Chief Minister Andhra Pradesh

MESSAGE

It is learnt that the State of Andhra Pradesh has a history of earthquakes from the year 1800 to date. but fortunately there have not been major losses due to low intensity of the quakes. Ongole, Bhadrachalam. Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Jubilee Hills area of Hyderabad only have recorded tremors of the magnitude of 5.0 to 5.7 on the Richter Scale. This subject has assured a great deal of significance in view of the Earthquake that has struck in the State of Gujarat in the year 200 I, killing thousands of people and rendering many houseless apart from causing extensive damage to properties on a very large scale.

The State of Andhra Pradesh is fortunate in having National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Geological Survey of India (GSI) and National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) located in the State capital of Hyderabad. Since awareness about the earthquake hazard is not adequate among the officials and public, there is a need to have a 'Contingency Plan for Earthquake in Andhra Pradesh'.

Today, every individual is threatened by one or the other types of hazards in the State. It is, therefore, necessary that everyone is made aware of the vulnerability and risks they are facing or likely to face on this front.

I am glad to learn that the Revenue (Relief) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh has brought out "E.arthquake Contingency Plan of Andhra Pradesh". I am hopeful that this Earthquake Manual will strengthen the capacity of the people for coping with disasters as well as minimizing their effects and impact.

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(N. CHANDRABABU NAIDU)

Hyderabad 16-12-2002

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(P. IsHOK GAJAPATHI RAJU)

Minister for Revenue, Relief & Rehabilitation

MESSAGE

Natural Disastors feature all to frequently in our lives each year. Tens of thousands of victims are claimed by Cyclones, floods, brought, Earthquakes and similar events. Disaster Management has become a challenge for both the Government as well as the people, who very frequently face various hazards, natural as well as man-made in the State.

I am happy to mention that Revenue (Relief) Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh has brought out Earthquake Contingency Plan for Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh as also among other plans. like for cyclone and floods, which will be useful for the administrators involved in mitigation of Earthquake, and ultimately to the people of Andhra Pradesh. The Manual will also be helpful to those involved in management of disasters in India.

Hyderabad 23-12-2002

Chief Secretary, Government of A.P.

MESSAGE

Today every individual is threatened by one or the other type of Hazards.

Every year thousnds of precious lives are lost and the economic losses are colossal, not only causing severe hardship to the affected people, but also putting severe financial strain on Governments. It is, therefore, necessary that everyone is made aware of the vulnerability and risks they are facing or likely to face.

The Central and State Governments have the overall responsibility for Disaster Management and over the years, the Governments have increased their role in the matter in many respects.

I hope this Manual would prove useful to the people of our State as well as the District Administration in dealing with the situations before, during and after Earthquake. It will also be useful to all the Government Departments at the State level to cope with such situations as and when it occurs.

I would like to make special mention of the efforts of Dr. AY.S. Reddy, lAS, former Principal Secretary, Revenue & Relief Dept., Govt. of Andhra Pradesh who took up the task of drafting this Earthquake Contingency Plan for AP.

(SATHI NAIR)

Hyderabad 23-12-2002

Commr, for Relief & Ex-officio, Secretary to Government Revenue Department

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Man is a part of Nature. Nature maintains a precise and delicate balance ..

Due to man's intervention to conquer nature, the balance is disturbed and resulted in global warming, reduction in forest cover, Ozone layer depletion etc. The developing countries have become more vulnerable for these problems. After the Gujarat Earthquake in the year 200;1 , the State Governments are updati ng of Codes/Manual! Disaster Plans of the States on the basis of experience gained and technical developments for handling disasters.

The increasing natural disasters in the country including man made disasters are straining the Government treasuries to a great extent. The Central and the State Governments have constituted High Powered Committee (HPC) at Central level and Cabinet Sub-Committees at States level for preparation of Disaster Management Plans and for up-dating Manuals to save the precious lives of people and to mini mize economic losses, to the extent possible.

Hyderabad 11-01-2003

~J.L:_

(D. c. ROSAIAH)

In this context I would like to mention that Dr. AVS. Reddy, lAS., former PrL Secretary to Government, Revenue & Relief Department has taken pains in the best interest of Andhra Pradesh State and guided all of us in preparing Earthquake Contingency Plan of Andhra Pradesh. I thank Dr. AVS. Reddy, lAS., so much.

I also thank all the officers and others who have associated with Dr. AVS. Reddy, lAS., in the Herculean task of preparing the "Earthquake Contingency Plan of AP."

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Indian sub-continent has suffered over 1,00,000 deaths due to earthouakes since the year 1803. The earthouakes have been mainly confined to the states in Himalayan region. Assam, Bihar, Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. India is divided into five seismic zones. The South Indian peninsular region was believed to be stable and not prone to earthouakes. But earthouakes in Koyna in 1967 and Khillari in 1993 and labalpur in 1997 have belied this belief.

The Khillari earthouake caused 9326 deaths and the effect of tremors was also felt in some parts of Andhra Pradesh. The Southern Indian peninsula falls mostly under zones I and II which are the lower bracket of the vulnerability scale. Yet two damaging earthouakes occurred. The unpredictable nature of this natural phenomenon can no longer be taken lightly.

The State of Andh ra Pradesh has a history of earthouakes from the year 1800 to date but fortunately there have not been major losses due to the low intensity of the Quakes. Ongole, Bhadrachalam. Srikakulam, Secunderabad and Vizianagaram only have recorded magnitude of S.O. S.7 on the Richter Scale. This should not lead to complacency in the state particu larly after the experience in Maharashtra State. There is a need to have cant i ngency plans for earthouake also on similar lines like the plans for cyclone and floods.

The state of A.P. is fortu nate in havi ng the Natrona I Geophysi cal Research Institute.

Geological Survey of India and the National Remote Sensing Agency located in the capital. Since awareness about the earthouake hazard is not adequate among the officials and the public, it was felt necessary to include some informative sections in the contingency plan for eartnouake. The State Government gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the above mentioned organ isations for thei r contribution to the manual. The Andh ra Pradesh Remote Sensing Applications Centre has utilised the data provided by them to identify the mandals in A.P. vulnerable to this hazard.

This manual is intended to help the State and the District Administration to deal with the situations before. during and after an earthouake. Suitable operating gUidelines as attempted herein, it is hoped. may be useful to all the Govt. Depts. to cope up with an ea rthouake as and when it occurs.

A. V.S. REDDY

PRINCIPAL SECRETARY TO GOVERNMENT REVENUE & RELIEF DEPARTMENT

=====~~0=.

(ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS)

The Government of Andhra Pradesh acknowledges the contribution of the Departments and individuals named below in preparing the Earthouake Contingency Plan for Andhra Pradesh.

51. No.

Name and Designation

Help rendered

9. D.C. Rosaiah, [AS Commissioner for Relief & Ex-officio Secy. to Government

10.

I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

II.

Dr.AVS Reddy Director General CIRDAP Dhaka Bangladesh.

Dr. Harsh Gupta Director. NGRI

Dr.B.K.Rastogi Dy.Director, NGRI

Sr.Dy.Director General

Southern Region Geological Survey of India

Sri GS Murry Director, GSS Div. GSI

Director APSRAC

All the Departmental Heads

Brig.D.V.Rao, VSM (Retd.) APARD

T. Satyanarayana Rao. lAS

Addl. Commissioner for Relief & LO. Addl. Secy. to Government

K. Seshagiri Rao,

Section Officer, Revenue (Relief) Dept.

For initiating the plan exercise. sharing hi s valuable experience

and constant gUidance in

finaliSing the Ear thcuake

Contingency Plan.

Organising and Hosting the workshop at NGR] premises for all the heads uf the Departments and Agencies.

Providing the data. corrections of the first four sections of technical information and preparing the maps for the manual.

Providi ng the seismo-tecton i c and Geologi ca I maps of Andhra Pradesh.

For h is contribution to the technical portion of the draft.

For pr ovtdm g the list of the mandai s based on the Seismotectonic map from the GSI.

For their critical evaluation of the Manual and the useful suggestions offfered.

Production of Draft Ear thouak e Contingency Plan

For taking initiative for printing of Earthquake Manual.

INDEX

SI. SECTION TITLE PAGE
No. Nos.
I. I INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKES 7
2. I FIGURES 1-4 10
3. 2 INTENSITY SCALES 15
4. 3 SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN INDIA 21
5. 3 PHOTOS OF EARTHQUAKE 23
6. 4 EARTHQUAKES IN ANDHRA PRADESH 25
7. 4 TABLE - 1- MANDALS OF RELATIVELY HIGHER SEISMIC HAZARD 27
8. 4 FIGURE NOS. 5 AND 6 31
9. 4 ANNEXURE - I
(HISTORICAL RECORD OF EARTHQUAKES IN ANDHRA PRADESH) 33
10. 5 ACTION PLAN FOR EARTHQUAKE IN ANDHRA PRADESH 35
II. 6 VISUAlITY OF EARTHQUAKE SITUATION 39
6 ANNEXURE-I (RESPONSE AT STATE & DISTRICT LEVEL) 43
12. 7 ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BEFORE TREMORS OR EARTHQUAKE 45
13. 7 ANNEXURE - I (005 & DON'Ts IN EARTH QUAKES) 50
14. 7 ANNEXURE - 2 (DATA BASE) 52
15. 8 ACTIONS DURING EARTHQUAKE 53
16. 8 ANNEXURE - I (ACTIVITIES & DEPARTMENTS INVOLVED) 56
17. 9 RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION AFTER EARTHQUAKE 57
18. 9 ANNEXURE - I (EARTHQUAKE RESISTENT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION CODES) 61
19. 10 NON-NUMERICAL ADVISORY DESIGN 63 (

SECTION

1

1

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKES

1.1 Earthquakes occur due to slippage of rocks in the earth's crust or in the upper part of the mantle, Strong vibrations occur on the ground consequent to these sudden movements in a short span of time. The tremendous amount of energy required for creating an earthouake accumulates slowly due to geological processes.

1.2 Energy, according to the elastic rebound theory, is stored in the rocks up to the elastic limit may be for hundreds or thousands of years. Eventually the rocks snap. or rupture at the weakest paint, relieving the enormous strai ns bui I t up over the years. Th is stored up energy is released in the form of selsm ic waves, which radiate outward from the point where the rocks are fractured.

1.3 Earthquakes are identified by their location (Longitude and Latitude), depth of the focus and the energy released/ size of the earthouake. The most common measures of the size of the earthouake are magnitude and intensity.

Defin ltlcns

Focus

Origin point of the earthouake lying below the earth's surface is known as Focus of the earthquake.

Epicenter

The point just above the focus on earth surface is known as the Epicenter.

P Waves

These waves are Primary waves and general~ travel with a.speed between 6 and 14 km per second inside the earth. The speed of the waves remains unaf(ected when passing through solid sections of the earth but slows down when passing through llouid portions. These are longitudinal waves and create a "Push-pull" effect on rock particles like sound waves,

S Waves

These waves are Secondary or Shear waves and also travel inside the earth at speeds of 0.5S times that of P wave (general~ 3 to S km per second). These waves travel easily through solid sections but loose their identity when passing through llould sections. These waves are transverse waves and cause earth to move at right angl es to the direction of the wave, These waves are most destructive.

l (Surface) Waves

These waves always travel near the surface of the earth and travel at speeds 0.9 times that of S wave (3 to 5 km per second). These waves also cause damage.

Magnitude

Magnitude is a measure of the amount of energy released in an earthouake. It is most commonly determined on Richter scale devised by an American seismologist in 1935. In this method, the magnitude is determined from the maximum amplitude (of S wave] recorded on a particular type of seismograph.

After applying a distance factor the value is extrapolated at the epicenter. It is a fixed number and given on a logarithmic scale. An increase of one unit represents an increase in amplitude of ground shaking by ten times and energy released thirty times. Richter scale is open-ended, however maximum magnitude is obtained around 9.

Intensity

The intenslty is the effect of earthouake on the ground and the objects in the affected area. It is assigned on the basis of damage that depends upon the magnitude, depth of focus. distance from the epicenter and the ground condition. It varies from place to place. It is given on grade I to XII on Modified Mercalli (MM) or Medvedev - Sponheaer - Karnik (MSK) scale.

