafura Sea
North of Australia
South Pacific
Ocean
Bay of Bengal
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
Indian Ocean
Red Sea
Indian Ocean
Important Gulfs
Name
Location
Part of Ocean
Gulf of Ob
Arctic Ocean
Gulf of Chihli
East of China
Yellow Sea
(Pacific Ocean)
Gulf of Tonkin
Eastof Vietnam
Gulf of Thailand
South of Thailand
Persian Gulf
Indian Ocean
Gulf of Oman
Indian Ocean
Gulf of Aden
Indian Ocean
Gulf of Aquaba
Severnaya Islands
North of Russia
Arctic Ocean
North of Russia
Between Laptev
Sea and East
Siberian Sea,
Arctic Ocean
Wrangel Islands
North of Russia
East Siberian
Sea, Arctic Ocean
Name
Location
Part of Ocean
Kurile Islands
Pacific Ocean
Pasific Ocean
Bonin Island
Pasific Ocean
Babuyan Islands
Pasific Ocean
Pasific Ocean
An extension of the
volcanic Kamchatka
Peninsula
Ryukyu Island
An example of submerged island.
A disputed group of
islands claimed by
China, Vietnam,
Malaysia, Taiwan,
Philippines, Brunei
because of the vast
Pasific Ocean
Luzon.
Important Straits
Name
Separates
Connects
Bering Strait
La Parouse Strait
Tata Strait
Korea Strait
Formosa Strait
(Taiwan Strait)
Luzon Strait
Name
Separates
Connects
Makassar Strait
Sundra Strait
Malacca Strait
Malaya Peninsula and Sumatra
One of the great shipping corridors of the
world
Strait of Jahore
Strait of Hormuz
Strait of Bosporus
Strait of Dardanelles
Important Mountains
The Himalayan Mountain Range
Karakoram Range
Kailash Range
Tienshan
The Tien Shan extends to the north east and reaches the
Amur River under the name of Great Khingan Mountains.
Altai Mountain
Yablonovy Range,
Stanovoy Range,
Dzhugzur Range and
Kolyama Range
Verkhoyansk Range
Pegu Yoma
Arakan Yoma
Hangay Mountain
Sayan Mountain
A range of the Himalaya which further countinues through the Andaman and Nicobar Islands,
Sumatra, Java and other Indonesian islands.
INFORMATION
Lies between the Karakoram in the north and the Himalayas in the
south.
Yunan Plateau
Lies to the southeast of the Tibet Plateau is separated from the fertile
Szechuan basin by the range of mountains.
Meeting point for the central Asian mountain ranges which make up
the skeleton of the continent.
Iranian Plateau
Mongolian Plateau
Urfan Basin
Aldan Plateau
Indo-China Plateau
Shan Plateau
Lies between Pegu Yoma and Arkan Yoma in the eastern part of
Myanmar.
Region important for precious stone (Rubies), silver, lead, and tin and
tungsten.
Lies to the south of Indo Gangetic plain, between the Eastern Ghats
and Western Ghats.
Baluchistan Plateau
NAME
INFORMATION
Arabian Plateau
Pamir Plateau
Armenian Plateau
Deccan Plateau
Loess Plateau
Dzungarian Basin
Mesopotamian Plain
Gobi Desert
The main rivers draining off the plateau are Tigris and Euphrates.
Loess is the wind borne fine dust, deposited beyond the deserts limits
and is the fine loam, rich in lime.
Shansi and Shensi region of loess plateau is known for its extensive
coal reserves.
Relatively low lying land between the Tien Shan and Altai Range in
Mongolia.
A sort of door between China and Mongolia in the east and Tarim
lowland in the west.
One of the major regions where wheat, barley, tobacco and cotton is
grown.
Formed by the Amur River and its tributaries in the northern part of
China.
Turanian Plain
Formed by the two principal Asian rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr
Darya.
Taaidam Basin
Lies between Altun Shan and Kunlun Shan and to the north east of
Central Tibetan Plateau.
Situated to the north of Yunan Plateau is the fertile basin where the
Yangtze Kiang River is joined by three major tributaries known as the
Red Basin because of its coloured sandstone.
Szechuan Basin
Dash-I-Kavir
Dasht-I-Lut
Important Lakes
NAME
INFORMATION
Lake Baikal
Located in Kazakhastan.
Two principal Asian rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya flow
through semi arid depression into the sea.
Lake Asad
Located in Syria.
Dead Sea
It is an example of rift valley lake which lies along the West Bank of
Jordan.
The Jordan river flows into the Dead Sea, which has no outlet, and
evaportation balances the inflow.
Sea of Gallilee
Lava flow blocked the Jordan Valley and formed an elongated lake in
Israel.
NAME
INFORMATION
Lake Balkash
Aral Sea
The lave-blocked lake is linked to the Dead Sea through the Jordan
River.
Lake Toba
Lop Nor
Caspian Sea
The largest lake in the world which is five times larger than the Lake
Superior.
Important Rivers
NAME
SOURCE
OUTFLOW
Altai Mountain
Gulf of Ob
Yenisey
Tannuala Mountain
Arctic Ocean
Lena
Lake Baikal
Arctic Ocean
Kolyma
Kolyma Range
Confluence of Shika
Argun River.
Yalu
Tatar Strait
Korea Bay (Yellow Sea)
Tibetan Plateau
Yangtse Kiang
Tibetan Plateau
Eastern Yunan
(China)
Tibetan highlands
Gulf of Thailand
Tibetian highlands
Gulf of Martaban
North Myanmar
Bay of Bengal
Rises in galcier
Bay of Bengal
about 100 km south
east of Mansarovar
Lake
Gangotri Glacier
Bay of Bengal
Mansarovar lake
Arabian Sea
Persian Gulf
These two rivers dominate Iraq and flow south-eastwards across the country then drain into the Persian
Gulf via a combined estuary.
They meet at Shatt-al-Arab in Iraq.
Amu Darya and Syr Darya
The principal rivers of Central Asia flow in to the
Aral Sea through the semi and depression.
EXERCISE:
1.
Part of Ocean
i)
Kara Sea
a) Pacific Ocean
ii)
Bering Sea
b) South Pacific
iii)
Arafura Sea
c) Arctic
iv)
Red Sea
d) Indian
2.
a)
b)
c)
Location
i)
Gulf of Ob
a) East of China
ii)
Gulf of Chihli
b) East Vietnam
iii)
Gulf of Tonkin
iv)
Gulf of Thailand
d) South of Thailand
3.
a)
b)
c)
Match
Gulf
Location
i)
Persian Gulf
ii)
Gulf of Oman
iii)
Gulf of Aden
iv)
b)
c)
4.
i)
ii)
Spartly and Parcel Islands are a group of atolls in the South China Sea
a)
i and ii
b)
ii and iii
c)
i, ii and iii
d)
None
5.
i)
ii)
iii)
i only
b)
iii only
c)
i and ii
d)
6.
i)
Mindano island is the second largest island located in the northern part of Philippines
ii)
ii only
c)
7.
Both i and ii
b)
i only
d)
None
Connects
i)
Bering Strait
ii)
Tata Strait
iii)
Farmosa Strait
iv)
Makassar Strait
8.
a)
b)
c)
i)
ii)
iii)
i and iii
b)
c)
d)
ii and iii
iii only
9.
a)
The Himalayan mountain range lies to the North of Indo Gangetic plain.
b)
c)
b)
ii and iii
c)
iii only
d)
10.
a)
b)
c)
The Tien Shan extends to the north east and reaches the Amur river under the name of Great
Khingan Mountains
a)
c)
ii and iii
None of the above
b)
d)
i, ii and iii
ii and iii
2.
(b)
(a)
3.
(c)
4.
(c)
5.
(d)
6.
(a)
7.
(b) 8. (c)
India Physical
INTRODUCTON
IMPORTANT MOUNTAIN RANGES
KARKAKORAM RANGES
Northern most part of the Himalayan Range is the worlds highest part with an average altitude of 6100 m
above sea level.
Include the worlds highest peak, Mt. Everest (8,848 m) and other high peaks-Makalu (8,481 m), Mansalu
(8,156 m), Annapurna (8,,078 m) and also the Indian peak Manghenjunga (8,598 m) and Nanga Parbat
(8,126 m).
