Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quick Agenda
5/26/2011
INTRODUCTION
Modal Extraction / Eigen Solution
This is important:
Think of a mode of vibration (the &
mode shape pair) as a single degree
of freedom system
let
C =0
F (t )
be harmonic
so
x = A sin t
&x& = 2 A sin t = 2 x
2 Mx + Kx = F ( t )
let
F (t ) = 0
(K M 2 )x = 0
so
x =0
or
K M 2 = 0
K M
5/26/2011
Mode 1
Mode 2
An n DOF System
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Mode n
The pipe also has modes of vibration associated with shell distortion:
5/26/2011
5/26/2011
5/26/2011
Add a new
line below
current
Delete
selected
line(s)
Save,
Error Check
Check,
Run
Comment
(do not process)
Modifying Mass
5/26/2011
Modifying Mass
X, Y, Z or ALL
The affected
Or a range
or
Node number
of Nodes
RX, RY, RZ or RALL
The
A signed
zero
magnitude
is
eliminates
li i t the
th
summed
with
mass. the
calculated mass.
Calculated Mass:
Node
Node
Node
Adding Snubbers
Hydraulic
5/26/2011
Control Parameters
Def=Default;
this is a button
Entry cell
(use F1 for help)
Nonlinear Considerations
Our equation of motion insists on a linear system that is, the stiffness, K, is
constant. ( K M 2 ) x = 0
In many cases, the operating state of nonlinear boundary conditions can serve
as the linear state for the dynamic evaluation.
5/26/2011
: Cold Position
A +Y
(resting)
restraint
Liftoff
Dynamic Model
(no restraint)
5/26/2011
No liftoff
Dynamic Model
(double-acting Y)
Y
X
Friction defined;
Normal Load = N
Dynamic Model
X
Z
10
5/26/2011
Larger
g normal loads ((N)) will p
produce g
greater restraint
This is NOT a 0 or 1! I use 1000 but values as low as 200 produce similar
results for the models I run.
This value will knock out frequencies associated with frictionless surfaces.
ASCE 7-10 para. 15.5.2.1: "Friction resulting from gravity loads shall not be
considered to provide resistance to seismic forces
(But were
we re not running a seismic analysis here
here.))
11
5/26/2011
CAESAR II extracts modes starting with the lowest mode (lowest frequency).
Piping modes of higher frequency (100+ Hz) may play a role in fast-acting
events such as fluid hammer.
12
5/26/2011
For many years CAESAR II (like most analysis tools) ignored rotational inertia
and off-diagonal mass terms.
Todays bigger and faster PCs can handle the fully-developed, complete mass
matrix.
BUT more mass points may still be required to establish a proper mode
shape in the frequency/mode shape pair.
13
5/26/2011
14
5/26/2011
View the eigensolver as a search routine that finds system natural frequencies
from lowest to highest.
g
15
5/26/2011
RESULTS REVIEW
What Does It All Mean?
No Load
16
5/26/2011
cycles perradians
secondper second
seconds per cycle
Same shape;
different magnitude
17
5/26/2011
: Lumped Mass
Consistent Mass :
Input
Operating Position (Liftoff 30, Resting 40)
18
5/26/2011
Results Animation
MODEL ADJUSTMENTS
Is the Static Model Sufficient?
19
5/26/2011
More mass points may be required to approximate the continuous mass beam
Reality:
continuous mass throughout
CAESAR II:
half of total mass at end
10
20
Adding
g more nodes improves
p
the calculation
2node
lumped
Mode
1
2
3
4
5
0.328
2node
consistent
0.473
1.51
4.658
57.339
OD=4.5 in
t=0.237 in
length=50 ft
density=0.283 lb/cu.in
E=29.5E6 psi
10node
10node
lumped consistent
0.469
2.902
8.039
15.572
25.415
0.479
2.971
8.235
16.005
26.377
100node
lumped
0.471
2.948
8.248
16.143
26.646
hand
calculation
(continuous)
0.471
2.95
8.26
20
5/26/2011
L = 4 9.2( D 3 t W )
21
5/26/2011
The lowest natural frequency can be used to assess the risk of failure
associated with dynamic response
CLOSE
22
5/26/2011
Closing Points
Many systems are built for static loads (deadweight and thermal strain) by
providing Y supports alone, leaving great flexibility in the horizontal plane
modal analysis will uncover such oversights.
Modal evaluation is a quick and easy tool to learn more about your piping
system response.
PDH Certificate
23
5/26/2011
www.hexagonconference.com/ppm
www.cau2011.com
24