Grade9

Mathematics
SAIIImportantQuestions
Solutions

Chapter4:LinearEquationsinTwoVariables
Topic:LinearEquationsinTwoVariables
1.

Thegivenequationcanbewrittenas:

Thus,thegivenequationisalinearequationintwovariables.Itisknownthatalinear
equationintwovariableshasinfinitelymanysolutions.
Thus,thegivenequationhasinfinitelymanysolutions.
2.

NumberofchocolateswithAnil=
x
NumberofchocolateswithAarti=
y
Therefore,8morethanfivetimesthenumberofchocolatesAartihas=8+5
y
ItisgiventhatthreetimesthenumberofchocolateswithAnilis8morethanfivetimesthe
numberofchocolatesAartihas.
3
x
=8+5
y
3
x
5
y
8=0
Thus,therequiredequationis3
x
5
y
8=0

3.

LetthenumberofchocolateswithPriyankaandAmishabe
x
and
y
respectively.
WhenAmishagives8chocolatestoPriyanka:
NumberofchocolateswithAmisha=(
y
8)
NumberofchocolateswithPriyanka=(
x
+8)
1

Accordingtothegiveninformation:

Thisistherequiredequation.
Topic:SolutionsofLinearEquationsandtheirGraphicalRepresentation
4.

Thegivenlinearequationis2+3
y
=7
x
For(1,1),
L.H.S.=2+3(1)=23=1
R.H.S.=7
x
=7(1)=7
L.H.S.R.H.S.
(1,1)isnotasolutionofthegivenequation.
For(2,4),
L.H.S.=2+3(4)=14
R.H.S.=7(2)=14
L.H.S.=R.H.S.
(2,4)isasolutionofthegivenequation.

5.

Since(

,1)isasolutionoftheequation5
x
12
y
=13,so
x
=

and
y
=1satisfiesthe
equation.

Since(29,

)isasolutionoftheequation5
x
12
y
=13,so
x
=29and
y
=

satisfiesthe
equation.

+1=5+1=6and

+1=11+1=12
Thus,therequiredratiois

6.

LetthemarksobtainedbyNirajbe
x
andthemarksobtainedbyRavibe
y
.
TwotimesthemarksobtainedbyRavi=2
y
=2
y
MarksobtainedbyNirajare17lessthantwotimesthemarksobtainedbyRavi.

x
=2
y
17
Thisistherequiredequation.
ItisgiventhatthemarksscoredbyRaviare52.
Onsubstituting
y
=52intheequation,weget
x
=25217

x
=10417

x
=87
Hence,themarksscoredbyNirajinthetestare87.

7.

Thegivenequationis
y
=2
x
+4
Thetwosolutionsofthisequationareasfollows.

Plottingthepoints(1,6)and(6,8)ongraphpaper,weobtainthefollowinggraph.

Itcanbeseenfromthegraphthatthevalueof
x
,correspondingto
y
=4,is4.
8.

LetthepresentagesofRoshniandhermotherbe
x
and
y
respectively.
After10years:
Roshnisage=(
x
+10)
Hermothersage=(
y
+10)
Accordingtothegivensituation,
2(
x
+10)=
y
+10
2
x
+10=
y
(1)
Thetwosolutionsofequation(1)areasfollows.

x
y

10

12

Plottingthepoints,(0,10)and(1,12),weobtainthefollowinggraph.

Itcanbeseenfromthegraphthatthevalueof
x
,correspondingto
y
=24,is7.
Thus,thepresentageofRoshniis7years.
9.

Lettheonesplaceandtensplacedigitsofthenumberbe
x
and
y
respectively.
Twodigitnumber=10
y+x
=10
y+x
Whenthedigitsofthenumberareinterchanged,thentheonesplacedigitandtensplacedigit
are
y
and
x
respectively.
Newtwodigitnumber=10
x+y
=10
x+y
Accordingtothegiveninformation,

Fourdifferentsolutionsofequation(1)aregiveninthetable.

y
=8
x

Onplottingandjoiningpoints(0,8),(1,7),(7,1)and(8,0),astraightlinerepresenting
equation(1)isobtained.Thiscanbedoneas:

Now,wearerequiredtofindthetwodigitnumberwhoseonesplacedigit,i.e.,
x
is2.
Thevalueof
y
for
x
=2canbeobtainedbydrawingalineparallelto
y
axisatadistanceof2
unitstotherightof
y
axisthen,fromthepointofintersectionofthislineandthepreviously
drawnline,aperpendicularisdrawnto
y
axis.Thisperpendicularintersects
y
axisat(6,0).
Thismeansthatthevalueof
y
correspondingto
x
=2is6.
Thus,thetwodigitnumberis106+2=62.
10. Itisgiventhatthelineparallelto
x
axisis
p
unitsabovetheaxis.
Therefore,theequationofthelineis,
y
=
p
.
Similarly,theequationofthelineatadistanceof
q
unitsbelowthe
x
axisis,
y
=
q
.
Theequationsofthelinestotheleftof
y
axisare
x
=
p
and
x
=
q
.
Itisgiventhat
p
>
q
therefore,theline
x
=
p
willliefartherfromthe
y
axisthantheline
x
=
q
.
Thus,thefourgivenlinescanbeplottedas:

ItcanbeseenthatthefigureenclosedbytheselinesisarectangleABCD.
AB=CD=
pq
BC=AD=
p+q
AreaofrectangleABCD=ABBC
=(
pq
)(
p+q
)sq.units
2
2
=(
p

q
)sq.units

Chapter8:Quadrilaterals
Topic:PropertiesofParallelogramsI
1.

Itisknownthattheoppositesidesofaparallelogramareparallel.
AB||CDandAD||BC
CAD=ACB
(Alternateinteriorangles)
5
y
=25

y
=5
BAD+ADC=180
(Anglesonthesamesideoftransversalaresupplementary)
2
x
+5
y
+123=180
2
x
+148=180
2
x
=32

x
=16
Thus,thevaluesof
x
and
y
are16and5respectively.

2.

Itisknownthattheoppositesidesofaparallelogramareparallel.
PS||QR
Itisknownthatanglesonthesamesideofatransversalaresupplementary.
7

PSR+QRS=180

UsinganglesumpropertyinRST,
TSR+TRS+RTS=180
90+RTS=180[Using(1)]
RTS=90
Thus,themeasureofRTSis90.
3.

2
AreaofBCD= 2
BDCM= 2
22cm10cm=110cm
Itisknownthatthediagonalsofaparallelogramdivideitintotwocongruenttriangles.
Also,itisknownthatcongruentfigureshaveequalarea.
ar(BCD)=ar(ABD)
2
ar(ABD)=110cm
2
2
2
ar(ABCD)=ar(ABD)+ar(BCD)=110cm
+110cm
=220cm
Itisknownthattheareaofarhombusishalftheproductofitsdiagonals.

ar(ABCD)= 2
ACBD

2
220cm
= 2

ACBD

2
220cm
= 2

AC22cm

AC=20cm
Thus,thelengthofdiagonalACis20cm.
4.

Itisknownthatthediagonalsofaparallelogramdivideitintotwocongruenttriangles.
Also,itisknownthatcongruentfigureshaveequalarea.
ar(PSR)=ar(PQR)
ar(PSXO)+ar(ROX)=ar(QROY)+ar(POY)
(1)
ComparingROXandPOY:
OP=OR
(OisthemidpointofPR)
ROX=POY
(Verticallyoppositeangles)
ORX=OPY
(Alternateinteriorangles)
ROXPOY
(ASAcongruencerule)
Congruentfiguresareequalinarea.
ar(ROX)=ar(POY)
(2)
Fromequations(1)and(2):

ar(PSXO)+ar(POY)=ar(QROY)+ar(POY)
ar(PSXO)=ar(QROY)
5.

