JACOBS SCHOOL OF MUSIC

Oy Hasemos Fiesta

Music from 16th-century Guatemala for voices and winds

Ensemble Lipzodes with The Pro Arte Singers

Oy Hasemos Fiesta - Music from 16th-century Guatemala for voices and winds
[01]
[02]
[03]

Pabanilla Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 2, 7v

Cuentas a Santa Maria Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 12, 37v
Maria de solo un buelo Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 65r

[04]
[05]
[06]
[07]
[08]
[09]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]

Christe redemptor omnium

Kyrie Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 5, 12v
Gloria Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 5, 29v
Archangele Michael
Istadiorum Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 20v
Psalm 147 Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 3, 11v
Credo Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 5, 13v
Angelus Domini Anonymous Lilly Guat. Mus. MSS 8, 23v
Sanctus Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 5, 19v
Y tech nepa Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 7, 8v
Romance Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 2, 1v
Pange lingua Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 3, 13r
Pange lingua (instrumental) Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 9, 24v
Agnus dei Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 5, 20v
Salamanca Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 30v
Fahuana Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 7, 23v
Dominus regnavit Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 42v
Primero tonos Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 31v
Ave maris stella Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 3, 12r
Gaude mater ecclesia
Mulier quit prolas Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 19v
Untitled Mato Fernandes Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 54v
Aparejad ballesteros Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 3, 20v

3:28
1:21
3:35
2:51
1:46
3:46
5:03
1:33
1:00
2:27
0:39
3:55
0:53
1:11
0:51
1:20
1:09
1:08
2:03
2:24
1:55
1:40
1:27

[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]

Hic solus - Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 8, 21v

Audi benigne conditor
Quantelcta Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 2, 3v
Oy hasemos fiesta todas Anonymous Santa Eulalia M. Md. 1, 29v

0:36
2:38
0:51
1:38

(Soloists: Angelique Zuluaga, soprano, and Tim Chenette, tenor)

(Soloists: Thomas Heuser and Jaime Barton, alto; Sean McCarther and Alan Dunbar, bass)

(Soloist: Angelique Zuluaga, soprano)

Total playing time:

20:57
1:36
1:13

56:54

Ensemble Lipzodes

Juan Carlos Arango: shawm

C. Keith Collins: shawm, dulcian, recorder
Anna Marsh: shawm, dulcian
Kathryn Montoya: shawm, recorder
Wolodymyr Smishkewych: voice, percussion

Guests

Lucia Alves Melo: recorder

Nurit Blum: recorder
Adam Bregman: sackbut
Jonathan Oddie: organ
William Hudson: voice

The Pro Arte Singers

John Poole, director; Carolina Gamboa Hoyos, guest conductor

Soprano
Elizabeth Ashantiva
Arwen Myers
Addie Peyronnin*
Sara Radke
Mary Roosma
Valerie Vinzant*
Angelique Zuluaga*

Alto
Jamie Barton
Angela Broker*
Chris Cole*
Yasuhiko Harada
Thomas Heuser*
Kateri Inskeep
Meghann Vaughn

Tenor
Tim Chenette*
Craig Lemming
Nathan Proctor
Joey Purifoy*
Daniel Spaw
Matthew Wells*

* Denotes Chamber Choir

Jonathan Oddie, rehearsal accompanist

Bass
Alan Dunbar*
Steven Hrycelak
Gabriel Lubell
Sean McCarther*
David Sims
Jeong-Hoon Song

All rights reserved: The Trustees of Indiana University, 2009.

Sponsored by the Lilly Library and the Early Music Institute at Indiana University.
This project was made possible with the generous assistance of a Mendel Fellowship from
the Lilly Library at Indiana University.
Cover photograph: Angel with dulcian (detail from painting in Cocucho, Mexico, c. 1680).
Photo Robert Starner. Used by permission.
Ensemble photograph by Sung Lee/Wolodymyr Smishkewych.
Back cover photograph: Courtesy, the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.
Artistic direction: Ensemble Lipzodes.
Executive producers: Anna Marsh, Michael McCraw, Paul Elliott. Assistant producers: Juan Carlos
Arango, Nurit Blum, Adam Bregman, Paul Elliot, Bernard Gordillo, Anna Marsh, Angelique Zuluaga.
CD design: Priscilla Borges, Jacobs School of Music Office of Marketing and Publicity.
Recorded in Auer Concert Hall, Bloomington, Ind., 2007-2008.
Recorded, edited, and mastered by students and faculty of the Jacobs School of Music Department
of Recording Arts: Wayne Jackson, Alex Loew, and Konrad Strauss.

Notes and Translations

Choral Music and Chant

Ensemble Lipzodes and Focus Recordings/IU Music care about the environment
as well as about offering you, the listener, an enjoyable and informative listening
experience. In order to conserve the use of paper, the complete program notes,
texts, translations, and performer biographies can be found on the Ensemble
Lipzodes Web site (lipzodes.org) as well as on the IU Music Marketplace Web site
(indiana.edu/~mrktpl).

This preservation of the European Renaissance choral music canon can be
seen foreshadowed by the devotion of the indigenous population as described in
early seventeenth-century geographies, such as the one by Antonio Vzquez de
Espinosa:

The Lilly Library Guatemalan Manuscripts

By remarkably good fortune, the western central corner of Guatemala is the
origin of a collection of manuscripts that bears witness to the amazing importation
of European choral music into the New World. The Spanish colonists brought a
variety of tools to the New World to convert the native peoples they encountered
to Christianity. Music proved a strong selling point in an indigenous culture that
held its own musicians in very high esteem.

In the 1960s, several manuscripts from the sixteenth century were found in a
remote section of Guatemala. The music preserved in them offers a glimpse of what
must have been common in small villages far-removed from the power centers of
the Spanish colonists.

The collection of choral music and plainsong in the Lilly Library Collection
of Guatemalan Music Manuscripts adds substantially to the evidence that gives
Guatemala a place beside other large urban centers such as Mexico City, Cusco,
Oaxaca, and Bogot in the history of Renaissance music in the Spanish colonies.

In all Indian villages throughout the Indies, both in New Spain, Honduras, Nicaragua,
the Kingdom of Grenada, and Peru, no matter how small the villages may be, they
have distinguished cantors and choirmasters, who officiate with great seriousness
and piety at the Mass; they sing vespers to polyphony, and celebrate saints days
much better than Spaniards do. Every day, they repair with as much exactitude as if
they were monks or canons, to their choir in the church to repeat the office of Our
Lady, and they never fail to do this every day with great solicitude and devotion.
Antonio Vsquez de Espinosa, Compendium and Description of the West Indies, trans. by
Charles U. Clark, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 102 (Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution, 1942), p. 223.

Interestingly, for the three centuries after the copying of these manuscripts,
it was pure-blooded Indians in Guatemala rather than ladinos and descendants of
conquistadores who most carefully respected the legacy of European Renaissance
music brought over by the missionaries. Doubtless, in the sixteenth century, they
must have marveled at the music of masters such as Mouton and Morales, as
demonstrated by the copying of choirbooks from the Mexican and Guatemalan
cathedrals and the eager sharing of the same with maestros throughout the region.
This repertory fused with the musicians native language in coplas and villancicos,
and its use continued until the end of the colony. As the practice of singing the

choirbooks music declined, the manuscripts became, in and of themselves, objects

of devotion, attesting to their high status amongst the indigenous population.

The music contained in the Lilly Librarys manuscripts forms a miscellaneous
collection. Chant and polyphony appear on adjacent pages; lengthy masses and
short fabordones turn up in a single manuscript fascicle; and Latin motets, vernacular
villancicos, and textless fragments showcase the range of material found throughout
the manuscripts. Many are anonymous works, some of which are surely written by
native Guatemalans. They exemplify the diversity and flexibility of musical form
and style characteristic of motets written around the turn of the sixteenth century.

A number of languages appear among the texts in the Lilly Library manuscripts.
Spanish is, of course, encountered most frequently. Within the other manuscripts,
Spanish texts occasionally turn up interspersed with the more predominant Latin
texts. French makes an appearance among those compositions but only as text
incipits; most of the Spanish texts are villancicos. Although musicologist Sheila
Raney Baird states that Nahuatl is the language of the three non-European language
works in MS 7, only five other compositions in the entire manuscript group have
non-European language texts;1 none of these others is Nahuatl (they may, however,
be in Jacaltec-Chuj, another indigenous language from the area). On this recording,
Ensemble Lipzodes and Pro Arte perform the Nahuatl communion responsory
Y tech nepa (7/9).

The question of what chant was used for celebration of the office can be
discerned without much difficulty. The choirbook inventory at Guatemala cathedral
taken May 9, 1542, while Martin Vejarano was chantre, listedamongst other
itemsfive Sevillian missals on paper and one on vellum; two more Sevillian
missals were added on April 2, 1549. These examples illustrate that, as elsewhere
in Spanish New World cathedrals until late in the century, Sevillian use dictated the

liturgy, the repertory, and even the instruments brought to Guatemala. The caxa
de flautas grandes purchased for cathedral use on April 2, 1549, calls to mind similar
sets of flautas bought at Seville during Francisco Guerreros regime. As such, we
can expect that not only were the polyphonic pieces an inheritance of the Sevillian
capilla, but also that the chant, singing style, and language employed by the chantres
demonstrated that citys musical legacy as the mouthpiece from which musical
influence upon performers and repertory flowed to the New World colony.

The Instruments

The majority [of Indians] are good singers and expert in all sorts of musical
instruments, shawms, flutes, sackbuts, curtals, and organs which they make out of
numerous reeds very cleverly and ingeniously joined together; they use these to celebrate
the divine service with great solemnity
Antonio Vsquez de Espinosa. Compendio y descripcin de las indias occidentales.
(An early seventeenth-century description of the music in the Diocese of Guatemala.)

In our interpretation of this music, we use many of the instruments mentioned
by Antonio Vsquez in the quote above. Certainly, there is ample evidence for the
use of instruments in Spanish cathedrals: an important document dated 1548 from
the Len cathedral describes very specifically when the instruments should play; a
similar account from 1580s Seville, dictating when and where a given shawm of the
consort is permitted to ornament, is particularly enlightening. 2 That these practices
were carried to the colonies is also supported by Vasquezs account.

Other instruments used in this recording that were also mentioned by Vsquez
as having been in use in Guatemala during the period the manuscripts were
compiled include organ, recorders, and sackbut.

The Instrumental Music

Most of the music in the manuscripts is texted or at least marked with a title or
incipit. A few pieces are completely textless, while others are quite clearly dances:
the titles Pabanilla and Fahuana are found and are probably Mayan attempts
at spelling pavanilla and pavana. (Orthography in the manuscripts is always
problematic as the native languages of the region often lack phonemes common
in Spanish.) The apparently non-European title of one untexted pavane-like piece,
Quantelcta, remains untranslated. Contrafacta of early sixteenth-century Parisian
chansons, including the famous song Tant que vivray by Claudin de Sermisy, are also
instrumentally viable. Finally, the Spanish tradition of falsobordnwhile normally
used to sing a Psalm in a very simple homorhythmic, multi-voice textureis
sometimes employed in compositions for instruments. Of the various polyphonic
pieces without underlain textand which the ensemble has chosen to perform
as instrumental piecesMulier quit prolas, Istadiorum, Hic solus, Super Flumine,
and Angelus Domini are all lengthy motets, each with a series of varied sections
constructed on differing points of imitation that alternate with portions in chordal
homophony. These pieces exemplify some of the finest music from the Old World,
which the Guatemalan scribes chose to include in their collections.

End Notes
1 Sheila Raney Baird, Santa Eulalia M. MD. 7: A Critical Edition and Study of Sacred Part Music from Colonial
Northwestern Guatemala. Denton, Texas: North Texas State University, 1961. (M.M. Thesis)
2 Kenneth Kreitner, The Repertory of the Spanish Cathedral Bands. Early Music 37 No. 2 (2009): p. 267.

Ensemble Lipzodes

Ensemble Lipzodes is a unique group of performers that came together in
2004 in Bloomington, Ind., whose members were students completing degrees in
the Early Music Institute and the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University. The
ensemble combines voice, shawms, dulcians, recorders, and percussion to bring
to life the rarely performed music of sixteenth-century Guatemala. In addition to
this singular repertoire, the ensemble also explores new directions in Early Music
utilizing voices and winds. In 2004, Lipzodes was a finalist in Early Music Americas
Renaissance and Medieval Performance Competition. In 2006, the ensemble
was selected as a winner in the IU Latin American Music Centers Competition in
Performance of Music from Spain and Latin America. The ensemble has performed
throughout the United States and in Latin America, featured at festivals and series
such as the Bloomington Early Music Festival, the Chicago Latino Music Festival, the

Festival Juiz de Fora, and the National Gallery of Art Concert Series. In 2007, it was
featured on a CD recording by the University of North Texas, Christmas Vespers in
Cusco: Music from an Incan Baroque City, with the University of North Texas Collegium
Singers and Instrumentalists. Oy hasemos fiesta is Lipzodes first CD release as an
ensemble with Focus Records.
The ensembles name comes from
a creative misinterpretation of the
writing on the flyleaf of MS 1, Santa
Eulalia, from the Guatemalan Music
Manuscripts (printed on the CD label
of this recording). What at first glance
seems to say Lipzodes, actually is the
first part of a passage which continues:
LibRodeSancta olaya Puyumatlan. Este libro de canto hize yo franc de Leon
maestro deste pueblo de sancta olaya. hizelo En el ao De mill y quinientos
y ochenta y dos annos. Franc De Leon. In an orthographic transformation
typical of the region, the letters b and p became exchanged, and the R lost
its vertical bar, to become what appeared to be a Z.
Program notes compiled by C. Keith Collins, Anna Marsh, and Wolodymyr
Smishkewych from the following works, except as noted:

Sheila Raney Baird, Santa Eulalia M. MD. 7: A Critical Edition and Study of Sacred Part Music from
Colonial Northwestern Guatemala. Denton, Texas: North Texas State University, 1961. (M.M. Thesis)

Robert Stevenson, European Music in 16th-Century Guatemala. The Musical Quarterly 50 No. 3
(July 1964): p. 341-52.