Energy

The energy released from an earthouake is calculated by the formula:

Log E (Ener&y) = 11.4 + 1.5 Ms (Magnitude)

1.4 The world experiences on an average 15 shocks of magnitude 7 and above annually. The energy released by an earthquake is enormous. The energy release in a magnitude 5 earthcuake is eoulvalent to that of an atom bomb and 1 n the Assam Quake

1.5 Earthouake are Qualitatively classified by the destruction they cause. Generally earthouakes of magnitude greater than 5 only cause damages while major earthouake measures 7 or more. A Qualitative classification of earthquakes can be seen in the table below:

MAGNITUDE (M) CLASSIFICATION
M >=8 GREAT EARTHQUAKE
M>=7 and <8 MAJOR EARTHQUAKE
M>=5 and <7 MODERATE EARTHQUAKE
M>=3 and <5 SMALL EARTHQUAKE
M>I and <3 MICRO EARTHQUAKE 1.6 The earthouake intensity is commonly estimated using the 12-point Modified Mercalli (MM) scale which was suggested by Italian seismologist, Gulseppe Mercalli in 1902 and modified during the 1930s by American scientists. This scale describes the effects. which range from tiny swaying effects (I) to total devastation (XII).

1.7 An earthouake of magnitude 5 or more on the Richter scale can cause damages but there are other factors also which contribute to the scale of the damages. They are Hazard. Exposure. Vulnerability and the Location. Hazard here means an earthouake of sufficient magnitude capable of causing damage to the weakest of man-made structures. Exposure means the structures and objects, which are exposed 10 the earthouakes and wi II i ncl ude bu i Idings. bridges. dams, power pi ants. I ife line infrastructure faci liti es etc. Vu I nerabi I i ty means weakness of the structures. wh ich are exposed to the Hazard, the weaker constructions

being more vulnerable and risky than the stronger ones. Location means the distance of the objects in relation to the epicenter of the earthquake. Nearer ones are in greater danger than further ones.

l.8 The determination of seismic risk level has considerable uncertainty due to the very short notice that an earthquake gives us. Therefore there is a need to undertake special studies and to understand the phenomena involved. The policy planning regarding earthouakes should be concerned not only with the assessment of the present risk but also the acceptable risk to the individuals who may be the potential victims. the cost of the society and the Government.

1.9 Hazard is estimated from eplcentral map and seismic zoning map. Epicenters in India and the surrounding regions are shown in Figure I. According to this map. most of India is prone to damaging earthouakes. According to seismic zoning of India. the country has been divided into five Zones - Figure 2. The Himalayan zone is most seismic. Seismic zoning map of Andhra Pradesh is shown in Figure 3. It will be seen that the state of Andhra Pradesh falls into the th ree zones of relatively low seism icity as compared to the areas bordering the Himalayas. Figure 4 shows the earthquakes of Magnitude> 5 and smaller earthouakes in Andhra Pradesh.

EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION

1.10 The only predictable statement that can be made about earthquakes is that they are not predictable. The pub I ic expects the seismologists to pred iet an earthouake as accurately as possible but the scienti fic feasibility and achievements are not meeting these expectations. The limitation faced by the seismologists exists in the very nature of the hazard. The stresses. which are stored over many years. are released within a very short span of time and also the location of such an event is difficult to be ascertai ned in advance. World over. seismologists have not been successful in giving adeouate warning to prevent loss of human I ives. Therefore there is a need to educate the publ ic about the causative factors of earthouake and their effects.

1.11 In the absence of a reliable system of early warning it is better to carryout risk assessment of the likely areas which might be affected by future earthquakes. Awareness building in the public about the hazard will certainly go a long way in reducing the human casualities. For example in the Lorna Prieta earthouake of magnitude 7.1 in the USA in 1989 property loss was in Billions of dollars whereas the loss of lives was only 63. Low casualties were because of earthouake resistant designing of buildings. In contrast. the 1993 Latur earthquake of magnitude only 6.3 caused 10.000 deaths due to poorly constructed houses. Another example is of the Kobe (Japan) earthquake in 1995. of 7.2 magnitude in which an estimated 5000 people died. The reasons for the large number of deaths in Latur and Kobe could be the density of population in the affected area. the rype of the structures and the tim ing of the event. The Kobe earthquake occurred at 5.46 a.m. and the Latur earthouake at about 4.00 a.m. To avoid loss of life and injuries it is advisable to have Quake resistant housing. This would involve development of anti-seismic codes of design and construction of housing and other structures. Analysis of seismic risk is the fore number in all the plans that the Government may make.

l.12 General indicators that may be available to the public could be mild tremors; drop or rapid rise in the water levels in bore wells and abnormal behaviour of animals and reptiles. However the point to take note of is that the interval between such indications and the earthouake need not be very short. High level of awareness in the public will be of great help in reducing the number of people getting trapped in collapsed houses.

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SECTION

2

)

INTENSITY SCALES

2.1 In the previous section a reference has been made to the intensity scales of an earthouake. The two most commonly used intensity scales used are Modified Mercalli (MM) scale and Medvedev-Sponheaer-Karnik Scale. These scales are described in detail in this section.

Modified Mercalll Scale

2.2 The Mercalli scale modified by American scientists describes the effects of the earthouake as given in the table below :-

Class of Earth Quakes Description
I Not felt except by very few under especially favourable circumstances.
II Felt only by a few person at rest. especially on upper floors of bulldtngs and
delicately suspended objects may swing.
III Felt Quite noticeably indoors. especially on upper floors of buildings
but many people do not recognize it as an earthouake: standing motor
cars may rock slightly. Vibration may be felt like passing of a truck.
IV During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by a few: at night some are
awakened: dishes. windows. doors disturbed; walls make cracking
sound: sensation like heavy truck striking the building: and standing
motor cars rocked vislbly.
V Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened; some dishes, windows etc. broken;
a few instances of cracked plaster; unstable objects overturned;
disturbance of trees. poles. and other tall objects noticed and pendulum
clocks may stop.
VI Felt by all: many frightened and run outdoors: some heavy furniture
moved: a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys and
damage slight.
VII Everybody runs outdoors; damage negligible in buildlngs of good design and
construction; slight to moderate in well built ordinary construction;
considerable in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimney
broken; noticed by persons driving motor cars.
VIII Damage slight in specially designed structures: considerable in ordinary but
substantial buildings with partial collapse: very heavy in poorly built structures:
panel walls thrown out of framed structure: heavy furniture overturned,
sand and mud ejected in small amounts; changes in well water and person
driving motor cars disturbed. Class of Earth Quakes Description
IX Damage considerable in specially designed structures: well designed framed
structures thrown out of plinth: very heavy in substantial buildlngs with
partial collapse; bui Idings shifted off foundations: ground cracked
conspicuously and underground pipes broken.
X Some well built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and framed
structures with foundations destroyed: ground badly cracked. Rails bent.
Landslides. Shifted sand and mud: water splashed over banks.
XI Few. if any masonry structures remain standing: bridges destroyed: broad
fissures in ground; underground pipelines completely out of service.
Earth slumps: land slips in soft ground and rails bent great[y.
XII Total damage: waves seen on ground surface; objects thrown upward
into the air. MSK Scale

2.3 There is also another scale called "Medvedev-Sponheaer-Karnlk Scale (1964) also known as MSK Scale.

The description of this scale opens with definitions of terminology and then proceeds to define the scale steps as follows:

Types of Structures Structure A

BUildings in field stone. rural structures. adobe houses. clay houses.

Structure B

Ordinary brick buildings of the large block and prefabricated rype. half timbered structures, burldmgs in natural hewn stone.

Structure C

Reinforced burldtngs. well-built wooden structures.

Definition of Quantity

Single. few Many

Most

about 5% about 50% about 75%

Classification of Damage to Building

Grade r

Slight damage - Fine cracks in plaster; fall of small pieces of plaster.

Moderate damage - Small cracks in walls; fall of fairly large pieces of plaster: pantiles slip off. cracks in chimneys: parts of chimneys fall down.

Grade 2

Grade 3

Heavy damage - Large and deep cracks in walls; fall of chimneys.

Destruction - Gaps in walls; parts of butldlngs may collapse; separate parts of the buildlng lose their cohesion; inner walls and filled - in walls of the frame collapse.

Grade 4

Grade 5

Total Damage - Total collapse of buildings.

Arrangements of the Scale

Introductory letters are used in paragraphs throughout the scale as follows

a) Persons and surroundings

b) Structures of all kinds

c) Nature

Intensity

Not noticeable

The Intensity of the observation is below the limit of sensibility: the tremor is detected and recorded by seismographs only.

II Scarcely noticeable

Vibration is felt only by individual people at rest in houses, especially on upper floors of buildlngs.

III Weak, partially observed only

The earthquake is felt indoors by a few people, outdoors in favourable circumstances. The vibration is like that due to the passing of a light truck. Attentive observers notice a slight swinging of hanging objects, somewhat more heavily on upper floors.

IV Widely observed

The earthquake. is felt indoors by many people, outdoors by few, Here and there people awake, but no one is frightened, The vibration is like that due to the passing of a heavily loaded truck. Windows, doors and dishes rattle. Floors and walls creak, Furniture begins to shake. Hanging objects swing slight~. Liouids in open vessels are slightly disturbed, In standing motor cars the shock is noticeable.

V Awakening

(a) The earthouake is felt indoors by all, outdoors by many. Many sleeping people awake. A rev,' run outdoors. Animals become uneasy. Buildings tremble throughout. Hanging objects swing considerably. Pictures knock against walls or swing out of place. Occasionally pendulum clocks stop, A few unstable objects may be overturned or shifted. Open doors and windows are thrust open and slammed back again. Liquids spill in small amounts from well-filled open containers. The sensation of vibration is like that of a heavy object falling inside the building.

(b) Slight damage of Grade-l in buildings of Type - A is possible.

VI Frightening

(a) Felt by most people indoors and outdoors. Many people frightened and run outdoors. A few persons lost their balance, Domestic animals run out of the their stalls. In a few instances dishes and glassware may break, books fall down. Heavy furniture may move and small steeple bells may ring.

(b) Damage of Grade I is sustained in single bulldings of Type B and many of Type A. Darnaae in a few buildings of Type A is of Grade 2.

(c) In a few cases cracks up to width of I cm possible in wet ground in mountains. occasional land slips; change in flow of springs and in level of water is observed.

VII Damage to building

(a) Most people are frightened and run outdoors. Many find it difficult to stand. Persons drivinb motor cars notice the vibration. Large bells ring.

(b) In many buildings of Type C damage of Grade I is caused; in many butidrngs of Type B damage is of Grade 2. Many butldtngs of Type A suffer damage of Grade 3, a few of Grade 4. In single instances landslips of roadway on steep slopes. Cracks in roads. seams of pipelines damaged. cracks in stone walls.

(c) Waves are formed on water. and water is made turbid by mud stirred up. Water level in wells may change. and the flow of springs change. In a few cases dry springs have their flow restored and existing springs stop flowing. In isolated instances parts of sandy or gravel banks sli p off.

VIII Destruction of Building

(a) Fright and panic. also persons driving motor cars are disturbed. Here and there branches of trees break off. Even heavy furniture moves and partly overturns. Hanging lamps are in part damaged.

(b) Many bulldings of Type C suffer damage of Grade 2. a few of Grade 3. Many buildings of Type B suffer damage of Grade 3. Many buildings of Type A suffer damage of Grade 4 and some of Grade 5. Occasional breakage of pipe seams. Memorials and monuments move and twist. Tombstones overturn. Stone walls collapse.

(c) Small and slips in hollows and on banked roads on steep slopes: cracks in ground up to width of several centimeters. Water in lakes becomes turbid. New reservoirs come into existence. Dry wells refill and existing wells become dry. In many cases change in flow and level of water.

IX General damage to buildings

(a) General panic: considerable damage to furniture. Animals run to and fro in confusion and cry.

(b) Many butldlngs of Type C suffer damage of Grade 3. a few of Grade 4. Many buildings of Type B show damage of Grade 4. a few of Grade S. Many buildlngs of Type A suffer damage of Grade S. Monuments and columns fall. Considerable damage to reservoirs; Underground pipes partly broken. In indlvldual cases railway lines are bent and roadways damaged.

(c) On flat land overflow of water. Sand and mud is often observed. Ground cracks up 10 widths of 10 ern, on slopes and river banks more than 10 cm; Furthermore a large number of slight cracks in ground: fall of rocks. many landslides and earth flows: large waves on water. Dry wells renew their flow and existing wells dry up.