LetABCDbeaparallelogram.
LetLandMbethemidpointsofsidesADandCDrespectively.

Itisknownthat,theoppositesidesofaparallelogramareequalandparallel.
AB=CD

Ifapairofoppositesidesofaquadrilateralisequalandparallel,thenthequadrilateralisa
parallelogram.
InquadrilateralALMD,
AL=DMandAL||DM.
ALMDisaparallelogram.
AD||LM
Itisknownthat,thelinesparalleltothesamelineareparalleltoeachother.
AD||LM||BC
Thus,thelinejoiningthemidpointsoftwooppositesidesofaparallelogramisparallelto
theotherpairofoppositesides.

6.

ABCDisaparallelogramwithAC=BD
ABCDisaparallelogram.Therefore,
AB=CDandAD=BC
ToproveABCDisarectangle,wejusthavetoshowthatitsoneangleisarightangle.
Now,inABCandBAD,
AC=BD(Given)
BC=AD(Sinceoppositesidesofaparallelogramareequal)
AB=AB(Common)
ABCBAD(BySSScongruencycriterion)
ABC=BAD(ByCPCT)(1)
Wealsoknowthatoppositesidesofaparallelogramareparallel.
AD||BC
ABC+BAD=180(Anglesonthesamesideoftransversalaresupplementary)
Usingequation(1),wehave
BAD+BAD=180
2BAD=180
BAD=90
ThisprovesthatABCDisarectangle.

10

7.

Weknowthatinaparallelogram,theoppositesidesareofequallengths.
WX=YZ
5
z
8=3
z
2
5
z
3
z
=2+8
2
z
=6

z
=3
Now,XYZ+XYP=180(Linearpairangles)
XYZ+84=180
XYZ=96
Now,applyinganglesumpropertyinXYZ,weobtain
XYZ+YZX+ZXY=180
96+32+ZXY=180
ZXY=180128=52
Now,theparallellinesWXandYZarecutbytransversalXZ.
ZXY=XZW(Alternateinteriorangles)

x
=52
Now,ZWX=XYZ(

y
=96(

oppositeanglesofaparallelogramareequal)

XYZ=96)

Topic:PropertiesofParallelogramsII
8.

Thegiveninformationcanberepresentedas:

ComparingAOPandCOQ
AO=OC(Diagonalsofaparallelogrambisecteachother)
AOP=COQ(Verticallyoppositeangles)
OAP=OCQ(Alternateinteriorangles,AB||CD)
AOPCOQ(ASAcongruencecriterion)
OP=OQ(C.P.C.T.)
Thus,theresultisproved.

11

9.

LetABCDbeaparallelogram.Letthediagonalsoftheparallelogram,ACandBD,intersect
atO.

Toprove:AO=OCandBO=OD
Now,AD||BC,therefore,
DAC=ACB(Alternateinteriorangles)
BDA=DBC(Alternateinteriorangles)
Now,inAODandOBC,
DAO=OCB
ADO=OBC
AD=BC( ABCDisaparallelogram)
AODCOB(ByASAcongruencycriterion)
Now,weknowthatcorrespondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesaresame.Therefore,
AO=OCandOD=BO
Thus,thediagonalsofaparallelogrambisecteachother.
10. DrawperpendicularsALandCMtoBD.

Itisgiventhat:ar(ABD)=ar(BCD)

2 ALBD= 2
CMBD
AL=CM(1)
ComparingALDandBCM:
ALD=CMB[Eachisarightangle]
AD=BC[Given]
12

AL=CM[Using(1)]
ALDCMB[RHScongruencerule]
Correspondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesareequal.
ADL=MBC
TheseanglesarethealternateinteriorangleswithrespecttothelinesADandBC.
AD||BC
Ifapairofoppositesidesisparallelandequal,thenthequadrilateralisaparallelogram.
InquadrilateralABCD,AD||BCandAD=BC.
Thus,ABCDisaparallelogram.
11.

LetABCDbearectangle.LetK,L,MandNbethemidpointsofsidesAB,BC,CDandDA
respectively.
Itisknownthatthelinejoiningthemidpointsoftwosidesofatriangleisparalleltoitsthird
sideanditslengthishalfofthelengthofthethirdside.

KL=MN
LM=NL
Itisknownthatifbothpairsofoppositesidesareequal,thenthequadrilateralisa
parallelogram.
KLMNisaparallelogram
Itisknownthatthediagonalsofarectangleareequal.
AC=BD
KL=MN=LM=NL
Therefore,KLMNisarhombus
Thus,thequadrilateralformedbyjoiningthemidpointsofthesidesofarectangleisa
rhombus.
12. SincePQRSisaparallelogram,itsdiagonalsbisecteachother.
13

SO=OQandPO=OR
SO=OQ

t
+5=3
t
1
3
t
t=5+1
2
t
=6

t
=3
PO=OR
2
s
1=7
2
s
=7+1=8

Thus,thevaluesof
s
and
t
are4and3respectively.
AsPQRSisaparallelogram,therefore,theoppositeanglesareequal.
PQR=PSR

w
+50=80

w
=8050=30
Also,weknowthatoppositesidesofaparallelogramareparallel.
Inparticular,PQ||SRandPRcanberegardedastransversalfortheseparallellines.
PRS=RPQ(Pairofalternateinteriorangles)

x
=40
Now,PSR+SRQ=180(Adjacentanglesofaparallelogramaresupplementary)
80+
x
+
y
=180
80+40+
y
=180
120+
y
=180

y
=180120=60
Also,SPR=PRQ(Alternateinteriorangles)

z
=
y
=60
Thus,thevaluesofangles
w
,
x
,
y
,and
z
are30,40,60,and60respectively.
Topic:MidPointTheoremanditsConverse
13. LetusjoinDQandextenditsuchthatitintersectsBCatR.

InAQDandCQR,
AQ=CQ(QisthemidpointofAC)
AQD=CQR(Verticallyoppositeangles)
ADQ=CRQ(Alternateinteriorangles)
AQD CQR(AAScongruencycriterion)
14

DQ=QRandAD=CR(CPCT)
AsDQ=QR,QisthemidpointofDR.
Wehave,AD=8cmandAD=CR
CR=8cm
InDBR,QisthemidpointofsideDRandPisthemidpointofsideBD.

Therefore,

PerimeteroftrapeziumABCD=AB+BC+CD+AD=(5+14+5+8)cm=32cm
14. Itisgiventhat,LandMtrisectthediagonalAC.
AL=LM=MC(1)
Itisknownthat,theoppositesidesofaparallelogramareequalandparallel.
AD=BCandAD||BC
InALDandCMB:
AD=BC(Given)
DAL=BCM(Alternateinteriorangles)
AL=MC[From(1)]
ALDCMB[BySAScongruencerule]
Itisknownthat,thecorrespondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesareequal.
ALD=BMC
180ALD=180BMC
DLM=BML
However,thesearealternateinterioranglesonDYandBX.
DY||BX
Accordingtotheconverseofmidpointtheorem,thelinedrawnthroughthemidpointofone
sideofatriangleandparalleltoanothersidebisectsthethirdside.
InDCL,
MisthemidpointofsideCLandDL||XM.
XisthemidpointofCD.
Similarly,inABM,
YisthemidpointofAB.
Thus,XandYaremidpointsofABandCDrespectively.

15

15. Itisknownthatthelinejoiningthemidpointsoftwosidesofatriangleisparalleltoitsthird
sideanditslengthishalfofthelengthofthethirdside.
Therefore,LMisparalleltoAC.