Includes some famous passesBurzil and Zozi La in Kashmir, Shipki La and Bara Lapcha La in Himachal
Pradesh, Thaga La, Niti Pass, and Lipu Lekh in U.P., Jelep La and Nathu La in Sikkim.
ZASKAR RANGE
Situated on the western part of the Greater Himlaya and to the south of Trans Himalaya.
Nanaga Parbat (8,126 m)
Forms the north-west part of Zaskar Range but geographically confined to Kashmir-Himachal Pradesh-Garhwal
region.
Lying to the north of Siwalik Range they are separated from the Siwalik Range by DunsDehradun,
Kothridun and Patlidun.
(I)
Located in KashmirPunjab and extends from the Jhelum River to the upper Beas River for over
300 km.
(II) DHAULADHAR
3. Siwalik Range
Estends from Jammu & Kashmir (150 km wide) to Arunchal Pradesh (8-15 km) over 2400 km.
Northern limitMain Boundary Thrust which separates Outer Himalaya from the Lesser
Himalaya. Its southern limit is Indo Gangetic Plain.
Youngest part of mountain chain, stretching from the Brahmputra to the Indus.
Important Gulfs
NAME
SEPARATES
LOCATION
INFORMATION
West of Gujarat
Gujarat
Gulf of Mannar
South east of
STATE
INFORMATION
Kayals
Kerala
Vembnad Lake
(Largest Kayal
Kerala
Chilka Lake
Orissa
Maximum breath - 20 km
Jammu and
Kashmir
Kolleru Lake
Andhra Pradesh
60 km long and 60 km
in the widest part.
Jaisamand Lake
Rajasthan
Nakki Lake
Rajasthan
Loktak Lake
Manipur
Rajasthan
Deedwana Lake
EXERCISE:
1.
a)
Siachen, Baltoro, Biafo and Hisper are glaciers in the Karakoram Range
b)
The highest peak of Ladhak range is Mt Rakaposhi which is the steepest peak in the world
a)
i and ii
b)
ii and iii
c)
i and iii
d)
2.
i)
ii)
3.
a)
i and ii
b)
c)
ii
d)
none
Location
i)
Punjab Himalaya
ii)
iii)
Nepal Himalaya
iv)
Assam Himalaya
a)
c)
4.
i)
ii)
iii)
5.
a)
i and ii
b)
ii and iii
c)
d)
i and iii
Ganga
b)
c)
Indus
d)
Brahmaputra
Yamuna
6.
i)
ii)
iii)
7.
a)
i and ii
b)
ii and iii
c)
i and iii
d)
None
Highest Peak
i)
Nilgiri Hill
a) Amarkantak
ii)
Maikal range
b) Doda Beta
iii)
Anamalai Hills
c) Kalsubai
iv)
Sahyadri
d) Ana Mudi
a)
b)
c)
8.
i)
ii)
iii)
i and ii
b)
ii and iii
c)
i and iii
d)
iii
9.
i)
Gulf of Kachchh
(ii)
Gulf of Cambay
a)
i- b ,ii- a, iii-c
b)
c)
Location
i)
Nakki
a)
Orissa
ii)
Vembnad
b)
Rajasthan
Chilka
a)
b)
i- a, ii-b, iii-c
c)
c)
Kerala
(a)
(a)
3.
10.
ANSWERS:
1.
(d) 2.
(a) 9.
(b)
(c)
4.
(c)
5.
(a)
6.
(a)
7.
(c) 8.
Indian Economy
Planned economy is one in which the state owns(partly or wholly) and directs the economy. While such
a role is assumed by the State in almost every economy, in planned economies, it is pronounced: for
example in communist and socialist countries- former USSR and China till the 1970's. In such a case a
planned economy is referred to as command economy or centrally planned economy or command and
control economy. In command economies, state does the following
State decides on what should be produced and how much; sold at what price
In a market economy, it is the opposite- state has a minimal role in the management of the economyproduction, consumption and distribution decisions are predominantly left to the market. State plays
certain role in redistribution. State is called the laissez faire state here. It is a French phrase literally
meaning "Let do."
Indicative plan (see ahead) is one where there is a mixed economy with State and market playing
significant roles to achieve targets for growth that they together set. It is operated under a planned
economy but not command economy.
The difference between planned economy and command economy is that in the former there may be
mixed economy and while in the latter Government owns and regulates economy to near monopolistic
limit.
Command economies were set up in China and USSR, mainly for rapid economic growth and social and
economic justice but have been dismantled in the last two decades as they do not create wealth
sustainably and are not conducive for innovation and efficiency. Cuba and North Korea are still
command economies.
Planning Goals
After Independence in 1947, India launched the year plan for rapid growth. Planning has the following
long term goals.
Growth
Modernization
Self-reliance and
Social justice
Economic growth is the value of the goods and services produced by ban economy. It is
conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDPreal means adjusted to inflation. Growth measures quantitative increase in goods and services.
Economic development refers to growth that includes redistributive aspects and social justice. GPD
shows growth and welfare and human development aspects like education, access to basic amenities,
environmental quality, freedom, or social justice. Economic growth is necessary for development but
not sufficient.
Growth is expected to [spread to all sections and regions; raise resources for the Government to spend
on socio-economic priorities etc. It takes a long time for growth to trickle down to all people and
regions. Therefore, State plans for an expeditious process of inclusive growth.
Modernization is improvement in technology. It is driven by innovation and investment in R and D.
Education is the foundation of modernization. The more modernized the economy, the greater the
value created by it.
Self-reliance means relying on the resources of the country and not depending on other countries and
the MNCs for investment and growth. India embarked on the goal partly due to the colonial experience
and partly due to the goal of orienting growth to development and poverty eradication. NehruMahalanobis model of growth that closed Indian economy and relied on basic industries is the main
plank for self-reliance.
The term self-reliance should not be confused with self-sufficiency - the former means depending on
resources of the country and avoid dependence on external flows; the latter means that the country
has all the resources it needs. No country can be self-sufficient. Social justice means inclusive and
equitable growth where inequalities are not steep and benefits of growth reach all- rural- urban , manwoman; caste divide and inter-regional divides are reduced.
While the above four are the long term goals of the planning process, each five year plan has specific
objectives and priorities.
History of Planning
First Plan (1951-56)
The First Plan stressed more on agriculture, in view of large scale import of foodgrains and inflationary
pressures on the economy. Other areas of emphasis were power and transport. The annual average
growth rate during the First Plan was estimated as 3.61% as against a target of 2.1%. Renowned
economist KN Raj, who died in 2010 was one of the main architects of India's first five-year plan.
It was indicative plan for the first time. The Plan was formulated in a way so as to manage the
transition from a centrally planned economy to market led economy. The targeted annual average rate
of growth of the economy during Eighth Plan was 5.6%. Against this, we achieved an average annual
growth of 6.5%.
Actual
2.1
3.61
4.5
4.32
5.6
3.21
5.7
4.80
4.4
5.69
5.2
5.81
6.7
5.6
5.35
7.8%
The economy is expected to expand by 9% per cent in 2010-11- having achieved 8.9% real growth in
the first half of 2010-2011. It may rise to 10 per cent in the terminal year of the 11th Plan.
Government set an average annual growth target of 9 per cent for the 11th Plan - beginning with 8.5
per cent in the first year and closing with 10 per cent In 2011-12. The MTA document said the
economy exceeded expectations in 2007-08, with a growth rate of 9 per cent, but the momentum was
interrupted in 2008-09 because of the global financial crisis. Following the global meltdown, the growth
rate slipped to 6.7 per cent in 2008-09 from over 9 per cent in the preceding three years. In the year
2009-10. the growth rate was 7.6%.
Planning Commission
The Planning Commission was constituted in March, 1950 by a Resolution of the Government of India,
and works under the overall guidance of the National Development Council. The Planning Commission
consults the Central Ministries and the State Governments while formulating Five Year Plans and
Annual Plans and also oversees their implementation. The Commission also functions as an advisory
body at the apex level.