Paul William Borg, The Polyphonic Music in the Guatemalan Music Manuscripts of the Lilly Library.
(Volumes I and II). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1985. (Ph.D. Thesis)

Ensemble Lipzodes wishes to thank:

Breon Mitchell and the Bernardo Mendel Fellowship Committee for the award of a Mendel Fellowship,
which underwrote the preparation and recording of this CD.
The Lilly Library at Indiana University for access to the manuscript, with special thanks to Zach
Downey for assistance in digitizing the manuscript images.
Dr. Paul Borg for his assistance and for his 1985 thesis, which contains editions of much of the music
that Ensemble Lipzodes used for this recording.
Sheila Raney Baird for editions of music from these manuscripts and Carolina Gamboa Hoyos for her
revised editions of much of the choral music.
Michael McCraw, Paul Elliott, and the Early Music Institute at Indiana University for their support in the
production and postproduction of this recording.
The Jacobs School of Music for the use of facilities and instruments for the recording.
Wayne Jackson, Konrad Strauss, and students of the Recording Arts Department at the Jacobs School
for their assistance and perseverance.
Priscilla Borges, Linda Cajigas, and Alain Barker at the Jacobs Schools Office of Marketing and
Publicity for assistance with design and postproduction.
Linda Shortridge for her constant support and encouragement and for the loan of her tenor dulcian.
John Poole, Ricardo Lorenz, and Bernardo Illari for their support.
Jake Belser from Farm Fresh Studios.
Juan Carlos Conde, Pablo Garca, and Diane Fruchtman for assistance with paleography and translations.
Erick Carballo and Wolodymyr Smishkewych for final editing and proofreading of program notes.
Robert Starner for generously permitting the use of his angel with dulcian photograph.
All images of the Guatemala Music MSS are courtesy of the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.

Instruments
Soprano and alto shawms by Joel Robinson (New York, USA)
Tenor dulcian by Guntram Wolf (Kronach, Germany)
Bass dulcian by Bernhard Junghnel (Gtersloh, Germany)
Positiv organ by Gerhard Brunzema (Ottawa, Canada)
Tenor sackbut after S. Hainlein (1632) by Rainer Egger (Basel, Switzerland)
Tamboril (side drum) and conchas (shells) by Wolodymyr Smishkewych (Bloomington, USA)
Pandereta (tambourine) by Anxo Varela (Galicia, Spain)
Soprano, alto, tenor, and bass recorders by Ture Bergstrom (Copenhagen, Denmark)

Oy Hasemos Fiesta
Music from 16th-century Guatemala for voices and winds

Al

lr

ig

ht

sr

es

er v

ed

Ensemble Lipzodes with The Pro Arte Singers

Tr u s t e e

In
s of

Un
na
d ia

ive

r si

2
y,

01

0.

Oy Hasemos Fiesta

Oy Hasemos Fiesta

[01]
[02]
[03]
[04]
[05]
[06]
[07]
[08]
[09]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]

Pabanilla
Cuentas a Santa Maria
Maria de solo un buelo
Christe redemptor omnium
Kyrie
Gloria
Archangele Michael
Istadiorum
Psalm 147
Credo
Angelus Domini
Sanctus
Y tech nepa
Romance
Pange lingua
Pange lingua (instrumental)
Agnus dei

0:57
1:36
1:13
3:28
1:21
3:35
2:51
1:46
3:46
5:03
1:33
1:00
2:27
0:39
3:55
0:53
1:11

[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]

Salamanca
Fahuana
Dominus regnavit
Primero tonos
Ave maris stella
Gaude mater ecclesia
Mulier quit prolas
Untitled (Mato Fernandes, fl. 1570)
Aparejad ballesteros
Hic solus

Audi benigne conditor
Quantelcta
Oy hasemos fiesta todas

Total playing time:

0:51
1:20
1:09
1:08
2:03
2:24
1:55
1:40
1:27
0:36
2:38
0:51
1:38

56:54

All rights reserved: The Trustees of Indiana University, 2010.

Sponsored by the Lilly Library and the Early Music Institute at Indiana University.
This project was made possible with the generous assistance of a Mendel Fellowship
from the Lilly Library at Indiana University.
Artistic direction: Ensemble Lipzodes.
Recorded in Auer Concert Hall, Bloomington, Ind., 2007-2008.
Recorded, edited, and mastered by students and faculty of the IU Jacobs School of Music
Department of Recording Arts: Wayne Jackson, Alex Loew, and Konrad Strauss.

Oy Hasemos Fiesta

Music from 16th-century Guatemala for voices and winds

Ensemble Lipzodes with The Pro Arte Singers

music.indiana.edu
lipzodes.org

!"#$%&''($%&)*+*($,-+.#/+'+0$1+0-23*&4.2$
!"#$#%&'$%($)*"#+,,-#.,%/01&#/2&#3&4/&%1#5&1/%$*#5,%1&%#,.#60$/&'$*$#74#/2&#,%7+71#,.#$#5,**&5/7,1#,.#'$1045%78/4#/2$/#
)&$%4#37/1&44#/,#/2&#$'$971+#7'8,%/$/7,1#,.#:0%,8&$1#52,%$*#'0475#71/,#/2&#;&3#<,%*-=#>2&#?8$1742#5,*,174/4#)%,0+2/#37/2#
/2&'#/,#/2&#@;&3#<,%*-A#$#B$%7&/"#,.#/,,*4#/,#5,1B&%/#/,#C2%74/7$17/"#/2&#1$/7B&#8&,8*&4#/2&"#&15,01/&%&-=#D0475#8%,B&-#$#
4/%,1+#4&**71+#8,71/#71#$1#71-7+&1,04#50*/0%&#/2$/#2&*-#7/4#,31#'04757$14#71#B&%"#27+2#&4/&&'=#
E1#/2&#FGHI4#4&B&%$*#'$1045%78/4#.%,'#/2&#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"#3&%&#.,01-#71#$#B&%"#%&',/&#4&5/7,1#,.#60$/&'$*$=#>2&#
'0475#8%&4&%B&-#71#/2&'#,..&%4#$#+*7'84&#,.#32$/#'04/#2$B&#)&&1#5,'',1#71#4'$**#B7**$+&4#.$%K%&',B&-#.%,'#/2&#8,3&%#
5&1/&%4#,.#/2&#?8$1742#5,*,174/4=##
>2&#5,**&5/7,1#,.#52,%$*#'0475#$1-#8*$714,1+#71#/2&#L7**"#L7)%$%"#C,**&5/7,1#,.#60$/&'$*$1#D0475#D$1045%78/4#$--4#
40)4/$1/7$**"#/,#/2&#&B7-&15&#/2$/#+7B&4#60$/&'$*$#$#8*$5&#)&47-&#,/2&%#*$%+&#0%)$1#5&1/&%4#4052#$4#D&J75,#C7/"M#C045,M#N$J$5$M#
$1-#!,+,/O#71#/2&#274/,%"#,.#P&1$744$15&#'0475#71#/2&#?8$1742#5,*,17&4=#
#
5"6*+'$1-2&3$+07$5"+0.#
>274#8%&4&%B$/7,1#,.#/2&#:0%,8&$1#P&1$744$15&#52,%$*#'0475#5$1,1#5$1#)&#4&&1#.,%&42$-,3&-#)"#/2&#-&B,/7,1#,.#/2&#
71-7+&1,04#8,80*$/7,1#$4#-&45%7)&-#71#&$%*"#4&B&1/&&1/2K5&1/0%"#+&,+%$827&4#4052#$4#/2&#,1&#)"#Q1/,17,#RO9S0&9#-&#
:4871,4$T#
##
E1#$**#E1-7$1#B7**$+&4#/2%,0+2,0/#/2&#E1-7&4M#),/2#71#;&3#?8$71M#U,1-0%$4M#;75$%$+0$M#/2&#V71+-,'#,.#
6%&1$-$M#$1-#W&%0M#1,#'$//&%#2,3#4'$**#/2&#B7**$+&4#'$"#)&M#/2&"#2$B&#-74/71+0742&-#5$1/,%4#$1-#
52,7%'$4/&%4M#32,#,..757$/&#37/2#+%&$/#4&%7,041&44#$1-#87&/"#$/#/2&#D$44X#/2&"#471+#B&48&%4#/,#8,*"82,1"M#$1-#
5&*&)%$/&#4$71/4Y#-$"4#'052#)&//&%#/2$1#?8$17$%-4#-,=#:B&%"#-$"#/2&"#%&8$7%#37/2#$4#'052#&J$5/7/0-&#$4#7.#
/2&"#3&%&#',1(4#,%#5$1,14M#/,#/2&7%#52,7%#71#/2&#520%52#/,#%&8&$/#/2&#,..75&#,.#N0%#L$-"M#$1-#/2&"#1&B&%#.$7*#/,#
-,#/274#&B&%"#-$"#37/2#+%&$/#4,*757/0-&#$1-#-&B,/7,1=##
#
Q1/,17,#RO4S0&9#-&#:4871,4$M#!"#$%&'()#*+&'*,%-./($0("&*"1*02%*3%-0*4&'(%-M#/%$14=#)"#C2$%*&4#Z=#C*$%(M#
?'7/24,17$1#D745&**$1&,04#C,**&5/7,14M#B,*=#FI[#\<$4271+/,1M#]=C=T#?'7/24,17$1#E14/7/0/7,1M#FG^[_M#8=#[[`=#
#
E1/&%&4/71+*"M#.,%#/2&#/2%&&#5&1/0%7&4#$./&%#/2&#5,8"71+#,.#/2&4&#'$1045%78/4#7/#3$4#80%&K)*,,-&-#E1-7$14#71#60$/&'$*$#
%$/2&%#/2$1#5+'(&"-#$1-#-&45&1-$1/4#,.#."&6)(-0+'"/%-#32,#',4/#5$%&.0**"#%&48&5/&-#/2&#*&+$5"#,.#:0%,8&$1#P&1$744$15&#
'0475#)%,0+2/#,B&%#)"#/2&#'7447,1$%7&4=#],0)/*&44M#71#/2&#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"#/2&"#'04/#2$B&#'$%B&*&-#$/#/2&#'0475#,.#'$4/&%4#