Itisknownthatthediagonalsofarhombusbisecteachotheratrightangles.

DOC=90
DOC=DXM=90(Correspondingangles)
InODC,MisthemidpointofDCandXMisparalleltoOC.
Therefore,byconverseofMidpointtheorem,XisthemidpointofOD.

Nowareaofatriangleis 2
baseheight.

2
AreaDLM= 2
LMDX= 2
8cm3cm=12cm
2
Thus,theareaofDLMis12cm
.

Chapter9:AreasofParallelogramsandTriangles
Topic:PropertiesofParallelogramsandTrianglesontheSameBaseandBetweentheSame
ParallelsI
1.

Weknowthatparallelogramsonthesamebaseandbetweenthesameparallelsareequalin
area.
Area(PQRS)=Area(PQXY)
2
AreaofrectanglePQXY=144cm
Weknowthat,theareaofrectanglePQXYis(PQPY).
2
144cm
=16cmPY
PY=9cm
Thus,theheightoftheparallelogramis9cm.

2.

TheparallelogramsABCDandABEFlieonthesamebaseBCandtheyarebetweenthe
sameparallelsABandDE.
ar(parallelogramABCD)=ar(parallelogramABEF)
2
ar(parallelogramABEF)=24.2cm
(
2
cm
)

ar(parallelogramABCD)isgiventobe24.2

16

2
ABHeight=24.2cm
( areaofaparallelogram=BaseHeight)
2
2.2cmHeight=24.2cm

Thus,theheightofparallelogramABEFis11cm.
3.

Given,ACDEisarectangleandAE||CD.
AE||DB
Itisgiventhat,AB||EG.
ABGEisaparallelogram.
Theparallelogramsonthesamebaseandbetweenthesameparallelsareequalinarea.
Area(ABGE)=Area(ACDE)...(1)
Ifatriangleandaparallelogramlieonthesamebaseandarebetweenthesameparallels,
thentheareaofthetriangleishalftheareaoftheparallelogram.

Area(ABF)=
2
area(ABGE)

Area(ABF)= 2
area(ACDE)...(2)[Using(1)]
Itisknownthat,themedianofatriangledividesitintotriangleswithequalareas.
Area(ABF)=Area(BCF)

area(BCF)= 2
area(ACDE)[Using(2)]
Thisprovestheresult.
4.

Itisknownthatthetriangleslyingonthesamebaseandbetweenthesameparallelsareequal
inarea.
ItisobservedthatAEBandAEClieonthesamebaseAEandbetweenthesameparallels
AEandBC.
ar(AEB)=ar(AEC)
ar(AEB)ar(AEF)=ar(AEC)ar(AEF)
ar(AFB)=ar(ECF)
(1)
ItisalsoobservedthatEFCandDEFlieonthesamebaseEFandbetweenthesame
parallelsEFandCD.
ar(EFC)=ar(DEF)
(2)
Fromequations(1)and(2):
ar(AFB)=ar(DEF)
Hence,theresultisproved.

17

5.

Ifatriangleandaparallelogramlieonthesamebaseandarebetweenthesameparallels,
thentheareaofthetriangleishalftheareaoftheparallelogram.
InparallelogramABCD,

Area(AXD)= 2
Area(ABCD)

Area(ABC)= 2
Area(ABCD)
Area(AXD)=Area(ABC)(1)
Similarly,inparallelogramABEC,

Area(ABC)= 2
Area(ABEC)

Area(BCE)= 2
Area(ABEC)
Area(ABC)=Area(BCE)(2)
From(1)and(2),wehave
Area(AXD)=Area(BCE)
Thus,thegivenresultisproved.
6.

JoinLM.

SinceABCDisaparallelogram,AB||CDandAB=CD.
AM||LD
and

AM||CDandAM=LD
Itisknownthatifinaquadrilateral,apairofoppositesidesisparallelandequal,thenthe
quadrilateralisaparallelogram.
AMLDisaparallelogram.
AD||LM
( oppositesidesofaparallelogramareparallel)
AD||LM||BC
Itisknownthatifatriangleandaparallelogramlieonthesamebaseandbetweenthesame
18

parallels,thentheareaoftriangleishalftheareaofparallelogram.
LMYandparallelogramLMBClieonthesamebaseLMandbetweenthesameparallels
LMandBC.
ar(LMY)=ar(LMBC)
...(1)
LMXandparallelogramLMADlieonthesamebaseLMandbetweenthesameparallels
LMandAD.

ar(LMX)= 2
ar(LMAD)
Addingequations(1)and(2):

...(2)

ar(LMY)+ar(LMX)= 2
{ar(LMBC)+ar(LMAD)}

ar(LXMY)= 2
{ar(ABCD)}
Hence,theresultisproved.

Topic:PropertiesofParallelogramsandTrianglesontheSameBaseandBetweentheSame
ParallelsII
7.

Itisknownthat,ifatriangleandaparallelogramlieonthesamebaseandarebetweenthe
sameparallels,thentheareaofthetriangleishalftheareaoftheparallelogram.

Area(ABC)= 2
area(ABCD)(1)
Itisgiventhat,OisthemidpointofAC.Therefore,OBisthemedianofABC.
Itisknownthat,themedianofatriangledividesthetriangleintotwotriangleswithequal
areas.
Area(AOB)=Area(OBC)

Area(AOB)= 2
Area(ABC)

Area(AOB)= 2
2
AreaABCD
Therefore,

Thus,therequiredratiois1:4.
8.

JoinDQandBP.

19

Itisgiventhat,BX=DY
BX+XY=DY+XY
BY=DX
Itisknownthat,trianglesonthesamebase(orequalbases)andbetweenthesameparallels
areequalinarea.
Itcanbeobservedthat,BPYandDQXlieonequalbasesBYandDXandbetweenthe
sameparallelsBDandPQ.
ar(BPY)=ar(DQX)...(1)
Itisknownthat,ifatriangleandaparallelogramlieonthesamebaseandbetweenthesame
parallels,thentheareaofthetriangleishalftheareaoftheparallelogram.
ABPandparallelogramABCDlieonthesamebaseABandbetweenthesameparallelsAB
andCD.

ar(ABP)= 2
ar(ABCD)...(2)
1
Similarly,ar(ADQ)= 2
ar(ABCD)...(3)
From(2)and(3),wehave
ar(ABP)=ar(ADQ)...(4)
Subtracting(1)from(4),wehave
ar(ABP)ar(BPY)=ar(ADQ)ar(DQX)
ar(AYB)=ar(AXD)
ar(AYB)ar(AXY)=ar(AXD)ar(AXY)
ar(AXB)=ar(AYD)
Hence,theresultisproved.
9.

JoinAE.

20

Ifaparallelogramandatrianglelieonthesamebaseandbetweenthesameparallels,then
theareaofthetriangleishalftheareaoftheparallelogram.

ar(AEB)= 2 a
r(ABCD)

Given,EisthemidpointofBF.
AEisthemedianofABFcorrespondingtosideBF.
Itisknownthat,themedianofatriangledividesitintotwotrianglesofequalareas.
ar(AEF)=ar(AEB)

ar(ABF)=ar(AEB)+ar(AEF)

2
=25cm
2
Thus,theareaofABFis25cm
.
10. Given,ACDEisarectangleandAE||CD.
AE||DB
Itisgiventhat,AB||EG.
ABGEisaparallelogram.
Theparallelogramsonthesamebaseandbetweenthesameparallelsareequalinarea.
Area(ABGE)=Area(ACDE)...(1)
Ifatriangleandaparallelogramlieonthesamebaseandarebetweenthesameparallels,
thentheareaofthetriangleishalftheareaoftheparallelogram.

