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Review of Thermodynamics
Review of Thermodynamics
The equations of stellar structure involve derivatives of thermodynamic variables such as pressure, temperature, and density.
To express these derivatives in a useful form, we will need to review the basic thermodynamic relations. First, lets define the
variables:
:
P:
T:
:
the
the
the
the
gas density
gas pressure
gas temperature
mean molecular weight
q:
u:
s:
V:
the
the
the
the
specific
specific
specific
specific
heat content
internal energy
entropy
volume (1/)
Note that q, u, s, and V are all per unit mass. From these
variables come the specific heats
dq
s
cV =
=T
(1.1)
dT V
T V
dq
s
cP =
=T
(1.2)
dT P
T P
the ratio of the specific heats
=
cP
cV
ln T
ad =
ln P s
an isothermal compressibility coefficient
P V
ln
=
=
V P T,
ln P T,
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.5)
V
T
=
P,
ln
ln T
ln
ln
(1.6)
P,
=
V
=
P,T
(1.7)
P,T
(1.8)
Note that although there are four variables in this equation (s,
T , P , and V ), only two are independent.
u
s
ds +
V
u
V
and
u
V
dV
s
= P
(1.10)
Now, mathematically
2u
2u
=
V s
sV
so
u
V
u
s
=
V
u
s
u
V
or
T
V
=
s
P
s
(1.11)
V
H
H
ds +
dP
dH =
s P
P s
which implies that
H
=T
s P
and
T
P
and
=
s
V
s
H
P
=V
s
(1.12)
P
If we subtract d(T s) from each side of the first law of thermodynamics, then T and V are the free parameters, via
dF = d(u T s) = T ds P dV T ds sdT = P dV sdT
We then get the relations
F
= s
T V
and
F
V
s
P
=
V T
T V
= P
T
(1.13)
s
V
=
(1.14)
P T
T P
T
V
T
P
=
s
=
s
P
s
V
s
(1.11)
V
(1.12)
P
s
P
=
V T
T V
s
V
=
P T
T P
(1.13)
(1.14)
P
T
s
T
dT +
P
dT +
V
P
V
s
P
dV
dP
T
This gives
dq = T
s
T
dT + T
P
s
P
P
T
dT +
V
P
V
dV
T
dq
s
s
P
=T
+T
dT V
T P
P T T V
The term on the left side of the equation is cV , the first term
on the right is cP , and (ds/dP )T = (dV /dT )P by a Maxwell
relation (1.14). Thus,
cP cV = T
V
T
P
T
V
T
=
P
V
T
(1.15)
V
V
dV =
dT +
dP
T P
P T
Thus, when V is held constant, dV = 0, and
P
T
=
V
V
T
V
P
The numerator on the right side is again (/T ), while the denominator is related to the compressibility coefficient by
Thus
and
V
P
P
T
=
T
=
V
V
P
P
T
P V 2
P 2
cP cV =
=
T
T
(1.16)
(1.17)
s
s
ds =
dT +
dV
T V
V T
Using the definition of heat capacity (1.1) and the Maxwell relation (1.13), this becomes
P
cV
dT +
dV
ds =
T
T V
If we now substitude (1.16) for (P/T )V , and convert dV to d
using dV = 1/2 d, we get an expression for dq
dq = T ds = cV dT
P d
d
ln
ln
dP
dT
=
d ln P +
d ln T =
ln P T
ln T P
P
T
Thus
P 2
dq = cV dT +
dT dP
T
or
dq = cP dT dP
(1.18)
This equation also leads directly to an expression for the adiabatic temperature gradient. If dq = 0, then
cP dT =
dP
and
ad =
T
P
cP
ln T
ln P
P
T cP
(1.19)
(1.20)
Note also that (1.19) can then be substituted back into (1.18)
to yield an equation for dq in terms of P , T , cP , and adiabatic
temperature gradient
dT
dP
T cP ad
dP = cP T
ad
dq = cP dT
P
T
P
(1.21)