Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (3): 456-461

Scholarlink Research Institute Journals, 2011 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (3): 456-461 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

Coherent generator based Transient Stability Analysis of the 16 machines,

330KV igeria Power System
Izuegbunam F. I., Okafor E. . C., Ogbogu S. O. E.
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria
Corresponding Author: Izuegbunam F. I
___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
This paper assesses the transient stability analysis of the expanded 16 machines, 330KV igeria Grid System
through coherent generators aggregation based on equal acceleration and velocity concept. The technique
involves performing the electrical proximity test on the system generators under fault condition to select the
study area generators, subjecting these generators to coherency check through inertia and damping indices
conditions; and construction of dynamic equivalents representing each pair of coherent generators. The result
led to reduction of 16 machines system to 13, thereby simplifying the network complexity and requires minimal
computer time as well as memory space.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords: transient stability, coherent generators, dynamic equivalents, expanded grid, swing curve.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ITRODUCTIO
The large interconnections that constitute the present
compares systems differential equations describing
day power networks has further added to its
change in relative machine angles from the stable
complexity hence requiring a simplified but accurate
equilibrium point to that of unstable equilibrium
method of transient stability analysis with minimal
point corresponding to the system instability
computing time and memory space. The method of
anticipated from the fault condition under
transient stability analysis of a large power system
investigation. Podmore, (1978), applied a simplified
via simplified dynamic equivalents is attracting
linear model of power system known as clustering
increased attention by researchers across the globe
Algorithm using linearized network and dynamic
(Rau and Hussian, 1998). The coherent generator
equations deemed clustered to determine the angular
technique is an elegant and powerful tool for system
deviation of the machines.
simplification through construction of simplified
reduced order dynamic models which can represent
Al-Fuhaid, (1987), deployed the properties of
the entire system without loss of system significant
exponential matrix and Cayley-Hamilton theorem
characteristic. The reduction is based on the impact
using the state transition matrix to determine the
of large disturbances in a particular area known as the
linearized system dynamic equations. Rudmick,
study system, while system external to study area are
Patino, and Brameller, (1981), applied the principle
not of direct interest in stability analysis; and are thus
based on rate of change of kinetic energy, relating the
represented by dynamic equivalents in recognition of
power system behaviour to its potential energy and
its influence on the response of the study area to
kinetic energy transition. Krishnaparandhama et al.,
disturbances. Available literature shows that different
(1981), and Sankaranarayanan et al., (1983), applied
authors applied variant principles of determining
coherent generators identification based on equal
coherent generators. Lee and Schweppe, (Lee and
acceleration principle using a linearized acceleration
Schweppe, 1993), used the concepts of distance
equation with the damping coefficient neglected. In
measure such as admittance distance, reflection
this paper, the coherent generator based transient
distance and acceleration distance to identify
stability analysis of the 16 machines expanded
coherent generators for construction of dynamic
Nigeria power system was conducted through the
equivalents. Also the concept of power variation of
following steps: electrical proximity test, coherent
the generators at the instant of initiated fault is
generator identification, construction of dynamic
applied to classify the machines into inner circle
equivalents of coherent generator pairs, and re(study area) machines and outer circle (external area)
integration of the aggregated generators with the rest
machines. Spalding, Yee, and Goudie, (Spalding et
of system machines. The purpose is to assess the
al., 1977), applied the principle of singular points in
transient stability condition of the expanded Nigerian
coherency identification. The singular points include
330KV Grid system using a technique that reduces
the post-fault Stable Equilibrium Point (SEP) and
the model order of the Network without altering the
Unstable Equilibrium Point (UEP). This approach
characteristic structure and it is justified because
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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (3): 456-461 (ISSN: 2141-7016)
3.
The network is highly reactive, while the
conductances are not neglected.
The above assumption simplifies equation (2.6) to,
(2.7)

most of the generating plants and transmission lines

in this grid are still under construction, but its
response to large disturbance has been simulated. A
practical power network has been used to test the
effectiveness of the coherent generator technique.

Substituting equation (2.7) into (2.3) gives,

Multimachine Power System Modeling
Figure 2.1 represents a large power network

1
2

Xd1

Let

Fictitious Point
E1

Xd2

E2

Xd3

E3

Xd4

E14

Xdn

(2.8)
, and

(2.9)

Putting (2.9) into (2.8) gives,

(2.10)
Electrical proximity for any two machines depends
upon their mutual admittance (Sankaranarayanan et
al., 1983). As the mutual admittance between two
machines becomes larger, that pair of machines is
considered more close to each other (Rau and
Hussian, 1998). Therefore, the mutual admittance
between a pair of machines is a measure of coupling
between them (Rau and Hussian, 1998), (Monticelli,
1999).

