Chapter 2

Measurements & Calculations

Measurement
Quantitative observation with 2 parts
Number
Unit
Based on an accepted scale
e.g. Meter stick
20 hamburgers
1,000,000 unicorns
1.57 cm

2.1 Scientific Notation

A technique used to express very large or
very small numbers

2.1 Scientific Notation

The Sun has a mass of 1.988 1030 kg AKA

1,988,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Steps in Scientific
Notation
1. First figure out digits (1-10)
2. Then figure out power of 10
3. Small numbers, move right,
negative power of 10
4. Big numbers, move left,
positive power of 10

Examples
238,000

1,500,000

0.00043

0.089

Socrative Concept Check

Metric System Intro

Measurement Units

Measurement Units
All units in the metric system are related to the
fundamental unit by a power of ______
Power of 10 is indicated by a _______
Prefixes are always the same, regardless of the
fundamental unit
What examples of the metric system in your
daily lives can you think of?

English vs. Metric

Inches

Centimeters

Feet

Meters

Pounds

Kilograms

Ounces

Gram

Gallons

Liters

Miles

Kilometers

English vs. Metric

English vs. Metric

Free Recall

Systme
International
Some Fundamental SI Units
Units

Metric System Units

Length
The fundamental SI unit of length is the meter
A bit longer than a yard
1 inch = 2.54 cm

VVolumeol
The amount of 3-D space
occupied by a substance
SI unit = cubic meter (m3)
We sometimes measure solid
volume in cubic centimeters
(cm3)
1 mL = 1 cm3

Mass
A measure of the amount of
matter present in an object
SI unit = kilogram (kg)
We measure mass in grams
1 kg = 2.2046 pounds
1 lb = 453.59 g

Some examples
A dime is 1 millimeter thick
An average man is 1.8 meters
A nickel has a mass of 5 grams
A half gallon of milk is about 2 L

Uncertainty in Measurement

Uncertainty in Measurement
We will record all of the certain
digits and the first uncertain digit

Uncertainty in Measurement

2.6 Problem Solving and

Dimensional Analysis
Many problems involve using equivalence
statements to convert one unit of measurement
to another. Write out the steps

2 dozen donuts = ? individual donuts

Dimensional Analysis
1) Find Equivalence Statements/Conversion Factors

Our equivalence statement is 1 dozen = 12 donuts

2) Use the right Conversion Factor
3) Set Equation Up
4) Do units cancel? Does the answer makes sense?

Dimensional Analysis
Conversion factor = relationship between two units
They are generated from equivalence statements
So if 1 in = 2.54 cm

Always arrange your conversion factors so that your

starting unit cancels out!

Dimensional Analysis
How many minutes are in 2.45 hours?

Dimensional Analysis
You are going to drive cross country from
Watertown, CT to Boulder, CO and you need to find
the amount of gas you would use

Dimensional Analysis
In the olympics a swimming event has a distance of
100 meters. How long is this race in feet?

Dimensional Analysis
A bottle of soda is 2.0 L What is its volume in quarts?

2.7 Temperature
Our Goals:
To learn the 3 scales

1. Fahrenheit

To learn conversions

2. Celsius

To use problem solving

3. Kelvin

Temperature Scales

2.7 Temperature conversions

Celsius

Kelvin

TK = TC + 273
TC = TK - 273

Convert - 35 C to Kelvin

2.7 Temperature conversions

Fahrenheit

Celsius

TF = 1.80(TC) + 32
TC = T - 32
1.80

Convert 55 F to C

2.7 Temperature conversions

1. Ray Bradbury wrote Fahrenheit 454, what is this in C?
2. You are traveling in France and get sick, your
temperature is 39 C, what is that K?
3. Hot tubs are usually ~ 41 C, what is that in K?
4. You want to bake cookies at 350 F, but your oven is
C!
5. If your outdoor thermometer reads 3 C can you wear
shorts and tank top?

2.8 Density

Density Fun
Sucrose Tower & Paper Clip Challenge

2.8 Density
A property of matter - mass per unit volume

Common units are g/mL or g/cm

2.8 Density

Using Density in Calculations

e

Density of A Liquid
Volume: pour liquid into a graduated cylinder
Mass (S or L): use a scale and beaker
1. place beaker on scale
2. tare scale with beaker
3. add liquid to beaker
4. record the #

Density of Solids
Volume: take measurements using a ruler or system

Examples of Density

Density of cork = 0.24g/cm3

Density of ice = 0.92 g/cm3
Density of water = 1 g/cm3
Density of bricks = 1.84 g/cm3
Density of gold = 19.32 g/cm3

The density of a material remains the same no

matter how much of that material is present!

Why is Chemistry
Important?
Learn to gather and organize information
Learn to find patterns and analyze systems
Develop questioning skills and lab experience
Learn about the matter around you and its properties
Develop problem-solving skills
Appreciate the wonder of science!

Density Lab Report

1. Who is your hero?

2. What is your biggest fear?
3. What motivates you to work hard?

Name
Game

4. What is your favorite book to read?

5. What makes you laugh the most?
6. What was the last movie you went to?
7. If you could live anywhere, where would it be?
8. If you could live in a cartoon world, which?
9. What is your favorite game or sport to watch and play?
10. Would you rather ride a bike, ride a horse, or drive a car?