CH 11 - Generator Protection PDF

Generator Protection
GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Introduction
Device Numbers
Symmetrical Components
Fault Current Behavior
Generator Grounding
Stator Phase Fault (87G)
Field Ground Fault (64F)
Stator Ground Fault (87N, 51N, 59N, 27-3N)
Loss of Field (40Q, 40Z)

Over/Under Frequency (81O/81U)
Overexcitation and Overvoltage (24, 59)
Out of Step (78)
Negative Sequence (Current Unbalance) (46)
Inadvertent Energization (27, 50, 60, 81, 62, 86)
Loss of Voltage Transformer (60)
System Backup (51V, 21)
Conclusion
63
49
25
G
51N
64F
51
60
87G
REG
62
47
27
81U
59
81O
32-1 32-2
59N
87T
24
40
51V
51
50
IE
46
273N
51GN
Steam Generator Stator Windings
Hydraulic Generator Stator / Rotor
Hydraulic Generator Stator Core
Split Phase Relaying CT
Cylindrical Rotor in Need of Repair
Positive Sequence
Negative Sequence
A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally
displaced from each other by 120, and have the same phase
sequence as the system under study (ex ABC)
A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally
displaced from each other by 120, and have the opposite phase
sequence as the system under study (ex ACB)
Zero Sequence
A set of three phasors of equal magnitude that are all in phase or

have zero displacement from each other
Example Problem
One conductor of a three phase line is
open. The current flowing to the delta
connected load thru line a is 10A. With
the current in line a as reference and
assuming that line c is open, find the
symmetrical components of the line
currents.
Example Problem
Ia = 10/0 A, Ib = 10/180 A, Ic = 0 A
Ia0 = (1/3)(Ia + Ib + Ic )
Ia0 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180 + 0) = 0
Ia1 = (1/3)(Ia + Ib + 2 Ic )
Ia1 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+120 + 0)
Ia1 = 5.78 /-30
Ia2 = (1/3)(Ia + 2 Ib + Ic )
Ia2 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+240 + 0)
Ia2 = 5.78 /30
Example Problem
Ib0 = 0
Ib1 = 5.78 /-150
Ib2 = 5.78 /150
Ic0 = 0
Ic1 = 5.78 /90
Ic2 = 5.78 /-90
Example Problem
Ia0 = 0, Ib0 = 0, Ic0 = 0

Ia1 = 5.78 /-30 , Ib1 = 5.78 /-150 , Ic1 = 5.78 /90
Ia2 = 5.78 /30 , Ib2 = 5.78 /150 , Ic2 = 5.78 /-90
Example Problem
Note: the components Ic1 and Ic2 have
definite values although line c is open and
can carry no net current. As expected, the
sum of these currents is zero.
The sum of the currents in line a is 10/0
The sum of the currents in line b is 10/180
Single Phase Line to Ground Fault

Generator Sequence Networks

Fault Current Behavior of a

Synchronous Generator



Max DC Offset
No DC Offset


Generator Grounding
Generator Grounding
Low Impedance Grounding
Single phase to ground fault current between 200A and 150%
High Impedance Grounding
Single phase to ground fault current between 5 and 20A
Generator Stator Phase Fault

Protection (87G)

Protection (87G)
87G used to protect for:
3 phase line to line
1 phase line to line
multi-phase line to ground
May not be able to detect a 1 phase to ground fault on high
impedance grounded generators
Restraint or Percentage Differential Trip Characteristic
Used to improve sensitivity for detecting small levels of
fault current
Also maintains security against inadvertent tripping due
to thru faults

Protection (87G)

Protection (87G)

Protection (87G)
Split-phase protection scheme
Able to detect turn-turn faults
Windings for each phase split into equal groups
Individual winding currents are vector summed
Any difference in winding current results in a output from CT
Overcurrent relay (50/51) can be used to monitor difference
current
Setting must be above any normal unbalances that may exist

Protection (87G)
Generator Field Ground Fault

Protection (64F)
Generator Stator Ground Fault

Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
For Low Impedance Grounded Generators


For Low Impedance Grounded Generators


External Generator Phase-Ground Fault


External Generator Phase-Ground Fault


Internal Generator Phase-Ground Fault


Internal Generator Phase-Ground Fault


High Impedance Grounded

50MVA, 13.2kV Generator
Xc = 10,610 for 0.25uf @ 60Hz
Rpri = 10,610/3 = 3537
Loss of Field Protection (40Q, 40Z)
Over/Under Frequency Protection

(81O/U)
Causes:
Significant load addition
Sudden reduction in mechanical input power
Loss of generation
Loss of load
Underfrequency can cause:
Higher generator load currents
Overexcitation
Turbine blade fatigue
Overfrequency can cause:
Overvoltage on hydro turbines
Overexcitation and Overvoltage