Area(ABF)= 2
area(ABGE)
1
Area(ABF)= 2
area(ACDE)...(2)[Using(1)]
Itisknownthat,themedianofatriangledividesitintotriangleswithequalareas.
21

Area(ABF)=Area(BCF)

area(BCF)= 2
area(ACDE)[Using(2)]
Thisprovestheresult.

Chapter10:Circles
Topic:ChordsofaCircle
1.

LetPQandRSbetwoequalchordsofacircle.
WehavetoprovethatPOQ=ROS
InPOQandROS,
PO=OR(Radiusofcircle)
PQ=RS(Given)
OQ=OS(Radiusofcircle)
POQ
ROS(BySSScongruencycriterion)
Weknowthatcorrespondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesareequal.
POQ=ROS
Thus,equalchordsofacirclesubtendequalanglesatthecentre.

2.

LetMbethefootoftheperpendiculardrawnfromcentreOtochordCD.
JoinOBandOD
Itisknownthattheperpendiculardrawnfromthecentreofacircletoachordbisectsthe
chord.

22

ApplyingPythagorasTheoreminrighttriangleOLB,weobtain
2
2
2
(OB)
=(OL)
+(LB)
2
2
2
(OB)
=(15cm)
+(8cm)
2
2
2
(OB)
=225cm
+64cm
2
2
(OB)
=289cm
OB=17cm
Thus,radiusofthecircle=17cm
OD=17cm
AgainapplyingPythagorasTheoreminrighttriangleOMD,weobtain
2
2
2
(OD)
=(OM)
+(MD)
2
2
2
(17cm)
=(OM)
+(15cm)
2
2
2
289cm
=(OM)
+225cm
2
2
2
(OM)
=289cm
225cm
2
2
(OM)
=64cm
OM=8cm
Thus,thedistanceofchordCDfromthecentreis8cm.

3.

LetAB=288cmandCD=48cmbetheparallelchordsofacirclewithcentreOandradius
r.
DrawOLABandOMCD.Then,LM=160cm

JoinOBandOD
Itisknownthattheperpendiculardrawnfromthecentreofacircletoachordbisectsthe
chord.

LetOL=x
Then,OM=160x
ApplyingPythagorasTheoreminrightangledtriangleOLB,weobtain
2
2
2
(OB)
=(OL)
+(BL)
2
2
2
r
=x
+(144)

23

2
2
r
=x
+20736(1)
AgainapplyingPythagorasTheoreminrightangledtriangleOMD,weobtain
2
2
2
(OD)
=(OM)
+(MD)
2
2
2
r
=(160x)
+(24)
2
2
r
=x
+25600320x+576
2
2
r
=x
320x+26176(2)
From(1)and(2),weobtain
2
2
x
+20736=x
320x+26176
320x=5440
x=17
Fromequation(1),weobtain
2
2
r
=(17)
+20736=289+20736=21025

Thus,diameterofthecircle=1452cm=290cm

Topic:CirclethroughThreeNonCollinearPointsandEquidistantChords
4.

ItisgiventhatOP=OS
Itisknownthatiftwochordsofacircleareequidistantfromthecentre,thentheyareof
equallengths.
AB=CD
arcAB=arcCD
arcAB+arcBC=arcCD+arcBC
arcAC=arcBD
AC=BD
Itisalsoknownthat,equalchordsareequidistantfromthecentre.
OQ=OR
Hence,theresultisproved.

5.

LetObethecentreofthecircle.
DrawOLABandOMCD.
JoinOX.

Itisknownthatequalchordsareequidistantfromthecentre.
OL=OM (1)
ComparingOLXandOMX,

24

OLX=OMX
(eachisarightangle)
OX=OX
(common)
OL=OM
{fromequation(1)}
OLX
OMX
[RHScongruencycriterion]
Itisknownthatcorrespondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesareequal.
LX=MX
(2)
Theperpendiculardrawnfromthecentreofacircletoachordbisectsthechord.

AL=
,andCM=
.
ButitisgiventhatAB=CD.
AL=CM
(3)
Subtractingequation(2)fromequation(3),
ALLX=CMMX
AX=CX
Hence,theresultisproved.

6.

Itisknownthat,theperpendicularbisectorofachordalwayspassesthroughthecentre.
BothKLandMNpassthroughthecentreofthecircle.
Thus,thepointofintersectionofKLandMNisthecentre(say,O)ofthecircle.

Itisalsoknownthat,equalchordsareequidistantfromthecentre.
OK=OM...(1)
ComparingOKNandOML,
OKN=OML[Eachmeasurearightangle]
OK=OM[From(1)]
KON=MOL[Verticallyoppositeangles]
OKN
OML[ASAcongruencyrule]
Thecorrespondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesareequal.
ON=OL...(2)
KN=ML...(3)
Adding(1)and(2),wehave
OK+OL=OM+ON
KL=MN...(4)
Itisgiventhat,KLandMNareperpendicularbisectorsofABandCDrespectively.

25

and

BK=MD...(5)[AB=CD]
Subtracting(3)from(5),wehave
BKKN=MDML
BN=DL...(6)
Hence,from(4)and(6),KL=MNandBN=DL.

Topic:AnglesSubtendedbyArcsandSegmentsofaCircle
7.

8.

9.

Inthegivenfigure,BAO=21andBCO=17
SinceOAandOBareradiiofcircle,OA=OB
OBA=BAO
OBA=21
Also,sinceOBandOCareradiiofcircle,
OBC=BCO
OBC=17
Now,ABC=OBA+OBC
=21+17=38
Weknowthattheanglesubtendedbyanarcatthecentreisdoubletheanglesubtendedby
itatanypointontheremainingpartofthecircle.
AOC=2ABC
AOC=238
AOC=76
ComparingABPandCDP:
AB=CD(Given)
BAP=CDP(Anglesinthesamesegmentareequal)
ABP=DCP(Anglesinthesamesegmentareequal)
ABP
DCP
[ASAcongruencycriterion]
Thecorrespondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesareequal.
AP=DP(1)
AgaincomparingAMPandDNP:
AP=DP{From(1)}
MAP=NDP(BAP=CDP)
AM=DN(MandNaremidpointsofequalchordsABandCDrespectively)
AMP
DNP
[SAScongruencycriterion]
Thus,PM=PN
Hence,theresultisproved.
ComparingABDandCEF:
ABD=CEF(Angleinasemicircleisarightangle)
AD=CF(Diameterofthesamecircle)
AB=EF(Given)
ABD
FEC(RHScongruencycriterion)
Thecorrespondingpartsofcongruenttrianglesareequal.

26

BD=CE
arcBD=arcCE
arcBDarcCD=arcCEarcCD
arcBC=arcDE
Hence,theresultisproved.

Topic:CyclicQuadrilaterals
10. Itisknownthatifalinesegmentjoiningtwopointssubtendsequalanglesattwoother
pointslyingonthesamesideofthelinecontainingthelinesegment,thenthefourpointslie
onacircle.
SinceBCE=BDE=50,thepointsB,C,D,andEareconcyclic.
ItisgiventhatABCEisacyclicquadrilateral.
ThepointsA,B,C,andEareconcyclic.
Itisknownthatthereisoneandonlyonecirclepassingthroughthreegivennoncollinear
points.
Therefore,thepointsB,C,andEarecommoninboththecircles.
Thus,thepointsA,B,C,D,andEareconcyclic.