The 1950 resolution setting up the Planning Commission outlined its functions as to:
Make an assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country, including
technical personnel, and investigate the possibilities of augmenting such of these resources as are
found to be deficient in relation to the nation's requirement;
Formulate a Plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of country's resources;
On a determination of priorities, define the stages in which the Plan should be carried out and
propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage;
Indicate the factors which are tending to retard economic development, and determine the
conditions which, in view of the current social and political situation, should be established for the
successful execution of the Plan;
Determine the nature of the machinery which will be necessary for securing the successful
implementation of each stage of the Plan in all its aspects;
Appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the Plan and
recommend the adjustments of policy and measures that such appraisal may show to be
necessary; and
The Prime Minister is the ex officio Chairman of the Planning Commission. Deputy Chairperson enjoys
the rank of a cabinet minister. A member of the Planning Commission enjoys the rank of a Minister of
State in the Union Government. Cabinet Ministers with certain important portfolios act as part-time
members.
The Deputy Chairman and the full time Members of the Planning Commission function as a composite
body in the matter of detailed plan formulation. They provide advice and guidance to the subject
Divisions of the Commission in the various exercises undertaken for the formulation of Approach to the
Five Year Plans, and Annual Plans. Their expert guidance is also available to the subject Divisions for
monitoring and evaluating the Plan programmes, projects and schemes.
The Planning Commission functions through several technical/subject Divisions. Each Division is
headed by a Senior Officer designated as Pr. Adviser/Adviser/Addl. Adviser/Jt. Secretary/Jt. Adviser.
The various Divisions in the Commission fall under two broad categories:
General Divisions which are concerned with aspects of the entire economy; and
State Plan Division, including Multi Level Planning, Border Area Development Programme, Hill Area
Development and North Eastern Region (NER), and
Monitoring Cell.
Agriculture Division,
Education Division,
Power & Energy Division (including Rural Energy, Non-Conventional Energy Sources and Energy
Policy Cell)
Transport Division,
The Programme Evaluation Organisation undertakes evaluation studies to assess the impact of selected
Plan Programmes / Schemes in order to provide useful feedback to planners and implementing
agencies.
The Commission is a corner-stone of our federal structure, a think-tank ; helps to balance the priorities
and expenditures of the Ministries of the Union Government ; throws up ideas on policies for structural
and perspective changes ; and is a reservoir of research."
Relevance of Planning
There has been a national debate about the relevance of planning in the era of liberalization where the
state controls and regulations are dismantled to a great extent and market forces are given larger role.
The investment of the government for the five year plans is also on decline. The trend began in the 7th
plan and strengthens into the Eleventh Plan.
It is true that the quantitative aspects of planning in terms of control over economy are being
selectively phased out and the nature of planning process is undergoing a qualitative change. Planning
is important for the following reasons in the era of liberalization
In a federal democracy like ours, the principal task of planning is to evolve a shared vision among
not only the federal units but also among other economic agents so that the efforts of all the actors
become convergent towards the national priorities, the role of planning is to develop a common
policy stance for center and states. Also, the task of federal policy coordination is central to Indian
Planning. For example, the need to invite foreign investment in infrastructure areas like power need
center - state coordination as the necessary legislation and administrative changes involve both.
While the growth process can be made the responsibility of the corporate sector to a greater
degree, its direction and distribution are to be steered by planned public intervention so that
regional imbalances are reduced and socio economic inequities are set right. For example,
`directing the growth of the large industry into the backward areas and technology intensive areas
to realize national goals.
The nature of instruments available to planners in the implementation has changed. Quantitative
controls have yielded place to qualitative ones .The planning process has to focus on the need for
planning for policy.
Planning at the grass roots level that is participatory is very crucial for improving the delivery
systems and proper use of the resources. The role of the government is thus to facilitate
participatory planning.
planning is necessary for the sectors like energy, communication, transport and so on as private
sector needs to be guided into the national plan.
In the era of globalization where corporates are not expected to plan beyond the growth of a
particular unit, the role of safeguarding national interest is that of planning by the State. For
example, being subjected to various discriminative trade practices by EU, USA and so on, the
Indian farmers, manufacturers and exporters have to fight sophisticated battles in the WTO for
which the legal services and information and building up bargaining power are best provided by the
State.
Thus, planning continues to be relevant and ever more so for the following reasons
Equitable growth
To assess the resources for the plan and recommend a strategy for mobilizing the resources.
To review the progress of the five year plan mid-course and suggest measures for achieving the
original targets.
NDC is headed by the Prime Minister of India and comprising of all Union Cabinet Ministers, Chief
Ministers of all the States and Administrators of Union Territories and Members of the Planning
Mixed economy
India is a mixed economy combining features of both capitalist market economies and socialist
command economies. Thus, there is a regulated private sector (the regulations have decreased since
liberalisation) and a public sector controlled almost entirely by the government. The public sector
generally covers areas which are deemed too important; or not profitable enough for the private
sector. Thus such services as railways and postal system are carried out by the government.
Since independence, various phases have seen nationalisation of such areas as banking, thus bringing
them into the public sector, on one hand, and privatisation of some of the Public Sector Undertakings
during the liberalisation period on the other
Achievements of Planning
In the last about 60 years since India became a Republic, the National Income has increased many
times. Today, India is the third largest economy in Asia with about $1.4 trillion GDP after China and
Japan; is the 11th largest economy in the world. India is the fourth largest in the world as measured
by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a gross domestic product (GDP) of about $4 trillion-USA,
China, Japan, India.
In the face of global recession, India posted 6.7% rate of growth in 2008-09 and 7.6% in 2009-10 and
is the second fastest growing major economy after China/The first half of 2010-11 saw the growth rate
at 8.9%.
Inflation on CPI and food inflation are rising relentlessly hurting the poor-. 14.4% is the food
inflation I December 2010.
Unemployment is high
Indicative planning
Indicative planning was adopted since 8 five year plan (1992-97). It is characterized by an economy
where the private sector is given a substantial role. State would turn its role into a facilitator from that
of a controller and regulator.
It was decided that trade and industry would be increasingly freed from government control and that
planning in India should become more and more indicative and supportive in nature. In other words,
the remodeling of economic growth necessitated recasting the planning model from imperative and
directive hard') to indicative (soft) planning. Since the Government did not contribute the majority of
the financial resources, it had to indicate the policy direction to the corporate sector and encourage
them to contribute to plan targets. Government should create the right policy climate- predictable,
irreversible and transparent- to help the corporate sector contribute resources for the plan: fiscal,
monetary, forex and other dimensions.
Indicative planning is to assist the private sector with information that is essential for its operations
regarding priorities and plan targets. Here, the Government and the corporate sector are more or less
equal partners and together are responsible for the accomplishment of planning goals. Government,
unlike earlier, contributes
less than 50% of the financial resources. Government provides the right type of policies and creates
the right type of milieu for the private sector-including the foreign sector to contribute to the results.
Indicative planning gives the Government an opportunity to give the private sector encouragement to
achieve growth in areas where the country has inherent strengths. It is known to have brought Japan
results in shifting towards microelectronics. In France, too indicative planning was in vogue.
Planning Commission would work on building a long-term strategic vision of the future. The
concentration would be on anticipating future trends and evolving strategies for competitive
international standards. Planning will largely be indicative and the public sector would be gradually
withdrawn from areas where no public purpose is served by its presence. The new approach to
Import substitution. Protective barriers against foreign competition to enable Indian companies to
develop domestically produced alternatives for imported goods and to reduce India's reliance on
foreign capital.
A sizeable public sector active in vital areas of the economy including atomic energy and rail
transport.
A vibrant small-scale sector driving consumer goods production for dispersed and equitable growth
and producing entrepreneurs.
In terms of the core objective of stepping up the rate of growth of industrial production, the strategy
paid off. Rate of growth of overall industrial production picked up. The strategy laid the foundation for
a well-diversified industrial structure within a reasonably short period and this was a major
achievement. It gave the base for self-reliance.
However, the strategy is criticized for the imbalances between the growth of the heavy industry sector
and other spheres like agriculture and consumer goods etc that resulted. It is further criticized as it
Reorient the role of State in economic management. State should re focus on social and
infrastructural development, primarily
Dismantle, selectively controls and permits in order to permit private sector to invest liberally
Open up the economy and create competition for PSEs- for better productivity and profitability
External sector liberalization in order to integrate Indian economy with the global economy to
benefit from the resource inflows and competition.
Its success is seen in the more than 6.5% average annual rate of growth of economy during the 8th
Plan (1992-1997). Forex reserves accumulated leaving the BOP crisis in history; taming of inflation;
and the foreign flows- FDI` and FII increased.
Economic Reforms
Since July 1991, India has been taking up economic reforms to achieve higher rates of economic
growth so that socio-economic problems like unemployment, poverty, shortage of essential goods and
services, regional economic imbalances and so on can be successfully solved. The force behind the
reforms is?
Indian economy reached a level of growth and strength to benefit from an open market economy.
Private sector in India had come of age and was willing and capable of playing a major role
Indian economy needed to integrate with the world with all the advantages like capital flows;
technology; higher level of exports; state of art stock markets; Indian corporates can raise finances
abroad and so on.
The country under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh, Union Finance minister(l 991 -1996 and
Prime Minister since 2004) converted the economic crisis - caused by , domestic cumulative problems
of economy, political instability and gulf crisis-into an opportunity to initiate and institutionalise
economic reforms to open up the economy. The deep crisis in 1991 could not be solved by superficial
solutions. Therefore, structural reforms were taken up.
It was realized that by closing economy to global influences, the country was missing on technology
developments and also gains from global trade. India needed exports, FDI and FII for stability on the
balance of payments front and higher growth rates for social development. Worldwide, countries were
embracing market model of growth, for example China, with proven results. So, India could make the
historic shift from centralized planning to market-based model of growth.
Misgivings About Economic Reforms
Initially reforms were feared and resisted as there was scepticism and fear as the experience in Latin
American countries in the 1980s was not a success in economic and social terms. The fears related to
Inflation as there will be little left for domestic consumption as exports would be attractive
Some fears have indeed come true-jobless growth and uncertainty in farming. But by and large,
reforms have done well.
Reforms mainly targeted the following areas :
Dismantling the licence raj so that private sector and government were on a level playing field
and global
play
by
dereservation;
EXERCISE:
1.
(b)
(iii) Indicative
Economy
(c)
combines feature of
both capitalist mar-ket economics & socialist command economic
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii) 3
(iii) 2
(i)
2.
(1)
The state is called the Laissez faire state i the Market Economy. The French word Laissez faire
means Let do.
(2)
Command economy do not create wealth sustainably and are not conducive for innovation &
efficiency.
(3)
3.
4.
(b) China
(c) Cuba
(d) Japan.
5.
(1)
The INC established National Planning Commission under the chairmanship of J.L. Nehru.
(2)
A Plan of Economic Development of India was put forwad by leading Businessmen and
Industrialists in 1944 was also called as the Bombay Plan.
(3)
Indicative plan is operated under & planned economy but not command economy.
(a) all the statements are correct
(b) only 2 is correct
(a)
S.N. Aggarwal
(b)
(c)
M.N. Roy
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii) 2
(iii) 3
(i)
7.
(1)
Economic Growth is measured as the percent rate of increas in real gross domestic Product.
(2)
Economic Growth is not only necessary for the development but also sufficient.
(3)
8.
First Plan
(a)
(b)
(c)
(ii) 1
(iii) 3
(i)
7.
(1)
(2)
Self Reliance means relying on the resources of the country & the MNCs for investment & grwoth.
(3)
Self sufficiency means that the country has all resources it needs.
(a) only 3 is correct.
(b) None of the is correct.
(c) All of the above are correct.
During the sixth plan (1980-1985), India for the first time resorted to borrow from IMF.
(2)
(3)
The Eight Plan was the indicative plan for the first time.
(a) only 2 and 3 are correct.
(b) all the above are correct.
(ii)
9.
2.
(c)
(b)
10.
3.
(a)
(c)
4.
(c)
5.
(a)
6.
(iii)
7.
(b) 8. (i)
Indian History
Harappan Civilization
Salient Features
1. Urban Civilisation
2. Bronze Age Civilisation (Flourished during Circa 2500-2000 B.C.)
3. The largest Civilisation in geographical area of the ancient world.
4. Town-planning and well developed drainage system.
5. Gridiron layout and fortification.
Origin
1. Origin lies in various indigenous Pre-Harappan cultures.
2. Indus Civilisation was culmination of a long series of cultural evolution.
3. Emerged out of the farming communities of Sind and Baluchistan, Haryana Oujarat
and Rajasthan.
4. Continuous cultural evolution from 6000 BC onwards in North West India which
finally culminated in the rise of Indus Civilisation.
Phases of Development
1. Archaeological excavation & research have revealed phases of cultural
development bursting up in the emergence of a full-fledged civilization at
Kalibangan, Banavali and Rakhigarhi.
2. Began in Baluchistan & Sind are then extended into the plains.
3. These phases are Pre-Harappan, Early Harappan, Mature Harappan and Late
Harappan
4. Extent of Harrappa:- From in North Manda (J & K) to 1600 k.m Daimabad
(Maharastra.) in East Alamgirpur (U.P.) to 1100 K.m Sutkangedor (Bluchistan).
Total Area was 12,99,600 Sq. k.m.
5. These phases of cultural evolution are represented by Mehargarh, Amri,
Kalibangan and Lothal respectively.
Different Phases and Transformation
Town planning
Facts on Town Planning
1. Features of Town Planning
A great uniformity in town planning, the fundamental lay-out of prominent urban settlements
exhibits apparent similarities.
Based on Grid Pattern: streets and lanes cutting across one another at right angles dividing the
city into a number of rectangular blocks. Main streets ran from north to south and were as wide
as 30 feet. Streets and lanses were not paved.
2. Entire city complex was bifurcated into two distinct parts: the CITADEL a fortified area which
housed important civic and religious public buildings including granaries and residences of the
ruling class and the LOWER TOWN, somewhat bigger in area and invariably located east to the
former, meant. for commoners. Evidence of fortification of the lower towns as well from a few
urban centres like Surkotada and Kalibangan and evidence of division of the city into three parts
instead of two from Dhaulvira.
3. Use of standardized burnt bricks on massive scale in almost all types of constructions (an
extraordinary feature of the contemporary civilizations), circular stones were used at Dholavira.
4. Elaborate and planned underground drainage system. Houses were connected to the main drain
equipped with manholes. Mostly made up of bricks with mud mortar. Use of gypsum and lime to
make it watertight. Cesspits were there inside the houses to deposit solid waste. Bricks culverts
meant for carrying rain and storm water have also been found. Bricks were made in ratio of I 2 4.
Size of Bricks - 7 C.m in Thick,
- 14 C.m Width
- 28 C.m Long.
5. Features of Houses
Houses were plain and did not exhibit, any refinement and beauty. So far as the decorative
value of the houses was concerned, they lacked it. In general they gave plain and un-decorative
look.
An average house comprised a courtyard and four to six rooms, a bedrooms, a kitchen, and a
well presence of staircase gives indication of the second storey. Houses had side-entrances and
windows were conspicuously absent. Except Lothal, where enterance were on main road and
windows were found.
Houses varied from a single-roomed tenements to houses with a number of rooms and having
even a second storey. Floors were generally of beaten earth coated with cowdung. Fire-places
were common in rooms. Walls were thick and square holes in them suggest of use of wooden
beams. Every house was separated by another by a narrow space of no-mans land. Staircases
were usually wooden but some made up of burnt bricks have been found too. Roofs were flat.
Doors were set in wooden frames and the average width of a door was one metre. Square and
rectangular pillars of burnt bricks were used in larger rooms, round pillars were absent. Kitchen
was small in size. A round oven meant for baking chappatis has been found.
For small measurement binary system and for big measurement decimal system were used in
Harappa.
Harappa
2. Furrow mark
Kalibangan
Dholvira
Mohanjodaro
Chanhudaro
Kalibangan &
Surkotada
Kalibangan &
Banwali
9. Dockyard
Lothal
Rangpur &
Lothal
Lothal
Surkotada
Kalibangan,
Banarvali,
Lothal and
Rakhigarhi
Lothal
Mohanjodaro
Mohanjodaro
Lothal
Lothal
Harappa
Harappa,
Chandudaro
Mohanjodaro
Lothal &
Kalibangan
Mohanjodaro
Lothal
Lothal
Daimabad
Daimabad
Daimabad
Dhanhudaro,
Mohanjodaro
& Lothal
Mohanjodaro
Mohanjodaro
32. Granaries
Mohanjodaro
& Harappa
Mohanjodaro
Lothal
Harappa
Harappa
Harappa
Rangpur
Chanhudaro &
Lothal
Alamgirpur
Chanhudaro,
Balakot and
Lothal
Chanhudaro &
Lothal
Lothal
Dholvira
Lothal
Kalibangan
Lothal
Surkotada
53. Furnace
Rakhigarhi
54. Kiln
Rakhigarhi
Kalibangan
Kalibangan
Surkotada
Rana Ghundai
59. Regalia
Kunal
Dholavira
A good number of toys Clay Cart, Rattles, Bulls with mobile heads, Monkey with movable
arms, Dices, Chessboard.
COSMETICS
Tweezers, Ear-scoop, Piercer, Antimony rods, Ivory comb, Mirrors, Hair pins, Round buttons, Minor
razors, Kohl pots and sticks
DRESS AND ORNAMENTS
1. Females were scantily dressed, they wore a short skirt especially figurines of mother Goddess.
2. The male wore a robe, sometimes embroidered.
3. Cotton was used, no evidence of Linen and Silk.
4. No evidence of footwear.
Sumerian text make a mention of Meluha which is identified with Indus Civilization and two
intermediate trading stations Dilmun (Bahrain) and Makan (Makaran Coast).
Appearance of Indus seals in the Mesopotamian cities of Ur, Kish,Susa, Tell Asmar, Lagash.
Cylindrical seals of Mesopotamian type have been found in Indus valley (Mohanjodaro).
Persian Gulf Seals of intermediate trading stations have been discovered from Indus region
(Lothal).
Discovery ofReserved slip ware of Mesopotamian type from Harappa & Lothal.
Internal Trade
With Saurashtra, Maharastra, South India, Rajasthan, ports of western UP.
Ports
Port was found in Lothal. This is the first man-made port in the world.
External Trade
With Mesopotamia (Modern Iraq), Persian Gulf region and probably Egypt.
Item of Imports
Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin, Lapis Lazuli,-Amethyst, Agate, Jade, Shells.
Items of Exports
Finished Products Cotton goods, Pottery1 Beads, Shells, Terrocotta Products, Ivory Products.
Saurashtra
Amethyst
Maharashtra
Carnelians
Copper
Gold
North Karnataka,
Afganistan, Persia
Jade
Central Asia
Lapis Lazuli
Afghanistan
Lead
Shells
Saurashtra, Deccan
Silver
Afghanistan of Iran
Tin
Afghanistan, Jharkhand
(Hazaribagh)
Turquoise
Persia
Year
Archaeologist
Harappa
1921
Mohanjodaro
1922
R. D. Banerjee
Aniri
1929
M. G. Majumdar
Chanhu-Daro
1931
M. G. Majumdar
Suktagendor
1927
Aurel Stein
Kot Diji
1935
Ghurey
Ropar
1953
Y.D. Sharma
Banawali
1973
R.S. Bist
Kalibangan
1953
A. Ghosh
Lothal
1957
S.R. Rao
Alamgirpur
1958
Rangpur
1931
M.S. Vats
Surkodata
1964
Jagatpati Joshi
Dholvira
Desalpur
Bhadar
Rojdi
Bhadar
Rangpur
Lothal
Chenab
Manda
Kalibangan
Hindan
Alamgirpur
Indus
Chanhudaro
Indus
Gumala
Kot Diji
Mohenjodaro
Pravara
Daimabad
Rangoi (Saraswati)
Banwali
Harappa
Sutlaj
Of higher denomination followed Decimal system 16, 320, 640, 1600, 3200
Barley Rajasthan
Exercise:
1.
(b) Unicorn
(c) Rhino
(d) Tiger.
2.
Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
(ii)
(iii) For small measurement binary system and for big measurement decimal system were used in
harappa.
(iv) Persian Gulf seals have been found in Lothal.
(a) i, ii & iii
(b) ii & iv
3.
(i)
Cemetrics H & R 37
(a) Daimabad
(ii)
Dockyard
(b) Mohanjodaro
4.
Harappa
(d) Lothal
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1) (iv)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(2) (iv)
(iii)
(ii)
(i)
(3) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(4) (i)
(iii)
(ii)
(iv)
(b) Surkotada
6.
A Seal depicting Mother Goddess with a plant growing form her womb has been found
from:
(a) Harappa
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Daimabad
(d) Mohanjodara
7.
(d) Lothal
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Dholavira
(d) Harappa.
Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
(ii)
(i)
Harappa
(ii)
Daimabad
(iii) Mohanjodaro
(d) Kalibangan
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1) (ii)
(i)
(iii)
(iv)
(2) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(3) (iv)
(iii)
(ii)
(i)
(4) (ii)
(iii)
(i)
(iv)
10. Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
(ii)
The main crops of Indus Valley civilization were wheat & Barley.
Mohanjodaro
(ii)
Chanhudaro
(iii) Harappa
(iv) Lothal
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1) (iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
(2) (iii)
(iv)
(i)
(ii)
(3) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(4) (i)
(ii)
(iv)
(iii)
Ghaggat
(a) Mohanjodaro
(ii)
Ravi
(b) Kalibangan
(iii) Indus
(c) Lothal
(iv) Bhogava
(d) Harappa
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(2) (iii)
(iv)
(i)
(ii)
(3) (iii)
(i)
(iv)
(ii)
(4) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
13. Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
(ii)
(iii) A thirteen roomed house from the overlap period has been discovered from Bhagvanpura.
(iv) The steatite figure of a bearded man has been recovered from Mohanjodaro.
(a) All of the above
Mohanjodaro
(ii)
Chanhudaro
(iii) Rangpur
(iv) Harappa
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(1) (i)
(iii)
(ii)
(iv)
(2) (iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
(3) (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(i)
(4) (ii)
(iv)
(i)
(iii)
15. Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
(ii)
Answers:
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (1) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (4) 10. (c) 11. (2) 12.
(3) 13. (a) 14. (2) 15. (d)
Modern India
Revolts & Rebellions
PARTICIPANTS IN THE REVOLT
1. Bahadur Shah II
Delhi
2. Laxmi Bai
Jhansi
3. Kunwar Singh
Jagdishpur
4. Hazarat Mahal
Lucknow
Gwalior Kanpur
7. Nana Saheb
Kanpur
8. Mangal Pandey
Barrackpore
9. Hakim Ahsanullah
10.
11.
12.
13.
Azimulah Khan
Kanpur
14.
Ahmad Ullah
Lucknow
15.
16.
Amar Singh
Delhi
Bareilly
Jagdishpur
Bahadur Shah was the nominal leader the real command was under General Bakht
Khan.
Kanpur
The revolt was led by Nana Sahib. Battle was mainly led by Tantia Tope. Azimullah
Khan was another loyal servant of Nana Sahib.
Lucknow
The revolt was led by Hazarat Mahal the begum of Avadh, Maulvi Ahmedullah of
faizabad was also one of the great leaders.
Jhansi
Rani Laxmi bai assumed the leadership of the Sepoys. Later she captured Gwalior with
the help of Tantia Tope and Afghan guards.
Bareilli
Arrah
Kunwar Singh, the ruined Zamindar of Jagdishpur was the main leader.
After being defeated he refused to surrender and escaped to Nepal in early 1859,
never to be heared again.
Bengum Hazrat
The Begum of Avadh was compelled to hide in Nepal after the capture of Lucknow
by campbel.
Tantia Tope
Tantia Tope escaped to the jungles of central India in April 1859. He was betrayed
by a zamindar friend and captured and put to death after a hurried trial on 15th
April 1859.
Kunwar Singh
The leader of the revolt in Bihar died on 9th May 1859 after successfully carrying
on the revolt.
Accession of Kashmiri gate by J.Nicholsan and captured city embrance and Delhi.
2. Maj. Hudson Killed bhadur Shahs sons and grand sons in Delhi
3. Sir Hugh Wheeler
4. Gen. Neil Kanpur (killed Indians as a revenge against the killing of English by Nana Shahibs
forces), Banaras, Allahabad.
