VAAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT: CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
BACCALAUREUS TECHNOLOGIAE:
ENGINEERING: CHEMICAL
SUBJECT

FLUID FLOW IV (EHCIX4A)

SUBJECT CODE

808509006

DATE

JUNE. 2007

DURATION

3 HOURS

EXAMINER

Dr PO OSIFO

MODERATOR

Mr WA du Plessis

MARKS

TOTAL: 131
FULL: 125

REQUIREMENTS:

Calculators
Graph paper must be provided
INSTRUCTIONS:
Answer all questions
Number clearly and correctly
ENGLISH QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF: 4 TYPED PAGES PLUS ANNEXURE
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8

DO NOT TURN THE PAGE BEFORE PERMISSION IS GRANTED.

Question 1

(a)

[32]

State whether the behavior between shear stress and shear rate is time independent
for the following fluids. Explain briefly the effect of increasing shear rate on their
apparent viscosity.

i)

thioxotropic

ii)

rheopectic

iii)

shear thinning

iv)

shear thickening
[8]

(b)

Show that the pressure drop through a centre line for non-Newtonian fluid
obeying Power Law flowing through a pipe is:

Where

n is the power law index

k is the consistence factor
L is the pipe length
[12]

(c)

A Newtonian liquid of viscosity 0.1 N-s/m2 is flowing through a pipe of 25 mm

diameter and 20 m in length, and the pressure drop is 10s N/m2. As a result of a
process change a small quantity of polymer is added to the liquid and this causes
the liquid to exhibit non-Newtonian characteristics; its rheology is described
adequately by Power Law model and the flow index is 0.33.

The apparent

viscosity of the modified fluid is equal to the viscosity of the original liquid at
shear rate of 1000 s"1. Determine the liquid maximum velocity in the pipe and
also the velocity if the liquid is a Newtonian liquid.
[12]

Question 2

(a)

[32]

Show that the frictional pressure drop for fluid of density p flowing through a
straight pipe of diameter D and length L is:
APS
L

2fpV2
D

/ i s the fanning friction factor

(b)

[8]

Benzene is flowing steadily through a 150 m long horizontal pipe of 55 mm inside

diameter. If the flow rate is 0.015 m/min, calculated the pressure drop in pipe.
Compare the pressure drop of the benzene flow with that of kerosene flow, if the
same amount of kerosene is flowing through the pipe. Take the density of
kerosene to be PK = 820 kg/m3 and viscosity to be JJ.K = 0.0025 N.s/m2, and also
take the density of benzene to be PB = 899 kg/m3 and viscosity to be \XB ~ 0.0008
N.s/m2. The equivalent roughness for the pipe is e = 0.00026 m.
[12]

(c)

Water (p = 988 kg/m and JJ, = 1 cP) is steadily pumped between two reservoirs.
The difference in elevation of the two reservoir surfaces is 30 m. All the piping is
51 mm diameter steel and its length is 122 m. if the volume flowrate is 0.006
m3/s. Find the power required to run the pump. The steel pipe roughness is e =
0.000051 m.
2
Open globe
valve

30 m

p entrance

Fully open
gate valve

Kgate valve = 0.16

K stde , bow = 0.95
Kglobe
Kexit

= 6.90
= 1.0

[12]

Question 3
(a)

[20]

Differentiate between the type of velocity measurements that is obtained from a

venture and pitot tube meters

(c)

[4]

A crude oil with a viscosity of 0.5 cP and specific gravity of 0.895 is flowing
through a 0.1 m inside diameter horizontal pipe. An orifice meter consisting of an
orifice plate and a differential mercury-glycol manometer (mercury is the
manometric liquid (specific gravity 13.6) and glycol (specific gravity 1.15) is the
sealing liquid) is used to measure the volumetric flowrate of crude oil. If the
manometer reading is 0.6m, corresponding to a volumetric flow rate of 1.3 x 10"3
m3/s, estimated the diameter of the orifice and also the power lost due to the
pressure drop by the orifice plate. Assume Co = 0.61.
[16]

Question 4

(a)

[22]

A spray dryer containing a hot air (80 C, viscosity = 0.018 cP) is used to dry a
molten detergent sprayed from the top of the dryer. The molten detergent formed
into a small size particle before it gets to the bottom of the dryer which is 30 m
high. If the particle diameter is 1 mm and a density of 1200 kg/m3, what would
be the terminal velocity of the particles assuming free settling? Mw of air is 29
kg/kmol
[12]

(b)

A bed has a height of 5.0 m and a void fraction of 0.33. A gas with a density of
1.25 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity of 1.5 x 10"5 N s/m2 flows steadily through it.
The size of particles in the bed is 0.005 m diameter and the sphericity Os is 1.
The pressure drop is 150 N/m2. Calculate the superficial velocity.
[10]

Question 5

[25]

(a)

Suggest two methods to prevent swirling in a mixing tank.