X General destruction of butldtngs

(a) Many buildlngs of Type C suffer damage of Grade 4, a few of Grade 5. Many buildings of Type B show damage of Grade 5. Most of Type A have destruction of Grade 5. Critical damage to dams and dykes, and severe damage to bridges. Railway lines are bent slightly. Underground pipes are bro'ken or bent. Road paving asphalt show waves.

(b) In ground cracks up to widths of several tens of centimeters, sometimes up to J meter, Broad fissures occur parallel to water courses, Loose ground slides from steep slopes. Considerable landslides are possible from river-banks and steep slopes. In coastal areas displacement of sand and mud; change of water levels in wells; water from canals, lakes, rivers thrown on land, New lakes occur.

XI Catastrophe

(a) Severe damage even to the well built buildings. bridges, water dams and railway lines; highways become useless; underground pipes destroyed.

(b) Ground considerably distorted by broad cracks and fissures as well as by movement in horizontal and vertical directions; numerous landslips and rock falls. The intensity of earthouake reoutres to be investigated specially.

XII Landscape Change

(a) Practically all structures above and below ground are greatly damaged or destroyed.

(b) The surface of the ground is radically changed, considerable ground cracks with extensive vertical and horizontal movements are observed, Falls of rocks and slumping of river banks over wide areas; lakes are dammed; waterfalls appear. And rivers are deflected. The intensity of earthouake reoulres to be investigated specially.

lntenslty has approximately the following relation to the magnitude.

Magnitude

5

6

6.5 7

7.5

B

(Richter Scale)

Intensity

VI-VII

VII-VIII

VIII-IX IX-X

X-Xl

XI-XII

(MM Scale)

Or it can be given by the formula,

M=I+(2/3) 10,

Where, M=magnitude and loe rnaximurn intensity caused by an earthquake.

(

SECTION

3

I

.

SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN INDIA

3.1 Indian sub-continent has recorded a number of earthouakes in the past 200 years and has suffered loss of human lives to the extent of over 1. 00. 000 persons si nce 1803. As mentioned earl ier the earthouake zones are primarily in the Northern India i.e., mostly in the Himalayan region, Assam and the North Eastern states of India. Most of the earthquakes wh ich caused loss of I ives and/or property damages are of the magnitude of 6 and above on the Richter Scale. Epicenter map of India is shown in Figure-I.

The recorded data pertaining to the earthquakes is given in the table below.

Date Place Magnitude on Death Toll
Richter Scale
11-10-1737 Calcutta - 300000 *
01-09-1803 Mathura & Kumaon 8.0 300
16-06-1819 Kutch 7.8 2000
08-06-1828 Sri nagar 8.0 1000
06-12-1897 Assam 8.7 1542
04-04-1905 Kangra. H.P. 8.5 20000
15-01-1934 Bihar & Nepal 8.4 10700
31-05-1935 Quetta 7.5 60000
15-8-1950 Assam 8.5 1500
1963 N.Kashmir Valley 5.3 100
10-12-1967 Koyna. Maharashtra 6.5 177
29-7-1980 Dharchula 6.1 6
24-8-1980 r&K 5.2 13
21-8-1988 N.Bihar 6.4 382
20-10-1991 Uttarkashl. U.P. 6.5 2000
30-9-1993 Killari. Maharashtra 6.2 9326
21-5-1997 [abalp ur, M. P. 6.0 43p)
26-1-2001 Kutch. Gujarat 7.7 20083
Total 107046 • The figures of Calcutta have not been included in the above total.

3.2 Over the lakh deaths in two centuries puts India on the tenth or eleventh position among the countries affected by earthquakes. However. death toll is now exponentially increasing. This is because of nonengineered structures and heavy population.

3.3 Given below are the details of major earthquakes of this century in the world to show that the future earthouakes could be disastrous in India too.

Major Earthquakes of the Century

Date/Period Place/Area Magnitude on Richter Scale Death Toll
28-12-1908 Messina. Italy 7.5 120000
16-12-1920 Kansu. China 8.5 180000
01-09-1923 Kwanto. Japan 8.3 143000
26-12-1932 Kansu, China 7.6 70000
24-01-1939 Chile 7.7 30000
31-5-1970 Peru 7.8 66000
27-7-1976 Tangshan 7.6 250000
7-12-1988 Armenia 7.3 45000
Total 904000 3.4 The deaths in an earthquake are mostly due to collapse of buildings and structures. It appears that lessons from the deaths caused due to earthquakes are not taken seriously in reducing the death toll by improving the resistance of the housing/structures by appropriate earthquake resistant design and construction. The most recent example in India is that of the Khillari Earthouake in 1993. where 99% of the approximate 10.000 deaths were due to collapse of houses. Another contributory factor is the timing of the event. which affects the number of deaths. Had the Khillari earthouake taken place during the waking hours of the people. perhaps the death toll would have been much less. Earthouakes do not give sufficient warning for seismologists to warn the public to protect themselves and the present expertise available in the world does not give much hope for an advance warning.

3.5 The most recent example in India took place on 26th January. 2001 in Kutch region of Gujarat State. The 7.7 magnitude earthouake left 20.083 dead and 1.67.000 injured. It left nearly a million families homeless and caused severe infrastructural damages of School. Water Supply Systems. Communications. Power. Roads and Bridges.

3.6 A set of 4 photographs showing the damages to the houses in Maharashtra State in 1993. arc placed at the end of this section. An examination of the photographs shows that most houses in the affected region were constructed with stones that were nat dressed properly and mud mortar was used as the bonding material. The houses which were constructed with dressed stones and cement as the bonding material withstood the Quake stresses better.

3.7 In the light of the above. it is very important that there should be a conscious effort by everyone to try and save human losses to the extent possible. The Government in power should be committed to the protection of human lives in earthquakes.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF HOUSE DAMAGES DUE TO EARTHQUAKE IN GUJARAT ON 26th JANUARY 2001

Photo, I - Collapsed Multi Storied Building in Ahmedabad

Photo, 2 - Collapsed RC Framed Structure in Bachau, Kutch District

Photo. 3 - Collapsed Houses in Morvi Town

Photo. 4 - CoJ/apsed Houses in Voundh Village near Bachau

(~_S __ E_C_T __ IO __ N 4 __ ~)

EARTHQUAKES IN ANDHRA PRADESH

4.1 Most of India is prone to damaging earthouakes. Epicenters in India and the surrounding regions are shown in Figure I. According to seismic zoning of India, the country hasbeen divided into live zones (figure 2). Seismic zoning map of Andhra Pradesh is shown in figure 3. It will be seen that the state of A.P. falls into the three zones of relatively low seismicity as compared to the areas bordering the Himalayas.

4.2 The State of Andhra Pradesh lies in the central part of the Peninsular Indian Shield, for long considered to be stable and not prone to earthouakes. However, the Koyna earthouake of 1967 and Latur earthouakc of 1993 and labalpur earthquake of 1997 have completely shaken this theory and subseouently a few 'zones of weakness' in the crystal layers in the Peninsular Region have been identified within which rcaclivation along some faults might have taken place from time to time causing earthouakes.

4.3 The Eastern coastal tract and the adjoining area are characterized by many faults/fractures displaying evidence of setsmlcactivity. There are many NE-SW trending fault-bound basement ridges and depressions traversed by transverse features like the Ongole, Avanlgadda. Chintalpudi, Pithapuram and Vizianag,HJIll cross trends. These NE and NW trending discontinuities may be vulnerable to reactivation, with progrcsstvc build up of stress. Among these the most active zone is the Ongole area which has records of Quite a good number of mild earthouakes during the last 30 years. These events might have been caused by tectonic activity along the Ongole cross trends. Similar activity, to a lesser degree, occurred in Vtzlanagaram area. Some detailed geo-scientific study in these areas will throw further light on the tectonics of the region. At Figure-5 is given the geological map of Andhra Pradesh. The Seismotectonic Map of Andhra Pradesh given in Figure-6 gives out 5 Blocks of areas In the State where the likelihood of earthouakcs is gre3ter than the rest of the state. The Districts and the Mandals which are likely to be affected are further classified into High & Moderate grades and are shown in Table-l attached.

4.4 The main tectonically active zones in the state are the Eastern Ghat belt and Godavari valley. Other minor zones also exist near Hyderabad. Vinukonda - Ongole, Chittoor and Vizianagaram areas.

4.5 The Significant earthquakes of the state are the Vizianagaram earthouake of 1917 (magnitude 5.5), the Ongole earthouake of 1967 (magnitude 5.4) connected with the Eastern Ghat belt and the Bhadrachalarn earthouake of 1969 (Magnitude 5.7) which is connected to the Godavari valley. Historical Earthquake Record of Andhra Pradesh is given at Annexure-I.

4.6 Most of other earthouakes are in the small category which are now known to be common in the Indian Peninsula due to the minor adjustments along the fractures that must take place owing to the stresses thaI buildup constantly. The stress buildup is mainly due to the northward movement of the Indian Plate towards the Eurasian Plate.

4.7 It can be seen from the Figure-2 (Section - I) that while the region of Andhra Pradesh lies in an overall low seismicity zone. the past seismiCity map (Figure-4) of the state shows only three earthouakes of magnitudeo S. These are located in the two major tectonic zones of the state namely the Godavari valley (Bhadrachalam) and the Eastern Ghats where the built-up strains are getting occasionally released. An important factor to remember is that once a strain release of the dimension of greater than magnitude 5 earthquake takes place in a region like the Indian Peninsular Shield. it may take a very long time for the stresses to build up to the reouired level. In fact it may be several centuries.

4.8 The seismic response of various litho units. is that occur of AP. in the event of an unlikely damagins earthouake differs considerably.

4.9 Most of the area of Andhra Pradesh is occupied by crystalline rocks like the granites/granitoids grouped under peninsular Gneissic Complex (Fig.S) and other hard rocks like Charnockites and Khondalites of Eastern Ghat Super Group and hard sedimentary/metarnorpholc rocks-viz.. sandstones. luuestoncs. Quartzites and dolomites of Cuddapah Super Group. The seismic response of these rocks is assessed to be uniform and consistent with rapid intensity attenuation. Whereas the soft media occupying the COJstJI tracts in the form of alluvium. beach sands and Quarternary sediments and also the NW-SE trending Godavari valley occupied by Gondwana sediments are assessed to respond differently as compared to hard rock terrains. An intensity attenuation is a common feature over soft rocks and sediments.

4.10 Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh are being monitored through five seismic stalions at Vlsakhapatnam (operated by India Meteorological Department) and at Hyderabad. Ngarjunasagar. Srisailam and Sriramsagar (operated by National Geophysical Research Institute). The last three stations need to be eouipped with digital seismographs and provided with telephone connection with STD facility for effective transmission of data. Two additional stations are being installed at Kothagudem and Cuddapah by N.G.R.1.

(TABLE 1)

MANDALS OF RELATIVELY HIGHER SEISMIC HAZARD (Tenative)

S_No. Name of District Name of MandaI and Estimated Hazard Level
High Moderate
BLOCK - I
I. Srikakulam L Polaki
2. Narasannapeta
3. Gara
4. Amudavalasa
S.Srikakulam
6. Ponduru
7. Etcherl a
8. Laveru
9. G.C.Gadam
10. Ranasthalam
2. Vizianagaram II. Garividl
12. Cheepurupalli
13. Pusupatirega
14. Nelllmaria
IS. Gurla
16. Merakamudidarn
17. Badangi
18. Mentada
19. Bondapalli
20. Vizianagararn
21. Denkada
3. Visakhapatnam 22. Bogapuram
23. Devarapalli 24. K. Kothapadu
25. Padmanabham
26. Bheernunipatnam
27. Anandapuram
28. Visakaapatnam
BLOCK - II
4. Warangal 29. Tadavai
30. Eturunagaram
31. Mangapet S.No. Name of District Name of Mandai and Estimated Hazard Level
High Moderate
BLOCK - II
5. Kharnmarn 32. Venkatapurarn
33. Cherla
34. Pinpaka
35. Gundala
36. Manuguru
37. Aswapurarn
38. Burgampadu
39. Palwancha
40. Mulakalapalli
41. Kothagudem
42. Tekulapalli
43. Yellandu
44. Sigareni
BLOCK - III
6. Medak 45. Hatnur
46. Narsapur
47. [Innararn
48. Shlvarnpet
49. Tupran
50. Mulug
51. Patancheru
52. Sangareddi
53. Rarnachandrapuram
7. Rangareddy 54. Medchal
55. Sham i rpet
56. kesara
57. Malkajgiri
58. Qutballapur
59. Shankararnpalll
60. Serilingampalli
61. Balanagar
62. Uppal
63. Ghatkesar
64. Hayatnagar
65. Saroornagar
66. Rajendranagar
67. Moinabad
8. Hyderabad 68. Hyderabad S.No. Name of District Name of Mandai and Estimated Hazard Level
High Moderate
BLOCK - IV
9. Guntur 69. Chebrolu
70. Guntur
71. Vatticheruvu
72. Prath lpadu
73. Ediapadu
74. Phirangapuram
75. Nadendala
76. Narasaraopet
77. Rompicherla
78. Nekarikallu
79. [pur
80. Bol1apal1i
81. Vinukonda
82. Savalyapuram
83. Chilakaluripeta
84. P.Nandipadu
85. Kakumanu
86. Ponnuru
87. Bapatla
88. Nuzendla
10. Prakasam 89. Pullacheruvu
90. Thripurantakam
91. Santhamaguluru
92. Cherla
93. Parchuru
94. Yeddanapudi
95. Martur
h 96. Balllkurva
97. Kurichedu
98. Donakonda
99. Darsi
100. Mundlanur
101. Thallur
102. Addanki
103. J.R.Panguluru
104. Inkollu
105. Karamchedu
106. Vetapalem S.No. Name of District Name of Mandai and Estimated Hazard Level
High Moderate
BLOCK - IV
10. Prakasam 107. Chinnaganjam
IDS. Maguluppadu
109. Korisapadu
lID. Maddipadu
Ill. Chimakurti
112. Podili
113. Konakanarnitla
114. Kanigiri
liS. Marripudi
116. Ponnaluru
117. Kondapi
118. S.N.Padu
119. Tangutur
120. Zarugumilli
121. Kothapatnam
122. Ongole
BLOCK - IV
11. Chittoor 123. Rompicherla
124. Chinnagottigallu
125. Chandragiri
126. Tirupathi (Urban)
127. Tirupathi (Rural)
128. Renigunta
129. Vadamalapeta
130. Kammapalli
131. Vedurukuppam
132. Pakala
133. lra!a
134. Puthalaputtu
135. Penumuru
136. Sri Rangarajapurarn
137. Karvetinagar
138. Palasamudram
139. ~.Nellore
140. Gudipala
141. Chittoor
142. Yedamarri
143. Tharanampalli ~ ~
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GSI. SR, EG Div D.O. No. 29/99

I. Kadam F. 2. Kinnersan i-Godavari F. II. Varnsadhra F. 12. Kolleru Lake F.
3. Raichur-Nagerkurnool 4. Dindi F. 13. NaJJavagu F. 14. Rudravagu F.
5. Atrnakur F. 6. Papagni F. 15. Bhavanagar F. 16. Gudikallu F.
7. Badvel F. 8. Kadri F. 17. Gulcheru F. 18. Nizampatnam F.
9. Bukkapatnam F. 10. Parvatipuram F. 19. Vedavati L. (

ANNEXURE

1

I

HISTORICAL RECORD OF EARTHQUAKE IN ANDHRA PRADESH

DATE LAT LONG. LOCATION INTENSITY MAG REF.
18.10.1800 15.6 80.1 Ongole V 4.3 OLD
31.12.1820 14.5 80.0 Nellore V 4.3 OLD
29.01.1822 12.5 79.7 Chittoor V 5.0 OLD
06.01.1827 17.7 83.4 Visakhapatnam V 4.3 OLD
12.03.1843 17.5 78.5 Hyderabad (Deccan) IV 3.7 OLD
21.02.1853 17.7 83.4 Vlsakhapatnam IV 3.7 OLD
12.IO.18S8 18.3 84.0 Srikakulam VI 5.0 OLD
21.07.1859 16.3 80.5 Guntur V 4.3 OLD
02.08.1859 16.3 80.5 Guntur IV 3.7 OLD
09.08.1859 16.3 80.5 Guntur IV 3.7 OLD
24.08.1859 17.7 83.4 Visakhapatnam V 4.3 OLD
02.02.1860 13.7 79.4 Tirupathi V 4.3 OLD
24.07.1861 16.4 77.3 Krishna dt. IV 3.7 OLD
13.01.1862 16.4 77.3 Krishna dt. IV 3.7 OLD
03.01.1867 16.1 79.6 Kennalapudi IV 3.7 OLD
06.01.1867 16.1 79.8 Vinukonda IV 3.7 OLD
11.03.1867 16.0 80.3 Ongole IV 3.7 OLD
01.09.1869 14.5 80.8 Nellore V 4.3 OLD
19.12.1869 17.9 82.3 Kakinada IV 3.7 OLD
19.12.1870 17.7 83.4 Visakhapatnam IV 3.7 GSI
22.10.1872 18.8 80.0 Sironcha VI 5.0 IMD
.10.1876 17.5 78.5 Secunderabad VI 5.0 SRI
28.04.1879 13.8 77.8 Bagapal!y IV 3.7 SRI
31.12.1881 18.7 83.5 Vizianagaram V 4.3 RAO
17.04.1917 18.0 84.0 Vizianagaram VI[ 5.5 [MD
1927 17.7 83.4 Visakhapatnam V 4.3 GUR
1935 [8.4 78.2 Gandhari IV 3.7 GS[
05.01.1954 18.0 81.3 Kothagudem V 4.3 [MD
[3. [0.1956 15.7 80.1 Ongole VI 5.0 RAO
09.08.1959 [8.[ 83.5 Vizianagaram IV 3.7 RAO
21.08.1959 15.8 80.2 Uppugunduru IV 3.7 RAO
12.10.1959 15.7 80.1 Ongole VI 5.0 IMD/GSI
23.12.1959 18.1 83.S Vizianagaram V 4.3 RAO
08.10.1960 16.0 80.3 Ongole-Guntur V 4.3 GUB
05.12.1963 17.3 80.1 Guntur [V 3.7 IMD
27.03.1967 15.6 80.0 Ongole VII SA USG
11.08.1967 16.0 80.0 Vinukonda 3.5 IMD
27.07.1968 17.6 80.0 Bhadrachal am 4.5 GUB DATE LAT LONG. LOCATION INTENSITY MAG REF.
16.01.1969 14.1 78.7 Rayachoti 4.1 GUH
13.04.1969 17.9 80.6 Bhadrachalarn Mb5.3 5.7 USG
15.09.1969 17.6 80.5 Kothagudem 3.8 lMD
11.07.1970 17.9 80.6 Bhadrachalarn 4.0 HYB
28.07.1971 15.5 79.6 Ongole V 4.3 IMD
28.11.1974 15.6 80.2 NE of Ongole 3.9 HYB
09.02.1975 14.7 78.1 Cuddapah 3.5 HYB
25.10.1976 15.5 78.8 Ongole 3.5 IMD
25.05.1977 15.5 79.6 Darsi-Ongole 3.5 GBA
24.IJ.l978 17.6 80.0 Yeliandpad 3.8 HYB
10.10.1979 r6.7 79.4 Nalgonda 3.6 HYB
31.03.1980 17.6 81.9 Addategala 3.9 HYB
31.03.1980 17.4 81.7 Rampachodavaram 3.8 HYB
02.10.1980 16.9 82.0 Rajarnundry 4.0 HYB
02.11.1981 15.9 80.2 Chirala 3.5 HYB
30.06.1983 17.6 78.5 Medchal V 4.0 HYB
14.12.1983 18.8 79.5 Bellampally 3.5 HYB
24.04.1984 18.8 79.5 Bellampatly 3.5 HYB
23.08.1984 17.3 83.3 Vi zag 3.6 HYB
12.05.1985 1S.7 83.9 Vamsadhara 3.9 HYB
12.05.1985 18.7 84.0 Hiramandalam 3.8 HYB
18.0S.1986 15.5 80.5 Ongole region 3.5 HYB
19.08.1986 15.3 79.8 Ongole 3.5 HYB
03.12.1987 15.3 79.8 Ongole 4.0 HYB
03.12.1987 IS.S 80.2 Ongole region 4.0 HYB
21.03.1988 14.4 80.3 Nellore 4.1 HYB
12.01.1990 18.6 79.6 Manthani 3.7 HYB
03.05.1990 20.5 86.8 Barapadi 4.1 HYB
09.06.1990 18.1 80.5 Manuguru 3.5 HYB
09.06.1990 18.1 80.5 Manuguru 4.0 HYB
09.06.1990 17.9 80.6 Manuguru 4.0 HYB
09.06.1990 17.9 80.5 Bhadrachalam 4.0 HYB
24.07.1990 17.1 81.3 Jangareddygudem 3.6 HYB
30.07.1990 17.6 80.9 Koonavaram 3.6 HYB
14.11.1992 15.S 80.1 ESE of Ongole 3.6 HYB
24.05.1995 15.6 79.4 Guntur 4.0 HYB
21.10.1995 15.4 79.8 Ongole 3.9 HYB
04.08.1996 15.8 80.0 Addanki 4.1 HYB
14.04.1997 16.6 80.0 Guntur 3.8 HYB
29.10.1997 18.6 77.2 Manthani 3.8 HYB
29.06.1998 18.6 79.7 Manthani 3.8 HYB
03.02.1999 18.1 80.4 Yellandu IV 4.0 HYB (

SECTION

5

1

ACTION PLAN FOR EARTHQUAKE IN ANDHRA PRADESH

GENERAL

5.1 Though the State of Andhra Pradesh is in comparatively safer zone as per the seismic map of India. the experience of eartnouake in Latur and Osmanabad area of Maharashtra State, necessitates having an action plan for 'Earthquakes' in the State.

5.2 An earthouake of magnitude of 5 or more is likely to cause deaths and injuries to human beings and damages to all kinds of property both private and public. Unfortunately there is very little warning available preceding the earthquake. Therefore planning should cater for a Quick response at all levels to reduce the effects of the earthquake to the minimum.

5.3 The Nodal Department for fa rrn u lau ng. controlling, rnoni tori ng and di recting measures for cartbouakc preparedness, Organising rescue, relief and rehabilitation will be the Revenue Department of the State Secretari at. All concerned Departments shou Id extend fu II cooperation in all matters pertaini ng to the management of the earthouake disaster whenever it occurs.

5.4 The occu rrence of an earthquake may be reported by the Indian Meteorological Department (I MD l/lhe National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) APSRAC to the Commissioner for Relief by the fastest means. The State Level High Power Standing Committee (HPSC) under the Chairmanship of the Chid Secretary, should be activated immediately on the occurrence of any major earthouake. (Major earthouakc being defined as one where there is damage to property and/or loss of life).

5.5 Apart from other officers of the HPS(, it is essential that following officers who would be reouircd for organizing immediate rescue/relief operations should meet within two hours of occurrence of In earthouake :

I. Chairman: Chief Secretary
Members
2. Prl. Secy. (Home) 3. Prl. Secy. (Revenue)
4. Prl. Secy. (M.A.&U.D.) 5. Prl. Secy. (Irrigation)
6. Prl. Sec). (Panchayati Raj&RD) 7. Prl. Secy. (Food & AgrL)
8. Prl. Sec). (TR&B) 9. PrI. Secy. (Industries)
10. Prl. Secretary (Energy) II. Secy, (Health)
12. Secy. (Information Technology) 13. Secy. (Fi nance)
14. Secy. W.O. C.W. & OW. 15. D.G. & I.G. of Police
16. M.D., AP. Transco 17. Director of Health
18. Director General, Civil Defence 19. Post Master General (P& T)
20. Engineer-in-Chief (R&B, PR and Irrigation) 21. G.M. Telecommunications Members
22. Commr. Information & Public Relations 23. Station Comdr. Air Force Station. Begumpet
24. Col (GSl. Andhra Sub Area. Secunderabad 25. M.D .. H.M.W. & Sewerage Board
26. Director. G.S.1. 27. Director. N.G. R.1.
28. Director. A.P.S.R.A.C. 29. Station 0 irector IMD. Hyderabad
30. Director. NRSA 31. Station Di rectors.
32. Director of Fire Services 33. Secretary.
AIR & Doordarshan NGOs Disaster Co-ordinating Committee
34. Commissioner for Relief, 35. Consultant COM, APARD
Member Secretary, HPSC
36. Consultant (DMU)
Planning Dept. Sub-Committees

5.6 The HPSC would take immediate stock of the situation and organize rescue & relief operations. A subcommittee of Secretaries headed by the Chief Secretary would monitor the situation on a daily basis to issue necessary instructions/directions to deal with the situation.

liaison Officers from Departments

5.7 A sub-committee under the Chairmanship of the Commissioner for Relief would organize rescue. relief and rehabilitation operations in the State. A senior officer from each of the Department of Medical & health, Finance & Planning. Forest. Panchayati Raj. Transport. Roads & Buildings, Information & Public Relations, Police. Communications, Irrigation & Power. Municipal Administration and Home Departments and any other Department connected with the relief operations are required to maintain continuous liaison with the Rei ief commissioner. These officers should issue suitable instructions to thei r field officers in all phases of the management of the calamity.