En

Figure 2.1 Large power network

The rotor dynamic equation for ith machine of an ngenerator system is given by,
(2.1)
For ith and jth generators to be coherent,
(2.2)
where,
Pre-fault value of the difference
th
between the i and jth rotor angles.
Linearizing equation (2.1) on the assumption that the
power variation is small and that the generator
coherency is independent of the magnitude of the
disturbance (Podmore, 1978), gives,
(2.3)
Where,
= the change in acceleration of the ith machine
= change in the velocity of the ith machine

Electrical Proximity index

Electrical proximity index j is defined by the
expression,
(2.11)

The generators that satisfy equation (2.11) qualifies

for coherency pair check with the ith machine.
The modified linearized acceleration equation for ith
and jth machines can be written as,
(2.12)
(2.13)
th

th

For equal acceleration of the i and j machines,

equations (2.14) and (2.15) must be satisfied.
(2.14)
Where,

The mechanical power input to the machine is

assumed constant for a short duration of the fault,
in equation (2.3) becomes zero.
hence the term
The change in electrical power of the ith generator due
to a small change in the angle of the jth generator
evaluated at the time of initiating the fault (Lee and
Schweppe, 1993), gives,

(2.15)
From the equations (2.14) and (2.15) the two vital
indices and for coherency check are obtained as :

(2.4)
(2.5)

(2.16)
(2.6)
(2.17)

The following assumptions are made:

1.
Internal voltages of the machines are equal
to 1.0 pu
is within
2.
The angular difference
300.

where,
= Inertia index for ith and jth machines
= Damping index for ith and jth machines

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (3): 456-461 (ISSN: 2141-7016)
In a situation where machines i and j are absolutely
coherent, both and becomes equal to zero. But
when one of the inertias tends to infinity, then both
and will tend to unity (1.0), which indicates the
machines deviation from each other. The tolerance
values of 0.2 for and 0.5 for are found to give
acceptable results (Rau and Hussian, 1998). In a
situation whereby the damping coefficient is zero or
the ratio D/M becomes uniform, the coherency
grouping is conducted based on criterion alone.

(2.24)
The equivalent inertia constant,
of the coherent
group is the sum of the inertia constants of the
individual machines, and is given by,
(2.25)
of the
The equivalent damping coefficient,
coherent group is the sum of the damping coefficients
of the individual machines, and is given by,
(2.26)
is the sum of
The equivalent mechanical power,
mechanical powers required to accelerate the
individual machines, and is given by,
(2.27)
Figure 2.2 shows the algorithm for coherency
identification and construction of dynamic
equivalents.

Construction of Dynamic Equivalents

The concept of dynamic equivalent construction
technique deployed in this text is based on the power
invariance at the terminal buses and at the internal
buses of the coherent machines (Kimbark, 1948),
(Sankaranarayanan et al., 1983), (Hussian and Rau,
1993). When the coherent generators are not on the
same bus-bar (not parallel), fictitious points are
inserted between the reactance and the source of
internal voltage of each generator, and the machines
are tied together at that point. The parallel voltage
sources are then replaced by a single source (dynamic
equivalent) which is adjusted to deliver the same
active and reactive power to the network as the
sources it replaced.

Start

Input data for machines with more

than 30% Power variation.

Perform electrical proximity test to

choose coherent machines
candidates: j 1.0

Mathematical Formulation
The apparent power received by the ith terminal bus
from the corresponding coherent machine and the
internal voltages of ith machine are given as:
(2.18)

Perform the - index check for the

coherent group candidates. j < 0.2

(2.19)
Where,

Evaluate the fault on - index

check for coherent groups.

= terminal voltage of ith machine

= current flowing to the terminal bus of ith
machine.
The sum of the powers received by p buses of the
coherent group is given by,
(2.20)

Choose another pair of

machines for coherency
check
No

The equivalent terminal bus of the coherent group

must be such that it can receive the total power ST
and current IT from the equivalent machine replacing
the coherent group of machines, therefore;

Re-evaluate
Post fault -index check
for coherent groups.
Is j < 0.5 ?

Yes

(2.21)

Construct dynamic equivalents

of the coherent machine groups.

