1.

Thc t l khng ring bt k ai, rt nhiu th h hc sinh sinh vin ni chung u

gp khng t phin toi v cng sut P v Q ny. a phn u do ngay t thu u
khi bit n P v Q, chng ta u t mnh m th rng l "Cng sut Hu
Cng (Cng sut Tc Dng) v Cng sut V Cng (Cng sut Phn
Khng)". i vi ting Vit, khi nhc ti "V Cng" l chng ta hnh dung ngay
ti "Chng ch li g c". iu ny gy ra mt tm l chung rng cng sut ny
khng quan trng. Vy cc bn d hiu hn, mnh xin xut cch gi mi
l Cng sut chuyn ha T Trng Q, l do nh sau:
- i vi cc thit b, ng c c xp vo loi ti "cm" nh cch gi by lu
nay, bt u hot ng th cc ti loi ny cn mt thi gian nht nh tch
tr nng lng di dng t trng. T "cm" y c th c hiu chnh
l "Cm ng". Thng thng mi ngi u bit rng khi ng c mi khi
ng, dng khi ng thng tng vt ln trc khi tr v nh mc. iu ny
xy ra bi giai on khi ng, cc cun dy qun trong ng c cn c"thm
m" bi in nng trc khi c nng lng to ra mt t trng quay. V
mt iu n gin tr nn d hiu, Q l nng lng cn tch tr vo trong
cc dy qun sinh ra t trng. Khi nng lng trong dy qun chuyn ha
thnh t trng, iu c ngha l hon tt mt s chuyn ha v tt yu nng
lng s bin mt, chng ta coi l mt dng tn hao. duy tr, cc dy qun
s tip tc hp thu nng lng t ngun cp ti chuyn ha thnh t trng
quay, v dng in l lin tc nn ch duy nht ln khi ng u tin l xy ra
hin tng dng tng vt cn li sau tuy dy qun vn hp thu v chuyn ha
nng lng, nhng hin tng tng dng in s khng cn. V sao chng ta ni
rng dy qun cn tip tc chuyn ha nng lng in trng thnh t trng, v
n gin rng nu t trng sau khi chuyn ha vn tn ti th chng ta c th
rt
phch
cm
in
ra
m
qut
vn
c
quay.
- Trong gin vect, vect ca cng sut Q vung gc vi vect cng sut P v
sm pha mt gc pi/2. T l gii pha trn, chc hn cc bn cng c th hiu
c rng cng sut Q cn c trc, phi i trc to ra t trng quay, ri sau
mi n lt cng sut P pht huy tc dng khi gn vi mt ti c th. T gc
pha pi/2, chng ta cng phn no c th on ra rng xt trong mt chu k 2pi ca
dng AC, thi gian cn thit hp thu, chuyn ha v hnh thnh t trng yu
cu i vi ti AC l pi/2 phn dng th dng xoay chiu. Thi gian pi/2 l
giai on dng in hnh sin i t 0 ln ti gi tr bin , do nu t trng
c hnh thnh trong giai on ny s t l thun vi dng in ng ngha vi
vic t trng tng dn t gi tr nhm chuyn ha in nng thnh c
nng. Tuy nhin, chu k 2pi y phi c hiu l chu k dao ng tng ng
ca ti ph hp vi ngun cp. Nu mt ti c cng sut ln c ni vi ngun
cp c cng sut khng p ng th chc chn vt qu thi gian pi/2 ti ny vn
cha th khi ng thnh cng, nng lng cn tch tr cho cc cun dy qu ln
dn n thi gian cn thit cho vic chuyn ha nng lng thnh t trng quay