Control Room Organisation

5.8 A control room will operate in the L Block ground floor. It shall be manned by one Section Officer and will have one Radio set with the operator round the clock through out the year, Ham radio set with the Relief Dept.. should also be located in the control room. Telephones for local communicalions as well as STD for getting information from the districts should be in working order always. Telephone and Fax numbers of the control room should be given to all the districts, officers of the Departments involved in the disaster management and the agencies including the Non Governmental Organtsatlons who are likely to play an active role in the relief operations. Link to the Hazard Mitigation Information System (HMIS) should be established. Maps of AP. and areas vulnerable to earthouake should be displayed. Information about population. houses, assets etc. should be available and updated once in six months. Lists of Officers/ Departments/Agencies (as per the above table) with addresses and telephone numbers (office and residence) should be readily accessible. The followlng actions should be taken by the control room staff on receipt of the first information about the tremors detected and passed on to the control room.

Under instructions from the Chief Secretary one Senior Officer wi II be present at all times when earthouake takes place in any part of the State.

5.9 Actions by the Control Room

.:. Inform the Relief Commissioner about the information received and if reoulred :

.:. Contact the members of the HPSC about the time and place of the first meeting .

• :. Record the messages received and to warn the officerslDepartments (as per above table) to be ready at short notice for implementing the relief operations as per their sectoral plans and await further orders from the control room .

• :. Keep in touch with the District Administration and update the information board .

• :. Brief the Relief commissioner, on his arrival at the control room .

• :. To issue instructions to the line departments to commence assessment of damages immediately without waiting for the response from the concerned district collectors .

• :. Obtain updated data regarding earthouake prone related information by establishing a link to the Mandai Level Computer network of Hazard Mitigation Information System (HMIS).

5.10 Relief Commissioner would be responsible for organizing, eoulpplng and functioning of the control room.

Situation board should be maintained for recording the important information about the area affected viz. the human losses, injuries, property/infrastructure damages and the condition of the roads and accessibility of the affected areas. If reou i red HAM sets with operators should be dispatched to the affected area immediately from the pool held at Hyderabad. Revenue radio sets held with the Districts not vulnerable to earthouakes should be ordered to move to the affected areas. The numbers of sets recurred and the areas they should be positioned should be as per the affected district reoulrement worked out before hand.

5.11 The control room will function as the Joint Control Room when the earthouake situation develops into a disaster. Liaison-Officers from the Revenue, Police, Air Force. the Army and the Departments identified in paragraph 5.7 above will be asked to report to the control room. Relief Commissioner will coordinate all relief operations and issue orders to the concerned Departments/Agencies for speedy execution of their plans.

Control Rooms in the Districts

Organisation

5.12 District Administration will organize control room in the District headquarters for being in communication with the Relief Commissioner and may open another control room at a central location of the earthquake affected area. Army authorities should be requested to designate an officer to be with the district control room. The following officers will man the control room .

• :. District Revenue Officer

.:. Huzu r Sheristadar

.:. Two Deputy Tehsildars

.:. Two Senior Assistants

.:. Two Typists

.:. Two Attenders

5.13 The control room of the District Administration should start functioning immediately on the occurrence of the disaster. Establishing the control room would be the responsibility of the District Collectors. Telephone. Tele-Communications and wireless links should be planned in advance and activated in case 01 an earthouake. The control room should have maps of the vulnerable areas and should have all the data pertaining to these areas for ready reference. All important Tele/Fax numbers of the officers of the HPSC and the connected Departments should be readily available. The Collector should open an additional control room in the affected area as soon as possible and may depute his [oint Collector to be in-chaise The additional control room should be organized on similar lines as the district control room with wireless sets. Ham set and operator. staff personnel. maps etc. Sufficient transport and man power must be earmarked in ::ldv:.mce to enable the corltm\ mom to be established QUiCKly at the lIew \ocation.

5.14 Mandai control Rooms: Control room will be establ lshcd at each vu Inerable Mandal with adeouate communication facilities for communication with the District Headquarters and should be euulpped with the maps of the likely areas identified as vulnerable to carthouakes. Jeeps fitted with public address system will be used to warn the public in the Villages. Information about the effects of the earthouake will be passed on the radio sets to the District Control Room. Their reports will then be consolidated by the Collector and sent as a detailed report to the Commissioner for Relief and the Government on as required basis. The control room will be manned by :

• Mandai Revenue Officer

• Deputy Tchsildar

• One lunior Assistant

• Two Attcnders

5.15 The Government is reouested to enforce the building code. in (ksigning the seismic resistant shelters both in private and public sectors in vulnerable Mandals.

5.16 Funds for publicity campaign should be made available to the concerned departments for organizins the campaigns once a year. SUitable publicity materials like posters. pamphlets. slides and Hordings have to be designed and displayed in vulnerable Mandals & Villages with Do's and Don'ts and the de.\i&n oj earthouake resistant houses to be constructed in these areas.

(

SECTION

6

)

VISUALITY OF EARTHQUAKE SITUATION

Planning

6.1 It is a well known fact that there wi II be little fore-warm ng of an earthouake and this di ctatcs that all the arrangements for tackling the disaster must be planned well in advance and the rescue and relief operations must be launched with speed and should be coordinated well at various levels of the administration. TLl do this it is essential to work out the llkely affected areas. the reoutrements of resources, mobility and communications for the rescue teams, and the relief teams well in advance and the system should be test checked for identi~ing the Grey areas if any and their modification. Each action involved should be identified and the persons/s & the Department nominated to execute it covering the three stages i.e. 'Before', 'During' and 'After' the earthquake.

6.2 Response to an earthouake situation would be starting at the village. Mandai level upwards as opposed to the usual response for cyclones and floods. which is top-down. A likely response suggested for earthouakc situation is given at Annexure-I.

6.3 After an earthquake a large number of people will be rendered homeless and will reoulre to be assembled at suitable places to administer the immediate basic needs of food, water. clothing and medical care. It is expected that in an earthouake injuries will exceed the number of deaths. Also if the earthquake occurs at night the numbers affected in both the categories will be substantially more. Planning must take this into consideration for working out the expected casualities to provide adequate medical cover. There would be high number of surgical cases in an earthcuake and therefore establishment of mobile hospitals should be planned.

Early warning

6.4 Since there is no early warning. information regarding the tremors; even a small shock, if any, will have to come from the affected area. For this purpose the NGRI / GSI preferably should be reouested to place seismic instrument at suitable places after they have identified them. If reoulred the State Government should make a formal request to the Agency concerned for the number and type of instrument to be placed. The District Administration concerned should render active support in establishing such stations and thei r subseouent mai ntenance.

6.5 Communication arrangements must be ensured to enable the statlon/s to pass the information of the tremors to the district authorities and the parent department. NCRI ; GSI should be able to give the correct assessment to the Relief Commissioner / Control room after their analysis. If direct communication facility is given to NGRI / GSI it is possible to inform the Districts about the impending danger at the same time as the Relief Commissioner; Control Room. This would ensure that as much lead-time as possible is given to the district Administration. Emanating from this arrangement will be the need for the District administration to have arrangements for Dissemination of the warning to the public. For this purpose Sirens, leeps fitted with public address system should be positioned with the Mandals identified as vulnerable. Public must be informed of the likelihood of an earthquake and of the actions they should take immediately and be advised to keep their transistor radio tuned for further information; instructions from the All India Radio.

NATURE OF ASSISTANCE FROM THE ARMED FORCES

6.6 The Army played a very useful role for timely rescue/relief operations during earthouake in the past because of the following organizational features .

• :. Organised and mobile manpower to assist in rescue operations .

• :. Well-trained and eoulpped engineers.

,.. Communication units to provide emergency radio and telephone links .

• :. Emergency medical support to the victims .

• :. Helicopters for reconnaissance. emergency rescue, evacuation and supply,

6.7 Assistance of the Armed Forces may therefore be taken by the State Government in the event of an eartnouake in the State. It is important to integrate the Army and Air Force into the disaster plans from the very beginning. Sub Area Commander should be reouested to organize, reconnaissance visits to the likely areas of application and for assessing the Quantum of manpower and materials required. Liaison officers at the State / District control rooms must be provided to ensure better co-ordination. This arrangement may be formalized during by the HPSC at the Secretarial. Suitable maps of the areas and guldes must be planned for speedy deployment of the task forces. Hell-pads at the likely areas must be prepared well in advance together with the plan for provldtng logistic support to the Helicopters. The Co-ordinates of the helipads must be given to the Air Force Station Commander Begumpet.

Communications

6.8 Efficient communications hold the key to success in the earthouake relief operations along with detailed allocation of responsibilities to the various teams that are expected to operate. Communications between the teams will also be reoulred. Once the detailed plan is worked out the reouirement of wireless sets can be calculated and provision can be made, by pooling the resources from other districts and the Police department. It is Quite like~ that communication by telephones may not be possible soon after the earthquake and therefore radio sets within the district should be pre-positioned in the likely areas. This is ve~~' important because the damages suffered and the people affected are to be attended to within the shortest possible time from within the resources available to the district. Out side help will come but it will take Ii me to reach the affected areas.

HAM Radio / Satellite Communications

6.9 Amateur Radio organisation existing in the State (HAM) has good potential and should be used. The 9 coastal districts. Hyderabad and Khammam districts already have Ham sets. The remaining districts should also be provided with Ham sets. It is also possible that the Ham sets with operators are deployed in the affected areas from the adjoining districts which are not affected. Ham organisation has proved thei r usefu I ness in establish i ng communications very Qui ckly with remote areas affected in cyclones/ floods in the past and have provided information regarding the situation directly to the control room at Hyderabad. District Collectors should incorporate this facility in their plans. Satellite telephones could be considered fort vulnerable Villages / Mandals and till these are provided existing Wireless facilities should be increased.

Relief Camps / Shelters

6.10 Temporary shelter is reouired for the survivors of the earthouake while the rescue teams are busy with extrication work of people trapped below the collapsed houses. It must be ensured that the bUildings / sites selected for such activity are safe and are easily accessible. It would be appropriate to consider ;.111 the open places available for gathering the people and then move them to the selected sites for providing them immediate relief of food, water. clothing and medical attention. Medical treatment centers should faci I itate treatment for minor injuries and also su rgi cal operations.

6.11 Since the time spent by the victims in such camps is going to be long. adeouate attention is reouired to be given to the space requirements of different categories of the victims i.e. old and sick people. pregnant ladies and lactating mothers. children who have lost their parents etc. Hygiene and Sanitation aspects have to be thought of in advance and arranged QUickly. Stores reoulred for the relief camps should be held at suitable sites so that they can be used at the earliest. Manpower. transport and supervisory staff should be nominated and detailed in the plans.

Access control

6.12 Once the news of an earthouake spreads. there will be a large number of people covering on to the area and this can lead to serious problem of congestion of the road space for the movement of rescu e and rei i ef teams.

6.13 To carry out rescue and relief operations effecttvely the affected area should be should be covered with adequate number of police patrols and traffic check posts. Additional police forces will be reoulred and should be projected to the State Government for making provision. The following actions are envisJged:-

.:. To regulate the movement of survivors to shelter areas .

• :. To make public announcements advising people as per the instructions from the District Control Room or the Collector.

.:. To allow speedy movement of rescue teams and their equipment.

.:. To act as information centre and allow for smooth passage of relief support coming from out side

the district.

.> To safe guard public property from looting by anti-social elements .

• :. To avoid over crowding of roads by unnecessary visitors .

• :. To facilitate removal of victims trapped under the debris and in disposal of dead bodies.

