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24 1 Fourier TRNSFM
24 1 Fourier TRNSFM
Fourier
transforms
1. The Fourier transform
2. Properties of the Fourier Transform
3. Some Special Fourier Transform Pairs
Learning
outcomes
needs doing
Time
allocation
You are expected to spend approximately thirteen hours of independent study on the
material presented in this workbook. However, depending upon your ability to concentrate
and on your previous experience with certain mathematical topics this time may vary
considerably.
24.1
Introduction
Prerequisites
Learning Outcomes
After completing this Section you should be
able to . . .
cn ein0 t
(1)
n=
where 0 = 2
. In words, harmonics of frequency n0 = n 2
T
T
the series and these frequencies are separated by
n0 (n 1)0 = 0 =
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . are present in
2
.
T
Hence, as T increases the frequency separation becomes smaller and can be conveniently written
as . This suggests that as T , corresponding to a non-periodic function then 0
and the frequency representation contains all frequency harmonics.
To see this in a little more detail, we recall (Workbook 23: Fourier Series) that the complex
Fourier coecients cn are given by
T
2
1
cn =
fT (t)ein0 t dt.
(2)
T T2
Putting
1
T
as
0
2
2
0
fT (t)ein0 t dt ein0 t .
fT (t) =
T
2 2
n=
In view of the discussion above, as T , we can put 0 as and replace the sum over
the discrete frequencies n0 by an integral over all frequencies. We replace n0 by a general
frequency variable . We then obtain the double integral representation
1
it
f (t) =
f (t)e
dt eit d.
(3)
2
The inner integral (over all t) will give a function dependent only on which we write as F ().
Then (3) can be written
1
F ()eit d.
(4)
f (t) =
2
3
where
F () =
f (t)eit dt.
(5)
The representation (4) of f (t) which involves all frequencies can be considered as the equivalent
for a non-periodic function of the complex Fourier Series representation (1) of a periodic function.
The expression (5) for F () is analogous to the relation (2) for the Fourier coecients cn .
The function F () is called the Fourier Transform of the function f (t). Symbolically we can
write
F () = F{f (t)}.
Equation (4) enables us, in principle, to write f (t) in terms of F (). f (t) is often called the
inverse Fourier Transform of F () and we can denote this by writing
f (t) = F 1 {F ()}.
Looking at the basic relation (3) it is clear that the position of the factor
arbitrary in (4) and (5). If instead of (5) we dene
1
F () =
f (t)eit dt.
2
then (4) must be written
f (t) =
1
2
is somewhat
F ()eit d.
t<0
t>0
Note that if u(t) is used to denote the Heaviside unit step function viz.
0
t<0
u(t) =
1
t>0
then we can write
f (t) = et u(t).
(We shall frequently use this concise notation for one-sided functions.)
Solution
Using (5) then by straightforward integration
et eit dt
F () =
=
=
=
e(+it) dt
e(+i)t
( + i)
0
1
+ i
Key Point
F{et u(t)} =
1
,
+ i
> 0.
Your solution
(iii) =
1
2
(ii) = 3
so F{e 2 u(t)} =
1
+i
2
1
so F{et u(t)} = 1+i
so F{e3t u(t)} = 1
3+i
1
t
First write down using (5) the integral from which the transform will be calculated.
Your solution
We have P () F{p(t)} =
Now evaluate this integral and write down the nal Fourier Transform in trigonometric, rather
than complex exponential form.
Your solution
i.e.
2 sin a
P () = F{p(t)} =
P () =
We have
(1)eit dt =
eit
(i)
=
a
eia e+ia
(i)
sin x
x
(6)
Engineers often call the function
(6) of the rectangular pulse as
sin a
,
a
we can say
P () = 2asinc(a).
Using the result (6) in (4) we have the Fourier Integral representation of the rectangular
pulse.
1
sin a it
p(t) =
2
e d.
2
As we have already mentioned, this corresponds to a Fourier series representation for a periodic
function.
Key Point
If pa (t) =
a < t < a
otherwise
then:
F{pa (t)} = 2a
sin a
= 2asinc(a)
a
sin
.
As 0, then 2 sin 2. Also, the function 2 sin is an even function being the product of
two odd functions 2 sin and 1 . The graph of P1 () is as follows:
P1 ()
2
t
HELM (VERSION 1: March 18, 2004): Workbook Level 2
24.1: The Fourier Transform
Your solution
1
2
1
+
= 2
.
i + i
+ 2
=
e(i)t
( i)
+
0
F () =
0
e(+i)t
( + i)
et eit dt +
et eit dt =
e(i)t dt +
0
e(+i)t dt
We must separate the range of the integrand into [, 0] and [0, ] since the function f (t) is
dened separately in these two regions: then
Note that, as in the case of the rectangular pulse, we have here a real even function of t giving
a Fourier Transform which is wholly real. Also, in both cases, the Fourier Transform is an even
(as well as real) function of .
Note also that it follows from the above calculation that
1
F{et u(t)} =
+ i
(as we have already found) and
F{et u(t)} =
where
t
e u(t) =
et
0
1
i
t<0
.
t>0
F () =
f (t)eit dt.
f (t) sin t dt
Im (F ()) =
Re (F ()) =
h(t)dt and
0
Your solution
for (i)
R() Re F () = 2
If f (t) is real and even
10
Your solution
for (ii)
Also since sin(()t) = sin t, the Fourier Transform in this case is an odd function of .
(because the integrand is (odd)(odd)=(even)).
0
= 2
Im F () =
and
(odd)(even)dt =
=
Re F () =
Now
(odd)dt = 0
Key Point
f (t)
real and even
real and odd
neither even nor odd
11
F () = F{f (t)}
real and even
purely imaginary and odd
complex, F () = R() + iI()
1
.
+ i
Your solution
R() = Re F () = 2
+ 2
2 + 2
I() = Im F () =
(odd function of )
We have
i
1
= 2
F () =
+ i
+ 2
(after rationalising i.e. multiplying numerator and denominator by i)
Hence
(even function of )
We can rewrite F (), like any other complex quantity, in polar form by calculating the magnitude and the argument (or phase):
R2 () + I 2 ()
|F ()| =
and
2 + 2
1
=
2
2
2
2
( + )
+ 2
arg F () = tan
I()
= tan1
R()
.
12
|F ()|
argF ()
/2
/2
13