Protection (24, 59)
Modern Excitation Systems include over excitation limiting
and protection, but it may take several seconds to limit
Overexcitation occurs when the V/Hz ratio exceeds 105% at
FL and 110% at no load
V/Hz relays set at 110% with a 5 10 sec delay
Generator overvoltage can occur without exceeding V/Hz
relay setting due to large over speed on hydro generator
Generator overvoltage relay, 59 may be used
Out of Step Protection (78)

High peak currents and off-frequency operation can occur
when a generator losses synchronism
Causes winding stress, high rotor iron currents, pulsating
torques and mechanical resonances
Conventional relaying approach analyzing variations in
apparent impedance as viewed at generator terminals
Variation in impedance can be detected by impedance
relaying and generator separated before the completion of one
slip cycle

EA
EB
ZA
ZT
ZB
Generator
Transformer
System
+X
EA/EB>1
EA/EB=1
ZB
Q
EA/EB<1
ZT
-R
+R
ZA
A
-X

A
B
X
System
R
Trans
P
Gen X'd
A
B
Element Element
Pickup Pickup
Blinder
Elements
Mho
Element
Negative Sequence Protection (46)

Protects generator from excessive heating in the rotor due to
unbalanced stator currents
Negative sequence component of stator current induces
double frequency current in rotor, causing heating
Rotor temperature rise proportion to I22t
Negative sequence relays provide settings for this relationship
in the form of a constant, k = I22t
Minimum permissible continuous unbalance currents are
specified (ANSI/IEEE C50.13)
Inadvertent Energization Protection

(27, 50, 60, 81U, 62 and 86)
Protects against closing of the generator breaker while
machine is not spinning / on turning gear
Caused by operator error, breaker flash-over, control circuit
malfunction
Two schemes illustrated:
Frequency supervised overcurrent
Voltage supervised overcurrent

Frequency Supervised Overcurrent
+DC
50 (3-phase)
81U
62
60
50
60
81U
86
0.5sec Pickup
0.1sec Dropout
62
86
-DC

Frequency Supervised Overcurrent
Uses an underfrequency relay (81U) to enable a sensitive
instantaneous overcurrent relay (50)
Overcurrent relay picks up at 50% or less of expected
inadvertent energizing current
Frequency relay contacts must remain closed if sensing
voltage goes to zero
Voltage balance relay (60) protects against loss of sensing
Time delay relay (62) protects against sudden application
of nominal voltage during inadvertent energization,
allowing overcurrent to trip lockout relay (86)
Lockout relay must be manually reset

Voltage Supervised Overcurrent
Same illustration as frequency supervised overcurrent except
81U replaced by 27
Undervoltage setpoint of 85% of the lowest expected
emergency operating level
Loss of Voltage Transformer

Protection (60)
Common practice on large systems to use two or more VTs

One used for relays and metering
The other used for AVR
VTs normally fused
Most common cause of failure is fuse failure
Loss of VT protection blocks voltage based protective
functions (21, 32, 40 etc)
Loss of VT protection measure voltage unbalance, typical
setting is 15%
Loss of Voltage Transformer

Protection (60)
G
vt
60
To
Protective
Relays
To
Excitation
Controller
System Backup Protection (51V, 21)

Common practice to provide protection for faults outside
of the generator zone of protection
Voltage supervised time-overcurrent (51V) or distance
relaying (21) may be used
Distance relay set to include generator step up transformer
and reach beyond, into the system
Time delays must be coordinated with those of the system
protection to assure that system protection will operate
before back up
CTs on neutral side of generator will also provide backup
protection for the generator
21
51V
a.) Neutral Connected ct's


For medium and small sized generators, voltage-restrained
or voltage controlled time overcurrent relays (51V) are
often applied
Control or restraining function used to prevent or
desensitize the overcurrent relay from tripping until the
generator voltage is reduced by a fault

Enable
Pickup Inhibit/Enable
Percent Set Value for Pickup
100%
Inhibit
25%
25%
Percent Nominal Volts
a.) Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent
100%
Percent Nominal Volts
80%
100%
b.) Voltage-Contolled Overcurrent
Conclusion
Generators must be protected from electrical faults,
mechanical problem and adverse system conditions
Some faults require immediate attention (shutdown) while
others just require alarming or transfer to redundant
controllers
Design of these systems requires extensive understanding
of generator protection
Further study IEEE C37.102 Guide for AC Generator
Protective Relaying

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Generator Protection

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Loss of Field (40Q, 40Z)

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Steam Generator Stator Windings

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Hydraulic Generator Stator / Rotor

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Hydraulic Generator Stator Core

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Split Phase Relaying CT

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Cylindrical Rotor in Need of Repair

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

A set of three phasors of equal magnitude that are all in phase or

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Ia0 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180 + 0) = 0

Ia1 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+120 + 0)

Ia1 = 5.78 /-30

Ia2 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+240 + 0)

Ia2 = 5.78 /30

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Ia0 = 0, Ib0 = 0, Ic0 = 0

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Single Phase Line to Ground Fault

Generator Sequence Networks

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Fault Current Behavior of a

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault

Generator Stator Phase Fault

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION

Generator Stator Phase Fault

GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION