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Study Quide 0620
Study Quide 0620
Guide
Chemistry
(Paper 6)
-0620-
By: TooMuch1995
1
General Information
As Per the syllabus of Cambridge IGCSE (0620) for Chemistry its your third Paper which you have
chosen to appear for instead of the coursework or the practical test.
Electrolysis
Electrolysis is the process of electrically inducing chemical changes in a conducting melt or
solution example: splitting an ionic compound into the metal and non-metal.
the cathode.
Electrons flow from the anode to the battery or power supply
Negative ions (non- metals except hydrogen) are attracted to this positive electrode
When the electrode is inert ( carbon or platinium ) the negative ions lose electrons to the
anode
Electrolysis separates an ionic compound back to the elements that form it. For example by
electrolysis we can obtain sodium and chlorine from sodium chloride.
When the current is turned on, the negative ion in the electrolyte gets attracted to the
positive electrode because they are oppositely charged. When this happens, the negative
ion loses the electrons it gained from the positive ion during bond formation and becomes
an atom. The electrons lost are transferred through the wire in the outer circuit from the
anode to the cathode. At the same time, the positive ion from the electrolyte is attracted to
the cathode, where it gains the electrons lost by the negative ion and becomes an atom too.
In ionic compounds the positive ion is a metal and it is collected at the cathode. And the
negative ion is a non-metal and collected at the anode.
The electrons are transferred from the anode to the cathode through the wires.
The electrolyte is an ionic compound either in its molten or aqueous form. Ionic compounds
conduct electricity only when they are in these forms because they contain free mobile ions
which can carry the current but they dont in solid form.
Chemical Analysis
The following Test Analysis Should be learnt by heart as they are asked frequently in the
exam.
Formula
Colour of flame
Na
K+
Ca2+
Li+
Cu2+
Ba2+
Colourless and
pungent smell
Colourless and
odourless
Chlorine (Cl2)
Hydrogen (H2)
Colourless, odourless
Oxygen (O2)
Colourless, odourless
Yellow
Lilac
Brick red
crimson
Blue-green
Apple green
Test
Test result
Chloride
(in solution) (Cl-)
Bromide
(in solution) (Br-)
Iodide
(in solution) (I-)
Sulphate
(in solution) (SO42-)
Nitrate
(in solution) (NO-3)
Ammonium (NH+4)
Copper(II) (Cu2+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
Magnesium (Mg2+)
Zinc (Zn2+)
Aluminium (Al3+)
Effect of adding
ammonia solution
Name
Description
Beaker
Bottle
Bunsen
Burner
burette
Crucible
Erlenmeyer
Flask
Evaporating
Dish
Florence Flask
Food
Colouring
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Funnel
11 Micro spatula
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Mortar and
Pestle
13
Paper Towels
14
Pipet
15
Ring Stand
16
Stir Rod
17
Stopper
18
Test tube
Brush
19
The holder is used to hold test tubes when they are hot
Test tube
and untouchable.
Holder
20 Test tube Rack
The test tube rack is used to hold test tubes while
21 Thermometer
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Tongs
23
Triangle
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Volumetric
Flask
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Watch Glass
Salt Preparation
Here are a few general points on Salts:
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Step 1:
Add Excess of the insoluble Solid to the dilute acid in a beaker until reaction stops (no
fizzing)
Step 2:
The Excess Solid is filtered out and collect the filtrate
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Step 3:
The Filtrate is gently evaporated to concentrate the Salt solution
This can be done using a water bath
Step 4:
When Crystals are seen Forming, heating is stopped
Step 5:
The concentrated solution is left to cool to from crystals completely
Step 6:
The crystals are filtered off and washed with distilled water
Step 7:
Dry crystals between filter papers
The Titration Method
Reacting dilute Acid with soluble Base (Alkali)
Dilute acid + Alkali
This involves the neutralisation of acid with an alkali (to produce a soluble Salt)
Number 6: Since both the reactants are colourless an indicator should be used
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Step 1:
Fill the Burette with the dilute acid till the zero mark
Step 2:
A known value of an alkali is placed in a conical flask using a pipette
Step 3:
Add few drops of indicator to the conical flask of alkali
(Methyl orange will be used as an example here)
Step 4: The acid solution is run from the burette to the flask conating alkali until indicator
colour changes
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Step 6:
The process is repeated with the volume noted from the acid and same volume of alkali but
this time without the addition of the indicator
Step 7:
Evaporate most of the solution using a water bath
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Step 8:
When crystals are seen stop heating, and leave it to cool then dry between filter paper
Preparing Insoluble Salts
Insoluble salts are prepared by mixing 2 soluble salts together, each containing half the
needed salt.
This process is called precipitation.
Example: Preparation of insoluble lead sulphate (PbSO4):
Step 1:
Choose 2 suitable soluble salts, e.g. lead nitrate and sodium sulphate. Make aqueous solutions
of both.
Step 2:
Mix the two aqueous solutions together. An insoluble precipitate of lead sulphate is formed.
Step 3:
Filter the solution formed to get lead sulphate in filter paper.
Step 4:
Wash the filter paper with distilled water to remove trace of soluble salt.
Step 5:
The filter paper is dried in a warm oven. The salt is then scraped off it.
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Rates of reaction
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Fermentation
You should know about Fermentation fully (only Definition is provided here)
Definition:
It is an anaerobic process. It takes place under condition where there is no air or oxygen
available.
Therefore, there is no oxygen (O2) present in the equation for the reaction taking place.