vt qu chu k dao ng ca ngun. Thng thng, mt khi in nng c

chuyn ha thnh c nng lc ngun cp ch cn gi vai tr duy tr cho s
hot ng. Nhng khi in nng vn cha th chuyn ha thnh c nng, ti s
tip tc ht in t ngun cp c gng to ra t trng quay ln. V cng
sut cn thit ln hn kh nng p ng, sau chu k pi/2 m ti vn cha th khi
ng th sau khi dng AC phn m ca th, t trng c to ra s li
b trit tiu. T trng c to ra v bin mt lin tc trong khi ti vn cha th
khi ng, nhng vic lin tc nhn dng in s khin cho ti gp hiu ng sinh
nhit I2t, thi gian ko di cng lu th lng nhit tch ly cng ln v tng nhanh
dn n vic c th b nng ln ri chy v h hng.
2. Mt trong nhng tr ngi ln nht trn con ng hc tp, l s chp nhn
i vi nhng g tr thnh hin nhin v p dng m khng h t cu hi. T khi
chng ta cn ngi trn gh nh trng, chng ta c hc nhng cng thc tnh h
s cng sut, tnh Cng sut phn khng, cng thc Ci to h s cng sut
cosphi v.v. Chng ta u p dng mt cch thnh thc vi mi bi ton. V mt
cch v hnh, chng ta t mnh rng buc vo trong t duy v vicCng sut
phn khng l Cng sut v cng v cn phi ci to n. Khng ch mt
quc gia, suy ngh ny l suy ngh chung trong lnh vc in ti hu ht cc nc
v suy ngh ny s khin cc nh sn xut thit b b thy rt vui, v tt c mi
ngi hy c tin l nh th v p dng cng thc, tnh ton ri mua sn phm t
b, cun khng v.v. Nh vy ngha l th gii vn hnh mt cch bnh yn. Tuy
nhin, hy ch v t ra cc cu hi t tm ti cc u mi v cc cu tr
li, cc bn s pht hin thy nhng kin thc khng nm ngoi nhng g c bn
nht.
Cng sut phn khng c tht hay khng? Khi m t nh my in cng sut
pht ln li hu nh ch l cng sut P do h s cng sut c ci to v mc
gn nh hon ho bng 1. Ch ti khi ph ti tiu hao nhiu nng lng in
hnh thnh t trng gy st p, tng dng in th cc trm b mi hnh thnh
cung cp Nng lng T Trng cho nhng ti no cn ti. V thm ch cc trm
b cng khng th p ng trc nhu cu bin i ca ph ti nht l khi chi ph
thay mi, lp t trm b l iu m cc cng ty in lc cn phi tnh ton li
khng th thay i ngy mt ngy hai. Vy l yu cu v vic b Cng sut
phn khng ti ph ti c t ra nhm Ci to cht lng cung cp in.
Vy Cng sut phn khng thc cht l g? Trn thc t ng dy truyn
ti khng h phn phi cng sut ny t nh my in v trc khi pht ln li h
s cng sut lun c iu chnh v mc gn nh bng 1, mc c li nht trong
vic truyn cng sut i xa. Nu xt trong trng hp my pht c s dng
ci to cht lng in p, dng kch t tng in p u ra nhm khc phc st
p trn li in, nh vy c phi ng dy lc ny c truyn ti Cng sut
phn khng hay khng?

Xt v cu to ca my pht in, khi tc quay ca Roto t gii hn trong tnh

ton thit k ca nh sn xut th ch cn mt cch tng dng in v in p ng ra
ca my pht, l tng kch t tng ln ca t trng. T trng trong my pht
t l thun vi dng in c sinh ra. V t trng tng ng ngha vi sc in ng
tng theo v lc in ng tc dng ln cc electron in tch cng tng, chuyn ng ca
cc ht mang in din ra nhanh hn v xt trong mt chu k vi tc my pht khng
i, c nhiu dng in hn c to ra. Trc y bn thn mnh tng gt g v hi
lng vi cch gii thch nh sau
:
- H s cng sut ca my pht in i din cho lng cng sut Q m my pht c th
to ra. Trong trng hp h s cng sut ca nh my trc khi pht ln li cha t
yu cu t 0,95 n 1, ngi ta s vn hnh my pht to ra mt lng Q b nhm n
nh h s cng sut vi s tr gip ca b AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) v b
kch t my pht. V d nh cng sut danh nh ca mt my pht chy bng turbine hi
nc l 22,4MVA(20160kW), h s cng sut l pf (power factor) = 0,9 (nhng thng s
ny c cung cp t nh sn xut). Mt cch d dng, c th tnh c cng sut Q m
my pht ny c th to ra (tng ng vi kch t cc i) l 9764kVAr. V kh
nng B cng sut phn khng ca my pht c gii thch l do my pht c th
to ra cng sut Q. Tuy nhin, khng th vn hnh my pht mc cng sut Q cao, v
cn dng kch t ln v gy nng my pht. V vy bn trong nh my in thng thng
s tin hnh b trn thanh ci tng trc nng h s cng sut ln khong 0,92-0,95.
Phn cn li s cho my pht b tip v nh vy l h s cng sut t yu cu, sau l
ha ng b v pht ln li.
.
- Trong v d pha trn c mt vn m c th nhiu ngi s gp phi, l trnh t t
duy khi tip nhn thng tin v my pht in. Khi chng ta nhn vo thng s my pht
22,4MVA(20160kW) pf = 0.9, chng ta thng i theo chiu xui d kin l t