Non-governmental Organisations

6.14 In Andhra Pradesh non-governmental organizations have played an increasingly prominent role in disaster management. especially in preparedness and response. Thei rout-reach abi I ity is inherent in thei r activities and provides excellent basis for promoting community awareness and preparedness. Some activities towards using their potential are:

.:. Mobilisation of NGOs under some form of umbrella organisation for a co-ordinated effort for disaster preparedness and response purposes. The organisation for this has been setup vide G.O. No. 985. Rlf. III. D1. 26-7-2000 where CARE-AP has been nominated as the Nodal agency. Similar organisation should also exist at the District level.

.:. Allocation of preparedness and response tasks to individual NGOs or to groups of NGOs

.:. Promotion of public awareness

.:. Production of NGO disaster plans and the same to be dove-tailed into the State and District plans

.:. Identification of resou rces and their appl ication into the selected areas to supplement the Govern ment resources.

Use of Media

Media should be used to give correct picture of the earthouake situation to avoid rumours which may cause panic both within and outside the affected area. The Relief Dept. / Control Room should inform the All India Radio to maintain 24 hour broadcast during disaster period. Both AIR and Doordarshan will be requested to broadcast public awareness programmes from time to time about various protective measures to be taken for an earthquake.

~========================~~~~~==========================~

6.15

6.16 Some information about the nature and intensity of the earthouake and what people should do, should be put out on the AIR I DO. People should be asked not to move out on public roads, which would be reouired for movement of relief and rescue parties, They would be advised to save injured people or rescue those who can be rescued from collapsed buildings. Actions being taken by the District and State Administration would be given out. They will also give out the facts about the casualties suffered and the details of damages sustained.

6.17 The Information & Public Relations Department is responsible for drawing up suitable programmes in consultation with the Station Directors of AI.R. and Doordarshan. Adequate publicity material by way leaflets, posters should be put up at public places in the vulnerable Villages. In addition slides should be prepared and shown in all the cinema halls highlighting dos and don'ts before, during, and after an earthquake.

Assessment of Preparedness Actions

6.18 Adeouate arrangements for identifjing. assessing and monitoring the disaster threat are necessary. This enables the planners to make a reasonable forecast of the likely effects arising out of an earthouake. Some of the important aspects would be: -

.:. Casualities - deaths and injuries to the victims .

• :. Damage and destruction to property both of the private & public category .

• :. Disruption to essential services .

• :. Economic loss

.:. Loss of livelihood

Post-disaster Review

6.19 A critical review must be made after the disaster effects are fully under control to learn from the lessons in the course of executing the plans. This can be done by insisting on the various team leaders to submit their "After Action" reports' in a reasonable time frame, These reports should be reviewed by the district committee and forward suggestions to the Relief Commissioner.

Viability of Plans

6,20 Once the plan is finalised and approved it needs continuous attention to maintain its viability. This action has to be taken at the Relief Commissioner's level in the state and the Collectorate and Mandai levels in the districts.

6.21 Plans drawn up should include the 'Before', 'During' and 'After' stages of the earthquake. Each set of actions could be formed as checklists for the concerned official of each department to be able to go through in a chronological order so that no essential action is left out inadvertantly.

State of the Plan

6.22 The ideal status of plan should be :

.:. Written - or it will not be remembered .

• :. Simple - or it will not be understood .

• :. Disseminated - or it will not be available with those who need it. .

• :. Tested - or it will not be practical.

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(

SECTION

7

1

ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BEFORE TREMORS OR EARTHQUAKE

7.1 There will be no advance warning in an earthouake. To be able to take appropriate actions when it does occur it is necessary that all actions to be initiated on its occurrence will have to be well planned and executed without doubts or waiting for orders from district headouarters. This will involve in the proper identification of likely tasks and the departments responsible for them. This could be done at the Mandai headquarters during the normal times. The MROs having identified the tasks and the resources reoutred in an earthouake for their respective rnandals should project thei r requirements to the 0 istri ct Collector. As in the case of Cyclone/ Floods Collector should convene a District level Committee with representatives of Govt. Depts. To review the administrative actions reouired before. during and after an earthquake.

District Level Committee

7.2 The Collector should take stock of the assets, resources and the reoui rements of personnel to take actions in an earthquake. A review of the information from mandals will be in order to be able to coordinate the efforts from within the district resources and project additional help recurred from the State Govt. and other agencies. This should be preferably based on the latest statistics about the vulnerable elements in each of the mandals that are likely to be affected. Periodical meetings should be held preferably once in three months. Awareness campaigns should be organised at least once in a year. A large number of institutions like hostels. social welfare residential schools and old age homes are under the control of the SOCial Welfare Department and the Deputy Director (SW) should be nominated to be a member of the District level Committees. Similarly at the Mandai level the Assistant Social Welfare Officer should be a member of the Mandai level Committee.

7.3 Focus on the following points is advisable:

.:. Communication resources available and their location including those held in the pool. Reoulrernents of additional wireless sets should be projected to the State Government.

.:. The reoulred funds for publlclty campaign are to be made available to the concerned departments .

• :. Enforce by law to follow the building code in designing seismic resistant shelters both in private and public sectors in vulnerable Mandals .

• :. Maps of the vulnerable areas in the Mandals to facilitate relief operations particularly for the Rescue/ Relief Teams and Agencies arriving from out side the District.

.:. Earmarking of Teams for Rescue. and Relief operations .

• :. Transport & Water Tankers available. their roadworthiness their present location .

• :. State of the PHCs and Hospitals regarding the Staff available and the EQuipment dellclencles.

Capacities of these in dealing with a large number of injury cases must be critically assessed .

• :. Identity the population vulnerable and the weak houses, bUildings and public infrastructure Mandai wise or area wise and nominate officers to supervise the relief operations in that areal MandaI.

.:. Reoulrement of opening sub! additional control room and the facilities available to make it fully functional.

.:. Give wide publlcity to the "Dos" and "Don'ts" given at Annexure -I. Suitable publicity materials like posters, pamphlets, leaflets, slides and hoardings have to be designed and displayed at prominent public places in the Vulnerable Mandals and villages through the DPRO, The required funds for publicity campaign is to be made available to the concerned departments .

• :. Standby arrangements for power supply to the Control Rooms. the shelters. and the Hospitals .

• :. Availability of digging tools like crow-bars. pick axes. shovels, ropes, ladders. fire fighting eouipment.

.:. Petromax/ Battery operated I lghts for rescue work at night.

.:. Radios to listen to the AIR Broadcasts,

.:. Stores for erecting temporary shelters .

• :. Availability of food stocks, kerosene and fire-wood for disposal of dead bodies,

.:. Avatlabillty of potable drinking water

.:. All arrangements for establlshi ng rei i ef camps,

.:. Mobile phone address systems.

7.4 The first reoulrement for the District Administration would be to get all the information regarding the elements at risk in the vulnerable areas. These should include the types of individual houses, Govt. structures vulnerable to earthquake and get them strengthened to the extent possible. Such structures should be marked for Quick evacuation, In case of houses belonging to the public. they must be informed of the status of their house and advised to observe the "Dos" and Don'ts" for earthquake.

Reoulrements of Effective Response

7.5 Effective response will depend on two major factors:

.:. Information and

.:. Resources

Information Management

7,6 It is essential to have all the information regarding the areas which are likely to be affected in an earthouake.

This if readily accessible to the Collectorate on computers, will facilitate in assessing the protective and preventive actions that can be taken before the onset of the earthouake. Once the earthquake st ri kes. it is not easy to obtain accu rate and complete information. Therefore it is important that followi ng aspects are considered:

.:. ACQuisition of information

.:. Information assessment,

.:. Decision - making

.:. Dissemination of decisions and information

.:. Good reliable communication systems for dissemination of orders.

7.7 The above will be possible if the present database in the districts is fully updated and probabilistic assessments are made of the Iikely damages well in advance. Similar database should be available at the Mandai level. Review should be made Mandai/ Area wise with actions required to be taken by respective officers of various departments. The duties will be more or less similar for all departments with differences in the actual details particulars to the area concerned. A suggested example of data base that could be prepared for a Mandai is given at Annexure - 2.

Roles and Responsibilities of Departments Revenue Department

7.8 This department at all levels in the State will be the controlling department for all the 'Response and Relief' oriented operations for an earthquake disaster. They will be responsible for actions listed in paragraph 7.3. They should prepare in advance a Village profile regarding the population. infrastructure, types of vulnerable houses & communities. This information should be included in the Mandai Level Computer network of Hazard Mitigation Information (HMIS) and may be linked to the Relief Commissioner's office. This data should be updated once in six months. Should earmark teams for rescue, evacuation, shelters or relief camps, transport for teams, warning public, and disseminate information to all concerned about the relief operations! plans including the Non-Governmental Organsations taking part in the operations or likely to take part on arrival from out side the district. Reception and briefing arrangements for Army columns coming in for relief work and to provide map and/ or gUides for them. Organise relief camps. emergency feeding, clothing & household supplies and provision of temporary shelter assistance. The actions to be performed by various departments are listed under the respective department as gUide lines,

Information

7,9 DPRO should arrange to educate the public about the earthquake hazard and steps that are to be taken by them. This can be done through the local news, by posters, handbills exhibited at prominent public places like bus stands, railway stations, post offices. cinema halls. street plays. People should be encouraged to listen to the Air programmes on earthquake which should be organised by the I&PR Department at the state level. Slides on important aspects of the "Dos" and "Don'ts" as given in Annexure-I should be shown in the cinema halls. This should be done on cyclic basis 2/3 days every week every 2 months. Community Radio sets should be checked by the Sarpanch/ Executive Officer/ Village Development Officer/ Head master of Elementary School. DPRO should also carry out media liaison and prepare approved information in SUitable form for issue,

Medical and Health

7.10 DM&HO is responslble for provldtng emergency medical treatment to the victims, maintenance of public health. check Quality of drinking water. maintain sanitary conditions in the disaster affected area. undertake first-aid traini ng to selected volu nteers in the Villages. co-ordinates uti I ization of med i cal teams, medi cal supplies. ambulances and issue of medical certificate for deaths,