4052#$4#D,0/,1#$1-#D,%$*&4M#$4#-&',14/%$/&-#)"#/2&#5,8"71+#,.#52,7%#),,(4#.%,'#/2&#D&J75,#$1-#60$/&'$*$#5$/2&-%$*4#$1-#
/2&#&$+&%#42$%71+#,.#/2&#4$'&#37/2##+%-0/"-#/2%,0+2,0/#/2&#%&+7,1=#>274#%&8&%/,%"#.04&-#37/2#/2&#'04757$14a#1$/7B&#*$1+0$+&#
71#."$5+-#$1-#7(55+&.(."-#$1-#7/4#04&#5,1/710&-#01/7*#/2&#&1-#,.#/2&#5,*,1"=#Q4#/2&#8%$5/75&#,.#471+71+#/2&#52,7%),,(4a#'0475#
-&5*71&-M#/2&#'$1045%78/4#)&5$'&#71#$1-#,.#/2&'4&*B&4#,)b&5/4#,.#-&B,/7,1M#$//&4/71+#/,#/2&7%#27+2#4/$/04#$',1+4/#/2&#
71-7+&1,04#8,80*$/7,1=#
>2&#'0475#5,1/$71&-#71#/2&#L7**"#L7)%$%"Y4#'$1045%78/4#.,%'4#$#'745&**$1&,04#5,**&5/7,1=#C2$1/#$1-#8,*"82,1"#$88&$%#
,1#$-b$5&1/#8$+&4M#*&1+/2"#'$44&4#$1-#42,%/#1+8"/'"&%-#/0%1#08#71#$#471+*&#'$1045%78/#.$4575*&M#$1-#L$/71#',/&/4M#B&%1$50*$%#
7(55+&.(."-9#$1-#/&J/*&44#.%$+'&1/4#42,35$4&#/2&#%$1+&#,.#'$/&%7$*#.,01-#/2%,0+2,0/#/2&#'$1045%78/4=#N1&#7/&'#71#8$%/750*$%M#
/7/*&-#!)%&0+-*+*:+&0+*;+/(+#\L7/$1"#71#W%$74&#,.#/2&#R7%+71#D$%"_M#74#47'8*"#$#2$*.K8$+&#,.#/&J/M#)0/#/2&%&#$88&$%#/,#)&#
1,/$/7,1$*#71-75$/7,14#71#/2&#&'8/"#4/$B&4#)&271-#/2&#/&J/#.,%#4&B&%$*#1,/&4c8,447)*"#%&57/$/7,1#/,1&4dc.%,'#32752#/2&#
471+&%4#2$B&#%&5,14/%05/&-#$#8,447)*&#71/&%8%&/$/7,1=#
Q/#*&$4/#/2%&&#,%#.,0%#-7..&%&1/#45%7)&4#5,87&-#/2&#'$b,%7/"#,.#/2&#8,*"82,175#3,%(4#71/,#/2&#'$1045%78/4=#
E15,1474/&157&4#,.#45%7)$*#2$1-#$%&#S07/&#5,'',1M#$1-#/2&4&#$1-#B$%7,04#,/2&%#&%%,%4#,%#7%%&+0*$%7/7&4#40++&4/#/2&#
'$1045%78/4a#04&#$4#%&.&%&15&#B,*0'&4M#%&8,47/,%7&4#5,14/$1/*"#$--&-#/,#32&1&B&%#'0475#)&5$'&#$B$7*$)*&#$/#/2&4&#,0/K,.K/2&K
3$"#B7**$+&4=#W%&40'$)*"M#7/#3,0*-#4&&'#/2$/#/2&4&#'$1045%78/4#$%527B&-#'0475#.,%#/2&##+%-0/"*'%*.+$(55+#/,#/&$52#/,#274#52,7%=#
?&B&1#-7..&%&1/#'$44#5"5*&4#$%&#8%&4&%B&-#71#B$%"71+#4/$/&4#,.#5,'8*&/&1&44=#E1#$--7/7,1M#/2&%&#$%&#/3,#71-7B7-0$*#'$44#
',B&'&1/4M#$#;(--+*<=+.#\D?#[#;,=#`eM#D?#^#;,=#Ff_M#$1-#$1#$1,1"',04#:+&.0)-#\D?#`#;,=#FI_=#?&B&%$*#,.#/2&#'$44&4#$88&$%#
',%&#/2$1#,15&#71#/2&#'$1045%78/4=#g,%#&J$'8*&M#/2&#:+&.0)-#$1-#>?&)-*,%(#,.#C&)$**,4a#;(--+*0%/0((*0"&(M#32752#,8&14#D?#eM#
%&/0%14#71#715,'8*&/&#.$427,1#71#D?#Fe=#:$52#,.#/2&#,/2&%#'$44&4cD,%$*&4a#;(-+*!+@+#$1-#/3,#$1,1"',04M#01/7/*&-#
@D$44&4Ac$%&#.,01-#,1*"#,15&=#
E15*0-&-#71#/2&#!*,,'71+/,1#%&8&%/,%"#$%&#4,'&#,.#/2&#',4/#8,80*$%#',/&/4#.%,'#47J/&&1/2K5&1/0%"#?8$71=#>2&4&#
715*0-&#/2&#%&1,31&-#5,'8,4&%4#L,"4&/#C,'8h%&#$1-#i&$1#D,0/,1M#%&8%&4&1/&-#)"#3,%(4#/2$/#$88&$%#71#,/2&%#?8$1742#
4,0%5&4=#>2&#%&'$7171+#5,'8,4&%4M#$**#,.#/2&#+&1&%$/7,1#,.#'04757$14#32,4&#*7B&4#)%7-+&-#/2&#.7./&&1/2#$1-#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%7&4M#
3&%&#$**#',4/#8,80*$%#37/271#/2&#E)&%7$1#W&17140*$=#>2&#%&'$7171+#$%&#$1,1"',04#3,%(4M#4,'&#,.#32752#$%&#40%&*"#3%7//&1#)"#
1$/7B&#60$/&'$*$14=#>2&"#&J&'8*7."#/2&#-7B&%47/"#$1-#.*&J7)7*7/"#,.#'0475$*#.,%'#$1-#4/"*&#52$%$5/&%74/75#,.#',/&/4#3%7//&1#
$%,01-#/2&#/0%1#,.#/2&#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"=#
:B&1#/2,0+2#4,'&#50%7,04#-&/$7*4#4/$1-#,0/#%&+$%-71+#/2&#'$44&4#5,**&5/&-#71#/2&#!*,,'71+/,1#%&8&%/,%"#\.,%#&J$'8*&M#
1,1&#,.#/2&#'$44&4M#$4#5,87&-#71#/2&4&#4,0%5&4M#2$B&#$#.0**#5,'8*&'&1/#,.#/2%&&#4&5/7,14#.,%#/2&#>?&)-#,%(_M#1,/271+#40%.$5&4#$4#
4/%7(71+*"#-7..&%&1/#.%,'#5,'',1#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"#8,*"82,1"=#>2&#'0475$*#4/"*&#$1-#5,'8,47/7,1$*#/&5217S0&4#04&-#71#/2&#
'$44&4#$%&#5,1474/&1/#37/2#/2$/#,.#/2&#8&%7,-#08,1#32752#/2&"#$%&#',-&*&-=#E/#74#1,/$)*&#/2$/#5,147-&%$)*&#B$%7&/"#,.#/&J/0%&#

,550%4#-&487/&#/2&#5,1474/&1/#.,0%KB,75&#45,%71+M#$1-#/2&#B$%7,04#/"8&4#,.#/&J/0%&4#$%&#/2&#5,'',1#8%,8&%/"#,.#47J/&&1/2K
5&1/0%"#5,'8,4&%4=#
Q',1+4/#/2&#2"'1#/&J/4#/2$/#.71-#&7+2/#4&//71+4#71#/2&#'$1045%78/4M#/2&#A+&?%*B(&?)+M#$44,57$/&-#37/2#7/4#;"/%*2(-$+&(#
'&*,-"M#2$4#1,#.&3&%#/2$1#.7B&#4&//71+4=#>2&#37-&*"#-744&'71$/&-#i,2$11&4#Z%%&-$#B&%47,1#74#b,71&-#)"#.,0%#$1,1"',04#
4&//71+4T#/3,#,1#/2&#A+&?%*B(&?)+#/&J/M#,1&#/,#/2&#.7./2#B&%4&#,.#/2&#2"'1M#C+&0)#*%/?"M#$1-#$1,/2&%#37/2#$1#015*&$%#/&J/#
715787/M#>5%"&"/M#)0/#)$4&-#,1#/2&#'&*,-"#,.#/2&#717/7$*#82%$4&#,.#/2&#2"'1=#U$*.#,.#/2&#4&//71+4#715*0-&#',%&#/2$1#,1&#4/%,82&X#
7-&1/75$*#'0475#74#3%7//&1#,0/#.,%#&B&%"#,/2&%#B&%4&#,.#/&J/M#8&%2$84#7'8*"71+#4,'&#'$11&%#,.#$1/782,1$*#8&%.,%'$15&=##
W4$*'#4&//71+4#$88&$%#71#4&B&%$*#'0475$*#+074&4=#>2&#47'8*&4/#$%&#/2&#1+8"/'D&#.,%'0*$4M#$4#&J&'8*7.7&-#)"#W4$*'#F^j=#
?052#+%,084#,.#1+8"/'"&%-#$%&#5,'',1#71#?8$1742#4,0%5&4#,.#/2&#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"M#$1-#5$1#)&#.,01-#-744&'71$/&-#71#,/2&%#
;&3#<,%*-#4,0%5&4=#g,%#&J$'8*&M#W4$*'#F^j#.,01-#,1#..=#*IHBK*If%M#D?#HM#,.#/2&#W0&)*$#C$/2&-%$*#71#D&J75,#74#5,15,%-$1/#37/2#
W4$*'#F^j#\D?#`#;,=#^_#,.#/2&#!*,,'71+/,1#'$1045%78/4=#
Q#10')&%#,.#*$1+0$+&4#$88&$%#$',1+#/2&#/&J/4#71#/2&#L7**"#L7)%$%"#'$1045%78/4=#?8$1742#74M#,.#5,0%4&M#&15,01/&%&-#',4/#
.%&S0&1/*"=#<7/271#/2&#,/2&%#'$1045%78/4M#?8$1742#/&J/4#,55$47,1$**"#/0%1#08#71/&%48&%4&-#37/2#/2&#',%&#8%&-,'71$1/#L$/71#
/&J/4=#>2&#,1*"#,/2&%#:0%,8&$1#*$1+0$+&#/,#'$(&#$1#$88&$%$15&#$',1+#/2,4&#5,'8,47/7,14#$88&$%4#,1*"#$4#/&J/#715787/4T#
C+&6)(*#(*$/%-#\[k[f_#$1-#C+&*6*7(7/%(#\GkF[_#$%&#/2&#5,%%08/#g%&152#715787/4#.,%#/2&#/3,#$88&$%$15&4#,.#/2&#4$'&#87&5&=#D,4/#
,.#/2&#?8$1742#/&J/4#$%&#7(55+&.(."-=#E1#$),0/#2$*.#,.#/2&#5$4&4#/2&#/&%'#."$5+-#74#$88%,8%7$/&*"#71-75$/&-#71#/2&#'$1045%78/4M#
$*/2,0+2#/2&#%-0/(8(55"#74#1&B&%#5$**&-#)"#1$'&=#E15*0-&-#$%&#4,'&#,.#/2&#)&4/K(1,31#?8$1742#5,'8,4&%4#,.#/2&#47J/&&1/2#
5&1/0%"T#D,%$*&4#$1-#W&l$*,4$=#N/2&%4M#*&44#%&1,31&-M#$%&#1,1&/2&*&44#%&8%&4&1/&-#71#/2&#+%&$/#.+&.("&%/"-#$1-#52,7%),,(4#
/2$/#8%&4&%B&#?8$1742#'0475T#!$40%/,M#W$4/%$1$#$1-#]7&+,#g&%1O1-&9=#
g%&S0&1/#B$%7$/7,14#71#,%/2,+%$82"#,..&%#71/&%&4/71+#5,'8*75$/7,14#71#/2&#'$1045%78/4M#4715&#/2&#45%7)&4#3&%&#*&44#/2$1#
5,1474/&1/#71#48&**71+#$1"#,.#/2&#*$1+0$+&4#/2$/#$88&$%#71#/2&#'$1045%78/4=#g,%#&J$'8*&M#C+&0)#*%/?"#$88&$%71+#,1#..=#`[BK``%#
71#D?#f#2$4#.,0%#-7..&%&1/#48&**71+4M#,1&#.,%#&$52#,.#/2&#.,0%#B,75&#8$%/4T#@0+&0)&%/?"MA#@,+&0)&%/?"*.)*-+&.0+#%-MA#@'+&0)%/?"*
-+./+#&%&0)&MA#$1-#@0+0)%/?"*-+./+#0)#=A#?2&7*$#P$1&"#!$7%-#4/$/&4#/2$/#;$20$/*#74#/2&#*$1+0$+&#,.#/2&#/2%&&#1,1K:0%,8&$1#
*$1+0$+&#3,%(4#71#D?#jM#2,3&B&%M#,1*"#.7B&#,/2&%#5,'8,47/7,14#71#/2&#&1/7%&#'$1045%78/#+%,08#2$B&#1,1K:0%,8&$1#*$1+0$+&#
/&J/4FX#1,1&#,.#/2&4&#,/2&%4#74#;$20$/*#\/2&"#'$"M#2,3&B&%M#)&#71#i$5$*/&5KC20bM#$1,/2&%#71-7+&1,04#*$1+0$+&#.%,'#/2&#$%&$_=#
>3,#,.#/2&4&#3,%(4#$%&#8%&4&%B&-#71#$#.$7%*"#5,'8*&/&#.$427,1T#E+.2"&*5"2#\`k[^_#$1-#F%-)*!2/(-0"*0"*%-(*.+"5#\fkj_=#>2&#'0475#
########################################################
1

Sheila Raney Baird, Santa Eulalia M. MD. 7: A Critical Edition and Study of Sacred Part Music from Colonial Northwestern Guatemala. Denton, Texas:
North Texas State University, 1961. (M. M. Thesis)