11. ApplyinganglesumpropertyoftrianglesinABD:
BAD+ADB+ABD=180
95+ADB+40=180
ADB=45
ItisobservedthatthelinesegmentABsubtendsequalanglesatpointsCandDlyingonthe
samesideofAB.
ThepointsA,B,C,andDareconcyclicpoints.
Hence,ABCDisacyclicquadrilateral.

12. (a)Weknowthattheexteriorangleofacyclicquadrilateralisequaltotheinterioropposite
angle.
PST=PQR
PST=72(
PQR=72,given)
(b)ItisgiventhatPT=TS
SPT=PST
SPT=72
InPST,
PST+STP+SPT=180
STP=1807272=36
Now,weknowthattheanglesubtendedbyanarcatthecentreisdoubletheangle
subtendedbyitatanypointontheremainingpartofthecircle.
POS=2STP
=236=72
(c)InPQS,
PQ=QS(Given)
QSP=SPQ
SPQ=56(
QSP=56,given)
Now,PQS+QSP+SPQ=180(Anglesumpropertyoftriangles)

27

PQS+56+56=180
PQS=180112=68
Weknowthatanglesinthesamesegmentofacircleareequal.
PRS=PQS
PRS=68

Chapter11:Construction
Topic:BasicConstruction
1.

Thebelowgivenstepsarefollowedtoconstructanangleof15.
(i)DrawalinesegmentPQoflength6.9cm.
(ii)TakingPascentreandwithsomeradius,drawanarcofacircle,whichintersectsPQat
R.
(iii)TakingRascentreandwiththesameradiusasbefore,drawanarcintersectingthe
previouslydrawnarcatpointS.

(iv)TakingRandSascentreandwithradiusmorethan 2
RS,drawarcstointersecteach
otheratT.JoinPT.
(v)LetitintersectthearcatU.TakingUandRascentreandwithradiusmorethan

1
2 RU,drawanarctointersecteachotheratV.JoinPV,whichistherequiredray,making
15withthegivenrayPQ.

2.

Theangle112.5canbewrittenas

Thereforewefirstdrawanglesof90and135,andthenbisecttheanglebetweenthem.
Thestepsoftheconstructionareasfollows:
(i)DrawalineABandmarkapointConit.
(ii)Drawanangleof90atCusingacompass.TheangleobtainedisQCB=90and
28

ACQ=18090=90.
(iii)WithMandQascentres,andradiusmorethanhalfofMQ,drawarcsintersectingeach
otheratR.TheangleobtainedisRCB=135.
(iv)WithKandQascentresandradiusmorethanhalfofKQ,drawarcsintersectingeach
otheratP.JoinPC.

Thus,PCB=112.5istherequiredangle.
3.

ThefollowingstepsshouldbefollowedtodrawtheperpendicularbisectorofPQoflength
10.6cm.
(i)DrawalinesegmentPQoflength10.6cmusingaruler.
(ii)DrawtwoarcstakingPandQascentresandradiusmorethanhalfofPQtobothsidesof
PQ.LetthemintersectatAandB.
(iii)JoinPQ.PQistheperpendicularrulerbisectorofAB.

Toverifytheconstruction,wearerequiredtojoinPA,PB,QAandQB.LetABandPQ
intersectatO.

29

InAPBandAQB:
AP=AQ
(Byconstruction)
BP=BQ
(Byconstruction)
AB=AB
(Commonside)
APBAQB
(SSScongruencecriterion)
PAB=QAB
(CPCT)
PAO=QAO
(1)
InOAPandOAQ:
PAO=QAO
{Usingequation(1)}
OA=OA
(Commonside)
PA=QA
(Byconstruction)
OAPOAQ
(SAScongruencecriterion)
OP=OQ
(CPCT)
(2)
AOP=AOQ
(CPCT)
(3)
However,AOP+AOQ=180
(Linearpair)
2AOP=180
{Usingequation(3)}
AOP=90
(4)
Hence,equations(2)and(4)showthatABistheperpendicularbisectorofPQ.
4.

angleofmeasure135.Forthis,firstofallwehavetoconstructanangleofmeasure135and
thenwewillbisectit.Forthis,wefollowthebelowgivensteps.
(i)Withthehelpofaprotractor,drawPOQofmeasure135.

30

(ii)DrawanarcofanyradiustakingOascentre.LetthisarcintersectthearmsOPandOQ
atXandYrespectivelyasshownbelow.

(iii)TakingXandYascentresandradiusmorethanhalfofXY,drawarcstointersecteach
other,sayatR.JoinrayORasshownbelow.

Now,ORisthebisectorofPOQi.e.,POR=ROQ=

POR=ROQ

Validityofconstruction:

31

InRXOandRYO,
OX=OY
XR=YR
OR=OR
RXORYO
ByCPCT,
POR=ROQ
Thus,theconstructionisvalid.
Topic:ConstructionofTrianglesI
5.

Therequiredtrianglecanbeconstructedasfollows.
(i)DrawalinesegmentBCoflength7cm.
(ii)DrawarayBXmakinganangleof60withBC.
(iii)WithBascentreandradiusequalto12cm,drawanarcwhichcutsBXat D.
(iv)JoinDCanddrawitsperpendicularbisectorwhichintersectsBDatpointA.
(v)JoinAC.Thus,ABCistherequiredtriangle.

32

6.

Therequiredtrianglecanbeconstructedasfollows.
(i)DrawalinesegmentBCoflength6cm.
(ii)DrawarayBXmakinganangleof45withBC.
(iii)WithBascentreandradiusequalto2cm,drawanarcwhichcutsBXatD.
(iv)JoinDCanddrawitsperpendicularbisectorwhichintersectsBXatpointA.
(v)JoinAC.Thus,ABCistherequiredtriangle.

7.

LetABCberightangledatBinsuchthatBC=7.5cmandACAB=4.5cm.
Thestepsofconstructionareasfollows:
(i)DrawalinesegmentBCoflength7.5cm.
(ii)AtpointB,drawXBC=90.
(iii)ExtendXBtoY.
33

(iv)DrawanarctakingBasthecentreandradiusequalto4.5cmsuchthatitintersectsBY
atpointD.
(v)JoinCD.
(vi)DrawtheperpendicularbisectorofCDintersectingXBatpointA.
(vii)JoinAC.
Thus,ABCistherequiredtriangle.

Topic:ConstructionofTrianglesII
8.

Itisknownthateachangleofanequilateraltriangleisofmeasure60.
InUVW,letustakeV=60,W=60andperimeter=UV+VW+WU=18cm.
Thegivenstepswillbefollowedtodrawtherequiredtriangle:
(i)DrawalinesegmentAB=18cm,andconstructtwoanglesatAandB,eachmeasuring
60.
(ii)ConstructthebisectorsofPABandQBA,intersectingeachotheratU.
(iii)ConstructtheperpendicularbisectorsJKandLMofUAandUBrespectively.Letthem
intersectABatVandWrespectively.JoinpointUwithpointsVandWtoobtainUVW.
Thus,UVWistherequiredtriangle.

34

9.

Theanglesofanisoscelesrightangledtriangleare90,45and45.
InABC,letA=90,B=C=45.
ItisgiventhattheperimeterofABCis10cm.
Thestepsofconstructionareasfollows:
(i)DrawalinesegmentXYoflengthof10cm.
(ii)AtpointsXandY,drawanglesLXYandMYXofmeasures45each.
(iii)DrawthebisectorsofLXYandMYXsuchthattheyintersecteachotheratA.
(iv)DrawtheperpendicularbisectorsofAXandAYtointersectXYatpointsBandC
respectively.
(v)JoinABandAC.
ABCistherequiredtriangle.

