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Fundamentals of Heat Pipes I I
Fundamentals of Heat Pipes I I
Pipes
With Applications to Electronics
Cooling
-- Widah Saied
Introduction
Things to be discussed:
Basic components
Advantages
Ideal thermodynamic cycle
Applications
Types
Heat transfer limitations
Resistance network
Wick design
Choosing the working fluid
Container design
Heat pipes in electronics cooling
Current research in electronics cooling
Basic Components
Adiabatic section
evaporator
condense
r
wick
http://www.lightstreamphotonics.com/images/tech_orangecontainer_small.png
(Peterson,1994)
Power
Efficient
(Faghiri, 1995)
Geometry
(Peterson,1994)
Thermodynamic Cycle
(Faghiri, 1995)
(Faghiri, 1995)
(Faghiri, 1995)
(Faghiri,1995)
Micro heat pipes- small heat pipes that are noncircular and use angled
corners as liquid arteries. Characterized by the equation: rc /r 1 where rc
is the capillary radius, and r is
the hydraulic radius of the flow
channel. Employed in cooling
semiconductors (improve
thermal control), laser diodes,
photovoltaic cells, medical
devices.
h
(Peterson,1994)
Capillary pumped loop heat pipe- for systems where the heat fluxes are
very high or where the heat from the heat source needs to be moved far
away. In the loop heat pipe, the vapor travels around in a loop where it
condenses and returns to the evaporator. Used in electronics cooling.
(Faghiri, 1995)
Sonic limit- occurs when the vapor velocity reaches sonic speed
at the evaporator and any increase in pressure difference will not
speed up the flow; like choked flow in converging-diverging
nozzle. Usually occurs during startup of heat pipe.
Each limit has its own particular range in which it is important. However,
in practical operation, the capillary and boiling limits are the most
important. The figure below is an example of these ranges.
(Peterson,1994)
Actual performance curves, capillary limit and boiling limit, are the limiting
factors.
http://www.electronics-cooling.com/Resources/EC_Articles/SEP96/sep96_02.htm
Capillary Limit
(Peterson, 1994)
Capillary Limit
Equation
(Peterson, 1994)
Boiling Limit
The Boiling limit is due to excessive radial heat flux; all the other
limits are due to axial heat flux.
The maximum heat flux beyond which bubble growth will occur
resulting in dryout is given by:
(Peterson, 1994)
Boiling Limit
Resistance Network
(Peterson, 1994)
In certain applications the temperature difference between the evaporator and the
condenser needs to be known, such as in electronics cooling. This may be done
using a thermal circuit.
Resistance
Order of Magnitude
104
10-1
10-1
Other resistances exist but most are small relative to the above
resistances.
The external resistances the resistances transferring the heat to and
from the heat pipe are also important in some cases.
(Peterson, 1994)
ln(d o / d i )
2L_ K eff
(Peterson, 1994)
Capillary Pressure
The
Contact
Capillary Pressure
Wetting
angle
Water
Wetting
liquid
Mercury
Non wetting liquid
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Capillary Pressure
Capillary Pressure
1
1
R R
Where
Capillary Pressure
(R I , R II ) min
Pcap
r
cos
2 cos
Pcap ,max
(Peterson,1994)
Capillary Pressure
Wick Design
(Faghiri, 1995).
Wick Design
Wick Design
http://www.electronics-cooling.com/Resources/EC_Articles/SEP96/sep96_02.htm
(Peterson,1994).
http://www.cheresources.com/htpipes.shtml
Choice
(Peterson, 1994).
Container Design
Things
(peterson,1994)
Container Design
Stresses:
Since
Typically
(peterson, 1994)
Container Design
Typical
materials:
Aluminum
Stainless
steel
Copper
Composite
materials
High temperature heat pipes may use
refractory materials or linings to prevent
corrosion.
(Peterson, 1994)
When designing a heat pipe, the working fluid, wick, and container must
function properly when operating together. For example, the working fluid
may not be wettable with the wick; or the fluid and container may
undergo a chemical reaction with each other.
(Peterson, 1994)
Working fluid/
material
compatibility.
(Faghiri, 1995)
Methods
(Peterson, 1994)
(Peterson, 1994).
cooling:
Micro heat pipes
Capillary looped heat pipes
Flat plate heat pipes
Variable conductance heat pipes
(Peterson, 1994)
(Peterson, 1994)
(Peterson, 1994)
(Peterson, 1994)
(Peterson, 1994)
(Peterson, 1994)
(Peterson, 1994)
Excess
First
Wang
Mesh number is defined as the number of openings per linear inch. (About,2006)
mesh number
Increasing wire diameter
ja
T j Ta
Qc
1
Rtotal
discoveries:
Within
The maximum heat transfer limit provided by the heat pipe, for the most part,
is not reached due to deficiencies in the heat sinks ability to transfer
heat through convection.
References