.,%#E+.2"&*5"2#$88&$%4#/2%&&#,/2&%#/7'&4#71#/2&#'$1045%78/#+%,08M#$44,57$/&-#37/2#/3,#-7..&%&1/#?8$1742#/&J/4T*GH*2+-%#"-*
1(%-0+#\FkFI#$1-#ekFG_#$1-#>8/+-%*%5*/%H&"#\jk^`_=#
Q/#*&$4/#/3,#,.#/2&#*,5$*M#60$/&'$*$1##+%-0/"-*'%*.+$(55+#32,#47+1#/2&7%#1$'&4#/,#/2&#5,-75&4#5,1/$7171+#1$/7B&K*$1+0$+&#
4,1+4#5$1#)&#8%&574&*"#7-&1/7.7&-T#>,'O4#W$450$*#$1-#g%$15745,#-&#L&m1=#N1#.,*7,#FF#,.#?$1/$#:0*$*7$#D=#D-=#jM#W$450$*#714&%/4#$#
8$%$+%$82#71#;$20$/*#-&45%7)71+#/2&#'$1045%78/#$4#$#5,**&5/7,1#,.#,%7+71$*#."$5+-#$1-#7(55+&.(."-#5,'8*&/&-#i$10$%"#[IM#FHIIM#
.,%#04&#$/#?$1#i0$1#EJ5,7M#32&%&#2&#3$4##+%-0/"*'%*.+$(55+=#<2$/#4&&'4#/,#)&#/2&#&$%*7&4/#-$/&#71#$1"#,.#/2&#2$1-K5,87&-#8*$71#
4,1+#),,(4#71#/2&#?$1#D7+0&*#Q5$/O1#5,**&5/7,1#5,'&4#$/#/2&#&1-#,.#$#[IIK*&$.#'0/7*$/&-#+%$-0$*T#I;+0%"*2%/&+&'%=*2(="*%-0%*
5(8/"*H*5"*+.+8"*$/(#%/"*'%*%&%/"*>&H"*'%*JKLMNO##
>2&#&$%*7&4/#-$/&-#8,*"82,175#'$1045%78/4#$%&#/2&#?$1/$#:0*$*7$#C,-75&4#D=#D-=#F#$1-#[=#>2&#.*"*&$.#,.#/2&#`HK8$+&#
C,-&J#D=#D-=#F#)&$%4#/274#*&+&1-T#IP&*%5*+&H"*,%*#(55*H*6)(&(%&0"-*H*".2%&0+*H*,"-*+&&"-*2(=%*%-0%*5(8/"*'%*.+&0"*'%*"/?+&"N*<"*
1/+&.Q*,%*5%"&*;+%-0/"*R*S/+&.Q*,%*5%"&NO#>2&#.*"*&$.#,.#/2&#e[K8$+&#D=#D-=#[#5,1.7%'4#7/4#2$B71+#)&&1#5,87&-#71#/2&#4$'&#"&$%#
$4#D=#D-=#FcFef[c$1-#)"#/2&#4$'&#52$8&*'$4/&%#$/#?$1/$#:0*$*7$#\N*$"$_M#g%$15745,#-&#L&m1T#IB(8/"*'%*:+&.0+*"5+H+*
A)H)#+05+&N*P-0%*5(8/"*'%*.+&0"*2(=%*H"*1/+&.Q*'%*B%"&*#+%-0/"*'%-0%*$)%85"*'%*-+&.0+*"5+H+N*2(=%5"*P&*%5*+T"*,%*#(55*H*6)(&(%&0"-*
H*".2%&0+*H*'"-*+&&"-N*S/+&.Q*,%*B%"&NO#
>2&#S0&4/7,1#,.#32$/#52$1/#3$4#04&-#.,%#5&*&)%$/7,1#,.#/2&#,..75&#5$1#)&#-745&%1&-#37/2,0/#'052#-7..750*/"=#W,8&#W$0*#
EEEY4#)0**#,.#i$10$%"#FeM#Fe`^M#&%&5/71+#/2&#60$/&'$*$#C$/2&-%$*M#8%,B7-&-#.,%#$1#,%+$174/#@32,#42,0*-#8*$"#&B&%"#.&$4/#-$"A#$1-#
$#.2+&0/%#@32,#'04/#$*3$"4#)&#&J8&%/#&1,0+2#/,#471+#$1-#5,1-05/#52$1/#$/#/2&#52,7%),,(#4/$1-=A#>2&#52,7%),,(#71B&1/,%"#
/$(&1#D$"#GM#Fe^[M#327*&#D$%/71#R&b$%$1,#3$4#.2+&0/%M#*74/&-c$',1+4/#,/2&%#7/&'4c.7B&#?&B7**7$1#'744$*4#,1#8$8&%#$1-#,1&#
,1#B&**0'M#.,0%#8%,5&447,1$*4M#/3,#'$10$*4M#/3,#$1/782,1$%7&4M#$#P,'$1#$-+50%/()#M#$+--("&+/()#M#$1-#Q1-%&$#Q1/75,Y4#B(8%/*
6)(&'%.(#*#(--+/)##\P,'&M#FeFH_=#>3,#',%&#?&B7**7$1#'744$*4#3&%&#$--&-#,1#Q8%7*#[M#Fe^GX#$1-#,1#;,B&')&%#[HM#FeHFM#$#
5,'8*&/&#*7)%$%"#,.#&*&B&1#*$%+&K479&#B&**0'#8*$7152$1/#),,(4=#>2&4&#&J$'8*&4#7**04/%$/&#/2$/M#$4#&*4&32&%&#71#?8$1742#;&3#
<,%*-#5$/2&-%$*4#01/7*#*$/&#71#/2&#5&1/0%"M#?&B7**7$1#04&#-75/$/&-#/2&#*7/0%+"M#/2&#%&8&%/,%"M#$1-#&B&1#/2&#714/%0'&1/4#)%,0+2/#/,#
60$/&'$*$T#/2&#.+U+*'%*15+)0+-*?/+&'%-#80%52$4&-#.,%#5$/2&-%$*#04&#,1#Q8%7*#[M#Fe^GM#5$**4#/,#'71-#47'7*$%#4&/4#,.#15+)0+-#),0+2/#
$/#?&B7**&#-0%71+#g%$15745,#60&%%&%,a4#%&+7'&=#Q4#4052M#3&#5$1#&J8&5/#/2$/#1,/#,1*"#3&%&#/2&#8,*"82,175#87&5&4#$1#712&%7/$15&#
,.#/2&#?&B7**7$1#.+$(55+#)0/#$*4,#/2$/#/2&#52$1/M#471+71+#4/"*&M#$1-#*$1+0$+&#&'8*,"&-#)"#/2&#.2+&0/%-#-&',14/%$/&-#/2$/#57/"a4#
'0475$*#*&+$5"#$4#/2&#',0/287&5&#.%,'#32752#'0475$*#71.*0&15&#71#8&%.,%'&%4#$1-#%&8&%/,%"#.*,3&-#/,#/2&#;&3#<,%*-#5,*,1"=#
$

!"#$802.*-/#0.2#
IC2%*#+V"/(0H*W"1*4&'(+&-X*+/%*?""'*-(&?%/-*+&'*%U$%/0*(&*+55*-"/0-*"1*#)-(.+5*(&-0/)#%&0-9*-2+Y#-9*15)0%-9*-+.Z8)0-9*.)/0+5-9*+&'*
"/?+&-*Y2(.2*02%H*#+Z%*")0*"1*&)#%/")-*/%%'-*7%/H*.5%7%/5H*+&'*(&?%&(")-5H*V"(&%'*0"?%02%/[*02%H*)-%*02%-%*0"*.%5%8/+0%*02%*
'(7(&%*-%/7(.%*Y(02*?/%+0*-"5%#&(0H\O*
#
Q1/,17,#RO4S0&9#-&#:4871,4$=#!"#$%&'("*H*'%-./($.(D&*'%*5+-*(&'(+-*"..('%&0+5%-=#\Q1#&$%*"#Fj/2#5&1/0%"#-&45%78/7,1#,.#
/2&#'0475#71#/2&#]7,5&4&#,.#60$/&'$*$=_##
#
E1#,0%#71/&%8%&/$/7,1#,.#/274#'0475#3&#04&#'$1"#,.#/2&#714/%0'&1/4#'&1/7,1&-#)"#Q1/,17,#RO4S0&9#71#/2&#S0,/&#$),B&=#
C&%/$71*"M#/2&%&#74#$'8*&#&B7-&15&#.,%#/2&#04&#,.#714/%0'&1/4#71#?8$1742#5$/2&-%$*4T#$1#7'8,%/$1/#-,50'&1/#-$/&-#Fe^f#.%,'#
/2&#L&m1#5$/2&-%$*#-&45%7)&4#B&%"#48&57.75$**"#32&1#/2&#714/%0'&1/4#42,0*-#8*$"X#$#47'7*$%#$55,01/#.%,'#FefI4#?&B7**&M#
-75/$/71+#32&1#$1-#32&%&#$#+7B&1#42$3'#,.#/2&#5,14,%/#74#8&%'7//&-#/,#,%1$'&1/M#74#8$%/750*$%*"#&1*7+2/&171+[=#>2$/#/2&4&#
8%$5/75&4#3&%&#5$%%7&-#/,#/2&#5,*,17&4#74#$*4,#4088,%/&-#)"#R$4S0&9a4#$55,01/=#
?2$3'4#$%&#-7%&5/#$15&4/,%4#,.#/2&#',-&%1#,),&#$1-#3&%&#B&%"#5,'',1#/2%,0+2,0/#:0%,8&#71/,#/2&#&7+2/&&1/2#
5&1/0%"=#?8$1742#'0475M#&B&1#71#$#4$5%&-#5,1/&J/M#,./&1#5$**4#.,%#42$3'4M#,%#.2(/(#]+-=#Q1-#327*&#42$3'4#'7+2/#1,/#)&M#$/#*&$4/#
/,#/3&1/"K.7%4/K5&1/0%"#&$%4M#$1#,)B7,04#52,75&#.,%#4$5%&-#'0475M#/2&7%#8&1&/%$/71+#/7')%&#*&1-4#$1#$04/&%7/"#$1-#4,*&'17/"#/,#
520%52#'0475#,.#/2&#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"=#?8$1742#8%$5/75&#04&-#/2&#4,8%$1,M#$*/,#$1-#/&1,%#479&4#,.#42$3'4M#/2&#4,8%$1,#)&71+#
&48&57$**"#.$B,%&-=#W&%2$84#/2&#&$%*7&4/#$55,01/#,.#/2&7%#4,b,0%1#71#Q'&%75$#5,'&4#.%,'#/2&#&J8&-7/7,1#,.#U&%1$1-,#C,%/n4#/,#
U,1-0%$4#,.#Fe[^K[H=#U&#)%,0+2/#37/2#27'#.7B&#714/%0'&1/$*74/4#8*$"71+#42$3'4M#4$5()0/4M#$1-#')5@+H&+-#\$#/%&)*&#42$3'#,%#
8"#8+/'%M#1,/#$#-0*57$1_=#Q**#)0/#,1&#,.#/2&4&##(&(-0/(5%-#-7&-#,.#4/$%B$/7,1#$1-#-74&$4&#$1-#3$4#5$117)$*79&-#)"#/2&#%&'$7171+#
4,*-7&%4#$1-#'04757$14`=#\?,#'052#.,%#/2&#-&)0/#,.#/2&#42$3'#71#/2&#;&3#<,%*-o_#>,-$"#71#27+2*$1-#60$/&'$*$#$#.,*(#.2(/(#]+#
74#4/7**#8*$"&-#)"#D$"$1#714/%0'&1/$*74/4#71#-$15&4#$1-#%7/0$*4^=#
>2&#50%/$*M#,%#-0*57$1#\8+VD&#,%#8+UD&#71#?8$1742_#74#/2&#.,%&%011&%#,.#/2&#)$44,,1M#$1-#3$4#04&-#71#?8$1742#520%52&4#$/#
*&$4/#71/,#/2&#&$%*"#/3&1/7&/2#5&1/0%"e=#E/#$88&$%&-#71#/2&#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"#71#:0%,8&#$1-#3$4#4,,1#715*0-&-#71#/2&#7/&'4#
/2,0+2/#1&5&44$%"#/,#2$B&#71#$1"#5,*,179$/7,1#$//&'8/#71#?8$1742#Q'&%75$H=#N1&#,.#/2&#&$%*7&4/#$55,01/4#,.#7/4#04&#71#?8$1742#
########################################################

Kenneth Kreitner. The Repertory of the Spanish Cathedral Bands Early Music 37 no. 2 (2009): 267.
Robert Stevenson, Music in Aztec and Inca Territory (1968) 223.
4
Charles McNett, The Chirima: A Latin American Shawm Galpin Society Journal. 1960.
5
Beryl Kenyon de Pascual, El bajn espaol y los tres ejemplares de la Catedral de Jaca, Nasarre: Revista Aragonesa de Musicologa, II, 2, 1986. pp. 21-34.
6
Maggie Kilbey. Curtal, Dulcian, Bajn: A History of the Precursor to the Bassoon. 2002. p. 47.
3

Q'&%75$#5,'&4#.%,'#D&J75,#C7/"#32&%&#7/#3$4#-&45%7)&-#71#04&#71#Feffj=#Q#10')&%#,.#8+V"&%-#40%B7B&#71#?,0/2#$1-#C&1/%$*#
Q'&%75$M#4,'&#.%,'#?8$71#)0/#4&B&%$*#$88$%&1/*"#,.#*,5$*#'$10.$5/0%&f=#L7(&#'$1"#714/%0'&1/4#,.#/2&#47J/&&1/2#5&1/0%"M#
8+V"&%-#3&%&#'$-&#71#4&B&%$*#479&4=#>2&#)$44#479&#74#/2&#7''&-7$/&#8%&50%4,%#/,#/2&#',-&%1#)$44,,1M#)0/#4,8%$1,M#$*/,#$1-#
/&1,%#3&%&#$*4,#04&-#71#?8$71#$1-#7/4#5,*,17&4=#<27*&#/2&#60$/&'$*$1#'$1045%78/4#-,#1,/#5$**#.,%#$1"#48&57.75#714/%0'&1/4M#
32&1#/2&#4'$**&%#)$44,,14#$%&#5$**&-#.,%#71#,/2&%#4,0%5&4#/2&"#$%&#/&%'&-#8+V"&.(55"#71#?8$1742=#E1#/274#%&5,%-71+#3&#04&#/2&#
/&1,%K479&-#8+V"&.(55"#$1-#/2&#)$44#8+VD&=#Z40$*#8%$5/75&#71#5,*,17$*#L$/71#Q'&%75$#4&&'4#/,#)&#/2$/#/2&#8+VD&#8*$"&-#/2&#)$44#
*71&#,.#52,%$*#4&//71+4#$*,1&M#37/2,0/#$#)$44#B,75& G=#
N/2&%#714/%0'&1/4#04&-#71#/274#%&5,%-71+#/2$/#3&%&#$*4,#'&1/7,1&-#)"#RO4S0&9#$4#2$B71+#)&&1#71#04&#71#60$/&'$*$#
-0%71+#/2&#8&%7,-#/2&#'$1045%78/4#3&%&#5,'87*&-#715*0-&#,%+$1M#%&5,%-&%4M#$1-#4$5()0/=#
#
9"6$:#*#$."#$&02.*-/#0.+'&2.2;$
>,#/2&#-&+%&&#-745&%1$)*&M#/2&#274/,%75$*#'0475$*#8%$5/75&#71#L$/71#Q'&%75$1#520%52&4#3$4#*7(&*"#/2$/#,.#:0%,8&$1#
471+&%4#)0/#1,1K327/&#714/%0'&1/$*74/4#FI=#>2&#*$//&%#'7+2/#2$B&#715*0-&-#71-7+&1,04#5,1B&%/4#\$4#'&1/7,1&-#)"#RO4S0&9M#
$),B&_M#8&,8*&#,.#Q.%75$1#-&45&1/#\),/2#4*$B&FF#$1-#.%&&_M#,%#8&,8*&#,.#'7J&-K%$5&#$15&4/%"=#
g,%#714/$15&M#71#*$%+&#0%)$1#$%&$4#/2&##+%-0/"*'%*.+$(55+#3$4#:0%,8&$1M#)0/#71#%&',/&#$%&$4#4052#$4#U0&20&/$1$1+,#
4/$/&#71#60$/&'$*$#/2&#'$&4/%,#3$4#,./&1#;$/7B&#Q'&%75$1=#>2&#D$"$1#i0$1#-&#W$450$*#3$4##+%-0/"#.%,'#FeGeKFH`e#71#?$1#
i0$1#EJ5,7F[M#,1&#,.#/2&#57/7&4#71#32752#/2&#L7**"#'$1045%78/4#3&%&#5,'87*&-=#U&#&B&1#3%,/&#4,'&#,.#/2&#7145%78/7,14#71#;$20$/*M#
$1#Q9/&5#*$1+0$+&#04&-#$4#$#5(&?)+*1/+&.+#&B&1#71#/2&#D$"$1#27+2*$1-4=#?&B&%$*#,.#/2&#/&J/&-#87&5&4#$%&#71#/2&#D$"$1#pa$1b,)$*#
,%#C20b#*$1+0$+&4=#
#
!"#$802.*-/#0.+'$/-2&3$
D,4/#,.#/2&#'0475#71#/2&#'$1045%78/4#74#/&J/&-M#,%#$/#*&$4/#'$%(&-#37/2#$#/7/*&#,%#(&.($(0=#Q#.&3#87&5&4#$%&#5,'8*&/&*"#
/&J/*&44M#327*&#,/2&%4#$%&#S07/&#5*&$%*"#-$15&4T#/2&#/7/*&4#A+8+&(55+#$1-#S+2)+&+#$%&#.,01-M#$1-#$%&#8%,)$)*"#D$"$1#$//&'8/4#$/#
48&**71+#$+7+&(55+#$1-#$+7+&+=#\N%/2,+%$82"#71#/2&#'$1045%78/4#74#$*3$"4#8%,)*&'$/75#$4#/2&#1$/7B&#*$1+0$+&4#,.#/2&#%&+7,1#
########################################################
7

Stevenson, Christmas Music from Baroque Mexico. 1974. p. 6.

Kilbey, ibid. p. 45.
9
Bernardo Illari, personal communication, 2003.
10
Ibid.
11
Eduardo Bermdez, The Ministriles Tradition in Latin America: Part One: South America, Historical Brass Society Journal 11 (1999) pp. 149-162.
12
Stevenson, Music in Aztec and Inca Territory (1968) p. 206.
8

,./&1#*$5(#82,1&'&4#5,'',1#71#?8$1742=_#>2&#$88$%&1/*"#1,1K:0%,8&$1#/7/*&#,.#,1&#01/&J/&-#8$B$1&K*7(&#87&5&M#^)+&0%5.0+M#
%&'$714#01/%$14*$/&-=#C,1/%$.$5/$#,.#&$%*"#47J/&&1/2K5&1/0%"#W$%747$1#52$14,14M#715*0-71+#/2&#.$',04#4,1+#C+&0*6)%*7(7/+H#)"#
C*$0-71#-&#?&%'74"M#$%&#$*4,#714/%0'&1/$**"#B7$)*&=#g71$**"M#/2&#?8$1742#/%$-7/7,1#,.#1+5-"8"/'D&c327*&#1,%'$**"#04&-#/,#471+#$#
W4$*'#71#$#B&%"#47'8*&#2,',%2"/2'75M#'0*/7KB,75&#/&J/0%&c74#4,'&/7'&4#&'8*,"&-#71#5,'8,47/7,14#.,%#714/%0'&1/4=#N.#/2&#
B$%7,04#8,*"82,175#87&5&4#37/2,0/#01-&%*$71#/&J/c$1-#32752#/2&#&14&')*&#2$4#52,4&1#/,#8&%.,%'#$4#714/%0'&1/$*#87&5&4c
;)5(%/*6)(0*$/"5+-M#4-0+'("/)#M#_(.*-"5)-M#:)$%/*S5)#(&%#$1-#>&?%5)-*,"#(&(#$%&#$**#*&1+/2"#',/&/4M#&$52#37/2#$#4&%7&4#,.#B$%7&-#
4&5/7,14#5,14/%05/&-#,1#-7..&%71+#8,71/4#,.#7'7/$/7,1#/2$/#$*/&%1$/&#37/2#8,%/7,14#71#52,%-$*#2,',82,1"=#>2&4&#87&5&4#
&J&'8*7."#4,'&#,.#/2&#.71&4/#'0475#.%,'#/2&#N*-#<,%*-#32752#/2&#60$/&'$*$1#45%7)&4#52,4&#/,#715*0-&#71#/2&7%#5,**&5/7,14=#
#
#
W%,+%$'#1,/&4#5,'87*&-#)"#C=#V&7/2#C,**714M#Q11$#D$%42M#$1-#<,*,-"'"%#?'742(&3"52#.%,'#/2&#.,**,371+#3,%(4#&J5&8/#$4#
1,/&-T#
#
?2&7*$#P$1&"#!$7%-M#@?$1/$#:0*$*7$#D=#D]=#jT#Q#C%7/75$*#:-7/7,1#$1-#?/0-"#,.#?$5%&-#W$%/#D0475#.%,'#C,*,17$*#;,%/23&4/&%1#
60$/&'$*$=A#]&1/,1M#>&J$4T#;,%/2#>&J$4#?/$/&#Z17B&%47/"M#FGHF=#\D=#D=#>2&474_#
#
P,)&%/#?/&B&14,1M#@:0%,8&$1#D0475#71#FH/2KC&1/0%"#60$/&'$*$NO#C2%*;)-(.+5*^)+/0%/5H#eI#;,=#`#\i0*"#FGH^_T#`^FKe[=#
#
W$0*#<7**7$'#!,%+M#@>2&#W,*"82,175#D0475#71#/2&#60$/&'$*$1#D0475#D$1045%78/4#,.#/2&#L7**"#L7)%$%"=A#\R,*0'&4#E#$1-#EE_=#
!*,,'71+/,1M#E1-7$1$T#E1-7$1$#Z17B&%47/"M#FGfe=#\W2=#]=#>2&474_#
#
#
#
>PQ;?LQ>EN;?#
#
#
5-#0.+2$+$<+0.+$1+*=+$
#
C,1#20'7*-$-#/&#,.%&5&',4#B7%+&1#+&1&%,4$#"#8q$#
&4/$4#50&1/$4#-&-75$-$4#$#/0#5,15&857m1#-7B71$#

#
U$9#S0&#&*#8$4,#&1-&%&95$',4#5,1#8%,48&%,#50%4,#&1#B7-$#
r#&1#'0&%/&#1,4#$'8$%$#N#-0*57447'$#D$%q$#
#
?$*B&#-&*#'01-,#4&l,%$#
?$*B&#-&#*,4#57&*,4#%&"1$#
R7%+&1#-&#Bq%+&1&4#80%$#
?$*B&#'$/0/71$#&4/%&**$#
?$*B&#*$#**&1$#-&#+%$57$#
L09#-7B71$#5*$%$#"#)&**$#
:*#4,5,%%,#-&#*,4#2,')%&4#
R&1#4&l,%$M#B&1#$8%7&4$#
]7,4#/&#&45,+7m#8$%$#4&%#'$-%&#
]&#$S0&**$#8$*$)%$#&/&%1$#
:1#S07&1#"#8,%#S07&1#8%,-0J,#
Q"%&M#57&*,M#'$%#"#/7&%%$#
r#$4q#*7)&%$*#/&#$-,%1$#
C,',#&48,4$#40"$#/7&%1$#
:1#S07&1#-&*#2,')%&#8%7'&%,#
;,#5$",#*$#50*8$#.&$#
#
6*,%7$#4&$#-$-$#$*#8$-%&#"#+*,%7$#$*#&/&%1,#27b,#
6*,%7$#$*#&48q%7/0#4$1/,#8,%#*,4#47+*,4#-&#*,4#47+*,4=#Q'&1=#
#
%&.+0($&0$4*+&2#$6>$!"#$?&*@&0$1+*($
#
U0')*"#3&#,..&%#",0M#+&1&%,04#$1-#87,04#B7%+71#
>274#%&5,01/71+#,.#",0%#-7B71&#5,15&8/7,1=#
#
D$(&#7/#4,#/2$/#3&#3$*(#%7+2/*"#$1-#08,1#$#8%,48&%,04#5,0%4&#71#/274#*7.&#

Q1-#71#-&$/2#42&*/&%#04M#G*')5.(--(#+*;+/(+N#
#
U$7*M#%0*&%#,.#/2&#3,%*-o#
U$7*M#S0&&1#,.#/2&#4(7&4o#
W0%&4/#B7%+71#,.#B7%+714M#
U$7*M#',%171+#4/$%o#
U$7*M#.0**#,.#+%$5&M#
]7B71&#*7+2/M#5*&$%#$1-#)&$0/7.0*o#
U&*8#,.#$**#'&1M#
C,'&#*$-"M#5,'&#S075(*"=#
6,-#52,4&#",0#/,#)&#',/2&%#
N.#/2$/#&/&%1$*#3,%-#
E1#32,'#$1-#.,%#32,'#U&#5%&$/&-#
Q7%M#4(7&4M#4&$4#$1-#*$1-=#
Q1-#/204#",0#$%&#4,#*7)&%$**"#$-,%1&-#
Q4#274#/&1-&%#)%7-&M#
Z8,1#32,'#-7-#1,/#.$**##
>2&#.7%4/#'$1a4#0+*"#471=#
#
6*,%"#)&#+7B&1#01/,#/2&#g$/2&%M#$1-#+*,%"#/,#/2&#&/&%1$*#?,1M#
6*,%"#/,#/2&#U,*"#?87%7/#.%,'#$+&#01/,#$+&=#Q'&1=#
#
>%$14*$/7,1T#<,*,-"'"%#?'742(&3"52#
#
#
1+*&+$7#$26'6$-0$)-#'6$
#
D$%7$#-&#4,*,#01#)0&*,#
N"#/$%/&#4&#$#*&)$1/$-,#
p0&#'0"#$/%$4#$#-&b$-,#

L,4#4&%$.71&4#-&*#57&*,#
#
C,',#-&*#57&*,#&4#$**$-,T#
]$*#4$*/,#$#*,4#57s&t*,4#$#-$-,#
p0&#404/&1/$%#/&#$#.7b$-,T#
:1#*$#'$4#408%&'$#$*/0%$#
r#s&t1#*$#-7&4/%$#-7%&u&*,T#
]&#U7b,#$4&1/$-,=#
#
1+*(A$&0$+$2&0@'#$'#+4B$
#
E1#$#471+*&#*&$8#
#D$%"#2$4#%74&1#/,-$"M#
?2&#40%8$44&-#&B&1##
>2&#?&%$827'#,.#2&$B&1=#
#
?715&#42&#74#.%,'#2&$B&1#5,'&M#
<7/2#/2$/#*&$8#42&#%&$52&-##
>2$/#8%79&#s404/&1$15&t#32752#42&#2$4#8*$5&-#.,%#",0#
E1#/2&#',4/#408%&'&#2&7+2/4M#
Q1-#7/#74cE#/&**#",0c/,#)&#4&$/&-#
Q/#/2&#%7+2/#2$1-#,.#2&%#?,1=#
#
>%$14*$/7,1#$1-#/&J/0$*#%&5,14/%05/7,1T#i0$1#C$%*,4#C,1-&M#i0$1#C$%*,4#Q%$1+,M#V$/2%"1#D,1/,"$M#<,*,-"'"%#?'742(&3"52#
#
#
5"*&2.#$C#7#/4.6*$D/0&-/$
$
C2%74/&#%&-&'8/,%#,'170'#
5,14&%B$#/0,4#.$'0*,4M#

)&$/$&#4&'8&%#R7%+7174#
8*$5$/04#4$15/74#8%&57)04=#
#
!&$/$#S0,S0&#$+'71$#
5$&*&4/70'#487%7/00'M#
8%$&/&%7/$M#8%$&4&1/7$M#
.0/0%$#'$*$#8&**7/&=#
$
R$/&4#$&/&%17#70-7574#
$8,4/,*7S0&#],'717M#
4088*757/&%#&J8,457'04#
4$*B$%7#B&4/%74#8%&57)04=#
$
D$%/"%&4#]&7#715*7/7#
5,1.&44,%&4S0&#*057-7M#
B&4/%74#,%$/7,17)04#
1,4#.&%/&#71#5$&*&4/7)04=#
$
C2,%7#4$15/$%0'#B7%+710'#
',1$52,%0'S0&#,'170'M#
47'0*#50'#4$15/74#,'17)04#
5,14,%/&4#C2%74/7#.$57/&=#
$
6&1/&'#$0.&%/&#8&%.7-$'#
5%&-&1/70'#-&#.717)04M#
0/#C2%74/,#*$0-&4#-&)7/$4#
8&%4,*B$'04#$*$5%7/&%=#
$
6*,%7$#W$/%7#71+&17/,#
:704S0&#71+&17/,#