10. Thebelowgivenstepsarefollowedtoconstructtherequiredtriangle.
(i)DrawalinesegmentABof13.5cm.
(AsUV+VW+WU=13.5cm)
(ii)Constructanangle,PAB,of45atpointAandanangle,QBA,of60atpointB.
(iii)BisectPABandQBA.LetthesebisectorsintersecteachotheratpointU.
(iv)DrawperpendicularbisectorJKofAUandLMofBU.
(v)LetJKintersectsABatVandLMintersectsABatW.
JoinUVandUW.UVWistherequiredtriangle.
35

Chapter13:SurfaceAreasandVolumes
Topic:SurfaceAreasandVolumeofCubesandCuboids
1.

Giventhatthelength(
l
),breadth(
b
),andheight(
h
)ofthecuboidalshapedroomare10m,8
m,and4mrespectively.
Therefore,areaof4wallsandceilingfrominside=2
h
(
l
+
b
)+
lb
=24m(10m+8m)+10m8m
2
=(144+80)m
2
=224m
2
Areaof3windows=31.5m0.8m=3.6m
Areaof1door=2m1.6m=3.2m
Now,areaof4wallsandceiling,whichdoesnotincludethe3windowsandthedoor=[224
2
2
(3.6+3.2)]m
=217.2m
Therefore,costofwhitewashing=Rs(12.50217.2)=Rs2715

2.

Letthelengthoftheedgeofthecubebe
a
.
Then,thelength
l
ofthecuboid=2
a
Breadth,
b
ofthecuboid=
a
Height,
h
ofthecuboid=
a

Itisknownthatthetotalsurfaceareaofacuboidisgivenby2(
lb
+
bh
+
lh
),where
l
,
b
and
h
representthelength,breadthandheightofthecuboidrespectively.
2
640cm
=2(2
a
.
a
+
a.a
+2
a
.
a
)
2
2
2
2
640cm
=2(2
a
+
a
+2
a
)
2
10
a2

=640cm
2

a2

=64cm
36

a
=8cm
Thus,thelengthoftheedgeofthecubeis8cm.

3.

Itisgiventhat:
Lengthofthecuboid,
l
=120cm
Breadthofthecuboid,
b
=60cm
Heightofthecuboid,
h
=30cm
3
Volumeofthecuboid=
l

h
=120cm60cm30cm=216000cm
Itisgiventhatthevolumeofthecubeissameasthevolumeofthecuboid.
Lettheedgeofthecubebe
x
.
3
Volumeofcube=
x
3
3

x
=216000cm

x
=60cm
Itisknownthatthesurfaceareaofacubeisgivenby6
l2

,where
l
istheedgeofthecube.
2
2
2
Surfaceareaofcube=6(60cm)
=63600cm
=21600cm
2
Thus,thesurfaceareaofthecubeis21600cm
.

4.

Curvedsurfaceareaofacylinderofradius
r
andheight
h
is2
rh
.
Let
r
and
h
beradiusandheight(respectively)oftheoriginalcylinder.
Itisgiventhattheheightofthecylinderisdecreasedby10%.
Newheight

Itisalsogiventhatthecurvedsurfaceareaofthecylinderisdecreasedby5.5%.
Let
A
and
A
respectivelybetheoriginalandnewcurvedsurfaceareaofthecylinder.
Accordingtothegiveninformation:

37

Letthenewradiusbe
x
%oftheoriginalradius.

From(i):

9
x
=945

x
=105
Thisshowsthatthepercentageincreaseintheradiusofthecylinderis105%.
Thevolumeofacylinderisgivenby
r2

h
.
2
Originalvolume,
V
=
r
h
Newvolume,
V

Itisclearthat

Thus,percentagedecreaseinvolume

38

Thus,thepercentagedecreaseinthevolumeofthecylinderis15.5%.
Topic:SurfaceAreaandVolumeofRightCircularCylinders
5.

Diameterofthecylindricaltank=7m
Radiusofthecylindricaltank

Heightofthetank(
h
)=4m
Theareaofthetankthatistobepaintedisthetotalsurfaceareaofthetank.
Weknowthat,totalsurfaceareaofcylinder=2
r
(
r
+
h
)
Therefore,totalsurfaceareaoftank

2
2
=[227.5]cm
=165m
2
Itisgiventhat,costofpainting1m
ofarea=Rs15
2
Costofpainting165m
ofarea=Rs15165=Rs2475
Thus,therequiredcostofpaintingthetankisRs2475.
6.

Itisknownthatthelateralsurfaceareaofacylinderisgivenby2
rh
,where
r
isthebase
radiusand
h
istheheightofthecylinder.
Areatobevarnished=2
rh

39

2
Costofvarnishing308cm
area=Rs46.20
2
Costofvarnishing1cm
area

2
Costofvarnishing1m
area=Rs1500
2
Costofvarnishing3.75m
area=Rs15003.75=Rs5625
Thus,thecostofvarnishingthetopofthewoodentableisRs5625.
7.

Lettheradiusandheightofthecylinderbe
r
and
h
respectively.
Circumferenceofthebase=2
r
=44cm

2
Volumeofthecylinder=1232cm
2

r2

h
=1232cm

Surfaceareaofthecylinder=2
rh
+
r2

2
Thus,thesurfaceareaoftheopencylinderis506cm

8.

Let
r
bethebaseradiusofthecylinder.
Heightofthecylindricaltank,
h
=6m
40

Petrolfilledin8minutes=83,000litres=24,000litres
3
1m
=1000litres
Volumeofthetank

=24m
Thevolumeofacylinderisgivenby
r2

h
.
2
24=
r
6

Thus,theradiusofthebaseofthecylinderis2m
Topic:SurfaceAreaandVolumeofRightCircularCone
9.

Itisevidentthattheareaofthecanvasusedinmakingthetentisequaltothelateralsurface
areaofthetent.
Itisknownthatlateralsurfaceareaofcone=
rl
,where
r
and
l
arerespectivelytheradius
andtheslantheightofthecone.
Diameterofthetent=16feet
Radiusofthetent,
r
=8feet

Theheight(
h
)ofthetentisgivenby,

Thus,theheightofthetentis6feet.
10.

Let
r
,
h
,and
l
betheradiusofthebase,height,andslantheightoftheconicaltent
respectively.
2
ItisgiventhatthecostofcanvasrequiredtomakethetentattherateofRs70perm
isRs
34320.
Therefore,lateralsurfaceareaofthetent

41

2
Itisgiventhattotalsurfaceareaoftheconicaltentis300m
.

Subtractingequation(1)from(2),weobtain

Substituting
r
=12minequation(1),weobtain

Weknowthat,

11.

Letdiameter(
d
)andheight(
h
)oftherightcircularconebe3
x
and2
x
.
Therefore,radiusoftherightcircularcone,

Now,slantheightofthecone,

42

Therefore,totalsurfaceareaofthecone=
r
(
l
+
r
)

Now,volumeofthecone

12.

Let
r
and
h
betheradiusandheightofthecone.

Whentheradiusandheightoftheconearereducedby20%,theradius
(
r ) andheight(
h ) ofthenewconewillbe

43

Now,surfaceareaoftheoriginalcone,A=
r
(
l
+
r
)
And,surfaceareaofthenewcone,

Therefore,percentagereduceinsurfacearea

Originalvolumeofthecone,

Volumeofthecone,

44

Therefore,percentagereduceinvolume

Topic:SurfaceAreaandVolumeofSpheres
13.

Itisknownthatthecurvedsurfaceareaandthetotalsurfaceareaofahemispherearegiven
by2
r2

and3
r2

,where
r
istheradiusofthehemisphere.

