Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Power
Electronics
Resistor Capacitor
Inductor
Transistor
Diode
Human beings
work
heat energy
power consumption
power
(energy)
used
sweat
tired
heat energy
power consumption
Electronics
work
power
(energy)
used
Fan/heat sink
PowerHow to
Electronics
Battery discharged
High efficiency required
V
-
V 0
I 0
P0
How to design circuits with less power consumption and high efficiency
Power electronics circuit
Power
Electronics
Environmental issues
Power
Electronics
Pin
Pout
Pout
Pout
Power
Electronic
circuit
Ploss
0.5
1
Ploss / Pout
6
DC
Power electronic
circuits
dc-dc
converter
Output
load
DC
dc-ac
inverter
ac-dc
rectifier
AC
Power
Electronics
ac-ac
converter
AC
Power
Electronics
ac-dc
rectifier
uncontrollable
dc
dc-dc
converter
controllable
dc
Io = 10 A
Vdc
= 100 V
Rload
Vo = 50 V
50V, 10A,
500W
How realized ?
+ 50 V Rconv = 5 W
Vdc
= 100 V
Power
Electronics
Io = 10 A
Vo = 50 V
Rload = 5 W
10
1
Io : 10 A
+ 50 V -
3
Vdc
= 100 V
Rconv : 5 W
1W
50 A
Vo = 50 V
Rload : 5 W
1W
The resistance of the converter should change accordingly, with load condition changed.
Power
Electronics
10
11
iD
vDS
RDS4
RDS3
RDS2
RDS1
iD
RDS
+
vDS
Power
Electronics
vDS [V]
Controlling gate voltage of a transistor can change resistor RDS
11
12
ac-dc
rectifier
uncontrollable
dc
controllable
dc
dc-dc
converter
Io = 10 A
+ 50 V -
Vdc
= 100 V
Pin = 1000 W
High power loss
in linear circuit
Rload
controller
Vo = 50 V
Vo.ref
Linear regulator
Pout = 500 W
Ploss = 500 W
Power
Electronics
12
13
iD
iD
vDS
vDS
iD [mA]
iD [mA]
triode
region
idealized
Switch closed:
vDS = 0
Switch open:
iD = 0
Cut-off
region
vDS [V]
In both cases:
P = VDS iD = 0
vDS [V]
Ideal switch consumes zero power
Power
Electronics
13
14
AC-DC Converter
raw ac
input
ac-dc
rectifier
dc-dc
converter
uncontrollable
dc
controllable
dc
Switching regulator
S1
Io = 10 A
Vdc
100 V
S2
Vs
Vs
Vdc
Power
Electronics
Rload
Vo = 50 V
Vdc
Ts
S1 ON
S2 ON
S1 ON
D = duty cycle
on-time of S1
=
Ts
14
15
AC-DC Converter
Vs
increased dc
voltage level
longer duration
Vdc
Vdc
Vs,avg = DVdc
Ts
S1 ON
S2 ON
S1 ON
Vs ,avg
Ts
Ts
Vs dt DVdc
15
16
AC-DC Converter
Addition of LC low-pass filter to remove high freq. components of Vs
+
Vdc
100 V
LC low-pass
filter
S1
S2
Io = 10 A
Vs
Rload
Vs
Vdc
Vo = 50 V
Vdc
Vo = Vs,avg + vripple
DC
S1 ON
Power
Electronics
S2 ON
negligible
S1 ON
16
17
AC-DC Converter
Ideally no converter losses with switching approach
S1
Io = 10 A
Vdc
100 V
S2
Vs
Rload
Vo = 50 V
Pout = 500 W
Pin = 500 W
Ideally speaking,
Ideally Ploss = 0
Switch no losses
L, C no losses
Power
Electronics
17
18
Linear regulator
Power
Electronics
18
19
19
20
AC-AC Converter
raw ac
input
ac-dc
rectifier
Vdc
L
S1
S3
Vdc
Vs
100 V
mode 1 2 1 2
controllable
ac
dc-ac
inverter
uncontrollable
dc
Vs
S2
Vs,avg = Vo
+
C
Rload
Vo
S4
Mode 1: S1 & S4 ON
Vs = Vdc
Mode 2: S2 & S3 ON
Vs = -Vdc
-Vdc
Power
Electronics
20
21
Power/Energy processing
Power
Electronic
Circuits
Power
output port
regulated output
(DC or AC)
Controller
Raw power
High efficiency
Uncontrolled magnitude
Very
Uncontrolled frequency
important
reference
Conditioned power
Controllable magnitude
Changeable frequency & phase
Power
Electronics
21
22
Power
Electronics
22
23
Applications - Desktop/Labtop PC
Power
Electronics
23
24
Applications Display
Power
Electronics
24
25
Applications
Elevator
Power
Electronics
HVDC Transmission
25
26
Applications - Trains
Subway
Power
Electronics
26
27
Applications EV/HEV
Power
Electronics
27
28
Power
Electronics
28
29
Power
Electronics
29
30
Electronic Switches
Ideal switch model
switches ON short circuit
instantaneous transition
switches OFF open circuit
Power
Electronics
30
31
Electronic Switches
Current-flow direction & Voltage blocking direction
Ideal switch : bi-directional current flow & bi-directional voltage blocking
Unidirectional voltage blocking devices
Power
Electronics
31
32
Diode
Idealized
switching
forward voltage
drop VF = 0
on-resistance Rd
=0
i-v curve
Schottky diode
Metal-silicon than PN junction
Small VF and little reverse
recovery, but small reverse
blocking voltage
32
33
33
34
MOSFET
body diode: useful
for rectifier &
inverter
applications
switching
34
35
BJT
switching
35
36
No power loss
(Bad)
(Good)
MOSFET
Small on-state
voltage drop
(Good)
BJT
IGBT
voltage controlled switch
36
37
Switch selection
Power
Electronics
37