Z1$#50'#4$15/,#487%7/0#
E1#4&'87/&%1$#4$&50*$=#
Q'&1=#
#
5"*&2.#$C#7#/4.6*$D/0&-/$ED>>&3#$"(/0F$
#
N#C2%74/M#%&-&&'&%#,.#$**M#
?$B&#",0%#4&%B$1/4X#
!&#4$/74.7&-#37/2#/2&#2,*"#8%$"&%4#
N.#/2&#&B&%K)*&44&-#R7%+71=#
#
NM#/,,M#)*&44&-#2,4/4#
N.#2&$B&1*"#487%7/4M#
]%7B&#$3$"#&B7*4#8$4/M##
W%&4&1/M#$1-#.0/0%&=##
#
W%,82&/4#,.#/2&#&/&%1$*#b0-+&M##
Q1-#$8,4/*&4#,.#/2&#L,%-M#
<&#20')*"#$4(##
>,#)&#4$B&-#)"#",0%#8%$"&%4=#
#
E**04/%7,04#'$%/"%4#,.#6,-M#
Q1-#+*&$'71+#5,1.&44,%4M#
!"#",0%#8%$"&%4#
C$%%"#04#71/,#/2&#2&$B&14=#
##
C2,7%4#,.#2,*"#B7%+714##
Q1-#,.#$**#',1(4M#
Q/#,15&M#37/2#$**#/2&#4$71/4M##
D$(&#s04t#(71-%&-#,.#C2%74/=#

##
?3&&8#$3$"#/2&#/%&$52&%,04#%$5&#
g%,'#/2&#*$1-4#,.#/2&#)&*7&B&%4M#
?,#/2$/#3&#'$"#48&&-7*"#%&8$"##
>2&#+*,%"#,3&-#/,#C2%74/=#
##
6*,%"#/,#/2&#g$/2&%M##
Q1-#/,#U74#4,1M###
:1+&1-&%&-#/,+&/2&%#37/2#/2&#U,*"#?87%7/M##
g,%#&B&%#$1-#&B&%=#
Q'&1=#
#
>%$14*$/7,1T#]7$1&#g%052/'$1#
#
#
GHC8I$
$
V"%7&#&*&74,1=#
C2%74/&#&*&74,1=#
V"%7&#&*&74,1=#
#
GHC8I$
#
L,%-M#2$B&#'&%5"=#
C2%74/M#2$B&#'&%5"=#
L,%-M#2$B&#'&%5"=#
#
#

,%DC8J$
$
6*,%7$#71#&J5&*474#]&,=#
:/#71#/&%%$#8$J#2,'717)04#),1$&#B,*01/$/74=#
L$0-$'04#/&=#!&1&-757'04#/&=#
Q-,%$'04#/&=#6*,%7.75$'04#/&=#
6%$/7$4#$+7'04#/7)7##
8%,8/&%#'$+1$'#+*,%7$'#/0$'=#
],'71&#]&04M#P&J#5$&*&4/74M##
]&04#W$/&%#,'178,/&14=#
],'71&#g7*7#017+&17/&M#E&40#C2%74/&=#
],'71&#]&04M#Q+104#]&7M#g7*704#W$/%74=#
p07#/,**74#8&55$/$#'01-7M##
'74&%&%&#1,)74=#
p07#/,**74#8&55$/$#'01-7M##
404578&#-&8%&5$/7,1&'#1,4/%$'=#
p07#4&-&4#$-#-&J/&%$'#W$/%74M##
'74&%&%&#1,)74=#
p0,17$'#/0#4,*04#?$15/04=#>0#4,*04#],'7104=#
>0#4,*04#Q*/7447'04M#E&40#C2%74/&=#
C0'#?$15/,#?87%7/0M#71#+*,%7$#]&7#W$/%74=#
Q'&1=#
#
,%DC8J$
#
6*,%"#)&#/,#6,-#,1#27+2M#
$1-#,1#&$%/2#8&$5&#/,#/2,4&#,.#+,,-#37**=#
<&#8%$74&#",0M#3&#)*&44#",0M#
3&#3,%4278#",0M#3&#+*,%7."#",0M#
3&#+7B&#/2$1(4#/,#",0##

.,%#",0%#+%&$/#+*,%"M#
N#L,%-#6,-M#2&$B&1*"#V71+M##
6,-#/2&#g$/2&%#Q*'7+2/"=#
L,%-M#/2&#,1*"K)&+,//&1#?,1M#i&404#C2%74/X#
L,%-#6,-M#L$')#,.#6,-M#?,1#,.#/2&#g$/2&%M#
",0#/$(&#$3$"#/2&#4714#,.#/2&#3,%*-M##
2$B&#'&%5"#08,1#04=#
r,0#/2$/#/$(&#$3$"#/2&#4714#,.#/2&#3,%*-M##
%&5&7B&#,0%#8%$"&%=#
r,0#/2$/#47/#$/#/2&#%7+2/#2$1-#,.#/2&#g$/2&%M#2$B&#'&%5"#08,1#04=#
g,%#",0#$*,1&#$%&#2,*"X#",0#$*,1&#$%&#/2&#L,%-X#
",0#$*,1&#$%&#',4/#27+2M#i&404#C2%74/M#
37/2#/2&#U,*"#62,4/M#71#/2&#+*,%"#,.#6,-#/2&#g$/2&%=#
Q'&1=#
#
$
J*3"+0@#'#$1&3"+#'$$
#
>/.2+&?%5%*;(.2+%59*."&-0(0)(*0%*$/(&.($%#*
:)$%/*"#&%-*+&(#+-*-)-.($(%&'+-N*
#
!&$/04#B7%#S07#/7'&/#],'710'M#
E1#'$1-$/74#&b04#B,*&/#17'74=#
W,/&14#71#/&%%$#&%7/#4&'&1#&b04M#
6&1&%$/7,#%&5/,%0'#)&1&-75&/0%=#
6*,%7$#&/#-7B7/7$&#71#-,',#&b04M#
:/#b04/7/7$#&b04#'$1&/#
E1#4$&50*0'#4$&50*7=#
:J,%/0'#&4/#71#/&1&)%74#*0'&1#%&5/74M#
D74&%75,%4#&/#'74&%$/,%#&/#b04/04=#

i0501-04#2,',M#
p07#'74&%&/0%#&/#5,'',-$/M#
]748,1&/#4&%',1&4#40,4#71#b0-757,=#
p07$#71#$&/&%10'#1,1#5,'',B&)7/0%=#
E1#'&',%7$#$&/&%1$#&%7/#b04/04M#
Q)#$0-7/7,1&#'$*$#1,1#/7'&)7/=#
W$%$/0'#5,%#&b04#48&%$%&#71#],'71,=#
C,1.7%'$/0'#&4/#5,%#&b04X#
;,1#5,'',B&)7/0%#
],1&5#-&48757$/#717'75,4#40,4=#
]748&%47/M#-&-7/#8$08&%7)04M#
i04/7/7$#&b04#'$1&/#71#4$&50*0'#4$&50*7=#
C,%10#&b04#&J$*/$)7/0%#71#+*,%7$=#
W&55$/,%#B7-&)7/#&/#7%$45&/0%M#
]&1/7)04#4074#.%&'&/#&/#/$)&45&/X#
]&47-&%70'#8&55$/,%0'#8&%7)7/=#
#
6*,%7$#W$/%7#&/#g7*7,#&/#?87%7/07#?$15/,=#
?750/#&%$/#71#8%715787,M#&/#1015M#&/#4&'8&%=#
:/#71#4$&50*$#4$&50*,%0'=#Q'&1=#
#
>/.2+&?%5%*;(.2+%5\*
#
J*3"+0@#'$1&3"+#'$EC#246026*($42+'/F$
#
>/.2+&?%5*;(.2+%59*%-0+85(-2*H")/*'"#(&("&*
G7%/*+55*02"-%*-")5-*H")*#+(&0+(&N*
#
!*&44&-#74#/2&#'$1#32,#.&$%4#6,-M#
<2,#+%&$/*"#-&*7+2/4#71#U74#5,''$1-'&1/4=#

U74#4&&-#37**#)&#8,/&1/#,1#/2&#&$%/2M#
>2&#+&1&%$/7,1#,.#/2&#%7+2/&,04#37**#)&#)*&44&-=#
6*,%"#$1-#3&$*/2#37**#)&#71#274#2,04&M#
Q1-#274#%7+2/&,041&44#37**#&1-0%&#
g%,'#+&1&%$/7,1#/,#+&1&%$/7,1=#
Q#*7+2/#2$4#$%74&1#71#/2&#-$%(#.,%#/2&#08%7+2/X#
D&%57.0*M#5,'8$447,1$/&M#$1-#b04/=#
U$88"#74#/2&#'$1#
<2,#74#5,'8$447,1$/&#$1-#+&1&%,04M#
<2,#52,,4&4#274#3,%-4#37/2#-745%&/7,1X#
g,%#2&#37**#1&B&%#)&#-74/0%)&-=#
>2&#b04/#37**#)&#&/&%1$**"#%&'&')&%&-M#
Q1-#37**#1,/#.&$%#&B7*#/7-71+4=#
U74#2&$%/#74#%&$-"#/,#/%04/#71#6,-=#
U74#2&$%/#74#4/%&1+/2&1&-X#
U&#37**#1,/#)&#/%,0)*&-##
01/7*#2&#*,,(4#-,31#08,1#274#&1&'7&4=##
U&#-748&%4&4#$1-#+7B&4#/,#/2&#8,,%M##
U74#%7+2/&,041&44#37**#&1-0%&#.%,'#+&1&%$/7,1#/,#+&1&%$/7,1=#
U74#2,%1#37**#)&#&J$*/&-#71#+*,%"=#
>2&#4711&%#37**#4&&#$1-#)&#$1+&%&-M#
<7**#+1$42#274#/&&/2#$1-#40*(X#
>2&#-&47%&4#,.#4711&%4#37**#8&%742=#
#
6*,%"#/,#/2&#g$/2&%#$1-#/,#/2&#?,1#$1-#/,#/2&#U,*"#?87%7/M##
$4#7/#3$4#71#/2&#)&+71171+M#74#1,3M#$1-#.,%&B&%M##
$1-#.,%#+&1&%$/7,14#,.#+&1&%$/7,14=#Q'&1=#
#
>/.2+&?%5*;(.2+%59\*
#

#
K<J%1$LMN$
L$0-$M#i&%04$*&'M#],'710'X#*$0-$#]&0'#/00'M#?7,1=#
p0,17$'#5,1.,%/$B7/#4&%$4#8,%/$%0'#/0$%0'X#)&1&-7J7/#.7*774#/074#71#/&=#
p07#8,407/#.71&4#/0,4#8$5&'M#&/#$-78&#.%0'&1/7#4$/7$/#/&=#
p07#&'7//7/#&*,S070'#400'#/&%%vX#B&*,57/&%#50%%7/#4&%',#&b04=#
p07#-$/#17B&'#4750/#*$1$'X#1&)0*$'#4750/#571&%&'#48$%+7/=#
D7//7/#5%"4/$**0'#40$'#4750/#)055&**$4X#$1/&#.$57&'#.%7+,%74#&b04#S074#404/71&)7/d#
:'7//&/#B&%)0'#400'M#&/#*7S0&.$57&/#&$X#.*$)7/#487%7/04#&b04M#&/#.*0&1/#$S0v=#
p07#$1101/7$/#B&%)0'#400'#i$5,)M#b04/7/7$4#&/#b0-757$#40$#E4%$w*=#
;,1#.&57/#/$*7/&%#,'17#1$/7,17M#&/#b0-757$#40$#1,1#'$17.&4/$B7/#&74=##
6*,%7$#W$/%7#&/#g7*7,M#&/#?87%7/07#?$15/,=#Q**&*0b$=#
#
K<J%1$LMN$
#
W%$74&#/2&#L,%-M#N#i&%04$*&'T#8%$74&#",0%#6,-M#N#x7,1=#
g,%#2&#2$4#'$-&#.$4/#/2&#)$%4#,.#",0%#+$/&4T#$1-#2$4#)*&44&-#",0%#527*-%&1#37/271#",0=#
U&#'$(&4#8&$5&#71#",0%#),%-&%4T#$1-#.7**4#",0#37/2#/2&#.*,0%#,.#32&$/=#
U&#4&1-4#.,%/2#274#5,''$1-'&1/#08,1#/2&#&$%/2T#$1-#274#3,%-#%014#B&%"#437./*"=#
U&#+7B&4#41,3#*7(&#3,,*T#$1-#45$//&%4#/2&#2,$%K.%,4/#*7(&#$42&4=#
U&#5$4/4#.,%/2#274#75&#*7(&#',%4&*4T#32,#74#$)*&#/,#$)7-&#274#.%,4/d#
U&#4&1-4#,0/#274#3,%-M#$1-#'&*/4#/2&'T#2&#)*,34#37/2#274#371-M#$1-#/2&#3$/&%4#.*,3=#
U&#42,34#274#3,%-#01/,#i$5,)T#274#4/$/0/&4#$1-#,%-71$15&4#01/,#E4%$&*=#
U&#2$4#1,/#-&$*/#4,#37/2#$1"#1$/7,1T#1&7/2&%#2$B&#/2&#2&$/2&1#(1,3*&-+&#,.#274#*$34=#
6*,%"#/,#/2&#g$/2&%M#$1-#/,#/2&#?,1M#$1-#/,#/2&#U,*"#62,4/=#Q**&*07$=#
#
#