8. William Taylor
9. Hugh Rose
1857.
A national revolt
Dr. Tarachand
Specially medieval but efforts to powerless class get their lost power.
Not only mutiny, formed the shape of Civil Rebelion the real form was of
feudalistic though some national-isitc elements were also present
R.C. Majumdar
S.N. Sen
T.R. Holmes
V.D. Savarkar
1857
P.C. Joshi
Rebellion, 1857
H.P. Chattopdhyaya
A.T. Embree
1857 in India
B.C. Majumdar
S.B. Choudhury
Etic Stokes
V.D. Savarkar
Ashok Mehta
John Caye
Holms
Sepoy war
TRIBAL MOVEMENTS
Chuar
Hos
Kol
Ahom
Khasi
(Khasi Hills-Assam and Meghalaya 1829-32) Led by Triat Singh and Bar Manik.
Bhills
Khandesh 1817-19, 1825, 1831, 1847) Led by Sewaram agaist the company
owing to agrarian hardship.
Koyas
Rampa Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh 1840, 1845, 1858, 1861-62, 1879,
1880, 1896, 1916, 1922-24). In 1922-24 Led by Alluri Sitarmaraju.
Santhais
Naikda
(Panch Mahals-Gujarat 1858-59 and 1868) led by Rup Singh and Joria Bhagat
Kacha Naga
Mundas
Chotanagpur 1899-90. Known as ulgulan led by Birsa Munda against the erosion
of their Kuntkatti land system, recruitment of forced labour (Beth-Begar) and
against the activities of the Christian missionary. They attacked churches and
police station. Birsa Munda was taken prisoner by the British and the movement
was suppressed.
Bhils
Oraons
Kukis
Ramoshi
In 1822-29 they rose against deposition of Raja Pratap Singh of Satara in 1839
Chanchus
Sapha Har
Among the Santhals in 1870's, earlier in 1855 by Sidhu and Kanhu against Dikus.
Pahariyas
The British expansion on their territory led to an uprising by the martial Pahariyas
of the Raj Mahal Hills in 1778
Kharwar
Bhuyan and Juang The first uprising of 1867-68 was under the leadership of Ratna Nayak
Singphos
Zeliangsong
The Zeliangsong Movement of the Manipur Nagar was launched by the Zemi,
Liangmei and Rongmei
Naga
Under Jodanang (1905-31). The other leader was Gaidinliu who fed the Heraka
cult.
NON-TRIBAL MOVEMENTS
Farazi Movement
Led by Haji Shariatullah and his son Dadu Mian degeneration of Islamic Faridpur,
East Bengal society and loss of power to the British. It supported the cause of
tenants against the Zamindara Dadu Mian was finally arrested and confined to
Alipore jail.
Godkari Rebllion
Assumption of direct administration of Kolhapur by British and (Kalhapru 184445) resentment of Gadkris against revenue policy. Final suppression of the
movement by the British.
Pagal Panthis
Led by Karan Shah and his son. Tipu. A semi-religious sect. Rose against the
oppression of the Zamindars.
Sambhalpur
Uprisings.
Led by Srendra Sai, inter-ference of British in the internal affairs of (Orissa 1840-41) Sambalpur, Surendra
Sai was finally arrested and imporiosned by the British (1840)
Sanyasi Revolt
PEASANT MOVEMENTS
All India Kissan Sabha
Bijolia Movement
Leaders Sitaram Das, Vijay Pathak Singh. Manik Lal Verma & Haribabu
(Rajasthan 1905, 1913, Upadhya. The movement arose due to the
imposition of 86 different types 1916, 1927) of cesses on the Kisans. The
peasants refused to pay cesses and cultivate their land tried to migrate to
neighbouring areas. In 1927, peasant adopted satyagrah methods to fight
fresh cessed & begar.
Borsad Satyagraha
Champaran Satyagraha
Deccan Riots
Led by traditional headmen (Patel). The fall in the prices of cotton and
(Maharashtra and Six hike in land revenue forced the peasants to take
loans on high rates from Taluks of Poona & Gujarat and Marwari money
lenders. The move-ment took the form of Ahmednagar District) forceful
seizure & buming of debt bonds by peasants.
Eka Movement
Founded by Madari Pasi. The main demands of the movement was (Avadh
(1921) conver-sion of pro-duce (batai) into cash.
Forest Satyagrah
Led by N.V. Rama Naidu and N.G. Ranga. It was star-ted against the
(South India 1931) oppressive zamin-dars.
Indigo Revolt
Led by Bishnu Biswas and Diagambar Biswas. It was the revolt of indigo
(Bengal 1859-60) peasants against the British painters and their
oppression refusal to take advances and enter into contract.
Kaira (Kheda) Satyagraha Leader Vallabhai Patel. The peasants arose against the demand of land
raha (Gujarat 1918) revenue inspite of crop failure. The peasant
collectively refused to pay lan revenue Govern-ment was forced to offer
terms accep-table to the peasants.
Moplah Uprising Leader
Sayyed Alwi & Sayyid Fazi. The movement arose against the (Malabar
1836-54) vastly enhanced rights of Hindu Namboodri & Nair Jenmis which
had 1896, 1921) worse-ned the condition of Muslim lease hol-ders and
cultivators the Moplahs. the Moplahs attacked the Jenmis property &
temples it was purely agrarian in nature.
Led by Vasudev Balwant Phadke. Owing to hardship caused to the (Maharashtra 1879) pea-sants by the Deccan famine of 1876-77 Phadke
organised the Ramosi peasants & revolted against the British and thought
of establish-ing a Hindu Raj.
Tabhaga Movement
Telegana Movement
Biggest peasants guirella war in the indian history. It rose against the
(Andhra Pradesh exploitation of peasant by Desmukh and Hagir-dars. The
movement retained 1946-48) dimensions of national liberation struggle
against the Nizams
Founded by Indra Narayan Dwivedi & Gowi Shankar Mishra. The (1918)
organization was against the threat of bedakhli eviction and the Jajmani
system.
EXERCISE:
1.
(i)
Laxmi Bai
(a)
Faizabad
(ii)
Mangal Pandey
(b)
Jhansi
(c)
Barrackpore
(b)
(c)
(1) (iii)
(i)
(ii)
(2) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(3) (i)
(iii)
(ii)
2.
Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
In Delhi, Bahadur Shah was the nominal leader and the real command was under General Bakht
Khan.
(ii)
Who among the following was the author of Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies 185789.
(a) B.C. Majumdar
4.
(i)
Ahom
(a) Savaram
(ii)
Khasi
(iii) Bhils
(b)
(c)
(1) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(2) (iii)
(ii)
(i)
(iii)
(i)
5.
Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
R.C. Majumdar described the 1857 Revolt as neither first nor national war of Independence.
(ii)
T.R. Holmes described the 1857 Revolt as conflict between civilization & Barbarism.
(iii) Jawaharlal Nehru said that 1857 Revolt was nothing but a Hindu-Muslim conspiracy.
(a) ii
(b) i & ii
6.
(i)
Kukis
(ii)
Mundas
(b) Assam
(iii) Singhpos
(c) Manipur
(a)
(b)
(c)
(1) (ii)
(iii)
(i)
(2) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(3) (ii)
(i)
(iii)
7.
Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
Pagal Panthis
(ii)
Farazi Movement
(c) Against degenera-tion of Islamic Faridpur and Loss of power to the British.
(b)
(c)
(1) (ii)
(i)
(iii)
(2) (iii)
(i)
(ii)
(3) (i)
(iii)
(ii)
8.
Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
The Kuka revolt in Punjab was aimed to purge. Sikhism of its ills & discriminations by preaching
Abolitions of castes etc.
(ii)
One of the important leaders of Naga was Gadiniliu who fed the Heraka cult.
(iii) Gadkari Rebellion was the outcome of the assumption of direct administration of Kalhapur by
British.
(a) i & iii
(b) ii
9.
Consider the following statements and mark the option which is correct.
(i)
All India Kissan Sabhas Main demands included 50% cut in Revenue Revolts; abolition of Begar.
(ii)
Champaran Satyagrah was the Movement of Indigo peasants against the oppression of the
planters.
(iii) Eka movement was led by Bishnu Biswas. It was the revolt by indigo peasants.