Where,
= the vector sum of the currents (2.22)
= the number of the machine in the coherent group.
The equivalent machine internal voltage, Ee is given
by,

Stop

(2.23)
The equivalent machine transient reactance
given by,

Figure
2.2
Algorithm
coherent
generators
identification and construction of dynamic equivalent
(Izuegbunam, 2010).

is

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (3): 456-461 (ISSN: 2141-7016)
Figure 3.3 shows the swing curves for group I
coherent generators, while figure 3.4 shows their
equivalent swing curve after aggregation.
Figure 3.5 on the other hand shows the swing curves
for group II coherent generators, while figure 3.6
shows their equivalent swing curve after aggregation.
Also figure 3.7 shows the swing curves for group III
coherent generators, while figure 3.8 shows their
equivalent swing curve after aggregation.

RESULTS AD DISCUSSIO

Figure 3.1 shows a 16 machines Nigeria 330KV
Power Network.

1
3

1
2
2

2
6

2
5

2
1

2
8 9

9
1

5
50

2
4
4

3
3

1
1

1
1

Figure 3.9 shows the swing curves of the new

network after integrating the aggregated generators to
the rest of the power system, resulting to network
reduction from 16 machines system to 13 machines.
Hence, through coherent generators aggregation, the
complexity of the original network is simplified, and
the computational time for the system simulation
reduced.

3
3
4

4
4
3

1
4 3 3
3

Figure 3.1:
Expanded Nigeria 330KV Power
Network (16 machines 49 bus System)
(Izuegbunam, 2010).
The systems response for a three - phase fault
impressed on bus 3, line 3-44 evaluated through
direct method as shown in figure 3.2 indicated loss of
Shiroro, Geregu and Kainji generators even at
clearing time of 0.16s. Beyond the critical clearing
time of 0.21s and stability margin of 0.238, Omoku
generator becomes unstable.

Figure 3.2 Swing curves for fault at bus 3, line 3 44

(clearing time: 0.16s)

Results of Generators-Coherency Check And

Aggregation For A Three-Phase Fault At Bus 3
Line 3-44.
The fault on power variations was carried out using
the reduced bus admittance matrix, , and the
generators with real power variations of less than
30% were classified as external area generators,
while those with higher power variations became
study area generators. Electrical proximity index
check was thereafter conducted on external area
machines to determine the degree of coupling among
the generators which is a function of mutual
admittances. The machines that satisfied the index
condition qualify for coherent groups check. The and - indices checks were subsequently performed
on the machines with the following generators found
to reasonably form coherent groups:
Group I:
Delta (2) and Eyaen (16)
Group II:
Afam (7) and Okpai (8)
Group III:
Papalanto (10) and Omotosho (11)

Figure 3.3 Swing curves for machines 2 and 6 for

fault at bus 3, line 3 44

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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (3): 456-461 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

Figure 3.4 Equivalent swing curve for machines 2 and 6

Figure 3.8 Equivalent swing curve for machines 10

and 11

Figure 3.5 Swing curves for machines 7 and 8 for

fault at bus 3, line 3 44

Figure 3.9 Swing curves of New Network after

aggregation for fault at bus 3, line 3 44/41
COCLUSIO
This paper deployed the dynamic generators
aggregation technique to perform transient stability
analysis of 16 machines Nigeria power system. The
principle is based on rotor angle swing coherency of
the candidate generators, dependent on electrical
proximity test which defines the degree of coupling
between two or more generators. The inertia () and
damping () indices were in addition used to identify
coherent generators for possible aggregation through
construction of dynamic equivalents. The technique
proved useful since it helped in reducing the 16
machines network to 13 machines system for a threephase fault at bus 3 (line 3-44), resulting in the
reduction of network complexity, ensuring power
invariance at the aggregated generators terminals
before and after aggregation.

Figure 3.6 Equivalent swing curve for machines 7 and 8

REFERECES
Al-Fuhaid A. S. (1987), Coherency Identification for
Power System, Inter. Jour. of Elect. Powerand
Energy Sys. Vol. 9, No. 3, July, pp. 149-56.
Hussian M. Y. and Rau V. G. (1993), Coherency
Identification and Construction of Dynamic
Equivalent for large Power System, Proceedings of
2nd Inter. Confr. on Advances in Power Sys. Control,
Operation and Management, Hongkong, Dec.

Figure 3.7 Swing curves for machines 10 and 11 for

fault at bus 3, line 3 44
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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 2 (3): 456-461 (ISSN: 2141-7016)

Izuegbunam F. I. (2010), Transient Stability

Analysis of Nigeria Power System: Multimachine
Approach, Ph.D Thesis, Federal University of
Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
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