5CIOD$
$
C%&-,#71#010'#]&0'=#
W$/%&'#,'178,/&1/&'M#
.$5/,%&'#5$&*7#&/#/&%%$&M#
B747)7*70'#,'170'#&/#71B747)7*70'=#
:/#71#010'#],'710'#
i&40'#C2%74/0'M#
g7*70'#]&7#017+&17/0'M#
:/#&J#W$/%&#1$/0'#$1/&#,'17$#4$&50*$=#
]&0'#-&#]&,M#*0'&1#-&#*0'71&M#
]&0'#B&%0'#-&#]&,#B&%,=#
6&17/0'M#1,1#.$5/0'M#
5,140)4/$1/7$*&'#W$/%7T#
8&%#S0&'#,'17$#.$5/$#401/=#
p07#8%,8/&%#1,4#2,'71&4#
&/#8%,8/&%#1,4/%$'#4$*0/&'#
-&45&1-7/#-&#5$&*74=#
#
:/#715$%1$/04#&4/#-&#?87%7/0#?$15/,#
&J#D$%7$#R7%+71&T#
:/#2,',#.$5/04#&4/=#
#
C%057.7J04#&/7$'#8%,#1,)74#40)#W,1/7,#W7*$/,T#
8$4404M#&/#4&80*/04#&4/=#
#
:/#%&40%%&J7/#/&%/7$#-7&M#
4&501-0'#45%78/0%$4=#
:/#$45&1-7/#71#5$&*0'T#
4&-&/#$-#-&J/&%$'#W$/%74=#

:/#7/&%0'#B&1/0%04#&4/#
50'#+*,%7$#b0-75$%&#B7B,4#&/#',%/0,4T#
C0b04#%&+17#1,1#&%7/#.7174=#
#
:/#71#?87%7/0'#4$15/0'#],'710'#
&/#B7B7.75$1/&'T#
p07#&J#W$/%&#g7*7,S0&#8%,5&-7/=#
p07#50'#W$/%&#&/#g7*7,##
47'0*#$-,%$/0%#&/#5,1+*,%7.75$/0%T#
p07#*,50/04#&4/#8&%#W%,82&/$4=#
#
:/#01$'#4$15/$'#5$/2,*75$'##
&/#$8,4/,*75$'#:55*&47$'=#
#
C,1.7/&,%#010'#)$8/74'$#
71#%&'7447,1&'#8&55$/,%0'=#
:/#&J8&5/,#%&40%%&5/7,1&'#',%/0,%0'#
:/#B7/$'#B&1/0%7#4$&50*7=#
Q'&1=#
#
5CIOD$
#
E#)&*7&B&#71#,1&#6,-M#
/2&#g$/2&%#$*'7+2/"M#
D$(&%#,.#2&$B&1#$1-#&$%/2M#
$1-#,.#$**#/271+4#B747)*&#$1-#71B747)*&=#
Q1-#71#,1&#L,%-M#
i&404#C2%74/M#
N1*"K)&+,//&1#?,1#,.#6,-M#
!&+,//&1#,.#/2&#g$/2&%#)&.,%&#$**#$+&4=#

6,-#.%,'#6,-M#*7+2/#.%,'#*7+2/M#
>%0&#6,-#.%,'#/%0&#6,-=#
!&+,//&1M#1,/#'$-&M#
)&71+#,.#,1&#40)4/$15&#37/2#/2&#g$/2&%T#
)"#32,'#$**#/271+4#3&%&#'$-&=#
<2,#.,%#04##
$1-#.,%#,0%#4$*B$/7,1#
5$'&#-,31#.%,'#2&$B&1=#
#
Q1-#3$4#715$%1$/&#)"#/2&#U,*"#62,4/#
,.#/2&#R7%+71#D$%"T#
Q1-#3$4#'$-&#'$1=#
#
Q1-#3$4#5%057.7&-#.,%#04#01-&%#W,1/704#W7*$/&T#
40..&%&-M#$1-#3$4#)0%7&-=#
#
Q1-#,1#/2&#/27%-#-$"#U&#%,4&#$+$71#
$55,%-71+#/,#/2&#45%78/0%&4=#
Q1-#$45&1-&-#71/,#2&$B&1M#
$1-#47/4#$/#/2&#%7+2/#2$1-#,.#/2&#g$/2&%#
Q1-#U&#42$**#5,'&#$+$71#
71#+*,%"#/,#b0-+&#/2&#*7B71+#$1-#/2&#-&$-T#
U74#(71+-,'#42$**#2$B&#1,#&1-=#
#
Q1-#71#/2&#U,*"#62,4/M#L,%-#
$1-#+7B&%#,.#*7.&T#
<2,#8%,5&&-4#.%,'#/2&#g$/2&%#$1-#/2&#?,1=#
<2,#37/2#/2&#g$/2&%#$1-#?,1#
/,+&/2&%#74#3,%42788&-#$1-#+*,%7.7&-T#
<2,#3$4#48,(&1#,.#)"#/2&#W%,82&/4=#

#
Q1-#71#,1&#2,*"#5$/2,*75##
$1-#$8,4/,*75#520%52=#
#
E#$5(1,3*&-+&#,1&#)$8/74'#
.,%#/2&#%&'7447,1#,.#4714=#
Q1-#E#*,,(#.,%3$%-#/,#/2&#%&40%%&5/7,1#,.#/2&#-&$-#
Q1-#/2&#*7.&#71#/2&#3,%*-#/,#5,'&=#
Q'&1=#
#
#
<JP5!Q<$
$
?$15/04M#?$15/04M#?$15/04M#
],'7104#]&04#?$)$,/2=#
W*&17#401/#5,&*7#&/#/&%%$#+*,%7$#/0$=#
N4$11$#71#&J5&*474=#
#
!&1&-75/04#S07#B&17/#
71#1,'71&#],'717=#
N4$11$#71#&J5&*474=#
#
<JP5!Q<$
#
U,*"M#2,*"M#2,*"#
L,%-#6,-#,.#U,4/4=#
U&$B&1#$1-#&$%/2#$%&#.0**#,.#",0%#+*,%"=#
U,4$11$#71#/2&#27+2&4/=#
#
!*&44&-#74#2&#32,#5,'&4#

71#/2&#1$'&#,.#/2&#L,%-=#
U,4$11$#71#/2&#27+2&4/=#
#
#
H$.#3"$0#4+$2+3*+/#0.6$
#
r#/&52#1&8$#4$5%$'&1/,#-7,4#,15$1#5$#'$##
)%5*0(.05+05+)20(.+&*
#
5&5$#"#/&0&*#"#/&52",*5275$0$#)%5\#
/,1$5$",#S075278$0$#)%5\#
1&521&'7*79'&*$0$5#)%5\#
"#/*$45$*7#1&8$5$#)%5\#
2,4/75$#"/&52#',1&S07#)%5\#
"#175S07J/791&S07#)%5\#
#
r#/&52#1&8$#4$5%$'&1/,#-7,4#,15$1#5$#'$##
)%5*0(.05+05+)20(.+&*
#
#
H$.#3"$0#4+$2+3*+/#0.6$
#
E1#/2$/#4$5%$'&1/#6,-#74#/2&%&M##
5%0*)-*$/+H*1%/7%&05H*0"*_(#**
#
6%&$/#74#U74#8,3&%M#7/#4/%&1+/2&14#,0%#2&$%/4X#B%0*)-*$/+H\#
U&#5*&$14&4#,0%#.*&42X#B%0*)-*$/+H\#
U&#2$4#4/%$7+2/&1&-#'"#*7.&X#B%0*)-*$/+H\#
>2&#)%&$-M#/2&%&#7/#74X#B%0*)-*$/+H\#
E/#4&%B&4#$4#U74#2,4/X#B%0*)-*$/+H\#

E#3$1/#/,#42$%&#7/X#B%0*)-*$/+H\#
#
E1#/2$/#4$5%$'&1/#6,-#74#/2&%&M##
5%0*)-*$/+H*1%/7%&05H*0"*_(#**
#
>%$14*$/7,1T#W$)*,#6$%5q$#
#
$
KJP,I$%8P,QJ$,%DC8D<8$
#
W$1+&M#*71+0$M#+*,%7,47#
C,%8,%74#'"4/&%70'M#
?$1+07174S0&#8%&/7,47M#
S0&'#71#'01-7#8%&/70'#
.%05/04#B&1/%74#+&1&%,47#
P&J#&..0-7/#6&1/70'=##
#
;,)74#-$/04M#1,)74#1$/04#
&J#71/$5/$#R7%+71&M#
&/#71#'01-,#5,1B&%4$/04M#
48$%4,#B&%)7#4&'71&M#
407#',%$4#715,*$/04#
'7%,#5*$047/#,%-71&=#
#
E1#408%&'$&#1,5/&#5&1$&#
%&50')&14#50'#.%$/%7)04#
,)4&%B$/$#*&+&#8*&1&#
57)74#71#*&+$*7)04M#
57)0'#/0%)$&#-0,-&1$&#
4&#-$/#4074#'$17)04=#

#
R&%)0'#5$%,M#8$1&'#B&%0'#
B&%),#5$%1&'#&..757/T#
.7/S0&#4$1+074#C2%74/7#'&%0'M#
&/#47#4&1404#-&.757/M#
$-#.7%'$1-0'#5,%#4715&%0'#
4,*$#.7-&4#40..757/=#
#
>$1/0'#&%+,#?$5%$'&1/0'#
B&1&%&'0%#5&%107T#
&/#$1/7S00'#-,50'&1/0'#
1,B,#5&-$/#%7/07T#
8%$&4/&/#.7-&4#4088*&'&1/0'#
4&1400'#-&.&5/07=#
#
6&17/,%7M#6&17/,S0&#
*$04#&/#b0)7*$/7,M#
4$*04M#2,1,%M#B7%/04#S0,S0&#
47/#&/#)&1&-75/7,T#
W%,5&-&1/7#$)#0/%,S0&#
5,'8$%#47/#*$0-$/7,=#
#
Q'&1=#Q**&*0b$=#
$
KJP,I$%8P,QJ$,%DC8D<8$
#
?71+M#'"#/,1+0&M#/2&#'"4/&%"#
N.#/2&#+*,%7,04#),-"M#
N.#U74#8%&57,04#)*,,-M#
<2752#/2&#V71+#,.#/2&#1$/7,14M##

g%07/#,.#$#1,)*&#3,')M##
?2&-#.,%#/2&#8%75&#,.#/2&#3,%*-=#
##
67B&1#/,#04M#),%1#/,#04#
N.#$#80%&#$1-#48,/*&44#R7%+71M#
Q1-#-3&**71+#71#/2&#3,%*-M#
N15&#/2&#4&&-#,.#/2&#3,%-#2$-#)&&1#4,31X#
>2&#:J7*&#-%&3#/,#$#5*,4&##
U74#&$%/2*"#4/$"#71#$#3,1-%,04#3$"=#
##
N1#/2&#17+2/#,.#/2$/#*$4/#4088&%#
?&$/&-#37/2#U74#)%,/2&%4M#
<7/2#/2&#*$3Y4#5,''$1-#,)4&%B&-#71#.0**#
<7/2#*757/#.,,-4M#2&#+7B&4#27'4&*.#
Q4#.,,-#/,#/2&#/3&*B&.,*-#',)##
<7/2#U74#,31#2$1-4=#
##
N#8%&57,04#3,%-X#)"#U74#3,%-#
U&#/0%14#/%0&#)%&$-#71/,#.*&42X#
Q1-#371&#)&5,'&4#/2&#)*,,-#,.#C2%74/X#
Q1-#7.#/2&#4&14&4#-745&%1#1,#52$1+&M#
g$7/2#8%,B&4#/,#)&#&1,0+2#
>,#4/%&1+/2&1#/2&#4715&%&#2&$%/=#
##
],31#)&.,%&#/2&#4$5%&-#2,4/#
E1#$-,%$/7,1#*&/#04#.$**T#
Q1-#*&/#/2&#,*-#*&44,1##
r7&*-#/,#/2&#1&3#%7/&X#
g$7/2#4088*7&4#%&71.,%5&'&1/##
>,#/2&#.$7*0%&#,.#/2&#4&14&4=#

##
>,#/2&#g$/2&%#$1-#/2&#?,1#
!&#+7B&1#8%$74&#$1-#&J0*/$/7,1M##
?$*B$/7,1M#2,1,%#$1-#B7%/0&#
Q*,1+#37/2#)*&4471+X#
>,#/2&#,1&#48%71+71+#.,%/2#.%,'#:$52#&/&%1$**"#
L&/#/2&%&#)&#01'$/52&-#8%$74&=#
#
Q'&1=#Q**&*07$=#
#
#
J,PQ<$OI8$
#
Q+104#]&7M#S07#/,**74#8&55$/$#'01-7M##
'74&%&%&#1,)74=#
Q+104#]&7M#S07#/,**74#8&55$/$#'01-7M##
'74&%&%&#1,)74=#
Q+104#]&7M#S07#/,**74#8&55$/$#'01-7M##
-,1$#1,)74#8$5&'=#
#
J,PQ<$OI8$
#
L$')#,.#6,-M#32,#/$(&4#$3$"#/2&#4714#,.#/2&#3,%*-M##
U$B&#'&%5"#,1#04=#
L$')#,.#6,-M#32,#/$(&4#$3$"#/2&#4714#,.#/2&#3,%*-M##
U$B&#'&%5"#,1#04=#
L$')#,.#6,-M#32,#/$(&4#$3$"#/2&#4714#,.#/2&#3,%*-M##
6%$1/#04#8&$5&=#
#
#

