&

&


.
()

.
*Carnegie Foundation

33

&

&

0%

41

56
10%

20%

30%

20
40%

50%

60%

19

10
70%

80%

14
90%

100%

33 %

25 %

43 %

89

11

67

0%

33

71

10%

20%

30%

40%

29

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%






, 9 %

50%

23any
% diet plan
Did not follow

10 %

8 %

Atkins South Beach 21 %

79 %

 .


3%

6%

Did not follow any diet plan

54 %

37 %

52

( p <0.0001 )

33

14

10

20

30

40

50

60



100
90
80
70

% 60

61

58
48

50

52
46
41

40
30
20
10
0

 !!!

Fast Food

1/3 fast

food

5
1970
,

 !!!

 -

(8;)

.

;


25

( )
( )
( , , ).

.
55-60%


45%
RDA = 130g/day.


, ,

,
, ,

 = 140 = 8.5


, ,
, , ,
, ,


% vs.

150
145

20
140

135

%

15

130

10

125
120

115
0

110
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Source: Center for Disease Control, Economic Research Service, USDA, Vegetables
and Specialties Situation and Outlook Yearbook, July 2003

(lbs)

25

 -

100 Calories

**

**

**

 ;
55 - 60%
()


7-10 / ..

,




,

.


, ,
, ,
, ,
,

 14

10%


Erythritol, sorbitol,

mannitol, and xylitol.

0.6 0.9. 0.2 2.6 kcal/gram
4 kcal/gram


Nutra-Sweet

Equal
:

:
200: 0.4 kcal/gram

.

PKU,


(Sweet N Low)
300:
.


.


Acesulfame K

200:
:


.
,
, ,
.
.


Sucralose (Splenda)
600;
.

.


Tagatose:
1.5 kcal/g
Alitame:
Neotame:

7,000 13,000




Aspartame saccharine
Saccharine sorbitol
Acesulfame K isomalt

. 5
.



.

( ).



.



.



.

10

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

.


.

.

.

 &
Newbrun 1982, Sheiham 1983

35 Kg

15 Kg

.


,


(Type 1)


.

.

.


(Type 2)

.
.
.






.


3 %
3 /

< 1 /


,


Plasma glucose
(mmol/l)

50g ,

( )

4
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

Time (h)



(
)

/:

() = 100%
55%
56-69%
70%

Corn Flakes 81 49
98

38

75

14

79

38

HDL

-
-

Wolever TM et al, Eur J Clin Nutr 2003

Foster-Powell et al, Am J Clin Nutr 2002

 1 & 2

T1

T2

.

.


17 .

1 400-500 <20

 2



2000

CDC ~ 2003


sugar high.


.

.
, ,
.



.

1
2