[5]

(b)

A curve-blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a vertical tank. The
tank is 2 m in diameter; the turbine is 0.66 m in diameter and is positioned 0.66 m
from the bottom of the tank. The turbine blades are 82.5 mm wide. The tank is
filled to the depth of 1.83 m with a base solution at 65.5 C which has a viscosity
of 15 cP and density of 1200 kg/m3. The turbine is operated at 150 r/min. The
width baffled rod is 198 mm.

(a)

What power will be required to operate the mixer?

(10)

(b)

What would be the power requirement be in the vessel if the tank is unbaffled?
[10]

Annexure 1
1.
Momentum correction factor
(3=! Ju2dS
SV 2 s
2. Kinetic correction factor

2sJ

a=
SV
3.

Flow measurement

For an incompressible flow in a horizontal meter

V1^
4.

Flow past immersed body

-=jx'pD''

K=D\gp(pyp)

For Re < 1
C D = 24/Re,

u t = gDp(Pp ~P\

FD = 3

For 1000<Re>200,000
C D = 0.44,

5.

F D =0.055:ru t Djip

Ergun equation for fluid flowing through a packed bed

2 1

Ap 150V o u(l-ey + -1.75pV

-
L
O2SD;V
OsDp
6.

Minimum fluidization

\.75pV2OM

ut= 1^

gD p ( P p

-p)

39-JUL-2004 22=18 From:UflfiL UNIUERSITY EXflM t d l b * * w r f J

0169509773

i CJ q C> o

i o o' o o"

4ii

'

in* SphorH
DUkj
,_ Cvllnc on

ico
_i
10

**"

C ih

l.o
0,!

mm-.

_
V*

nirnfir

Tm ' f| T M " mP
.. 1 ill,. rJ IILI ' HI 11
,1
,1 Jl;III 1 1 III

*
III 1

n.

i MM

Raynolda numbor, Rap "**^jT

Drag coefficients for sphorcs, disks, and cylinders. [By permission from J. H. Perry and
D, W. Green (eds.), Chemical Engineers'Handbook, 7th ed.. p. 6-51. Copyright, 1997,
McGraw-Hill Book Company,]

Io

!9-JUL-2004_22:,18 From:URAL UNIUERSITY EXAM 01695fcm

~'

0169509773

Aimcxure3

0.33
0.33

d.33
0.33

0.25
0.29

0,2
0.12S

FIGURE 9.12
Power number N, versm A/,, for nU-bltida turbine*. {After Chudaetk1 *; O / . f o W M Wiih Ihe dinhd
portion of eurvo D, (he vuliie of N, reud from tho fifluro must be multiplied by /V-.

AOITATTON A,VD kfrXINO OP LIQUIDS

Curva
A
B

Pitch
T,S:1
1.SH

S,
S,
O.30 0.SO
0.30 0.30

S,
1.0
1.0
I !

10*
N^ m O'.nola

TCURE 9.13

P t U I D MBCHANtCS

i|

TABLE 9J
Values of constants Kc and ATr for baffled tanks having four baffles at tank
wall, with width equal to 10 percent of the tank
diameter
Fiflure
rj three blAdea
Pitch ].0*
Pitch | . 5 "
Turbine
Six-btade dlik" (S, - 0 . 2 5 , ^ - 0 2 )
cU,hdM(ff4Wj
Six pitched blades" (45* SA ~ o >)
Four pitched blade." (45*. St . " o n
laLpaddlertworlJiaa*'"^

41
55
6S
70

i.