(a) none of the above (b) i & ii
(c) iii
Tehangana Movement (a) against the threat of Bedakhli eviction and the Jajmani System.
(ii)
Moplah Uprising
(b)
(c)
(1) (iii)
(i)
(ii)
(2) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(3) (ii)
(iii)
(i)
ANSWERS:
1. (1) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (2) 5. (b) 6. (1) 7. (3) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (1)
20 1
= ;
100
5
20% =
150 3
=
100
2
150% =
eg
Also, any fraction or decimal can be converted into its equivalent percentage by multiplying with 100.
eg
1 1
3 3
= 100
= 100
5 5
= 20%; 2 2
= 150%.
Important Formulae
Increase
100
Original value
1. Percentage increase =
Decrease
100
Original
value
2. Percentage decrease =
3. If the price of the commodity increases by r% then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase
100 + r 100 %
the expenditure is
4. If the price of the commodity decreases by r% then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase
100 r 100 %
the expenditure is
5. If As income is r% more than Bs income then Bs income is less than As income by .
100 + r 100 %
100 r 100 %
P 1 +
100
(a) Population after n years =
P
n
1 + 100
8. Let the present value of the machine be P and if it depreciates at the rate of r% per annum.
n
P 1
100
(a) Value of machine after n years =
n
P 1
100
(b) Value of machine n years ago =
3
2 100 %
= 150%
Solution. 2 =
Example 2: Find 25% of 1000.
25
1000
Solution. 25% of 1000 = 100
= 250
Example 3. What per cent of 6 is 144?
144
6 100 %
= 2400%
Solution. Required percentage =
Example 4: What per cent of 2.5 kg is 15 g?
15
12
100 %
100 %
100 r
= 100 12
Increase % in consumption =
12
150
7
% 13 %
88 100 %
= 11
11
=
=
Example 6: The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of 10% per annum. If its present value is
` 162000, what was the value of the machine 2 year ago?
Solution.
162000
Rs.
2
10 10
1 10
Rs. 162000
100
9 9
95 95
=1
1
95x
95x x
(100 5)
x
100 = ` 100 100
Reduced rate = `
5
=1
x
x=5
Original rate = ` 5 per kg
19 5
19
Rs.
Rs.
20 1 per kg = `
4 = 4.75 er kg
Reduced rate = `
Example 8: If the price of 1 kg cornflakes is increased by 25%, the increase is ` 10. Find the new price
of cornflakes per kg.
Solution.
Difference in price
100 10 100
Difference in per cent
= 25
= 400
Original price =
125
40
100 = ` 50
New price =
EXERCISE:
1.The difference of two numbers is 20% of the larger number. If the smaller number is 20, then the larger
number is:
(a) 25
(b) 46
(c) 27
(d) 82
2. When any number is divided by 12, then dividend becomes 1/4th of the other number. By how much
percent first number is greater than the second number?
(a) 165
(b) 200
(c) 300
(d) 400
3. If one number is 80% of the other and 4 times the sum of their squares is 656, then the numbers are:
(a) 6,8
(b) 8, 10
(c) 16, 20
(d) 10, 15
4. Two numbers A and B are such that the sum of 5% of A and 4% of B is two-third of the sum of 6% of A
and 8% of B. Find the ratio of A : B.
(a) 1 : 2
(b) 3 : 1
(c) 3 : 4
(d) 4 : 3
5. Three candidates contested an election and received 1136, 7636 and 11628 votes respectively. What
percentage of the total votes did the winning candidate get?
(a) 57%
(b) 77%
(c) 80%
(d) 90%
6. The population of a town increased from 1,75,000 to 2,62,500 in a decade. The average percent
increase of population per year is:
(a) 7%
(b) 5%
(c) 9%
(d) 8.75%
7. A student multiplied a number by 3 instead of 5/3. What is the percentage error in the calculation?
(a) 36%
(b) 44%
(c) 55%
(d) 35%
8. A tempo is insured to the extent of 4 5 of its original value. If the premium on it at the rate of 1.3
percent amounts to ` 910, the original value of the tempo is:
(a) ` 78,000
(b) ` 78,500
ANSWERS:
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
EXPLAINATIONS:
1.Let the larger number be x.
20
1
x x x = 20
5
Then, x 20 = 100
5
4
x
20
4 = 25%
5 = 20 x =
2. Let the numbers be x and y. Then,
x y
= x = 3 y.
12 4
Required percentage =
xy
2y
100 %
100 %
y
= y
= 200%
4
3. Let one number = x. Then, other number = 80% of x = 5
2 4 2
4 x + x
5
x=
x2 +
= 656
16 2
x
25
= 164
41 2
x
25
= 164
164 25
41 = 100
x2 =
x = 100
So, the numbers are 10 and 8.
4. 5% of A + 4% of B =(6% of A + 8% of B)
5
4
2 6
8
A+
B=
A+
B
100
100
3 100
100
1
1
1
4
A+
B=
A+ B
20
25
25
75
1
1
A 100 4
A+ B =
=
100
75
B 75 3
11628
100 %
20400
Required percentage =
= 57%.
6. Increase in 10 years = (262500 175000) = 87500.
87500
100 %
175000
Increases % =
= 50%
Required average
50
%
10
=
= 5%
7. Let the number be x. Then, error = Error %
5
3
16
x x= x
5
15 = Error %
= 3
16 x 3
100 %
15 5 x
= 64%
=
8. Let the original value of the tempo be ` x. Then,
4
13 1 4
x
1.3% 5 of x= 910 10 100 5
= 910
910 10 100 5
13 4
= 87500.
x=
9. Let the total production be x lakh tons. Then, 15% of x 10% of x = (40 30) lakh tons
5% of x = 10 lakh tons
10 100
x =
1% of x = 80
x
= 80 100 = 8000.
Formulae
Gain or Profit = SP CP
Gain
Profit
CP 100 or CP 100
CP
100
SP =
Similarly,
Loss = CP SP
Loss
(100 Loss%)
CP
CP 100
100
Loss per cent =
; SP =
The Profit and Loss per cent is always calculated on the cost price.
If a trader professes to sell his goods at CP but uses false weight, then Gain per cent or Profit per cent
Error
100 %
Discount
It is reduction given on the Marked Price or List Price of an article.
100 discount
(100 d%)
;
MP
MP
100
Selling Price =
d per cent =
If a trade gets x% profit and x% loss in selling two different articles, then in over all transaction, there
is always a loss which is given by
2
x
10
Loss % =
Example 1: A chair is bought for ` 1950 and sold at ` 2340. Find the gain per cent.
Solution. CP = ` 1950 and SP = ` 2340
Gain = ` (2340 1950) = ` 390
390
1950 100 %
= 20%
Gain % =
Example 2: A radio is bought for ` 780 and sold at ` 650. Find the loss per cent.
Solution. CP = ` 780 and Sp = ` 650
Loss = CP SP = ` (780 650) = ` 130
13
780 100
=
Loss % =
Example 3: A book is bought for ` 80 and sold at the gain of 5%. Find the selling price.
105
100 80
= ` 84
SP = 105% of ` 80 = `
Example 4: If cost price of 15 articles is equal to the selling price of 12 articles, then find the gain per
cent.
Solution.
Let cost price of each article = ` 1
Then,
Cost price of 15 articles = ` 15
3
100
Profit % = 12
= 25%
Example 5: What is the equivalent discount of three consecutive discount 30%, 20% and 5%.
Solution. Let MP = ` 100
95 80 70
100
SP = 95% of 80% of 70% of 100 = 100 100 100
= ` 53.20
CP of 22 m cloth
gain
22
100
100
100
CP
of
66
m
cloth
CP
66
=
Gain % =
=
=
1
33 %
3
Example 7: A radio is listed at ` 500 with a discount of 10%. What additional discount must be offered
to the customer to bring the net price to ` 423?
Solution. List price = ` 500, Discount = 10%
90
100 500
= ` 450
SP = 90% of ` 500 = `
Sale price = ` 423
Additional discount
27
450 100
= 6%
=
EXERCISE:
1.A man purchased a box full of pencils at the rate of 7 for ` 9 and sold all of them at the rate of 8 for ` 11.
In this transaction, he gained ` 10. How many pencils did the box contain?