2
Thus,thetotalsurfaceareaofthehemisphereis57cm
.
14.

Lettheradiusofthehemispherebe
R
.
Radiusofthecircle,
r
=5cm
2
Areaofthecircle=
r2

=25cm
Itisknownthatthecurvedsurfaceareaofahemisphereofradius
R
isgivenby2
R2

.
Accordingtothegiveninformation:
2
2
R2

=25cm
2
2
R2

=25cm
45

15.

Let
r
betheradiusofthesphericalballoon.
Surfaceareaoftheballoon=4
r2
2
2
4
r
=24.64m

Volumeoftheballoon

3
Given,thegasispumpedintotheballoonattherateof12,500cm
/sec.
Timetakentofilltheballoon=

Thus,thetimetakentopumpthegasintheballoonisapproximately15minutes.

Chapter14:Statistics
Topic:CollectionandPresentationofData
1.

(a)Sizeoftheclassintervals=4
(b)Thestudentswhostudyfor8hoursandmorearetheoneswhostudyfor812hoursor
1216hours.Thismeansthat8+15=23studentsstudyfor8hoursandmoreinaweek.
(c)Lowerlimitofclassinterval1216is12.

2.

Itcanbeobservedthatthegivendataisquitelarge.Here,themaximumtemperaturevaries
46

from27.5Cto36.5C.Thus,onecancondenseitintogroupssuchas2730,3033,3336,
and3639.Then,tallymarkstableisdrawnbymarking forthedailymaximum
temperatureintherespectiveclassinterval.Here,fivetallymarksarerepresentedby ,
wherethefifthtallymarkismarkedacrosstheremainingfourtallymarkstobunchtheminto
five.

Then,therequiredfrequencytablecanbeconstructedas:

ClassInterval
(

C)
2730
3033
3336
3639

TallyMarks

Frequency
6

Total

11
9
4
30

Topic:GraphicalRepresentationofData
3.

(a) An appropriate scale for the given dataischosenfirst.Asthegreatest valueofthedatais

400, the scale is started at 0 and ended at 450. Equal divisions on the vertical axis are then
made,takingincrementsof50.
Therefore,thescalethatweuseis1unit=50numberofshirtssold
Takingthenumberofshirtssoldalongverticalaxisandmonthalonghorizontalaxisand
makingbarsforeachyearsimultaneously,weobtainthebargraphasfollows.

47

(b)Theheightofthebarsinthebargraphgivesthenumberofshirtssoldinthatparticular
month.
Itcanbeseenfromthebargraphthattheheightofthebarrepresentingnumberofshirtssold
inyear2008inthemonthofMayislessthanthatin2007.
Thus,thenumberofshirtssoldintheyear2008inthemonthofMayislessthanthenumber
ofshirtssoldintheyear2007.
4.

NumberofmaleemployeesofcompanyCworkinginmorningshift=7500
NumberofmaleemployeesofcompanyCworkinginnightshift=7500
Thus,incompanyC,thenumberofmaleemployeesworkinginmorningshiftisequaltothe
numberofmaleemployeesworkinginnightshift

5.

(a)ThegivenbargraphshowsthenumberofforeignerswhovisitedDelhiandMumbaiin
thelastfiveyears.
(b)ThenumberofforeignerswhovisitedDelhiwasthesameintheyears2005and2007.
(c)Themaximumnumberofforeigners(500)visitedMumbaiintheyear2006.
(d)300foreignersvisitedDelhiintheyear2008.
(e)TheincreaseinthenumberofforeignerswhovisitedDelhiwasthegreatestinyear2006
ascomparedtothepreviousyear2005andthisincreasecanbecalculatedbysubtractingthe
numberofforeignerswhovisitedDelhiintheyear2006andintheyear2005i.e.,600200=
400
(f)ThenumberofforeignerswhovisitedMumbaiwasthesameintheyears2004and2008.

6.

Itcanbeobservedthatthedifferencebetweentwoconsecutiveclassmarksofthegivendata
is10.
Now,
48

Bysubtracting5fromthegivenclassmarkandadding5tothegivenclassmark,wecanfind
thelowerclasslimitandupperclasslimitofthatclassintervalrespectivelyandhence,we
canformthefrequencydistributiontableintermsofclassintervalasfollows:
MidPoint

ClassInterval

Frequency

125

120130

22

135

130140

145

140150

42

155

150160

10

165

160170

18

Bychoosingthescale10marks=1cmalong
X
axisand4students=1cmalong
Y
axis,we
drawthehistogramofthegivendataasfollows:

49

7.

Itcanbeseenthattheintervalsarenotequallyspacedinthegivendata.Theareasof
rectanglesinahistogramareproportionaltotheirfrequencies.Sincetheintervalsarenot
equallyspaced,thewidthsofrectangleswillvaryandthebargraphobtainedwillnotbe
correct.
Todrawtherequiredgraph,thenewlengthoftherectangleproportionaltotheminimum
classsize,whichis200,hastobefound.
TheproportionofthenumberofemployeesperRs200intervalcanbetabulatedas:

Monthly
Incentives
(Rs)

Numberof
Employees
(Frequency)

Widthof
Class

0200

200

LengthofRectangle

200400

200

400800

10

400

8001400

12

600

14001800

14

400

50

18002000

15

200

Thehistogramcannowbeformedbytakingproportionsalongtheverticalaxisandmonthly
incentivesalongthehorizontalaxis.Thus,therequiredhistogramcanbedrawnas:

8.

Inthegivenhistogram,theproportionofnumberofstudentsisgiven.
Itisknownthat,
Lengthoftherectangleofhistogram

Thus,thenumberofstudentscanbecalculatedinthefollowingway.
Numberofstudentswhoseheightis120130cm

Numberofstudentswhoseheightis130145

51

Numberofstudentswhoseheightis145150

Numberofstudentswhoseheightis150160

Numberofstudentswhoseheightis160175

Hence,totalnumberofstudentsinclassIX=10+30+12+28+45=125
9.

(a)Thegivenhistogramshowsthemonthlyexpenditureoftheworkersofafactory.
(b)Accordingtothegraph,
NumberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureisRs0200=3
NumberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureisRs200400=18
NumberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureisRs400600=12
Thus,numberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureislessthanRs600=3+18+12=33
(c)Accordingtothegraph,
NumberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureisRs200400=18
NumberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureisRs400600=12
NumberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureisRs600800=10
Thus,numberofworkerswhosemonthlyexpenditureismorethanRs200butlessthanRs
800=18+12+10=40

10. Westartbydrawingthehistogramofthegivendatabytakingmonthlysalariesalongthe
horizontalaxis,andthenumberofemployeesalongtheverticalaxis.Next,wedrawthebars
ofeachclassintervalcorrespondingtoitsfrequency.
Thefrequencypolygoncanbeobtainedbyjoiningthemidpointsofallbarsofthishistogram.
Theclassmarkofclassinterval(5,00010,000),whichprecedesthefirstclassintervalof
zerofrequency,is
.
Theclassmarkofclassinterval(45,00050,000),whichsucceedsthelastclassintervalof
zerofrequency,is
.
52

Therequiredpolygoncanbeobtainedbyjoiningthemidpointsofallbarsofthehistogram
bymeansoflinesegments,andthenjoiningfurtherwiththeclassmarksofthetwoclass
intervalsofzerofrequency,theonesbeforethefirstclassintervalandafterthelastclass
interval.
Therequiredfrequencypolygonthusobtainedisrepresentedas:

Topic:MeasuresofCentralTendency
11. Thelossincurredbytheshopkeeperoversixconsecutivedaysisgivenas,
Rs50,Rs100,Rs20,Rs80,Rs40,Rs10

Thus,themeanofthelossincurredbytheshopkeeperisRs50duringthegivenperiod.
12. Letthe
n
observationsbe
x
,
x
,
x
,and
x
1
2
3
n.