Lines

9.12

LO

40.0

0,32 9.13
0,87

VI

18.0

5.7J
4.B0
1.63
T27"
1.70
0.35

09-:JUL-2004 22:19 From:URAL UNIUERSITY EXAM 0169509773

To:*69E061360017S312328 P.9'13

0169509773
\

10'"

^ ' ' ' '"'I

'

"I

'

o - Absolute roughneea, m
10* L. di-lnBldaplpodtamotor.m

. 10*

10*

Figure 2.2
Plot of-^fRe" against Reynolds numbor

111
W

FIGURE 7.7
Plot of exponent/i versus Re,, for Eq. (7,46).

1.0
" - ^

o.s
0,6
'i

> S
0.2

MCM- 0,5
P

0.6

0-7

0-8

0.9

FIGURE 8.19
Ovorull pressure loss in orifice mcicra. (After American Society of

1.0

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09-JUL-20.04 2 2 : 1 9 From:Uflfll_ UNIUERSITY EXAM 0169505773

0169509773

Viscosities of Liquids'

No,

Liquid

No.

1
Acetaldehyda
2
Acetic ucid, J00%
3
Acetic nnhyclride
4
Acetone, 100%
5
Ammonin, 100%
6
Ammonia, 26%
7
Amyl acctolo
8
Amyl alcohol
9
Aniline
10
Aniaole
..-. .
11
Benzene
,
12
Blphenyl
13
Brine, CaCJj, 25%
14
Brino, NuCl, 25%
15
Bromlna
16
Butyl acetate
17
Butyl alcohol ~
18
Cnrbon dioxides
19
Carbon disulflda
20
Cnrbon tetrachlorlda
21
Chlnrobenzuno
22
Chloroform
23
m-Crcsol

24
25
26
27
2a
29
30
31

63
64

Sodium hydroxide, 50%

Sulfur dioxide
Suiruricucld.98%
Sulfuric odd, 60%
Totruchloroaihnno
Tetrachloroethylene
Titunlum letrnchlorido

65

12.2
8.9
9.1
13,8
14.3
16.6
11.5

No.

Liquid

A'

3.2*
15.2

25,8
24,8
21.3
13,7
12.7
12.3

Toluene
Trichlorocthylena '
Vinyl ttcemto
Wnter
oXylcno
m-Xylcno
/-Xylono

13,7
14,8
14,0
10,2
13.5
13,9
13,9

10.4
10,5

7.0

70
71
72
73
74
75

Dicbloroeihune
Dichloromethane
Ethyl ucetale
Bthyl nlcohol.l00%
Bthyl alcohol, 95%
Bthyl alcohol. 40%
Ethyl benzeno

Liquid

66
67
68
69

15.2
12.1
12-7
14.5
12.6
10.1
II, 8
7.5
8.1
12.3
-12.5
12,0
6.6
10,2
14.2
12.3
8,6
ll.fi
16.1
12.7
12,3
J4.4
2.5
2.9
13.2
J4.fi
13.7
10.5
9,8
6.5
13.2

Cyclohcxnnol

No.

Liquid

10.2
11.9
14,2

14.4

7.1

4.8
14.2
12.8
7,2
2.0
.13.9
12.5
18.4
1B.7
13.5
10.9
18.3
15.9
16.6
13.2
11.0
17.2
0.3
7.5
13.1
12.4
10.2
20,8
24.3

76

32
Ethyl chloride
33
Bthyl ether
34
Ethyl formate
35
Ethyl iodide
36
Bthylone glycol
37 . Formic acid
38
Proon-12
39
Olyccrol, 100%
40
Olycerol. 50%
41 ' Hepiano
42
Hcxana
43
Hydrochloric ncid, 31,5%
44
Iuobutyl A l c o h o l

"45 lsopropyl alcohol

46
47
48
49
50
5J
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62

Kerosene
Linseed oil, raw
Mercury
Mothnnol, 100%
Methyl ncotnio
Methyl chloride
Mothyl othyl koiono
Nupthalenc
Nitrfeacid, 95%
Nitric;, add. 60%
Nitrobenzene
Nitnotolucnc
Octane
Octyl alcohol
Psnwne
Phenol
Sodium

16.4

.13.9

8.8
13.0

111
10,6
10-9

Coordinates for use with figure on next pun.o.

'By permluolOn, from J. H. Pnrry (odj, Chtmleat Engineers'HunAbvuk, Slhod., pp. 3-212 and 3-213- Copyrluhl
1973. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Now York.