Public Works Department and PR Engineers

7.11 Survey of weak structures, roads. bridges, buildings for strengthening. carry out survey and assessment of damaged structures, arrange for heavy ecuipment like dozers, excavators. cranes, pulleys, power SJW~, gas cutting eouiprnent etc. Undertake clearance of roads and debris of collapsed houses: restore damaged buildings and public infrastructure.

~~~~--~~~~~----~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~----'-'

Police

7.12 Responsible for law & Order, protection of property, help in evacuation, control movement in disaster areas and at key points for access control, assist in search & rescue, provide reouired number of radios sets with operators, position mobile VHF sets as per the district plans, ensure speedy delivery of messages received on the police net. and help in disposal of dead persons.

Education

7.13 Ensure that' earthquake drills are practiced by students in all the schools and colleges. include earthquake awareness aspects in school curriculum, make available school! college bulldings for temporary shelters for evacuation or for use as treatment centers, provide staff for assessment of damages and for awareness campaign in the villages.

APGENCO/APTRANSCO

7.14 As disaster preparedness measure keep power lines and installations are kept free of obstructions, maintain power supply at the best possible level during earthquake particularly for relief camps and the hospitals! treatment centers, adopt public safety measures for plan installations damaged. provide generators as per the district plan including the generators available locally.

Fire Service

7.1S Shall help in fire - fighting. rescue and other appropriate operations as reouired.

Forest

7.16 Shall provide construction material for temporary shelters and for the public to construct! repair their houses.

Transport

7.17 District Transport Officer shou Id provide the reoui red number of vehicles to the teams or departments as per the allocation made by the Collector. Data of available transport in the district will be maintained and updated. Should co-ordinate use of transport

Posts and Telecommunications

7.18 Provide additional telephones for the purpose of relief operations as requested by the Collector and ensure rapid repair of damaged telecommunications.

Training of Government Officials

7.19 All the Government Officials who are likely to be drafted for the management of earthquake should be given orientation training at APARD and they be used as a pool of resourq: persons for enlarging· the resource pool in the Districts under the District Collector's gUidance and supervision. Over a period of time there will be sizeable number of earthquake conscious officers wh·o will be able to coordinate their own department's efforts in fulfilling the various responsibilities in all the phases of the earthouake management. Experts from the scientific departments in Hyderabad will be available for such training in the districts.

People's Participation

7.20 People's participation has been acknowledged as the key to sustained development and the success of this idea has been provided in the state in recent years. Just as people are able to understand the developmental projects initiated by the Government and are actively participating in the planning and executing stages, disaster and its related activities could also reach the same status as that of response of the people to the development oriented projects. But to achieve this, extra efforts have to be made by the officlals.

Awareness

7.21 Awareness and people's participation in preparation for a disaster shou Id be launched as campaign and should cover the People. the elected members of Panchayati Raj, Students, Women Groups al ready existl ng, NGOs and local Political Leaders, Information & Public Relations Department with the help of Media is likely suited for this purpose. The District PRO with help from the I&PR Department should be able to cover all the vulnerable Villages.

7.22 Once the public and the connected officials and volunteer groups are fully aware of the cause and effects of an earthquake. they could be persuaded to make their own assessment of the needs they perceive in an earthquake situation. Village level disaster preparation teams can be formed from among the category of persons identified in the above paragraph. The team can select their own leader who will be the person to carry out the liaison with the Government officials and the NGOs for any help reoulred during the relief/ rehabilitation work.

Needs Assessment

7.23 This team should be able to identifj the resources available in the Village which could be used (a) for preparation (b) du ri ng the period immediately after the earthquake and (e) for rehab: litation. Thus a resource data is available for each Village which can be complied into a mandai resource record as suggested in Annexure-Z. Based on the needs assessment there would be the reoulrernent of identifjing the resources that would have to be brought in form outsrde the Village and this is where the mandai resource record will be of assistance. The assistance required from outside can be Quantified as per the estimated effects of the event and these could be coordinated at the MandaI! Revenue / Division I District Level.

Preparedness Plan at Village level

7.24 Having achieved this, the teams can then apply their awareness into a preparedness plan which will include the contribution from all the sections of the society represented in the team. It is important not to miss the presence of women members as they are equally responsive to give useful suggestions particularly affecti ng women & ch i Idren. The ideas gathered over a series of mutual discussions can be prepared into a plan which should give out the actions to be carried out by various persons at specified time periods and list the resources (both human & Material) to be used.

ANNEXURE .. 1

(Reference Section - 7)

DOtS AND DONtTtS

WHAT TO DO BEFORE. AFTER AND DURING AN EARTHQUAKE

WHAT TO DO BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE?

.:. Learn about causes and effects. Speak about them in a calm and composed manner.

.:. Keep a touch light and a working transistor radio with spare batteries .

• :. Keep a list of telephone numbers like Doctor, Fire, Police. MRO. Ambulance, Water. Electricity etc. on a card and all your family members should know them .

• > Arrange your home in such a manner that it is easy to move around .

• :. Attach shelves. gas. cylinders. flowers pots etc. to the walls of the room .

• :. Place heavy objects on the floor or in lower shelves .

.:. Teach all members of your family how to turn off electricity and gas supply.

WHAT TO DO DURING AN EARTHQUAKE?

.:. Keep calm and keep others calm .

.:. If you are at home or inside a building or auditorium

.:. Do not rush to the doors or the exist: keep well away from windows. mirrors and furniture .

• :. Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door-frame. in the corner of the room. under a table or even under a bench or bed .

• :. If you are on the road in a built up area

.:. Walk towards an open place. in a calm and composed manner. Do not run and do not wander in the street or on the roads for sight seeing. You must keep the roads free for movement of rescue & relief teams .

• :. Keep away from butldings. especially old, tall buildings or detached buildlngs. electricity wires. slopes and walls. They are liable to collapse .

• :. If you are driving

.:. Stop the vehicle away from buildtng walls. slopes. electricity wires/ cables and stay inside the vehicle.

WHAT TO DO AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

.:. Keep calm. switch on the transistor radio and obey any instructions you hear on the radio

.:. Except after shocks .

• :. Do not turn on switches if you have electric connection in your house .

• > Use your torch

.> If there is a fire try to put it out with help of people around you .

• :. Clean up any spillage of inflammable material like kerosene. oils, paints, alchohol etc.

.> If people are buried under the debris, call for help of the rescue teams and render your help. Do not attempt rescue all by yourself. You might injure yourself or worsen the situation of the persons under the debrls .

• > Avoid places where electric wires are hanging loose and do not touch any metal object in contact with them .

• :. Do not drink water from open sources/ containers Without filtering or purification.

+- Eat something to make you feel better and more capable of helping others .

• :. When you can move out of the house carry with your essential food. water container. Torch. transistor radio. and medicines you normally use at home .

• > Do not go near damaged structures or enter badly damaged bulldlngs .

• > Do not go Sight seeing or wander in the streets aimlessly to see what is happening around. Keep the roads clear for the movement of relief/ rescue teams.

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8

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ACTIONS DURING EARTHQUAKE

Onset of Earthquake

8.1 Virtually no warning is possible for an earthouake. and this gives rise to some special problems in an earthouake situation as opposed to other disasters like floods. cyclones and drought. The problem areas are:

.:. Severe and extensive damage. creating the need for urgent counter-measures. especially search and rescue. and medical assistance .

• :. Dlfftculty of access and movement.

.:. Widespread loss or damage to infrastructure. essential services and I ife support systems .

• :. Recovery reoulrernents (restoration and rehabilitation) may be very extensive and costly .

• :. Rarity of occurrence in some areas may cause some problems for decision making in counterdisaster measures and in public awareness efforts by the Government.

.:. Communication systems may be damaged or rendered unserviceable .

.:. First information may be vague and exaggerated.

Information of Earthquake

8.2 Once the vulnerability assessment has been carried out and the actual areas are identified officials and volunteers should be nominated to pass on the information of the tremors noticed in their respective areas. to the MRO office by the fastest means. This information should be passed on to the NGRI. and GSI to enable them set up seismic station immediate!'y. MRO should also simultaneously pass on the information to the Collectorate, who should record the message and pass on the information to the Chief Secretary to Govt.! Relief Commissioner and other concerned officials.

8,3 In Case the tremors are intense enough to cause damage. the nominated persons if they are not themselves affected should pass on the information to the MRO office for further transmission on the revenue Wireless net to the control room at the Collectorate. The message is then transmitted to the Relief Control Room at Secretariat and the Relief Commissioner;

Activation of Control Room/ Teams

8.4 All officials and team members should concentrate at nominated places for taking a stock of the situation and to proceed to their respective areas after final check on their tasks. eoulprnent and briefing by the team leader. All communication sets should be opened and establish contact with the local control room.

8.S Without waiting for further orders the teams nominated for rescue should swing into action and start rescue work to the extent possible in the their designated areas with eoulpment such as crowbars, hooks, ropes, shovels. material for improvised stretchers etc. Control Rooms should be activated immediately and actions by the task forces should commence as per the plan. It should be remembered that in the case of earthouakes there is no early warning. The MROs should therefore be ready and well eoulpped to start rescue/ relief operations immediately without waiting for executive orders from above.

8.6 The kind of reaction would be possible only if preliminary detailed assessment has been carried out. This would lead to allocation of personnel and resources to the various tasks to be performed in the immediately at the site! area of the earthouake. Since communications will take some time to be activated it is necessary to depend on the existing communication systems in the village which may be a telephone! wireless set at the Police station, Post office or a private owner of telephone. If none are available (which would be known already) Sarpanch! VAO! VDO should arrange to send the message through a courier to the MRO's office. This also highlights the fact that such communications must not themselves be vulnerable to damage! loss.

Access Control

8.7 It must be also remembered that an earthouake may take place at night as it did in Khillarl, l.atur area in September 1993 in Maharastra. This compounds the problems further and outside help will take that much longer time to react. The first rescue! retrieval operation will invariably have to be started by the Villagers themselves. With the passage of time and the world having gone around there would be an influx of a large number of people converging onto the area. While the immediate rescue actions and controlling actions are underway with the local teams! officials. additional police force must b e rushed on priority to establish as the task forces from outside start converging as per the plan. The Superintendent of Police should post pickets and arrange patrolling continuous in the affected areas and relief centers to prevent anti-social activities.

Responses

8.8 Ab-initio the resources will be limited and the pace of rescue and relief work will be slow. There would be dlfftculty in extricating people who are trapped under the collapsed structu res without proper eouipment. This fact has to be explained to the public to reassure them and instill confidence.

8.9 all actions will be started simultaneously by the concerned teams! offtclals and should be covering the following:

• Opening of control room. concentration of the staff manning it and opening up of additional wireless sets and getting in touch with the various team leaders.

• Move HAM radio teams to earmarked locations.

• Bid for movement of additional Wireless sets from other districts or the State control room.

• Rescue work for victims trapped under the debris and retrieval of dead bodies. Movement of Bull Dozers, Excavators, Jeeps with winches, Cranes, Power Saws, Gas Cutting EQuipment. Drilling EQuipment etc. should be moved on the orders of the District Control Room. Collector should talk to the Chief Secretary! Relief Commissioner for aid reoulred from outside the district.

• Clearance of debris on the roads and to keep road communication open in the area for arrival of relief teams! agencies.

• Treatment to the injured and placing the dead bodies at SUitable place for identification by relatives for further disposal. Seriously injured cases reoutrlng surgery should be dispatched to the nearest PHC/ Hospital or the mobile Hospital. Helicopters may also be used to evacuate patients to hospitals in the nearest town where the facilities have been created as per the plan. Mobile medical teams suitably eoutpped should move to their allotted areas! centers. Superintendent of Police in consultation with the local administrative officials should engage labour!prisoners for disposal of dead bodies.

+ Erection of temporary shelters in the areas already selected. Preferably relief camps should not be more than 2 to 3 Kms away and if unavoidable some transport arrangements should be made.

+ The survivors should be gathered together and evacuated to the shelters/relief camp area where the space allotted is commensurate with the reoutrernent of the category of victims i.e. old and sick persons, handicapped persons, pregnant ladies reoulre more space in the camp.

+ Food and water should be arranged for the survivors and someone should talk to them to give them confidence and get the details of the missing members of their family. This task should be organised by the officer-in-charge of the relief camps. Clothing and blankets as per Govt. orders should be issued. Water may not be available freely therefore tankers should be used. Army water trailers could also be used. Water chlorination and water sterilizing tablets must be arranged.

+ Civil supplies as per the estimated Quantities should be moved to the nominated locations. Salt, matches and kerosene may be added to the inventory of items to be supplied.

+ Reception cum Check Post should be established at the earliest at the entry points to the villages or the affected area to act as check agai nst infl ux of large number of visitors and to also gu ide the relief teams from outside. A responsible person should be allotted this task with some staff and telephone/wireless set if possible.

+ Locations for the treatment centre, relief camps, reception centre, parking areas for relief supplies from the Govt. and NGO and the information centre should be occupied as per the plan only to avoid confusion later as the pace of operations increases.

+ Use of Air Force Helicopters should be made to carry out aerial reconnaissance of the affected areas to assess the extent of damaged area and to bid for additional resources recurred or to modify the applicaCion of resources.

+ Enumeration work for human casualltles, damaged to property and public infrastructure should be compiled and verified with the census data of the vulnerable area.

+ Establishing a Base Depot for receiving, storing and distribution of relief materials from within and outside the dlstrict. Transport and labour for loading, unloading, sorting and re-packing for transporting to sub-depots must be organised under a senior responsible officer with communication and staff.

+ Bid for s~pport from the Army, based on the reports from the Mandals/team leaders/aerial reconnaissance by the District Collector.