22,4MVA n 20160kW ri mi n pf = 0.9, iu ny khin chng ta mt ln na gp

kh khn i vi vn tip nhn Cng sut biu kin, Cng sut tc dng v H s cng
sut ca my pht in. Mnh xin a ra mt trnh t mi nh sau: ti nh my ch to
my pht in, nh sn xut tin hnh tnh ton da trn nhng iu kin chun v nhit
, p sut v lng nhin liu ti u np vo Turbine lm quay trc ng c. Kt hp
vi s la chn kt cu my pht in, bn ca vt liu, chu nhit, kh nng gin
n v.v. Sau cng, la chn ti u v cng sut trn trc quay ca Turbine l cng sut p
ng c yu cu vn hnh n nh, lin tc trong mt thi gian di m khng gp phi
bt k s c hay vn no. Do , cng sut P = 20160kW trong v d trn mi l cng
sut c trc. Cng sut ny c th coi l cng sut ti a m nh ch to thit k, l cng
sut sau khi loi tr i cc thnh phn tn hao trn trc quay ca my pht. Khi
Turbine my pht hot ng cng sut ny, thit b s m bo an ton v hot ng
lin tc. Phn kt cu (khung, v, chi tit my) ca Turbine-Generator cng hon ton
p ng tt cho hot ng ti mc cng sut ny. Tuy nhin, cng sut ny ch l cng
sut c tnh ton v ch to cho nhng thng s chun v n nh. Khi vn hnh ngoi
thc t s c sai lch v khc bit bi nhit , p sut, nhin liu v thm vo l cc
loi tn hao mi. c bit quan trng hn l s bin ng t ph ti vi cc ti cn
nhiu Nng lng T Trng, dng in s b tiu hao trong pi/2 chu k gy hin tng
tr pha. Gii php c tnh n l tng gi tr ng ra my pht da vo t trng
trong my pht. Lc ny, h s cng sut pf = 0.9 i din cho kh nng ti a ca gi tr
tng thm m my pht c th to ra da vo vic tng ln ca t trng bn trong
bng cch tng kch t. Gi tr ny vn thng c gi l Cng sut phn khng, d
dng c tnh ton v c ln l Q = 9764kVAr. V cng sut 22,4MVA, l thng s
sau cng c c t nhng gi tr nu trn. Nu c bn no thc mc ti sao h s cng
sut l 0.9 m khng phi 1 th hy lu rng h s cng sut ny khng phi lch
pha gia in p vi dng in m l thng s i din cho kh nng sinh cng sut tng
thm Q ca my pht. Trc tin, chng ta hy tm thi qun cc kin thc c lin quan
v coi y l mt bi ton ngc. Khi cng sut trn trc my pht t gii hn theo
thit k (20160kW), tng thm gi tr ti ng ra ca my pht cn tng dng kch t.
Dng kch t cng tng th t trng hnh thnh trong my pht cng ln, dng in v
in p c to ra trn Stator cng ln. Tuy nhin dng kch t s khin my pht nng
ln, nu duy tr lu s gim tui th lm vic. Vi dng kch t ln v lin tc thm ch
cn c th l nguyn nhn gy h hng my pht sau mt thi gian hot ng. Nh sn
xut gii hn kh nng sinh cng sut tng thm Q ny bng thng s h s cng
sut ca my pht in. Thng qua vic tnh ton trc v ln ca cng sut Q m
my pht c th p ng tt nht, t chuyn ngc tr v h s cng sut cos(phi) vi
gc phi c tnh t cng thc tang(phi) = Q/P. Do , nu pf = 1 tc l tang(phi) = 0 v
Q = 0 chnh l mt my pht in ch hot ng da vo cng sut t trc quay ca
Turbine m khng h c b kch t sinh cng sut Q. Khi nh sn xut chn ra mt gi
tr pf cho sn phm ca h, iu c ngha l gi tr c tnh ton trong s ph
hp vn hnh lu di v n nh vi chi ph ch to cho php.
- Tr li v d ban u, mi chuyn s khng c vn g nu mnh khng thc mc v

vic ti sao li cho rng cng mt lc ng dy truyn ti c cng sut P v cng sut
Q? T my pht in, c cng sut P v Q u c to ra nhng thnh phn chnh yu
nht ti ng ra ca my pht n thun ch l in p v dng in. Nu khng nh s
tn ti ca cng sut Q, iu c ngha l cng mt lc trong dy dn tuy ch c mt
loi dng in nhng li c n 2 thnh phn cng sut? C th hnh dung rng dy dn
nh mt ng nc, trong ng nc c dng in l cht lng ang chy, v trong thnh
phn ca dng in c 2 loi cht lng c 2 mu sc khc nhau (P v Q) cng c
truyn i cng mt lc? iu ny khng ph hp, v dng in l dng chuyn di c
hng ca cc ht mang in, v dng in l dng in ch khng c dng in ca
cng sut P hay dng in ca cng sut Q. Kt hp vi lp lun v vic chuyn ha in
nng thnh nng lng t trng nh phn u ca bi vit. Mnh i n gi thuyt
rng cng sut Q thc cht ch l i lng do con ngi t ra l gii mt cch n
gin cho mt hin tng ca ngnh in. Bn cht thc ca cng sut Q l s tiu hao
in nng hnh thnh t trng, v cn c mt i lng i din cho qu trnh ny
khi tnh ton nn tn gi Q (Reactive power) - Cng sut phn khng c to ra. Tri
qua mt thi gian di p dng v a vo trong khun kh kin thc, dn dn con ngi
chp nhn v p dng u n dn n i lng ny tr thnh gi tr chp nhn ng.
Vy do u m con ngi c th xc nh c Cng sut phn khng? S dng cc
thit b o cng sut Q thm ch c th hin th c gi tr kVAr, vy cng sut ny hin
hu hay khng? Nu nhn nhn vn ny th c l nhiu ngi s nn lng v chp
nhn rng c tn ti cng sut Q. Mnh xin a ra cch l gii nh sau:
- Ly v d v mt b b Cng sut phn khng, s dng thit b APFC (Automatic
Power Factor Controller). Thit b ny cn 2 loi tn hiu, mt l tn hiu nhn trc tip t
in p v hai l tn hiu ca dng in thng qua CT(Current Transformer - Bin dng).
T APFC s c mt s ng ra vi cc tip im cp ngun cho cun dy ca cc
Contactor c nhim v ng/m mch ni vi cc t in. APFC cn c vo tn hiu
nhn c t in p v dng in so snh v i chiu, t cp hoc ngt tn hiu
in cho cun dy ca cc Contactor ng hoc m cc mch ni vi t b nhm tng
hoc gim lng cng sut b tng ng. Vy do u m thit b APFC c th xc nh
c h s cng sut trong mch? Cu tr li chnh l da vo tn hiu dao ng ca in
p
v
dng
in.

+ Xt mt th dao ng ca in p v dng in xoay chiu trong trng hp ca mt

ti khng chuyn ha in nng thnh nng lng t trng. C th thy rng dao ng
ca in p v Dng in l cng pha vi nhau. Bn trong thit b APFC s c mt linh
kin dng xc nhn thi im v trc honh (gi tr 0) ca dao ng in p v dao
ng Dng in. Khi thi im m 2 dao ng ny v trc honh l trng nhau (hoc sai
lch gn nh bng 0), iu c ngha l trong mch in c h s cng sut pf = 1.

+ By gi n th ca mt thit b c xy ra hin tng chuyn ha in nng thnh

nng lng t trng, do dng in b hp thu v tiu hao vo qu trnh to nng lng
t trng dn n dng in b mt i trong mt khong thi gian xc lp. Linh kin
bn trong APFC s ghi nhn c khong thi gian chnh lch gia thi im v n trc
honh (gi tr 0) ca dao ng in p v Dng in ti (a) v (b). Gi tr sai lch ny
chnh l gc lch pha gia in p v Dng in ca mch. Nu c yu cu cn phi hin
th Cng sut phn khng, n gin l mt t hp tnh ton bn trong thit b s s
dng gc lch pha ny tin hnh php ton vi gi tr in p v dng in ri t
xut
kt
qu
ra
ngoi
mn
hnh
hin
th.
Tm li, vn thc s m mnh mun cp trong bi vit ny l bn cht
ca Cng sut Phn Khng l mt loi tn hao in nng chuyn ha thnh nng
lng t trng. Trn thc t, thnh phn b tiu hao chnh l Dng in xoay chiu bin
thin cn cho vic chuyn ha v to ra mt T Trng bin thin. Cng sut Phn
Khng khng c tht v khng h tn ti, y ch l mt khi nim, mt i lng

tng ng c nhng ngi i trc t ra nhm cng thc ha v d dng kim sot
vic cn i cng sut trong h thng in. i lng ny c cng thc ha mt cch
thun li da vo vic hnh thnh gin vect cng sut khi U(C) tr pha 1 gc pi/2,
U(L) sm pha mt gc pi/2 v U(R) cng pha vi I, kt hp vi cng thc lng gic
trong
tam
gic
vung.

Vic chp nhn v vn dng v Cng sut phn khng cng nh qu trnh tnh ton
lin quan gip n gin hn rt nhiu trong qu trnh n nh h thng in, l iu
m chng ta khng cn phi thay i. Ch c iu, trong ngn ng ca ting Vit, cch
gi Cng sut Phn Khng hay Cng sut V Cng s gy ra s nh lc hng
v xa ri bn cht thc s ca loi nng lng ny. V th mnh c mt xut l
c th tm hiu tt hn v nm r bn cht ca cng sut Q, hy gi l Cng sut
chuynha
T
Trngi
vi
cc
ti
AC.
Vi kinh nghim ca bn thn, mnh thy rng c c s pht huy tt hiu bit v
say m trong cng vic cn n mt yu t: kin quyt tm hiu nhng g cha r. Bng
nhiu con ng khc nhau: trao i, hc hi, tm kim v c thm ti liu v.v. nhng
khng phi l ghi nh nhng g ngi khc ni, ngi khc vit m cn phi hiu bn
cht t kin thc tr thnh ca mnh, ch khng phi l kin thc i vay mn v
phi hc thuc lng. c bit l i vi cc bn sinh vin ang cn ngi trn gh nh

trng, y l thi gian tt nht i su tm ti v nghin cu. Tri qua qu trnh lm

vic thc tin, mnh nhn thy mt bng o to ca Vit Nam ni chung khng c nhiu
khc bit i vi cc quc gia khc nht l v kin thc c bn. Vn trong o to
ngnh in ni ring v h thng gio dc ni chung m chng ta gp phi ch l s
phc tp ha nhng vn n gin v bin chng tr thnh kin thc hn lm gy
kh khan v chn chng. Tuy nhin, nu cc bn thc s c nim am m v thch th
tm ti khm ph, cc bn s tm thy nhng iu rt b ch t thc tin cuc sng, t
quay tr li i chiu vi kin thc hc v sau cng l vn dng mt cch nhun
nhuyn. Mnh cng mong rng cc bn khi c bi vit ca mnh s
khng NG hoc SAI, m hy ch xem nh l c thm mt lun im cng hc
hi, cng trao i v xy dng cho hiu bit chung cng nhau tin b, mi l mc
tiu cao nht. Cm n nhng ai dnh thi gian c bi vit ny.