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09-JUL-2004 2:19 FromrUflflL UNIUERSITY EXAM 0169509773

0169509773

T:!JW ^.'l ?':

t
.

Tomporatura

!$;

y '

Vlscotily
Cnntlpoliaj
r- 100
r 80

Dag. C Dog.F
200 - 380

190-

180 - - 360
170 - - 340
160 - - 320

> 40

150 - - 300
140 - - 2 H 0
130 - 260
120- - 240
110 -220
100 - 200

30

r 10

28

90 - i

00 - - 1B0
7 0 - - 160
60 - - UO
50 - - 120
40

30 -

- 100

26
24

-4

22
20
- 2

ia
16
U

- 00

>
(

12.

20.-60
10>-40

10'
S
6

-20
-10- 0

4
0.2

2
2

-30 - f

r o.B

-20

Viscosities of liquids at I atm, For coordinates, see tablo on previous pager

09-JUL-2004 22:19 From:UAAL UNIUERSITY EXAM 0169509773

To:*692061360017S312328 P.12'13

0169509773

APPENDIX W

' Viscosities of Gases1"

No.

Gas

Y 'i /

No.

Gun

14,3
13.0
14.9
20.0

29
30
31

Freon-113
Helium
Hcxane
Hydrogen
3Hj H- Nj
Hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen cyanido
Hydiogen iodide
Hydrogen Bulfide
Iodine
Mercury
Methane
Methyl ulcohol
Nitric oxida
Nitrogen
Nitrosyl chloride
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Pennine
Propane
Propyl alcohol
Propylene
Sulfur dioxido
Tbluene
2,3,3-Trimelhylbuuine
Water

Acetic add

7.7

2
3

Acoiono
Acetylene

8.9

Air

5
6
7
8

.12
13

Ammonin
Argon
Benzene ~
Dromlne
Butane
Butylene
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfiilo
Carbon monoxide

14

Chlorine

15
16
17

Chloroform
Cyanogen
Cyclohcxnno
Ethane
Bthyl acetate
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl chloride
Bthyl ether
Eihylcnc
Fluorine
Froon*11
Preonl2
Prcon-21
Preon-22

10
11

18

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

28

-"A

9,8
11.0
8.4
10.5

.'

32

16.0
22,4
13.2 .

33
34

8.9
9.5

19.2
13.7.
13-0
16.7

36
37
38
39

8,0

16,0

40

n.o
9.0

20.0

8.9
9.2
9.2
9.1
8.5
9.2
8.5
8.9
9.5
7.3

15,7
15.2
12.0

41
42
43
44
45
46

1.3.0
15.1
23.8

IQ.6

15.1

8.5

8.9
9.2

18.4

14.5

13.2
14.2
15.6

11.1

16.6

10.H

15.3
17.0

10.1

35

47

48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56

Xenon

X
11,3
10.9
&.6
11.2
11.2

y
14.0 .

20.5
11.8 *
12.4
17.-2'

8iS

2bl9'

8.B

I8."7
14.9

9.8

9.0
8.6

9.0
5.3
9.9

8.5
10.9
10,6

21.3
18.018,4

22.9
15.5
15.6
20.5
20.0

8,0

17.6

8.8

19.0
21.3
L2.8
12.9
L3.4
13.8
1.7-0
12.4

n.o
7.0
9.7
8,4
9.0

9.6
8.6
9.5
8.0
9.3

10.5
16.0

23.0

Coordinates Tor use with figure on next page.

'By permission, Irani J. H. Pony (od.). ChemicalEnEbwan'Handbook, 5lh d., pp.3-210 ond 3-21!. Copyriuhl
1B73, Moaraw-Hlll Rook Company, Now York.
,

1074

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~"

~ "

I o : *b3CO&iOOi3t)i i D J i c o c o

0169509773

8: Viscosities of Gnaoa

1075

- L1

Tamparaluro

Vlscoilty'
ContipoUos

Dag, C, Dag. F.
-100 -

p 0.1

- 0.09
- 0,0Q
- 0.07
r 0.06

\- 0,05

- 0,03

- 0.02

-001
- 0.009
- 0.008
-

10 12 14 16 IB

- 0.007
r-O.006
'- 0.005

ViscoBities of gases nnd vnpors nt 1 fltmj for coordinates, sec tnble on previous page.

T l