+ Establishment of a small information centre in the District control room to provide statistical data about any of the affected areas for decision making and also keep updating the enumeration data as it is reported by various teams/departmentsiNGOsiMedia. This will help is giving out the near correct figures to the Govt. Agencies/Press and Media by the DPRO of the district.

8.10 The suggested activities and the departments which may be entrusted with the tasks are listed at Annexure-I. The list is only suggestive and more can be added as per the pre-earthquake assessment of each region/MandaI as the case may be.

Aid from Abroad

8,11 Once the earthouake takes place, the event will be noticed by International Agencles providlng aid. In order to achieve smooth coordination between the Donor Agencies and the State Govt. it would be appropriate if the Central Relief Commissioner is made responsible for coordinating the formalities of receiving aid by necessary liaison with the concerned Ministeries and get the required clearance.

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SECTION

9

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RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION AFTER EARTHQUAKE Recovery

9.1 Response. which covers the urgent actions, is basically a short-term expediency. Recovery follows response and is more general and long-term in nature. Response is covered under the orders of the Government. Which gives freedom of action to the Officials and Recovery does not have this flexibility. Recovery covers restoration, reconstruction and long-term community rehabilitation. It is complex, extensive and can generate a number of problems.

9.2 As in the case of planning for the disasters, information once again plays an important role for proper recovery actions to be lnltlated. The sources of information are:

.:. Information from the response operations will give a lot of inputs for the recovery plans and these could be obtained from-

.:. Damage surveys and need assessment survey (to be done as post-disaster activity)

.:. After action reports by team leaders / departments .

• :. Information available with the control rooms

.) Reports from the NGOs (they should be requested to give copy of their reports sent to their higher Headquarters) .

• :. Reports of the International Aid Agencies .

• :. Information from the Media

.) Reports of the Nodal Officers covering the disaster .

• ,. Post-disaster Review

.:. Development programme of the region or area.

Recovery / Rehabilitation / Programmes

9.3 Based on the data collated from the above sources a list of activities recurred for recovery can be prepared and prioritised. The needs will fall under the followi ng categories:

.:. Resettlement of displaced persons in new settlements .

• :. Provision for temporary shelters till new settlements are ready for occupation .

• :. Resettlement of orphaned children and widows .

• :. Restoration of public uti! itles .

• :. Rehabilitation of persons incapacitated due to serious injuries .

• :. Provision of constructed houses with appropriate technology and based on traditional design .

• :. Provision of construction material at concessional rate or free as decided by the Govern ment.

.:. Provision of employment.

.:. Rehabilitation of Artisans .

• :. Counselling for victims suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

New Settlement

9.4 Land for new settlement may have to be selected when the damage has been extensive. This could be done by earmarking Government lands. By using the remote sensing facility. areas away from major lineaments should be selected and care should be taken not to select along riverbeds. as these are prone to liquefaction. The sites should be closer to favorable ground-water zones.

9.5 The affected population would be averse to moving to totally new areas far away from their lands and do not readily accept the modern RCC construction designs which are smaller than the space they are used to. It is in this context there is a reoulrement to buildup awareness of the improved technology for their further safety and to persuade them to participate in the planning and construction of the new settlements. The local leaders. voluntary organizations should be motivated to mobilize participation by the people.

9.6 The layouts of the new relocated villages should be based on traditional designs with cluster type being the basis of planning. The structures should be earthquake resistant, traditional, low cost and safe. Use of local materials should be made as far as possible and where this is not possible. building materials and elements should be cast on site using proven cost-effective technologies.

9.7 Andh ra Pradesh Housing Corporation together with other construction organ izatlons in the State and in the country should establish building centers to carry out suitable training for training of construction workers. Grass root level planning involvlng the members of the community and trained construction workers will be able to raise the new settlement fully satisfylng the expectations of the affected people.

Temporary Shelters

9.8 Number of shelters reoulred, will be gUided by the pre-earthouake assessment of the total population likely to be rendered homeless and within such population the distinct categories of old and sick. pregnant ladies, lactating mothers and handicapped persons, should be in focus.

9.9 The stores reoulred for these shelters will have to be arranged. their availability. present location. transport reoulred to move them to the sites selected and the manpower recurred will have to be worked out before in the preparatory period. Resources as identified will have to be include in the plans in sufficient detail and known to all.

Orphaned Children and Widows

9.10 There wil sizeable number of persons in this category including old men who have no one to look after them and provision has to be made for them. This category of victims should be looked after by the Government by making specific arrangements regarding their future shelter. This could be done. by construction of hostels and provision of staff for their management. Compensation money as eligible may be held and operated by a trust created for the purpose of looking after them and may not be given to relatives who are likely to .mlsuse the money. Such children should be given priority in admission to hostels/ resldent!al schools which are run by the Government.

Restoration ot Public Utilities

9.11 The first task at hand to restore normal life in the society would be to restore all the essential public services as early as possible. The concerned line departments. with manpower and material resources should take up this responsibility. Additional resources may have to be transported from neighbouring areas unaffected by the earthquake.

Rehabilitation of Incapacitated Persons

9.12 There may be some persons of this category due to the ti me taken for the heavy engi neeri ng eoui pment to arrive at the sites and begin the extrication work. This situation may generally arise in multi-storied residential complexes in moderately dense sections of towns. Higher compensation grant may be considered in such cases.

Construction of Houses

9.13 This activity is one of the major post-relief activities and requires careful planning. Construction activity for rehabilitation of the people should be at two tiers. One for relocation in a new area and the second will be insite reconstruction depending on the popular choice exercised by the people i.e. whether they are prepared to shift to the new location proposed or whether they would like to stay in the old Village I area. All families affected by earthouake should be sanctioned permanent houses under the existing housing schemes. Some of the major considerations in this activity could be:

.:. Government and voluntary organizations taking up construction work should establish training centers first to impart Quake-resistant technology to the artisans, construction workers. field level supervisors, construction engineers and local leaders. Design and Construction Codes of various types of constructions and repairs are at Annexure-I.

.:. Land as identified for relocation should be made availab Ie to the construction agencies .

• :. Partnerships should be established between construction agencies and Financing Institutions .

• :. Experts on earthouake engineering should be involved right from the plann ing stage with participation of leaders of the community .

• :. Survey of Households should be conducted to ascertain user's perceptions in maintaining traditional character of the dwellings .

• :. Old layouts and the house designs of the Villages must be studied and discussed with the peoplss representatives before getting down to plan the new layout and adoption of unit designs .

• :. Spatial-functional relation should form the basis for design of dwelling units for different categories of the SOCiety. Separate entries for different uses must be provided .

• :. Cluster based layout should be the gUiding factor in planning. This approach would find easier acceptance from the public.

.:. Generate employment through local participation of unemployed youth. labour and construction artisans.

Provision of Construction Material

9.14 Some of the damaged stock of dwelling units may reoulre partial repairs for which the Administration coul d provide cement. C. G.1. Sheets, poles and other construction material at concessional rates or free as per the decision of the Government.

9.15 Assessment carried out after the enumeration has been finalized will indicate the Quantum of items reoulred to be provided. These are going to be in large numbers and perhaps would have to be arranged. transported and delivered at the sites. This is complex in nature and will involve the following:

.:. Identification of the supplying agencies, their capacity to meet the Quantities reoui red at the earliest. their abil ity to transport them to the site areas .

• :. In case the collection is to be done by the construction agencies, their requirement of transport, the schedule of movement on the roads should be considered .

• :. If possible movement by rail may be considered and necessary co-ordination be carried out with the rai Iway authorities .

• :. Suitable organization has to be evolved for the above tasks and persons nominated for supervision and execution of the delivery to the public.

Provision of Employment and Rehabilitation of Artisans

9.16 Both these category of activities can be dovetailed into the construction work and the other restoration! repair work under taken by the line departments. It is essential that prlority should be given to the local semi-skilled and non-skilled potential before importing them from out side areas. Experience elsewhere indicates that the construction agencies bring with them labour inputs and materials thus leaving the local population without employment opportunities. Carryi ng out th is co-ordi nat ion immediately after the earthquake would be rather difficult in the pressure created by a host of activities taking place at the same time with their attendant demands on resources and time of the Administration. This problem could be overcome by suitable Government instructions and establishing rapport with the voluntary agenCies well before the disaster.

Counseling for Post Trauma Syndrome Disorder

9.17 One of the important aspects of rehabilitation often not stressed enough is the technloue oriented to coping with the stress by the victims. Some people may resort to committing suicide and some others may take to deviant conduct like consuming excess alcohol or drugs or gambling and so on .

• :. One 01 the acceptable measures could be counseling at both individual and family! group level.

.;. This should be undertaken. as a continuous input to enhance the much needed social support to help the individuals to recoup themselves and to build up their self-confidence, self-control and the commitment to start life allover again. In other words, counseling process should aim at converting the stress situation to ene of challenge to make the best use of whatever is available .

• :. Counselling should be undertaken by professionally trained social workers drawn from the Government Department of Social Welfare! Health/ Extension and NGOs .

• :. Suitable training should be organized for these teams.

9.18 The magnitude of the earthquake and the damage to the property/ loss of life would be brought immediately to the notice of the Central Govt. by the Commissioner for Relief. In addition, Relief Dept. would send as soon as practicable. report to the Ministry of Agriculture (Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. with copies to the Department of Science Technology. IMD and the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment (Department of Urban Development). The State Control Room would keep the Control Room of the Ministry of Agriculhue informed about the developments by telephone/ Fax.! telex.

9.19 If the HPSC consider that assistance of other organizations. under the control of Central Government Or other States Government is reouired. the Chief Secretary, should bring tlte matter to the notice of the Central Relief Commissioner who would take appropriate action.

ANNEXURE -I

(To section 9)

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CODES

• IS 1893: 1962 - The first set of recommendations for earthquake resistant design structures.

• IS 4326 : 1967 - A code of practice for earthouake resistant construction of building».

Revised in 1976.

• IS 13827 : 1993 - on Earthen Buildings.

• IS 13828 : 1993 - on Low Strength Masonry Buildings.

• IS 13935 : 1993 - on Repair & Strengthening of BUildings.

• IS 13920 : 1993 - on Ductile Detailing of RC structures.

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SECTION

10

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NON-NUMERICAL ADVISORY DESIGN

10.1 In an earthquake buildings and structures suffer damages based on their inherent capacity to wlthstand the stresses created by the amplification of the ground motion. Earthquake measuring 5 and above on the Richter scale will cause considerable damage to property. The PWD (R&B) in AP. deals with construction of Major buildings. bridges and roads. In earthquake prone areas the department should make a survcv about the condition of existing structures and study about strengthening them so that human deaths could be reduced. This survey should also cover the domestic housing stock in the villages.

10.2 In addition to the IS codes on earthouake resistant construction it is suggested that non-numerical advisory design be followed. This may be called as a code of good practice.

10.3 Code of Good Practice for Low Rise Load Bearing Masonry Structures

a) In order to counter horizontal acceleration of earthouake. ties have to be introduced at Sill, Lintcl and Roof level.

b) Roofs of such masonry buildings shall be kept as light as possible.

c) Roofing shall be designed and constructed as Single diaphram.

d) In earthquake prone areas 50% of the walls shall be designed as shear walls minimising openings.

IDA Framed structures

a) In the case of framed structures the members of the structural system shall be designed so as to form a unitary movement resisting frame to counter earthquake load and to suitably accommodate deflections.

b) In the case of stilt with free standing columns which do not have any other structural members such as shear walls etc. they shall be designed according to loads and moments.

10.5 The structural system should be simple and shall have symmetry as far as possible with the following:

a) Design of corner members of the building to resist the concentration of seismic forces.

b) The joints between various structural members shall be suitably strengthened.

c) The structure shall offer balanced resistance. This should be achieved by keeping the center of resistance close to the center of mass of the building as far as possible.

d) In the case of unsyrnrnetry where the centers do not coincide, the members shall be suitably designed for the torsion generated by earthouake forces.

e) In the case of certain class of butldings having higher safety reouirernents suitable measures like the frames shall be suitably braced on the periphery and shear wall shall be introduced.

f) Symmetry of the structural systems m<!}' be maintained as far as possible even in the case of bUildings where geometric symmetry is not there.

g) All non structural members like plumbing, false ceiling, air conditioning ducts etc of the building shall be suitably anchored in the position so as to resist earthquake forces.

h) Structural glazing! curtain wall shall be designed and constructed on the facade of the building so as to accommodate deflection in the structural members safely. Suitable glass like tempered glass and laminated glass shall only be used in the panels.

i) In the case of piped gas supply, the pipes shall be embedded and passed through walls with adeouate sleeves to avoid any ruptures.

j} External cladding on the walls with heavy material like granite. marble etc shall be SUitably anchored with pins etc and their load shall be accommodated for.

10.6 Precast Construction

a) Panel to panel connection of framing members shall be ensured so as to enable the structu re to resist earthouake load as a single unit.

b) SUitable jointing procedure and workmanship shall be adopted between various interlocking prefab panels to avoid weak connections.

c) Suitable anchoring systems like dowel bars. hooks etc. shall be used to prevent dislocation of panels under the action of seismic loads in the Quake prone areas.

Isolation of the structure from its foundation may be achieved by using suitable rubber bearings so as to cut transmission of seismic forces to the structures from the ground. This method shall be employed for butldlngs of 3 to 15 floors to dampen earthouake loads. In such systems the frames shall be SUitably braced.