Itisgiventhatmeanoftheseobservationsis35.

When5issubtractedfromthriceofeachobservation,thenewobservationswillbe
53

Now,meanofthesenewobservations

13. Totalnumberofemployees=50

Salary(inRs)(
x
i)

NumberofEmployees(
f
i)

f
ix

8,000

2
y
+1=5

40,000

10,000

3
y
+1=7

70,000

15,000

20

3,00,000

12

12
x

20,000

80,000

25,000

y
=2

50,000

Total

50

5,40,000+12
x

Fromthetable,
f
x

x
i=
50and
if
i=
5,40,000+12

54

Thus,thevaluesof
x
and
y
are18,000and2respectively.
14. Thegivendatais26,15,14,15,29,26,
x
,18.
Inthegivendata,theobservations15and26occurtwice.
Themodeofgivendatais15.
Sincethemodeofadataisthevaluethatappearsthemaximumnumberoftimes,therefore,
thevalueof
x
is15.
Thegivendatacanbearrangedinascendingorderas:
14,15,15,15,18,26,26,29
Numberofobservations,
n
=8

Thus,themedianofthegivendatais16.5.
15. Themedianisthemiddlevalueofadatasetifthedataisarrangedineitherascendingor
descendingorder.Ifthedatasetcontainsanevennumberofvalues,thenthemedianisthe
meanofthetwomiddlevalues.
Numberofobservations=12,whichiseven.

Chapter15:Probability
55

Thus,themeanofthedatasetis11.17.
Topic:ExperimentalProbability
1.

Experiment:
Whenanoperationisplannedanddoneundercontrolledcondition,itisknown
asanexperiment.
Example:Tossingofacoin

Outcomes:
Differentresultsobtainedinanexperimentareknownasoutcomes.
Example:Ontossingacoin,iftheresultisahead,thentheoutcomeisaheadiftheresultis
atail,thentheoutcomeisatail.

2.

Whenthreecoinsaretossedtogether,wecangeteightpossibleoutcomes.Theseareas
follows:
1.Headsonallthecoins.
2.Headsonthefirsttwocoinsandtailonthelastcoin.
3.Headonthefirstandlastcoinsandtailonthesecondcoin.
4.Headsonthelasttwocoinsandtailonthefirstcoin.
5.Headonthelastcoinandtailsonthefirsttwocoins.
6.Headonthesecondcoinandtailsonthefirstandlastcoins.
7.Headonthefirstcoinandtailsonthelasttwocoins.
8.Tailsonallthecoins.

Thus,thesamplespacewhenthreecoinsaretossedtogetheris{HHH,HHT,HTH,THH,
56

TTH,THT,HTT,TTT}.
3.

(a)Itcanbeseenthat2urnscontainmorethan500balls.
Probabilitythatthechosenurncontainsmorethan500balls

(b)Onlyoneurnhas600balls.
Probabilitythatthechosenurncontains600balls

4.

(a)Itcanbeseenfromthegiventablethatthereare210familieswhichhavemonthly
incomebetweenRs10000andRs15000andhave2children.
Totalnumberoffamilies=1700
Requiredprobability

(b)Numberoffamiliesthathaveonechild=209+42+300+113+230
=894
Requiredprobability

5.

NumberofredballsinbagI,bagII,andbagIIIare40,80,and30.
Totalnumberofredballsinthreebags=40+80+30=150
Outofthethreebags,onlytwobags(bagIandbagIII)containlessthan50balls.
Thus,probabilityoflessthan50ballsinabag

BagIIcontains80redballs.
Totalnumberofredballs=150
Thus,probabilitythatarandomlychosenredballisfrombagII

57

6.

Intherandomlytakenoutofpebblesfromfirstbag,therewere44redpebblesand36green
pebbles.
Thus,atotalof44+36=80pebbleswasrandomlytakenoutfromthefirstbag.
Thus,experimentprobabilityofgettinggreenpebblefromthefirstbagwhenapebbleis
drawnatrandom

Amongtherandomlytakenoutpebblesfromthesecondbag,therewere56redand44green
pebbles.
Thus,atotalof56+44=100pebbleswererandomlytakenoutfromthesecondbag.
Thus,experimentalprobabilityofgettinggreenpebblefromthesecondbagwhenapebbleis
drawnatrandom

However,0.45>0.44
Thus,whenapebbleisdrawnatrandomfromeachbag,theexperimentalprobabilityof
gettingagreenballfromthefirstbagismorethanthatofthesecondbag.
7.

(a)ThelabourerswhosedailywagesaremorethanorequaltoRs70arethelabourerswhose
dailywagesareintheclassinterval7090,90110,110130,and130above.
Therefore,totalnumberoflabourerswhosedailywagesaremorethanorequaltoRs70out
of100randomlyselectedlabourers=16+32+28+15=91
Thus,experimentalprobabilitythatarandomlychosenlabourerengagedintheconstruction
companyearnsmorethanorequaltoRs70asdailywage

(b)ThelabourerswhosedailywagesarelessthanRs110arethelabourerswhosedaily
wagescomeintheclassintervalRs50Rs70orRs70Rs90orRs90Rs110.
Therefore,totalnumberoflabourerswhosedailywagesarelessthanRs110outof100
randomlyselectedlabourers=9+16+32=57
Thus,experimentalprobabilitythatarandomlychosenlabourerengagedintheconstruction
58

companyearnslessthanRs110asdailywage

8.

Totalnumberofstudents=90
(a)Numberofstudentswithheightmorethanorequalto130cm,butlessthan160cm
=10+20+36=66
Probabilitythatheightofarandomlychosenstudentismorethanorequalto130cm,but
lessthan160cm

(b)Thereisnostudentwithheightmorethan180cm.
Probabilitythatheightofarandomlychosenstudentismorethan180cm

(c)Theheightofallthestudentsiseithermorethanorequalto120cm.
Numberofstudentswithheightmorethanorequalto120cm=90
Probabilitythatheightofarandomlychosenstudentismorethanorequalto120cm

9.

Thebloodgroupofthestudentscanbewrittenusingafrequencytableasshownbelow:

Bloodgroup

Numberofstudents

18

59

AB

(a)ProbabilitythatarandomlychosenstudenthasbloodgroupO

(b)ProbabilitythatarandomlychosenstudenthasbloodgroupB

(c)ProbabilitythatarandomlychosenstudenthasbloodgroupAB

(d)ProbabilitythatarandomlychosenstudenthasbloodgroupA

Now,sumofprobabilitiesofthestudentsofdifferentbloodgroups

60

Thisshowsthatthesumofprobabilitiesofthedifferentbloodgroupsis1.

10.

Totalnumberofstudentsamongwhomthesurveywasconducted=80

(a)
60%of50

Thestudentsscoringmorethanorequalto60%ofmarksarethestudentswhoscoredmore
thanequalto30marks.Thesestudentsareincludedintheclassintervals3040and40
50.
Fromthegiventable,itisobservedthatthereare18+16=34studentswhoscoredmore
thanorequalto60%mark.
Thus,probabilitythattherandomlychosenstudentscoresmorethanorequalto60%marks
=

(b)
40%of50

Thestudentsscoringlessthan40%marksarethestudentswhoscoredlessthan20marks.
Thesestudentsareincludedintheclassinterval010and1020.
Fromthegiventable,itisobservedthatthereare8+14=22studentswhoscoredlessthan
40%marks.
Thus,probabilitythattherandomlychosenstudentscoreslessthan40%marks

61