J?I$1JC8<$<!I%%J$
#
QB&#'$%74#4/&**$M#
]&7#D$/&%#$*'$M#
$/S0&#4&'8&%#R7%+,M#
.&*7J#5$&*7#8,%/$=##
#
?0'&14#7**0-#QB&#
6$)%7&*74#,%&M#
.01-$#1,4#71#8$5&M#
'0/$14#U&B$&#1,'&1=##
#
?,*B&#B7150*$#%&74M#
8%,.&%#*0'&1#5$&574#
'$*$#1,4/%$#8&**&M#
),1$#5015/$#8,45&=##
#
D,14/%$#/&#&44&#'$/%&'T#
40'$/#8&%#/&#8%&5&4M#
S07#8%,#1,)74#1$/04M#
/0*7/#&44&#/004=##
#
R7%+,#471+0*$%74M#
71/&%#,'1&4#'7/&4M#
1,4#50*874#4,*0/,4M#
'7/&4#.$5#&/#5$4/,4=##
#
R7/$'#8%$&4/$#80%$'M#
7/&%#8$%$#/0/0'T#
0/#B7-&1/&4#E&40'#

4&'8&%#5,**$&/&'0%=##
#
?7/#*$04#]&,#W$/%7M#
40'',#C2%74/,#-&504M#
?87%7/07#?$15/,M#
/%7)04#2,1,%#0104=#Q'&1=#
#
J?I$1JC8<$<!I%%J$
#
U$7*M#N#?/$%#,.#/2&#,5&$1M#
6,-Y4#,31#)*&44&-#D,/2&%M#
:B&%#471*&44#R7%+71M#
N#2$88"#+$/&#,.#2&$B&1o#
#
<7/2#/2$/#43&&/#QB&M#
<2752#5$'&#.%,'#6$)%7&*a4#',0/2M#
D$(&#8&$5&#37/271#04M#
>%$14.,%'71+#:B&Y4#1$'&=#
#
!%&$(#/2&#52$714#,.#471M#
67B&#*7+2/#/,#/2&#)*71-M#
C2$4&#$**#&B7*4#.%,'#04M#
Q1-#)*&4471+4#,1#04#)&4/,3=#
#
?2,3#",0%4&*.#$#D,/2&%M#
D$"#/2&#-7B71&#<,%-##
!,%1#.,%#04#$4#",0%#E1.$1/#
>2%,0+2#",0%#8%$"&%4#2&$%#,0%4=#
#
R7%+71#$**#&J5&**71+M#

D7*-&4/#,.#/2&#'7*-M#
g%&&#04#.%,'#$**#.%,'#+07*/#
D$(&#04#20')*&#$1-#52$4/&=#
#
V&&8#,0%#*7B&4#.%&&#,.#471M#
U&*8#04#,1#,0%#3$"##
Z1/7*#3&#$/#*$4/#4&&#i&404#
Q1-#%&b,75&#.,%&B&%=#
#
W%$74&#/,#6,-#/2&#g$/2&%M#
U,1,%#/,#/2&#?,1M#
Q1-#71#/2&#U,*"#?87%7/#
D$"#/2&#+*,%"#)&#017/&-=#Q'&1=#
#
#
,+-7#$/+.#*$#33'#2&+$
#
6$0-&#'$/&%#&55*&47$M#
*&/$'#$+&14#'&',%7$'##
S0&#1,B&#8%,*74#+$0-7$##
'7//74#$-#5&*7#50%7$'#
#
W%&-75$/,%0'#,%-7174#
]0J&/#8$/&%#-,'717504M#
'01-7#7$'#.0*+&/#/&%'7104#
57B74#&..&5/04#5&*7504=#
#
C$%174#*7)&%&%#+$4/0*,##
5&*7#8,/7/0%#6*,%7$#
8%,#8$08&%/$/74#571+0*,##

4/,*$#-,/$/0%#%&+7$X#
#
g%$#+%$/7$4M#$-,%#-&#/0'0*,#
50'#B7%/0/0'#.%&S0&1/7$#
5*$'$/#8%,#C2%74/7#.$'0*,#
40''7#%&+74#'$+1$*7$#
#
>%71,#]&,%0'#47'8*757#
*$04M#2,1,%M#B7%/04M#+*,%7$M#
S0&'#1,4#8$%5&#-7+1757#
-05$/#$-#5&*7#+$0-7$#
#
,+-7#$/+.#*$#33'#2&+$!"#$%&'()*(+,'-,.)$/$
#
P&b,75&M#43&&/#D,/2&%#C20%52M##
!&$%71+#$#2$88"#'&',%"#
!&5$04&#",0#4&1-#/2&#b,"4##
N.#1&3#,..48%71+#/,#/2&#5,0%/#,.#2&$B&1=#
##
>2&#*&$-&%#$1-#.$/2&%##
N.#/2&#2,4/#,.#8%&$52&%4M#],'7175M##
Q*%&$-"#4271&4#$/#/2&#&1-#,.#/2&#&$%/2M##
U$B71+#)&&1#'$-&#$#2&$B&1*"#57/79&1=#
##
:'$1578$/,%#,.#3,%*-*"#),1-4M#
U&#$5S07%&-#U&$B&1a4#6*,%"X#
E14/&$-#,.#274#)&*/#,.#8,B&%/"#
U&#3$4#+%$1/&-#/2&#%,)&#,.#%,"$*/"=#
##
67B71+#/2$1(4#$1-#8%$74&#&B&1#01/,#/2&#+%$B&M#

<7/2#$1#$)01-$15&#,.#B7%/0&4M#
U&#8%,5*$7'4#,1#)&2$*.#,.#/2&#4&%B$1/#,.#C2%74/##
>2&#'7+2/"#3,%(4#,.#/2&#27+2&4/#(71+=#
##
>,#6,-M#/2&#>2%&&#$1-#N1&M#)&#8%$74&#
Q1-#2,1,%M#4/%&1+/2#$1-#+*,%"#+7B&1X#
!"#32752#2&#'7+2/#*&$-#04M#/2,0+2#'&%7/#74#*$5(71+M##
>,#/2&#b,"4#,.#2&$B&1=#
#
J4+*#R+7$)+''#2.#*62$
#
Q8$%&b$-#)$**&4/&%,4#
>7%,4#"#)$**&4/$4#8%&4/,#
p0&#)0&1#)*$15,#/&1&74#80&4/,#
#
]&#&48&%$1u$#"#$.7u7,1#
>7%$%&',4#4&1-,4#/7%,4#
C,1#'0"#8%,.01-,4#40487%,4#
?$*7-,4#-&*#5,%$u,1T#
;,#/7%&#$S07#*$#%$u,1#
W0&4#1,#4$)&#'$4#S0&#01#/7%,4=#
#
J*3"#*2$)#$*#+7($
$
Q%52&%4#)&#%&$-"#
>,#80/#/,+&/2&%#5%,44),34#$1-#$%%,34M#
Q#.71&#/$%+&/#74#4&/#.,%#",0o#
#
<&#37**#42,,/#$%%,34#,.#
!,/2#2,8&#$1-#.,1-1&44#

<7/2#B&%"#-&&8#47+24#
C,'71+#.,%/2#.%,'#/2&#2&$%/=#
L&/#%&$4,1#1,/#+07-&#,0%#42,/4M#
g,%#7/#(1,34#,1*"#,1&#8$/2=#
#
>%$14*$/7,1T#i0$1#C$%*,4#C,1-&M#i0$1#C$%*,4#Q%$1+,M#V$/2%"1#D,1/,"$M#<,*,-"'"%#?'742(&3"52#
#
JQO8A$SIP8,PI$5DPO8!DC$
$
Q0-7M#)&17+1&#C,1-7/,%M#
1,4/%$4#8%&5&4#50'#.*&/7)04M#
71#2,5#4$5%,#7&7017,#
.04$4#S0$-%$+&1$%7$=#
#
?5%0/$/,%#$*'&#5,%-70'M#
71.7%'$#/0#4574#B7%70'X#
$-#/&#%&B&%474#&J27)&#
%&'7447,174#+%$/7$'=#
$
D0*/0'#S07-&'#8&55$B7'04M#
4&-#8$%5&#5,1.7/&1/7)04M#
$-#1,'7174#*$0-&'#/07##
5,1.&%#'&-&*$'#*$1+07-74#
#
?75#5,%804#&J/%$#5,1/&%7#
-,1$#8&%#$)4/71&1/7$'M#
7&701&/#0/#'&14#4,)%7$#
$#*$)&#8%,%404#5%7'710'=###
$
W%$&4/$M#)&$/$#>%717/$4M#

5,15&-&M#47'8*&J#Z17/$4M#
0/#.%05/0,4$#471/#/074#
7&7017,%0'#'01&%$=#Q'&1=#
#
JQO8A$SIP8,PI$5DPO8!DC$!"#$%&'()*(+,'-,.)$/$
#
U&$%M#N#D&%57.0*#C%&$/,%M#
N0%#',0%1.0*#8%$"&%M#
Q55&8/#/2&#87,04#5%7&4#3&#%$74&#
E1#,0%#.$4/#,.#.,%/"#-$"4=#
#
P&B7&3&%#,.#,0%#2&$%/4#$1-#4,0*4T#
#N0%#.%$7*/"#74#(1,31#/,#",0X#
Z1/,#/2,4&#/2$/#/0%1#/,#",0#
67B&#$)01-$1/*"#,.#",0%#8$%-,171+#+%$5&=#
#
N0%#4714#$%&#+%&$/X#
r&/#48$%&#04#71#",0%#'&%5"#
Q1-#.,%#/2&#2,1,%#,.#r,0%#1$'&#
!%71+#,0%#.$71/71+#4,0*4#)$5(#/,#*7.&=#
$
6%$1/#04#/2&#4&*.K5,1/%,*##
>,#-74578*71&#/2&#,0/3$%-#/271+4M#
>2$/#71#.$4/71+M#37/2#$#5*&$%#'71-#
<&#'$"#%&80-7$/&#471=#
#
67B&#04M#U,*"#>%717/"#
C,15&-&#/,#04M#N#0152$1+71+#Z17/"M#
>2$/#/2&#$)4/71&15&#3&#5,''&1-#/,#",0#
D$"#)&#.%07/.0*=#Q'&1=#

#
#
D($"+2#/62$>&#2.+$.67+2$
#
\U_,"#2$4&',4#.7&4/$#/,-$4#
Q#*$#B7%+&1#?$1/$#:0*$*7$#
R7%+&1#&1#S07&1#\2_,"#4&#2$**$#
L,#S0&#&*#&B$1+&*7,#/&4/$#
#
Q)%$4&#&*#%&"1,#-&*#57&*,#
$#*$#%&"1$#-&#*$#+*,%7$#
80&4#'$*&57,#$5$#&1#&*#40&*,#
/$*#5,%,1$#-&#B75/,%7$=#
#
:4/$#.0&#01$#-&#*$4#5715,#
p0&#&*#&B$1+&*7,#1,4#50&1/$#
p0&#$+0$%-$)$1#$*#&48,4,#
r#$#*$#&48,4$#4,)&%$1$=#
#
\U_,"#*,4#$1+&*&4#*$#**&B$1#
i01/,#\$_*#5,%\$u_,1#&*#$*'$F`#
L*&B$#R75/,%7$#-&#8$*'$#
r#40#27b,#*$#8%&4&1/$1=#
#
!67+($:#$:&''$+''$3#'#)*+.#$
#
>,-$"#3&#37**#$**#5&*&)%$/&#
>2&#B7%+71#?$71/#:0*$*7$M#
########################################################

13

The MS appears to read Junto el core con el alma.

>,-$"#3&#2,1,%#/2&#B7%+71#
E1#32,'#74#.,01-#/2&#+,48&*a4#/&4/7',1"=#
#
L&/#/2&#(71+-,'#,.#2&$B&1#,8&1#
>,#/2&#S0&&1#,.#+*,%"M#
U&%&#,1#&$%/2#2&%#5%,31#,.#B75/,%"#
<$4#*&./#/,#48%,0/#*7(&#$#3&&-=#
#
?2&#3$4#,1&#,.#/2&#.7B&#
>2$/#/2&#6,48&*#/&**4#04#
<$4#3$7/71+#.,%#/2&#+%,,'#
Q1-#/2&#4,B&%&7+1#)%7-&=#
#
>,-$"#/2&#$1+&*4#5$%%"#2&%M#
U&$%/#$1-#4,0*#/,+&/2&%M#
?2&#)%71+4#/2&#W$*'#,.#B75/,%"#
Q1-#42&#74#8%&4&1/&-#/,#/2&#?,1=#
#
>%$14*$/7,1#$1-#/&J/0$*#%&5,14/%05/7,1T#i0$1#C$%*,4#C,1-&M#i0$1#C$%*,4#Q%$1+,M#V$/2%"1#D,1/,"$M#<,*,-"'"%#?'742(&3"52#
$

Q--7/7,1$*#7'$+&#L75&1471+k5%&-7/4T#
#
2//8Tkk&1=37(78&-7$=,%+k37(7kg7*&TD7*8$y71yp0752&y60$/&'$*$=iW6#
#
2//8Tkk5,'',14=37(7'&-7$=,%+k37(7kg7*&T?$1yD$/&,yEJ/$/O1yj=b8+#
#
.,%#$**#L7**"#D?#7'$+&4T#
C,0%/&4"M#>2&#L7**"#L7)%$%"M#E1-7$1$#Z17B&%47/"M#!*,,'71+/,1M#E1-7$1$=#
#
g,%#L789,-&4y8%,',y82,/,=b8+T#
W2,/,#)"#?01+#L&&k<,*,-"'"%#?'742(&3"52#
#
g,%#C,5052,`*=/7.T#
W2,/,#z#P,)&%/#?/$%1&%=#Z4&-#)"#8&%'7447,1=#\5'1&IF{'41=5,'_##