(a) 111
(b) 112
(c) 114
(d) 116
2. A man bought a number of clips at 3 for a rupee and an equal number at 2 for a rupee. At what price
per dozen should he sell them to make a profit of 20%?
(a) ` 9
(b) ` 10
(c) ` 6
(d) ` 7
3. A man buys eggs at 2 for Re. 1 and an equal number at 3 for ` 2 and sells the whole at 5 for ` 3. His
gain or loss percent is:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(a) % loss
(b) % gain
(c) % loss
(d) % loss
A man bought some oranges at ` 10 per dozen and bought the same number of oranges at ` 8 per
dozen. He sold these oranges at ` 11 per dozen and gained `120. The total number of oranges bought
by him was:
(a) 55 dozens
(b) 80 dozens
(c) 90 dozens
(d) 60 dozens
A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How many for a rupee must he sell to gain 20%?
(a) 8
(b) 9
(c) 5
(d) 2
By selling 12 toffees for a rupee, a man loses 20%. How many for a rupee should he sell to get a gain
of 20%?
(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 10
(d) 9
By selling 45 lemons for ` 40, a man loses 20%. How many should he sell for ` 24 to gain 20% in the
transaction?
(a) 19
(b) 18
(c) 24
(d) 22
A trader mixes 26 kg of rice at `20 per kg with 30 kg of rice of other variety at `36 per kg and sells the
mixture at `30 per kg. His profit percent is:
(a) 6%
(b) 5%
(c) 11%
(d) 10%
Arun purchased 30 kg of wheat at the rate of ` 11.50 per kg and 20 kg of wheat at the rate of ` 14.25
per kg. He mixed the two and sold the mixture. Approximately what price per kg should he sell the
mixture to make 30% profit?
(a) ` 15.80
(b) ` 16.40
(c) ` 15.60
(d) ` 16.30
Padam purchased 30 kg of rice at the rate of `17.50 per kg and another 30 kg rice at a certain rate.
He mixed the two and sold the entire quantity at the rate of `18.60 per kg and made 20% overall
profit. At what price per kg did he purchase the lot of another 30 kg rice?
(a) ` 14.50
(b) ` 13.50
(c)
` 17.50 (d)
` 16.50
ANSWERS:
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
EXPLAINATONS:
1.Suppose, number of pencils bought
= L.C.M. of 7 and 8 = 56.
56
7
= ` 72.
C.P. of 56 pencils = `
11
56
8
= ` 77.
S.P. of 56 pencils = `
Now, ` 5 are gained on 56 pencils.
56
10
5
= 112 pencils.
So, ` 10 are gained on
1
1
12 + 12
3
2
C.P. of 2 dozens = `
= ` 10
S.P. of 2 dozen = 120% of ` 10
120
10
100
12
=` =`
Hence, S.P. per dozen = ` 6.
3. Suppose he buy 6 eggs of each kind.
2
1
6 + 6
2
3
= ` 7.
C.P. of 12 eggs = `
3
12
5
= ` 7.20.
S.P. of 12 eggs = `
4. C.P. of 2 dozen oranges = ` (10 + 8) = ` 18.
S.P. of 2 dozen oranges = ` 22.
If profit is ` 4, orange bought = 2 dozen.
Gain
0.20
100 %
=
=
120
4
dozens = 60 dozens.
=
5. C.P. of 6 toffees = Re. 1 S.P. of 6 toffees
6
= 120% of Re. 1 = ` 5 .
6
6
5 = 5.
For ` 5 , toffees sold = 6. For Re. 1, toffees sold =
120 3
=
80
2.
6. Let S.P. of 12 toffees be ` x. Then, 80 : 1 = 120 : x or x =
3
For ` 2 , toffees sold = 12.
2
12
8 = 8.
For ` 1, toffees sold =
7. Let S.P. of 45 lemons be ` x.
Then,
80 : 40 = 120 : x
120 40
80 = 60.
or x =
45
24
60
= 18.
For ` 60, lemons sold = 45. For ` 24, lemons sold =
8. C.P. of 56 kg rice
= ` (26 20 + 30 36)
= ` (520 + 1080)
= ` 1600. S.P. of 56 kg rice
= ` (56 30) = ` 1680.
100
1600
% = 5%.
=
Gain
9. C.P. of 50 kg wheat
= ` (30 11.50 + 20 12.25)
= ` (345 + 285)
= ` 630. S.P. of 50 kg wheat
= 130% of ` 630
130
630
100
819.
=` =`
819
50
S.P. per kg = `
= ` 16.38 ` 16.30.
10. Let the required price per kg be ` x. Then, C.P. of 60 kg rice = ` (30 17.50 + 30 x) = ` (525 + 30x) =
` (525 + 30x).
S.P. of 60 kg rice = ` (60 18.60)
= ` 1116
1116 (525 + 30 x)
100
525 + 30 x
= 20
519 30 x
1
525 + 30 x = 5 .
2955 150x = 525 + 30x
180x = 2430
2430
180 =
x =
27
2
= 13.50.
So, the C.P. of second lot is ` 13.50 per kg.
ANSWERS:
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (d)
(d)
15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
the
tell
for
out
En masse
En passant
En route
En suite
Esprit de corps
of
of
the corps.
Fait accompli
its existence.
Faux pas
Film noir
Femme fatale
Fleur de Lis
Force majeure
Grand prix
the
of a
the
An art object.
A material used for sculptural artwork and craftwork. Literally mashed
paper.
Par excellence
Pre-eminently supremeabove all others.
Pas de deux
Impossible to avoid the corny father of twins joke here. The real meaning
is a
dance (typically a ballet), and in extended use a partnership, between
two people.
Petit four
A small dessertusually a dainty cake.
Petit mal
Small illness a mild epilepsy.
Petit point
Small stitching, used in needlepoint.
Piece de rsistance The best part or feature of something, especially of a meal.
Pied--terre
A second home, typically an apartment in the city.
Prt--porter
Ready-to-wear clothing.
Pot-pourri
A mixture of dried petals of different flowers mixed with spices, kept in
a
jar for its perfume. Also, a stew made from a variety of meats cooked
together. By extension,
any collection of miscellaneous items.
Quelle horreur
What a horrible thing? This is frequently used sardonically, when the
horror is trivial.
Quest-ce que cest?
What is this?
Raison dtre
The thing that is central to our existence. Literally, reason for being.
RSVP
Please respond (to my message). Literally the abbreviation of Rpondez,
sil
vous plat.
Sacr bleu
This general mild exclamation of shock is the archetypal French phrase,
as
viewed by the English. No portrayal of a stage Frenchman in an English
farce could be complete
without a character in a beret and striped jumper,
shrugging his shoulders and muttering Sacre
bleu!. Literally, holy blue,
which refers to the colour associated with the Virgin Mary.
Sang-froid
Coolness, indifference. Literally, cold blood.
Savoir-faire
Social grace; means know-how in French.
Sil vous plat
Please. Literally, if it pleases you.
Soupe du jour
Soup of the day the soup offered by a restaurant that day.
Table dhte
A full-course meal offering a limited number of choices and served at a
fixed price in a restaurant or hotel.
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by
Latin Phrases
Heres a list of Latin phrases and sayings that are used in English often enough to have become part of the
language.
A cappella
[Music] in church [style], i.e., unaccompanied voices.
A priori
Ad absurdum
Ad hoc
Ad infinitum
Without limit-endlessly.
Ad nauseam
Alma Mater
To a sickening extent.
Ones old school (literally bounteous mother).
Alter ego
Lamb of God.
Aqua pura
Pure water.
Aqua vitae
Alcoholic spirit, e.g., brandy/whisky. Literally water of life.
Ars longa, vita brevis
Skill takes time to acquire, but life is short.
Ave Maria
Carpe diem
ripe).
Caveat emptor
Hail Mary.
Seize the day (More literally translated as enjoy the day, pluck it when it
is
Corpus Christi
De facto
Dei Gratia
In factin reality.
By the grace of God.
Et tu, Brute
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EXERCISE:
Directions (Q. No. 1-30): Select the meaning of the bold Idiom or phrase from the
given alternatives.
1. In the organised society of today no individual or nation can plough a lonely furrow.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
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ANSWERS:
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15.
(d)
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