Carbon dioxide is the gas produced in the reaction.
Separation Techniques
The most common ones are:
Filtration
Distillation (fractional and normal one)
Chromatography
Precipitation
Frequent Questions
In this Section, there will be a collection of 60 questions from the past paper
exams of paper 6 which are repeated every year.
It would be a great help for you if you try to read and understand them because they also
might come in a different way (Indirectly)
They are numbered for you from 1-60 to make it easier for you
Question 1:
What is the purpose of ice or cold water?
Answer: To cool down the gas so that it condenses and turns into a liquid.
Question 2:
When the gas collecting tube is upside down, give a property of this gas.
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19
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When copper oxide is reacted with hydrogen, what is the colour change?
Answer: black to brown, because copper oxide is reduced to copper.
Question 20:
How can you distinguish between water and ethanol?
Answer: use cobalt chloride paper, it turns from pink to blue with water, but there will be no
change with ethanol.
Question 21:
How can you distinguish between sulphuric acid and aqueous sodium sulphate?
Answer: there are three tests, you can use a metal carbonate in which carbon dioxide will be
produced with sulphuric acid but there will be no change with sodium sulphate. You can add
a metal, in which hydrogen is produced with sulphuric acid, but no change in sodium
sulphate. Finally, you could use an indicator like litmus paper, it will change to red with
sulphuric acid, but there will be no change with sodium sulphate..
Question 22:
How can you distinguish between hydrochloric acid and nitric acid?
Answer: add silver nitrate, in which white ppt. will be formed with hydrochloric acid, but
there will be no reaction with nitric acid.
Question 23:
What is the purpose of the mineral wool?
Answer: to absorb and hold the liquid.
Question 24:
When there is a delivery tube involved in a question, what precaution should be taken in the
experiment when the heat is removed?
Answer: remove the delivery tube from water to prevent suck-back.
Question 25:
In rate of reactions, always include the word "collisions between particles".
Question 26
How can you distinguish between alkanes and alkenes?
Answer: Use bromine water, in which the alkene will decolourise it to colourless, but
nothing, happens with an alkane,
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Question 27
How can you distinguish between chlorine and sodium chloride?
Answer: add litmus paper, it will bleach with chlorine, but nothing happens to it with sodium
chloride.
Question 28
How can you distinguish between copper sulphate and copper carbonate?
Answer: acidify with hydrochloric acid, and add barium chloride, there will be white ppt with
sulphate, but no white ppt. with carbonate. OR just add hydrochloric acid, in which nothing
happens with sulphate, but a fizz or effervescence of carbon dioxide will occur with
carbonate.
Question 29:
When a measuring cylinder is used, and they ask for a change in apparatus to get more
reliable results,
Answer: you should say that a biuret can be used instead as it is more accurate.
Question 30:
Why Volume of reagent is used?
Answer: volume of reagent used decreases if it is more concentrated.
Question 31:
In an experiment observation of pH value, and they ask what type of acid/base is used, your
Answer: should be weather weak or strong. A strong acid lies between pH values of 0 and 2,
and a weak one lies between 3 and 6. 7 are neutral. A weak base lies between 8 and 11, while
a strong one lies between 12 and 14.
Question 32:
What is a concentrated acid?
Answer: a concentrated acid is an acid that contains a large number of H+, hydrogen ions.
Vice versa with dilute acid.
Question 33:
What is a concentrated base?
Answer: a concentrated base is a base that contains a large number of OH-' hydroxide ions.
Vice versa with dilute base.
Question 34
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Note 43:
You can speed up the drying process by using a fan or by increasing temperature or by using
a hair-drier if you have one) NOT a catalyst.
Note 44:
The action of a lie big condenser is to change steam to water.
Note 45:
To check for the purity for a collected solvent, test it's melting or boiling point.
Note 36:
The chromatogram needs to be sprayed with locating agent is amino acids are investigated
because they are colourless.
Note 37:
If water contained salt, this will have no effect on rusting, however if a bigger substance is
being rusted, it will be slower.
Note 38:
Hydrated copper sulphate will turn from whit to blue upon heating.
49) Saturated: no more solute can be dissolved in a solvent AT A CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE.
50) An excess amount of reactant is used to make sure all the other reactant will be used.
51) Sometimes, crystals are dried using filter paper instead of heating to prevent the complete
loss of water from crystals, and to prevent crystals from breaking.
52) How could you know which reactant is in excess? At the end of the reaction, the excess
reactant will be visible.
53) Excess means more than what is needed.
54) When lead bromide is used, you can use a fume cupboard or use goggles, lab coat, gloves
because it is toxic.
55) To separate two different solutions with different boiling point, use fractional distillation.
56) Physical test of water: heat, it will boil at 100 degrees Celsius, or heat ice and it will melt
at 0 degrees Celsius.
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57) Chemical test of water: Add blue cobalt chloride paper, it turns pink OR add anhydrous
copper sulphate, it turns blue.
Question 58
Why is it dangerous to heat alcohol directly?
Answer: fire will be produced if alcohol is touched with lighted splint, therefore a water bath
should be used when heating it. Lagging or cloth can be used to control temperature for
accurate results.
Question 59
What is the name given to unreacted material?
Answer: unreacted reactant is called excess.
Question 60
What happens to the particles when they get heated?
Answer: the particles gain energy, move faster, and their kinetic energy increases therefore
there will be more collisions and rate increases.
DONE
Pray for me
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